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ECE-P-672

POWER ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENTS

THREE PHASE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER LAB REPORT DUE: 02/10/2009

SAI KUMAR SOMAYAJULA 11500412 sks56@drexel.edu

Abstract:
The aim of this experiment is to study the performance of 3-phase thryristor bridge rectifier under two conditions. First, by varying the firing angle keeping the load constant and next, by varying the load when the firing angle is kept constant. While varying the firing angle keeping the load constant, we observe the variation of the load voltage, power factor and power delivery efficiency of the rectifier and compare them with their theoretical behavior, stating the reasons for discrepancies, if any. Next, by keeping the firing angle constant the load is varied and we estimate the value of the source inductance and also calculate the value of commutation angle and compare it with the actual commutation angle measured from the waveforms.

Procedure:
The figure shown is the wiring diagram used for this experiment.

First Case: Varying firing angle by keeping the load constant All the connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Gradually increased the applied voltage at the input terminals through auto transformer up to 208 V. Turned on 10 lamps on each phase of the 3-phase resistive load bank which is in series with an inductance Ld of value 32mH. Initially the control knob on the thyristor controller is kept at minimum. By recording the output voltage waveform and the time period, the minimum value of alpha is calculated . The input voltage is applied such that the value of initial alpha is between 30 deg to 50 deg. The firing angle is increased by gradually turning the control knob in clockwise direction. The voltage and current on the load side (DC) are measured and tabulated. On the Ac source side, the r.m.s and peak value of currents are recorded. The r.m.s value of the line voltage is also recorded. The power delivered (DC) to the load is calculated using the formula Pd=Vd*Id The average value of power in each phase was obtained using mean function on the RTU. The input power factor is calculated from 3-phase input power and 3-phase input apparent power.

Table 1:
Resistive Load [10 light bulbs per phase] Half Period: 8.28 [ms] Frequency: 60.68 [Hz] t_ Case [ms] 1 3.22 2 2.54 3 2.2 4 1.92 5 1.46 6 1.14 [deg] 70.00 55.22 47.83 41.74 31.74 24.78 Vd [V] 85.80 152.00 176.00 198.00 227.00 243.00 Id [V] 3.21 6.22 7.02 8.44 10.00 10.00 Vab_RMS Ia_RMS Ia_PEAK [V] [A] [A] 207 2.68 4.28 207 5 7.3 207 6.06 8.3 207 6.98 9.4 207 8.19 10.8 207 8.93 11.8 Pa [W] 111.2 333.6 454.3 608.1 778.7 952.2 Q_3 [Var] 901.10322 1487.3044 1692.1029 1713.1231 1779.0639 1445.9613 S_3 = P + jQ [VA] 960.87 1792.7 2172.7 2502.6 2936.4 3201.7 Pd [W] 275.42 945.44 1235.52 1671.12 2270.00 2430.00 P_3 [W] 333.60 1000.80 1362.90 1824.30 2336.10 2856.60 Sin [VA] 960.87 1792.67 2172.72 2502.57 2936.40 3201.71 PF 0.35 0.56 0.63 0.73 0.80 0.89 % eff 82.56 94.47 90.65 91.60 97.17 85.07

Formulas used for computing Pd, Pin, Sin, Pf, %, Q3 and :

Pd = Vd * Id Pin = Pa + Pb + Pc Sin = 3Vab * Ia Pin Pf = Sin Pd % = *100 Pin

Q3 = Sin ^ 2 Pin^ 2 The Value of alpha is calculated using the following formula:

time * 180 half cylce

The time in milli secs is measured at the instant when the output voltage waveform starts, i.e when the thyristor is fired. Screenshot for = 44.78 deg.

Ch1: Vd Ch2: Vab Ch3: Current, Id

Screenshot for Ic for the above case:

Ch3: Current, Ic
Plots and Observations:

Variation of load voltage with firing angle : Vd = 1.35Vab * Cos ( ) 0.955 * * Ls * Id

In the above expression, as the value of the firing angle is increased for a constant Vab and Id, the value of Vd decreases from the rectification range of firing angle i.e. 0 to 90 deg, as shown in the figure below

Now by plotting Vd against alpha from the results recorded in table 1, we get the graph shown under. The range of alpha was from 25 to 70 degs approximately. Therefore the graph matches with the theoretical graph shown above.
Vd [V] vs alpha 300.00 250.00 200.00 150.00 100.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00 80.00

alpha [deg]

Variation of Power factor with firing angle: From Eqn.6.49 of the textbook (Mohan), we have the following relation: 3 Pf = Cos ( ) The above relation holds good when source and load inductances ignored. Even though in our experiment we have considered both source and load inductances, the power factor still varies directly with alpha but not as linearly. The graph below shows the variation of power factor with alpha varying over a range of 25 deg to 70 deg.
PF vs alpha 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

alpha [deg]

Variation of % with firing angle: Increasing the firing angle causes voltage Vd to increase, therefore increasing the power delivered to the load. At the same time, the r.m.s value of the a.c. current drawn from the source also increases causing the power input to increase proportionally. Consequently, we can see that the efficiency is varied in a range of 82-90% for alpha varying from 25 to 70%
%eff vs alpha 98.00 96.00 94.00 92.00 90.00 88.00 86.00 84.00 82.00 80.00 0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

alpha [deg]

Case 2: Varying the load by keeping alpha constant at 45 deg.

In this case, first we start with a minimum load by keeping alpha at 45 deg, which keeps the current continuous( for our experiment the current was always continuous). Now the load is increased as high as possible and the values of Vd and Id are recorded for various loads. The tabulation under shows the values recorded.
# Bulbs 58 50 38 34 30 24 20 14 12 10 t_ [ms] 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 2.06 [deg] 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 Vd [V] 183 184 185 185 185 186.00 186.00 186.00 186.00 186.00 Id [A] 17.1 14.4 11.1 10 8.8 7.23 5.86 4.13 3.49 2.72 Vab_RMS [V] 207 207 208 208 208 209 209 208 209 209

Now, we plot Vd vs Id, which is shown below.

Vd [V] vs Id [A] y = -0.2065x + 186.95 187 186.5 186 185.5 185 184.5 184 183.5 183 182.5 0 5 10 Id [A] 15 20

Now lets look at the following equation again for reference which we saw in earlier case also:
Vd = 3 2 Vab cos 2 Ls Id

In the above equation, when firing angle is constant then only Id is varying as the load is varied. Therefore we can write the above equation as Vd= -B*Id+A. Where A is intercept and B is the slope. From the above graph we have B= 0.2065. Hence, Ls = 0.2065*Pi / 2*W = 860.5 micro-Henries. Now for the highest load case in the above table, the time scale on the oscilloscope was expanded to measure the commutation angle U.

We get U = 0.3 degs. Now from the value of the source inductance calculated above, which is 860.5 microHenries, and for alpha =45 deg and Id=17.1 amps, we use the following relation to find out the commutation angle U

cos( + u ) = cos

2 Ls 2Vab

Id

The above relation gives us U= 2.92 degs. The two values obtained for U, 0.3 deg(measured) and 2.92( calculated ) are not close. This is due to the difficulty in measuring U from oscilloscope by expanding the time scale. There possible was a measurement error. There was no other obvious reason.

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