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Chapter VIII DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

Urinalysis January 27, 2011

Routine urinalysis is performed for general health screening to detect renal and metabolic diseases; to diagnose diseases or disorders of the kidneys or urinary tract. In addition, it is performed to help diagnose specific disorders such as endocrine diseases.

Physical properties: Color Light yellow Reaction 6.0 Transparency Slightly hazy Specific gravity 1.010

Chemical reaction: Sugar Negative Albumin Negative

Microscopic examination: Pus cells 1-2/hpf Erythrocytes 0-2/hpf

Interpretation: The physical properties of the patients urine show normal results such as urine color, reaction, and specific gravity. However, transparency is slightly hazy. Turbidity or cloudiness may be caused by excessive cellular material or protein in the urine. Normally, blood must be absent in the urine. Presence of blood may indicate acute kidney infections, chronic infections, and stone formation in the kidneys. In the patients case, erythrocytes are very generally absent. Number of pus cells is within normal range. Nursing Responsibilities: Explain how to collect a clean catch specimen of at least 15 mL. Explain that there is no food or fluids restriction. Obtain a first voided morning specimen if possible. Medications may be restricted for it may affect laboratory results.

Complete Blood Count January 27, 2011

The complete blood count (CBC) is one of the most commonly ordered blood tests. The complete blood count is the calculation of the cellular (formed elements) of blood. These calculations are generally determined by special machines that analyze the different components of blood in less than a minute.
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This test may be a part of a routine check-up or screening, or as a follow-up test to monitor certain treatments. It can also be done as a part of an evaluation based on a patient's symptoms. Test Hemoglobin RBC Hematocrit Platelet WBC Neutrophils Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophils Results 156 4.9 0.45 266 15.88 0.82 0.09 0.09 0.00 0.00 Reference Value 140-170 g/L 4.5-5.0 x 10^12/L 0.40-0.50 volume 150-350 x 10^9/L 5-10 x 10^9/L 0.55-0.65% 0.35-0.50% 0.03-0.06% 0.02-0.04% 0.00-0.01% Interpretation Normal Normal Normal Normal High High Low Low Low Normal

Interpretation: Hemoglobin, red blood cell, hematocrit, and platelet count are all in normal range. Therefore, there is no bleeding happening inside the patients body. Elevated white blood cell count indicates presence of infection and the bodys response to fight for its immune system. High neutrophil count and low lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil count are also indicators of infection. Basophils are not present but it is still normal.

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Nursing Responsibilities: Explain that the tests are done to detect any hematologic disorders as well as infection and inflammation.

Tell the patient that a blood sample will be taken and that he may feel slight discomfort from the tourniquet and needle puncture.

Use gloves when collecting and handling all specimens. Transport the specimen to the laboratory as soon as possible after the collection. Do not allow the blood sample to clot, of the results will be invalid. Place the specimen in a biohazard bag.

Skull APL No apparent fracture is seen in the calvarium in the views obtained.

Left Knee APL

No fracture or discoloration is seen in the left knee in the views obtained.

Interpretation: Both skull and left knee shown in an APL view resulted to no fracture.

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