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Serbia StrengtheningcapacitiesintheWesternBalkancountriestoaddressenvironmental problemsthroughremediationofpriorityhotspots NATIONALCOMPONENTSERBIARemediationoftheGrandBackaCanal

GUIDELINESONTHE ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT FORWINDFARMS



Belgrade,June2010

PROJECT: Strengthening Capacities in the Western Balkan Countries to Address Environmental ProblemsthroughRemediationofHighPriorityHotSpots NATIONALCOMPONENTSERBIARemediationoftheGrandBakaCanal UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)Serbia Internacionalnihbrigada69 11000Beograd http://www.undp.org.rs/ http://www.westernbalkansenvironment.net/ MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanningoftheRepublicofSerbia DepartmentforEnvironmentalImpactAssessment Omladinskihbrigada1 11070NoviBeograd Tel/fax:+381113131356 http://www.ekoplan.gov.rs

UNDPSerbiaProjectTeam: 1.DobrilaSimi,MSc,NationalCoordinator 2.VeraPullen,Consultant MoESPTeam: 1.SabinaIvanovi,MSc,Advisor,MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanningofthe RepublicofSerbia,DepartmentforEnvironmentalImpactAssessment 2.SlobodanCvetkovi,MSc,Advisor,MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanningofthe RepublicofSerbia,UnitforRenewableandAlternativeEnergySources 3.MiroslavToovi,SeniorAdvisor,MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanningofthe RepublicofSerbia,UnitforStrategicEnvorinmentalImpactAssessment Coverpagephotograph:VeraPullen,windfarmsinGreatBritain Publisher:EnergodataIngraf,Belgrade Numberofcopies:300 WesternBalkansEnvironmentalProgramme fundedbytheGovernmentoftheNetherlands
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GUIDELINESONTHEENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTASSESSMENTFORWINDFARMS

Belgrade,June2010

ProjectInformation
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UNDP Country Offices in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, FYR Macedonia, Montenegro and UNATSCR 1244 of Kosovo, developed a regional programme around nine pollutionhotspotsintheWesternBalkans,drivenbytheneedforimprovingthequalityof theenvironment.TheProjectwillbeimplementedovera30monthperiod,coveringthree areas: remediation (construction works), policy dialogue in the area of environmental protection and development of professional services in the environment management sector.Whiletheconstructionoffacilitiestoalleviateenvironmentalproblemsandpollution will be the main focus, strengthening and building institutional capacities will be an importantelementthroughouttheprogramme. TheUNDPinterventioninthemunicipalityofVrbas(APVojvodina),asagreedattheregional level,ispartofabiggerremediationprojectconsistingof:constructionofthenew,missing partofthemainsewagecollector,industrialwastewaterpretreatment,theconstructionof acentralwastewatertreatmentplant(CWTP)andtheremediationoftheGrandBakaCanal. In a regional context, the national Serbian component of the Programme Strengthening Capacities in Western Balkan Countries to Address Environmental Problems through Remediation of High Priority Pollution Hot Spots Remediation of the Grand Baka Canal involves construction works on the entire missing part of the main sewer collector, Phase IV.1 Ch. km 5+999 8+061, Phase IV.2 Ch. km 8+061 10+019 municipality of Vrbas and Phase V Ch. Km 10+019 12+628 in municipality of Kula. In addition to the construction works,theprojectalsohasasignificantinstitutionalcapacitybuildingcomponentaimingto improveenvironmentalprotectionmanagement.

TABLEOFCONTENTS
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PROJECTINFORMATION ..................................................................................................................5

ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................................................................8

1.INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................9

2.POLICIESOFTHEREPUBLICOFSERBIAINTHEAREAOFWINDENERGYUSE ...............................11 2.1.ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION ............................................................................................................... 11 2.2.NATUREPROTECTION............................................................................................................................ 12 2.3.THEUSEOFRENEWABLEENERGYSOURCES................................................................................................ 12 2.4.PRACTICALCONDITIONSFORTHEUSEOFWINDENERGYINSERBIA ................................................................. 13 3.WINDENERGYANDTECHNOLOGYOFUSEOFWINDENERGY ....................................................14 3.1.BASICSOFTHETECHNOLOGYOFWINDENERGYUSE .................................................................................... 14 3.2.SIZEANDCAPACITYOFWINDFARMS ....................................................................................................... 15 3.3.WINDENERGYANDTHEENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................... 16 4.POTENTIALIMPACTOFWINDFARMSONTHEENVIRONMENT...................................................18 4.1.NATURALHERITAGE ............................................................................................................................. 18 4.1.1.Habitats ....................................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.2.PlantandAnimalSpecies ............................................................................................................ 19 4.2.GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................... 21 4.3.ARCHAEOLOGY .................................................................................................................................... 21 4.4.ARCHITECTURALHERITAGE ..................................................................................................................... 22 4.5.NOISE ................................................................................................................................................ 22 4.6.SAFETYASPECTS .................................................................................................................................. 23 4.7.PROXIMITYTOROADSANDRAILWAYS ...................................................................................................... 23 4.8.PROXIMITYTOPOWERLINES .................................................................................................................. 23 4.9.INTERFERENCEWITHCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS ........................................................................................ 23 4.10.AIRTRAFFICSAFETY ........................................................................................................................... 24 4.11.SHADOWFLICKER ............................................................................................................................... 24 4.12.WINDTAKE........................................................................................................................................ 24 4.13.DECOMMISSIONING ............................................................................................................................ 25 5.LEGALFRAMEINTHEFIELDOFWINDENERGYUSE ....................................................................26 5.1.BASICSOFPLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONOFWINDFARMS ......................................................................... 26
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5.2.LISTOFRELEVANTREGULATIONSINTHEAREAOFENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION ................................................ 27 6.ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT ...................................................................................29 6.1.STRATEGICENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT ..................................................................................... 29 6.2.ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT .................................................................................................... 30 6.3.OVERVIEWANDDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPROCESS ........................................................................................... 33 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTPROCEDURE ...................................................................35

7.CONTENTSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTSTUDY...........................................36

8.CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................38

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................39

ANNEXES .......................................................................................................................................43

ANNEX1.WINDATLASOFSERBIA .................................................................................................44

ANNEX2:LISTOFRELEVANTREGULATIONSINTHEFIELDOFPLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONOF WINDENERGYDEVELOPMENTSANDPRODUCTIONOFELECTRICITYINTHEREPUBLICOFSERBIA..45

ANNEX3:CONTENTSOFTHEREQUESTFORENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTSCREENING.46

ANNEX4:CONTENTSOFTHEREQUESTFORENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTSCOPING ....50

NNEX5:CHECKLISTFORPOTENTIALIMPACTOFWINDFARMSONNATURECONSERVATION ......61

ANNEX6:CONTENTSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTSTUDY...............................63

ANNEX7:MOESPORGANIZATIONALSCHEME ...............................................................................66
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ABBREVIATIONS
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CBD EC EIA EU EWEA GIS IBA ICAO IMSI IPA MoESP OJRS RES RS SEA SPA SCI SAC Toe TWh WBEHSP

ConventiononBiologicalDiversity EuropeanCommission EnvironmentalImpactAssessment EuropeanUnion EuropeanWindEnergyAssociation GeographicalInformationSystem ImportantBirdAreas InternationalCivilAviationOrganisation InstituteforMultidisciplinaryResearch ImportantPlantAreas MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanning OfficialJournaloftheRepublicofSerbia Renewableenergysources RepublicofSerbia StrategicEnvironmentalAssessment SpecialProtectionAreas(DirectiveonBirds) SitesofCommunityImportance(DirectiveonHabitats) SpecialAreasofConservation(DirectiveonHabitats) TonofOilEquivalent Terawatthour WesternBalkansEnvironmentalHotSpotProgramme

1.INTRODUCTION
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Thetechnicalpotentialsforharnessingrenewableenergysourcesaresubstantialandexceed those of all other already available sources. Climate change, reduction of CO2 emissions, depleted fossil fuel reserves and soaring fuel prices have led to increased governments support, through adoption of laws and regulations, stimulation and commercialization of renewableenergysources.Windenergyisboomingworldwideandinstalledcapacitiesare increasingsignificantlyyearbyyear,becausewindpowerisacompetitiveandcostefficient energysource. TheEuropeanUnionhassetabindingtargetof20%ofitstotalenergysupplytocomefrom windandotherrenewablesourcesby2020.Inordertoachievethistarget,morethanone thirdofEuropeanelectricaldemandwouldhavetocomefromrenewables,withwindpower expectedtodeliver1214%1(outofthetotal20%).In2009,approximately158GW2ofwind turbineswereinstalledacrosstheworld,outofwhich74,8GWofwindpowerintheEU. GermanyandSpainleadinelectricityproductionfromwindpowerinEuropeanUnionin 2009with37,500and36,188TWh,whileUnitedKingdomfolowsthemwith9,259TWh. Becauseofthepermanentneedforadditionalenergysourcesinourcountry,windenergy imposesitselfastheidealnewenergybranch.Itisaknownfactthattherearelocalitiesin Serbiasuitableforharnessingwindenergy.Windfarmshaveashortconstructionleadtime, thepeakproductionseasoncoincideswiththeseasonalelectricityconsumptionpeak,while thenegativeimpactontheenvironmentisminimalcomparedtootherenergyfacilitiesand technologies. WiththeratificationoftheTreatyestablishingtheEnergyCommunity,theRepublicofSerbia has undertaken, among other, the obligation to adopt and carry out a plan for the implementation of Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from reneweableenergysources. The construction of a number of wind farms, for which the Energy permits have already beenissued,willcommenceinSerbiathisyear.Consequently,thenumberofsubmittedEIA screeningrequests(todeterminetheneedtodevelopEIA)hasincreased.Becauseofthat,it hasbeenconcludedthatthiskindofguidelinewouldbeuseful. Also,thedevelopmentofguidelinesisinaccordancewithprioritythematicareasidentified in the report Environmental Policy Integration and Capacity Building Needs Assessment (UNDP,2008). Hereinafter, this document will be referred to as Guidelines. The Guidelines refer to the complete procedure, from submission of the screening requests, request for determining theneedforthedevelopmentofanEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy,toissuanceof

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EuropeanWindEnergyAssociation(EWEA),http://www.ewea.org/index.php?id=1551,March2010 EurObservER2010,http://www.eurobserver.org/pdf/baro195.pdf,February2010 9

thedecisiononitsapproval.Hereinafter,theEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudywill bereferredtoastheStudy. The Guidelines are envisioned primarily as a tool which will be used by the staff of institutionstaskedwithenvironmentalimpactassessmentandotherinterestedparties.The Guidelines provide basic information concerning the planning process and detailed informationconcerningtheimpactassessmentprocess,withidentificationofthepotential impactthatwindfarmsmayhaveontheenvironment. TheGuidelinesincludetheRepublicofSerbiapolicyguidelinesintheareaofenvironmental protectionanduseofwindenergy,anoverviewofthebasictechnicalfeaturesandpotential impactofwindfarmsontheenvironment.Alsolistedhereinisthelegislativeframeworkof theRepublicofSerbiafortheuseofwindpowerandenvironmentalimpactassessment.For the purpose of developing the Guidelines, mainly, the examples from European practice wereusedandthewholeprocesswaspresentedinthecontextoftheSerbianlegislation. The parties involved in the development of this document were: WBEHSP National CoordinatorDobrilaSimiandNationalConsultantfortheGuidelinesontheEnvironmental Impact Assessment for Wind Farms Vera Pullen. Supervision, consultations and support in thedevelopmentofthisdocumentwereprovidedbyMoESP,DepartmentforEnvironmental Impact Assessment, Advisor Sabina Ivanovi, MSc; Unit for Renewable and Alternative Energy Sources, Advisor Slobodan Cvetkovi, MSc and Head of Unit for Strategic EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentMiroslavToovi,intheperiodfromDecember2009to June2010.TheMoESPorganizationalschemeisprovidedinAttachment7. The explanation of the term wind farm: a wind farm is a facility that generates electrical powerfromwindenergyandconsistsofoneormoreproductionunitsturbines.Theterm windfarmdevelopmentusedinthedocument,mainlyreferstoawindfarmfacility.

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2. POLICIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA IN THE AREA OF WIND ENERGYUSE


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The development of renewable energy sources (RES), along with measures designed to improve energy efficiency, are a priority on the national and European level, on both environmentalandenergypolicygrounds.Implementationofthepoliciesinthefieldofwind energyusehastotakeintoaccounttheprotectionoftheenvironment.

2.1.EnvironmentalProtection
The framework law in RS in this area is the Law on Environmental Protection (OJ RS, No. 135/04,36/09). Directive 2001/42/EC on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment was adopted in 2001 and aims to identify and assess the environmental consequences of the individual environmental plans and programms at the preparatory stage, before they are adopted. Public institutions and those competent for the environment provide their requirements/opinions on the proposed plans, they are integrated and taken into considerationintheplanningprocess.Oncetheplansandprogrammeshavebeenadopted, the general public is informed about the decision and the decisionmaking procedure. The objective of the environmental impact assessment is to involve the general public and integrateenvironmentrelatedelementsintheplanningprocess.Thishelpsinachievingthe set principles of sustainable development. The Directive was transposed into Serbias legislation in 2004, by the Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (OJ RS, No. 135/04). Directive 97/11/EC on Environmental Impact Assessment was introduced in 1985 and amended in 1997. The Directive ensures that the environmental consequences of projects areidentifiedandassessedpriortoapermitbeinggranted.Thepubliccangiveitsopinion andallresultsaretakenintoconsiderationintheprocessofapprovaloftheEnvironmental Impact Assessment Study. The public is subsequently informed about the decision. The Directive outlines the project categories that are subject to an environmental impact assessment, the procedure to be implemented and the mandatory content of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study. Directive 97/11/EC was transposed into the Serbian legislation in 2004, by the Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (OJ RS, No. 135/04,36/09). Considering that environmental impacts do not respect state borders, there is a need for interstate information sharing and consultations on all major projects (facilities) that may haveadversetransboundaryimpactontheenvironment.TheConventiononEnvironmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context Espoo (EIA), is a key one in bringing togetherallstakeholderstopreventenvironmentaldamagebeforeitoccurs.TheConvention entered into force in 1997. Serbia ratified the Espoo Convention through the Law on Ratification of the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Contextin2007(OJRS,InternationalTreaties,No.102/07).
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2.2.NatureProtection
Thereisalegalobligationtointegrateconservationandsustainableuseofbiodiversity.Itis regulated by Serbias ratification of the Convention on Biodiversity (2001), Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (2007) and the Convention on theConservationonMigratorySpeciesofWildAnimals(2007).Serbiasobjectiveistogain EUcandidatestatusandinthisrespecttotransposetheEUDirectivesintheareaofnature conservationintoSerbianlegislation. Nature conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity components are regulated by the following legislation: Law on Environmental Protection (framework law), Law on EnvironmentalImpactAssessment,LawonStrategicEnvironmentalImpactAssessment,Law on Nature Conservation and others. Also prepared were the strategic documents in which conservation of nature and biodiversity acquired a specific place. Along with others, the Sustainable Development Strategy (2008) and the National Environmental Protection Programmewereadopted(2010). For the purpose of implementation of the Convention on Biodiversity in the Republic of Serbia,severaldocumentsweredevelopedsofar,amongwhich:HarmonisationofNational Nomenclature in Codification and Classification of Habitats with the Standards of International Community, Red Book of Serbian Flora 13, while the development of the National Strategy and Action Plan on Conservation of Biological Diversity (NBSAP) is underway.Conservationofbiologicaldiversityitselfisinseparablefromthesustainableuse ofbiodiversitycomponents,currently,thepossibilitesforintensifyingthecompletionofthe National Strategy on the Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Goods are being considered.Thesameappliestothecompletionofmechanismsfortheeconomicevaluation ofbiodiversitycomponents.Theyareforthepurposeofsustainableuseandconservationof biodiversityintheRepublicofSerbia.

2.3.TheUseofRenewableEnergySources
TheprogrammefortheimplementationofSerbiasenergydevelopmentstrategyfrom2007 to 2015 (amendments, 2009) estimates that the technically usable energy potential of renewableenergysourcesinRepublicofSerbiaisverysignificantandestimatedatover4.3 million toe/year of which over 2.7 million toe/year can be sourced from biomass, 0.6 milliontoe/yearfromunusedhydropotential,0.2milliontoe/yearfromexistinggeothermal springs,0.2milliontoe/yearfromwindenergyand0.6milliontoe/yearfromsolarradiation4. TheratificationoftheEnergyCommunityTreaty,Serbiahas,amongother,undertakenthe obligationtoadoptandenforcetheplanfortheimplementationofDirective2001/77/ECon thepromotionoftheuseofenergyfromreneweablesources.Therearesuitablelocations fortheconstructionofwindfarmsinSerbia,where1,300MWproductioncapacitiescould beinstalledintheforeseeablefuturewithanannualproductionof2,300GWh.Uptodate, the required legislation in the field of renewable energy sources has been enacted, the

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RedBookofSerbianFlora1,groupofauthors,InstituteforNatureConservationofSerbia,Belgrade1999 MinistryofMiningandEnergy:http://www.mre.gov.rs/navigacija.php?IDSP=299,February,2010 12

conditions for the use of RES are defined and future development targets for the energy sectorset. ThenewEURenewableEnergyDirective2009/28/ECsetsbindingnationaltargetswhichEU memberstatesshouldachievebypromotingRESinthepower,heatingandcoolingsectors andtransportsector,toprovide,that,by2020,atleast20%ofthetotalenergyconsumedin EU is generated from the renewable sources . The enforcement start date of the new Renewable Energy Directive in RS and other states signatories of the Energy Community Treaty will be determined and coordinated within this community. The construction of 45 MWplantsusingwindenergyisplanneduntil20125.However,duetosubstantialinvestors interestinthistypeoffacilitiesinRSandtheissuedenergypermits(2009,2010),itisquite possiblethatthisplannedcapacitywillbeexceededinpractice.

2.4.PracticalConditionsfortheUseofWindEnergyinSerbia
The Institute for Multidisciplinary Research (IMSI) began intensive research of the energy potentials of wind and solar radiation in 2003. The Atlas of the Sun and Wind Energy PotentialinSerbiawasfinalizedin2008,inaccordancewiththestandardEUmethodology (MacroScale Analytical Resource Assessment Model National Level)6. Please refer to the WindAtlasofSerbiainAnnex1. WiththeaimofstimulatinguseofRES,theRepublicofSerbiaadotpedthefollowingbylaws: DecreeonRequirementsforAcquiringtheStatusofPrivilegedPowerProducerandCriteria for the Assessment of Compliance with these Requirements (OJ RS, No. 72/09) which sets forth that the status of privileged producer is acquired by producing the electric power fromrenewableenergysourceswindenergy;andtheDecreeonIncentivesforthePower Generation from Renewable Energy Sources and Combined Generation of Electricity and Heat (OJ RS, No. 99/09). This Decree prescribes in more details the incentives for the production of electricity from RES and the feedin tariff conditions, the incentives and reimbursement of costs to the buyer of energy from RES. According to this Decree, the purchace price from wind farms is 9.5 c/1 kWh (euro cents per kWh). The entitlement to theincentivesprescribedbythisDecreeforwindfarmgeneratedpowerislimitedtoatotal installedpowerof450MWinRS. TheaforementionedDecreesalsofacilitatethepracticaluseofwindenergyasarenewable energysourceinRS.

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http://www.srbija.gov.rs/vesti/vest.php?id=121289,April2010 InstituteforMultidisciplinaryResearch.http://vetarsunce.imsi.rs/home.php,March2010 13

3.WINDENERGYANDTECHNOLOGYOFUSEOFWINDENERGY
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3.1.BasicsoftheTechnologyofWindEnergyUse
Windturbinesgenerateelectricitybyharnessingthepowerofthewind.Thewindisaclean and sustainable energy source, it does not create pollution and it belongs to the group of reneweable energy sources. Wind energy technology is developing fast; turbines are becomingcheaperandmorepowerful,bringingthecostofrenewablygeneratedelectricity down. Almost all wind turbines consist of rotor blades (or propellers) which rotate around a horizontalhub.Thehubisconnectedtoagearboxandgenerator,whicharelocatedinside the nacelle (or gondola). The nacelle houses the electrical components and is mounted at thetopofthetowerofthewindturbine(seeFigure1):

Figure1:Componentsofawindturbine Tower:towersrangefrom25to120metresinheight(usuallyaround80m)andthetrendis towardshigherelevations.Steeltowerstypicallyhaveabasediameterof37metresand displayaslighttaperingtothenacelle.Largertowershavealargerbasediameter.Lattice towersareusedinsomelocations.

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Nacelle (or gondola): contains the key mechanical components of the wind turbine, includingthegearboxandgenerator.Ayawmechanismisemployedtoturnthenacellein thedirectionoftheprevailingwind. Rotordiametersrangeupto80m,inmoderntechnologiesupto120m,smallermachines haveadiameterincludingbladesofaround30metresandaretypicalindeveloping countries.Windturbinescanhavethree,twoorjustonerotorblade.Mosthavethree. Blades:Theblades,whicharesetinmotionbytheenergyofthewind,aremostcommonly madeofplastic,butcanalsobemadeofaluminiumorsteel.Modernwindturbinestypically havethreeblades.Thesemayvaryinrotordiameterfrom35metresupwards.Theblades rotateat1030revolutionsperminuteatconstantspeed,althoughanincreasingnumberof machines operate at a variable speed. Power is controlled automatically as wind speed varies and machines are stopped at very high wind speeds to protect them from damage. Mosthavegearboxesalthoughthereareincreasingnumberswithdirectdrives. Transformer:Thisisadeviceforchangingthevoltageofthealternatingcurrent.Electricityis typicallygeneratedatlessthan1000voltsbythewindturbineandthetransformersteps up this voltage to match that of the national grid. This may be housed either inside or alongsidethetower. Concretebase:Turbinestypicallyhavebasesofbetween7and18m2insize(nowadayseven larger). Atypicalwindpowerfacilityhasthefollowingcomponents: Windturbines, Towers, Transformers, Internalaccessroads, Transformerstation Transmissionsystem(powerlinesandother)connectingthefacilitytothenationalgrid. Mostwindturbinesstartoperatingataspeedof45m/s(nowadaysaslowas3m/sandthe technologyisadvancinginthedirectionofalowerstartspeed)andreachmaximumpower atabout15m/s

3.2.SizeandCapacityofWindFarms
Windenergydevelopmentscanbeinstalledasindividualunitsi.e.asinglewindturbine,or asseveralpowergeneratingunits(windfarm). Wind farms are interconnected by a medium voltage power collection system and communications network. At a substation, this medium voltage electrical current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage transmission system. Spain, Denmark, and Germany are Europe's leading wind energy producers. A large wind farmmayconsistofafewdozentoseveralhundredturbinesandcoveranareaofseveral
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hundred square kilometres, while the land between the turbines may be used for agriculturalorotherpurposes.AlthoughthisisnotrelevantforSerbia,awindfarmmaybe locatedoffshoretotakeadvantageofstrongwindsblowingoverthesurfaceofanoceanor lake. Windturbinescanbedeployedindividually,orgroupedinsmallorlargernumbers.Various factors may influence the size of a wind farm, including technical issues relating to the physicalpropertiesofthesite,thewindresourcesandthecapacityofthelocaltransmission ordistributiongrid,aswellaslandscapeandheritageconsiderationsanddevelopmentplan policies. Commercialturbinesrangeincapacityfromafewhundredkilowattstoover2megawatts. Thecrucialparameteristhediameteroftherotorbladesthelongertheblades,thelarger thearea'swept'bytherotorandthegreatertheenergyoutput.Currentlytheaveragesize ofthenewwindturbinesinstalledisupto5MW/windturbine.Thetrendismovingtowards theinstallationoflargerscalewindturbinesastheycanproduceelectricityatalowerprice. Largescale wind turbines have rotor diameters in excess of 100 metres, tower heights in excess of 100 metres and are substantial structures weighing hundreds of tonnes. These projects require capital investments and lengthy approval and planning periods, including consultation with the local community and impact assessment on aviation, aesthetics and wildlife.Thesewindfarmsaretheobjectofenvironmentalimpactassessment. Small and micro wind farms are not the subject of the environmnetal impact assessment andthefollowingdescriptionisjustgeneralinformation. Smallscale wind turbines are particularly suited to offgrid, mobile and hybrid wind and photovoltaic(PV)systems.ThePV/windpowercombinationiseffectivebecausewindpower availabilityishighestinwinterwhenavailablesolarpowerisatitsminimumandviceversa. Smallscalewindturbinesmayvaryinsize,witharangeofmodelsavailable,fromlessthan 100watts(W)upto50kilowatts(kW). Microwindturbinesaremostoftenusedtochargebatterieswhichrunsmallscaleelectrical applications in remote locations. Typical applications are lighting, electric fencing, sensing equipment,roadsignageandelectricpumps.Microturbines,lessthan100W,areoftenused tocharge12volt(V)or24Vbatteries,foruseonstandalonesystems.Turbinesrangingfrom 0.6kW to 50kW can be used to provide electricity generation for individual houses and businesses,withrooftopmodelsrangingfrom0.5kWto2.5kWinsize.

3.3.WindEnergyandtheEnvironment
The use of wind power has a light environmental footprint compared to the much more serious effects of conventional electricity generation, which affects climate change and disturbsthenaturalbalance.Windpowerdoesnotproduceharmfulemissionsorhazardous waste, it does not deplete natural resourses, nor does it cause environmental damage throughresourceextraction,transportandwastemanagement.Windturbinesoccupyless than 1% of the land area. Once up and running, existing activities, such as agriculture and easeofaccesstothesite,cancontinuearoundthem.
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Awindfarmdevelopment(facility)issubjecttoenvironmentalimpactassessmenttoensure that the potential effects on the immediate environment (including flora and fauna) are carefullyconsideredbeforeconstructionofthefacilityisallowed.Inmanycasesimpactscan beavoidedorreducedbyadjustingthelocationofthewholedevelopment(attheplanning stage), the number of turbines or by relocating the wind turbines within the existing boundariesofthedevelopment. The overall impact of wind farms on the natural habitats, birds, bats and other fauna and floraissitespecific. Despitethisimpact,extensiveeffortsaremadetoavoidbuildingwind farmsintheareaofbirdandbatmigrationroutes. Toavoidpotentialdisturbancetothelocalpopulation,localauthoritiesoughttoapplystrict rules to ensure that wind farms are sited at an adequate distance from nearby residential areas. When selecting a site, developers have to take into consideration the potential landscapeandvisualimpact.

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4.POTENTIALIMPACTOFWINDFARMSONTHEENVIRONMENT
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Wind farms, as facilities for production of electricity, have the potential to impact the naturalandurbanenvironment.Indesigningthesefacilities,itispossibletoavoidorreduce the negative environmental impacts. This is why existing municipality development plans shouldbeconsideredinrelationtothenatural,builtandgeologicalheritage,particularlyif theseareprotectedbylaw.Thepotentialimpactofwindfarmsontheenvironmentwillbe addressedinthefollowingparagraphs.

4.1.NaturalHeritage
Natural heritage refers to habitats and species of flora and fauna that are located within protectedsitesdesignatedundernationalorinternationalcategories(WorldHeritageSites, RamsarSites,IBA,IPA,etc.).EU MemberStateswereundertheobligationtoclassifySPAs (Special Protection Areas under the Birds Directive) and propose SCIs (Sites of Community ImportanceaccordingtoHabitatsDirective),bythedateoftheiraccession.Asaresultofthis process, the EUs Natura 2000 network of protected sites for habitats and species was created.Currently,thisisnotobligatoryforSerbia,butitwillbecomebytheEUaccession andwillhavetobetakenintoaccountinassessingtheenvironmentalimpactofwindfarm developments. Natural heritage sensitivity relates to impact of the facility on specific habitats, such as habitatsofcertainspecies,particularlybirdsandontheintegrityofsitesdesignatedforthe purpose of their conservation. Natural heritage may be impacted by wind energy developmentsbothduringtheconstructionandoperationalphases.Theseimpactsmaybe either temporary or permanent. All aspects of the project proposal that might threaten, themselves,orincombinationwithotherproposals,theconservationobjectivesofthearea shouldbeidentified. Competent authorities may approve a wind energy development project only if they are satisfied that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the designated protected area. If necessary, they can request changes of the proposed project or additional development conditions under which the project can be realized. The conditions for nature and environmentalprotection,aswellasparametersforwildlifemonitoringshallbeprescribed bytheInstituteforNatureConservationofRS/AP. In coming to a decision, competent authorities will consider the relevance of the project/facilitiesusingwindresources,includingthefacilitiesproposedondesignatedsites. Their strategic importance in contributing significantly to decreasing dependence on fossil fuels, with subsequent reductions in greenhouse gas emissions should be taken into account. In circumstances where a wind energy project is likely to have an adverse effect on the integrityofasiteofinternationalimportancefornatureconservation,approvalmayonlybe granted where there is no alternative solution and where there are imperative reasons of overriding public interest, including those of a social or economic nature. In such cases, consideration of protection measures to significantly mitigate the negative impact or the
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possibilityofprovidingalternativesitesforwindenergydevelopmentshouldbetakeninto account.

4.1.1.Habitats
Habitats that may be impacted by wind energy developments include peatlands (blanket bog, temporary ponds, flushes, flood zones and various other wetland habitats including watercoursesandlakes),sanddunesystems,steppes,seminatural/naturalgrasslandsand woodlands. All are vulnerable, but those located in the highlands particularly so, owing to theirlocationinhighrainfallareaswherethegrowingseasonisshort. The significant potential impacts on habitats that can result in the reduction or loss of biodiversityare: Directlossofhabitatduetotheconstructionofdevelopmentinfrastructure,including turbinefoundations,supportingfacilities,roads,quarriesandborrowpits; Degradation of habitats through alteration or disturbance, in particular arising from interferencewithhydrologywhichmayalterthesurfaceorgroundwaterflowsandlevels anddrainagepatternscriticalinpeatlandsandriverheadwaters; Fragmentationofhabitatsandincreasededgeeffects(effectofedgehabitats);and Degradation and loss of habitats outside the development site, especially wetland habitats that may arise from pollution, siltation or erosion originating from within the developmentsite.

4.1.2.PlantandAnimalSpecies Birds
The extent to which birds will be impacted by wind energy developments will vary depending on species, season and location and these impacts may be temporary or permanent. The species considered to be most at risk are birds of prey, swans, geese and divers. Also endangeredaremorassbirdsinthebroodingstageandwaterbirds(divingducksandducks) in flocks. Potential impacts on migratory birds and local bird movements between egg laying,feedingandbroodingareasrequirecarefulconsideration. Thefollowingsignificantpotentialimpactstobirdsfromwindenergydevelopmentshave beenidentified: Disturbanceduringtheconstructionandoperationalphasesleadingtothetemporaryor permanentdisplacementofbirdsfromthedevelopmentsiteanditssurroundings; Collisionmortality; Barrier to movement, (studies have shown that bird response may differ and that it is relatedtothespeciesand/orseason);and Directlossordegradationofhabitats,particularlyinthewetlands.

OtherSpecies
Thepotentialimpactonotherrareflora,mammals(specialattentionshouldbedevotedto bats),amphibiansandfishalsoneedstobeassessed.
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MonitoringandResearchNeeds
Generalmonitoringofenvironmentalparametersshouldbeavoided,exceptwherespecific requirementsinrelationtoenvironmentalissuesarepartofthepermit.Effectivemonitoring isnecessarytoprovideevidenceofcompliancewithenvironmentalconditions,suchasnoise limitsorwildlifeconservation. Therequiredmonitoring/managementprogrammes,whicharefundedbytheinvestor,can provide information to the competent authorities and/or concerned third parties, on the extenttowhichtheenvironmentalprotectionconditionsaremetinthedailyoperationof thewindfarm.Inthecaseofabreach,appropriateremedialactionwillberequiredbythe authorities. Such a programme would be particularly relevant in the initial stage of operation,duringthefirsttwoyears,possiblywiththeprovisionforfurthermonitoringifthe problem persists. Environmental monitoring can be carried out either by independent experts,orbythecompetentinstitutionsattheinvestorsexpense. Suggested research with regard to the impact of the wind energy developments on the wildlife: Effects of inclement weather in attracting birds and bats to lighted wind turbines, e.g. drawing birds (especially migratory birds) and bats during spring and fall migrations withinthereachoftherotorbladesoftheturbines. Localized effects on wildlife: habitat fragmentation and loss; effects of noise on both aquaticandterrestrialwildlife;habituation. Effectsofwindturbinestringconfigurationonmortalitye.g.endofrowturbineeffect, turbinesindipsorpasses,setbacksfromrims/edgesofcliffs. Effectiveness of deterrents: alternating colors on blades (particularly, effects of black/whiteandUVgelcoats);lights(e.g.colour,durationandintensityofpilotwarning lights;lasers);infrasound(BrecoBuoys7,othernoisemakerssuchaspredatoranddistress calls if not irritating to humans, other wildlife, or domestic animals); visual markers on theguywires. Use of acoustic, infrared and radar technologies to detect bird species presence, abundance,flightaltitudeandmovements. Accuracy of mortality counts: estimation of the number of carcasses (especially migratorybirds)lostduetofragmentationcausedbythecollisionandwindmomentum; sizeandshapeofdeadbirdsearchareas;possibilityofrecordingcollisionsacousticallyor withradarorinfraredtracking. Annualvariability(temporalandspatial)inmigratoryroutes;theuseoftheGeographic Information System (GIS) to assess migratory routes and stopovers, particularly for migratorybirdsandbats. Efficiency of seasonal wind turbine shutdowns at preventing mortalities, including the feasibility of using selferecting turbines (easily erected, dismantled and taken down withoutcranes)duringcriticalperiodssuchasmigrations. Impactoflargerturbinesversussmallermodels.
Thedeviceisusedtodeterseabirdsfromoilspills,emitting30differentsounds(includingwarningsings)up to130dB,generallyefficientinscaringbirdsata200mdistance,butmaydeterbirdsina800mradius.The devicemaybeusedatdaytime,nightime,infog,windorstorm. 20
7

Changesinpredatorpreyrelationshipsduetotheplacementofpotentialperchingsites insteppehabitats. Usefulliterature: Interim guidelines to avoid and minimize wildlife impacts from wind turbines8 through: 1) proper evaluation of potential wind energy development sites; 2) proper siting and design of turbines and associated structures within sites selected for development; and 3) pre and postconstruction research and monitoring to indentify and/orassessimpactsonwildlife. Guidelinesforconsiderationofbatsinwindfarmprojects9setsoutgenericguidelines fortheplanningprocessandimpactassessmentstotakeaccountoftheeffectofwind turbinesonbats.

4.2.Geology
Requiredinformationonthegeologyofthesite: Ageologicalandhydrogeologicalassessmentofthesuitabilityofthesite; A site map of the area in relation to any area or site that has been identified as a geological Natural Heritage Area, a proposed Natural Heritage Area or as a County GeologicalSite(showtheimpactsandmitigationmeasuresproposed); Asitemapoftheareainrelationtoareasofsignificantmineraloraggregatepotential; Assessmentofthepotentialimpactofthefacilityongroundwater; Geotechnicalstabilityanalysesofthestructureandthesite,bothintheconstructionand intheoperationalphase,withproposedgeotechnicalsolutionsandmitigationmeasures wheretheyareneeded.Also,thepotentialeffectofthedisposalofexcavatedmaterials andwhetherthefacilitymightcausealandslideshouldbeconsidered; Geotechnicalfoundationanalyses(allowablebearingcapacity,settlement,etc.); Details of borrowpits if proposed on the site, details of blasting if foreseen, e.g. preventionorremediationoflandslides; Inordertoidentifytheoptimallocationforeachwindturbine,provisionsmustbemade for carrying out sitespecific geological, hydrological and geotechnical investigation works.Theinvestigationworksshallbeperformedincompliancewiththerequirements oftheLawonGeologicalInvestigationsandothernationalregulations.

4.3.Archaeology
The potential impact of the proposed developments on the archaeological heritage of the site should be assessed. This assessment should address the directeffects on the integrity andvisualamenityofmonumentsandincludeappropriateprotectionmeasures,e.g.astudy of the existing literature and a field inspection where necessary and in line with the requirementsofnationallegislationinthefieldofarchaeology.

InterimGuidelinestoavoidandminimizewildlifeimpactsfromwindturbines, http://www.fws.gov/habitatconservation/wind.pdf,February2010. 9 Guidelinesforconsiderationofbatsinwindfarmprojects http://www.eurobats.org/publications/publication%20series/pubseries_no3_english.pdf,February2010 21

4.4.ArchitecturalHeritage
Thecompetentauthoritiesshouldassessthepotentialimpactoftheproposedwindenergy developmentonthearchitecturalheritageofthelocalityanditslandscapecontext,where relevant.

4.5.Noise
There are two distinct noise sources associated with the operation of wind turbines: aerodynamicnoisecausedbybladespassingthroughtheairandmechanicalnoisecreated bytheoperationofmechanicalelementsinthenacellethegenerator,gearboxandother partsofthedrivetrain.Aerodynamicnoiseisafunctionofmanyinteractingfactorsincluding bladedesign,rotationalspeed,windspeedandincomingairturbulencewhichcangenerate aspecificsound.Mechanicalnoisefromawindturbineistonalinnature. Advances in technology and design resulted in reduced noise emissions. Aerodynamic refinementsthathavebeencombinedtomaketurbinesquieterincludethereplacementof lattice with tubular towers, the use of variable speed operations and the switch to three blade turbine designs. Improvements in gearbox design and the use of antivibration techniquesinthepasttenyearshaveresultedinsignificantreductionsinmechanicalnoise. Themostrecentdirectdrivewindturbineshavenohighspeedmechanicalcomponentsand therefore do not produce mechanical noise. Turbine noise increases as wind speeds increase, but at a slower rate than the wind generated background noise. The impact of windturbinenoiseisthereforelikelytobegreateratlowwindspeedswhenthedifference between noise of the wind turbine and the background noise is likely to be greater. Wind turbinesdonotoperatebelowthewindspeedreferredtoascutinspeed,(thelowestwind speedbelowwhichnousablepowercanbeproducedbyawindturbine,i.e.thespeedwhich activatestheenergygeneratingsystem),whichisusuallyaround5m/s.Largerandvariable speed wind turbines emit lower noise levels at cutin speed than smaller fixed speed turbines. Noise from wind turbines is radiated more in some directions than others, with areasdownwindexperiencingthehighestpredictednoiselevels.Athigherwindspeedsthe noisefromwindhastheeffectoflargelymaskingwindturbinenoise. Good acoustic design and carefully considered siting of turbines will prevent significant increaseinambientnoiselevelsatanynearbynoisesensitivelocations.Soundoutputfrom modernwindturbinescanberegulated,thusmitigatingnoiserelatedproblems,albeitwith someloss ofpower.Anappropriatebalancemustbeachievedbetweenpowergeneration andnoiseimpact. Noiseimpactshouldbeassessedbyreferencetothenatureandcharacterofnoisesensitive locationsandinaccordancewiththelawsandregulationsinthefield.Inthecaseofwind energydevelopment,anoisesensitivelocationincludesanyoccupieddwellinghouse,hostel, health building or place of worship and may include areas of particular scenic quality or special recreational amenity importance. The prescribed noise limits should also apply to those areas used for relaxation or activities for which a quiet environment is highly desirable. The prescribed noise limits should be applied to locations in the wider surroundings of the wind farm and should take into account both the turbine noise and backgroundnoise.
22

PursuanttotheRulebookonPermittedNoiseLevelsintheEnvironment,themaximumnoise limit10allowedis35dB(A)atnightimeand40dB(A)atdaytimeoutsidepublicbuildingsand 30dB(A)atnightimeand35dB(A)atdaytimeinsidepublicbuildings.Inareasnearbythewind farmswherethenoiselevelislessthanallowed,amaximumincreaseof5dB(A)abovethe existingnoiseisconsideredacceptableinensuringprotectionofinhabitantsinthearea. Generally,noiseisunlikelytobeasignificantproblemwherethedistancefromthenearest turbine to any noise sensitive property exceeds 500 metres11. Comptetent authorities can seek evidence that the type(s) of turbines proposed will use best current engineering practiceintermsofnoisecreationandsuppression.

4.6.SafetyAspects
There are no specific safety considerations in relation to the regular operation of wind turbines.Fencingorotherrestrictionsarenotnecessaryforsafetyconsiderations.Peopleor animalscansafelywalkuptothebaseoftheturbines. There is a remote possibility of injury to people or animals from flying fragments of ice or from a damaged blade. Most blades are composite structures with no bolts or separate componentsandthedangerisminimisedasaresult.Thebuildupoficeonturbinebladesis unlikely to present problems. Most wind turbines are fitted with antivibration sensors, whichwilldetectanyimbalancecausedbytheicingoftheblades.Thesensorswillcausethe turbinetowaituntilthebladeshavebeendeicedpriortobeginningoperation.

4.7.ProximitytoRoadsandRailways
Ingeneral,turbinesmaydistractmotoristswhiletheyareunderconstructionorwhenthey arenew.Overtime,theturbinesbecomepartofthelandscapeandgenerallydonotcause anysignificantdistractiontomotorists.Althoughwindturbineserectedinaccordancewith standard engineering practice are stable structures, best practice indicates that it is advisable to achieve a safety set back from roads and railways of a distance equal to the heightoftheturbineandlengthoftheblade.

4.8.ProximitytoPowerLines
Adequate clearance between structures and overhead power lines should be provided as requiredbythecompetentelectricitycompanyandinlinewiththeregulationsofRepublic of Serbia. For example, in Ireland, there is a statutory obligation to notify the electricity distributorofproposeddevelopmentswithin23metersofanytransmissionordistribution line.

4.9.InterferencewithCommunicationSystems
Wind turbines, like all electrical equipment, produce electromagnetic radiation, which can interfere with broadcast communications. This interference can be overcome through the installationofdeflectorsorrepeaters.Competentauthoritiesshallrequestthedeveloperto
10 11

UppernoiselimitinhumanenvironmentexpressedinAweighteddecibelsdB(A) RecommendationsfromtheIrishPlanningGuidelinesforWindFarms 23

procuretherequirementsfromlocalandnationalbroadcasters.Thesameappliestomobile phone operators. Wind turbines must not create electromagnetic interference with the operation of telecommunication networks and must harmonize with the measures for the eliminationofelectromagneticinterferenceintheoperationoftelecommunicationnetworks andsignalreception,pursuanttotheLawonTelecommunications(OJRSNo.44/03).

4.10.AirTrafficSafety
Thesitingofwindturbinesmayhaveimplicationsfortheoperationsofthecommunications, navigation and surveillance systems used for air traffic control and aircraft safety. Wind turbinesitingmayalsohaveimplicationsonflightcorridors. The Civil Aviation Directorate of the Republic of Serbia prescribes the criteria used to determine whether or not any facility is deemed to be an obstacle affecting aircraft operationsandprovidesconditionsandapprovalfromtheairtrafficsafetyaspectforsiting andmarkingwindfarms.Inaddition,inordertoassurethesafetyandefficiencyofaircraft operationsinthevicinityofairports,theInternationalCivilAviationOrganisation(ICAO)has definedavolumeofairspaceabovewhichnewobjectsarenotpermitted12.Nopartofthe windturbineshouldpenetratethisspace.

4.11.ShadowFlicker
Windturbines,likeothertallstructures,cancastlongshadowswhenthesunislowinthe sky. The effect known as shadow flicker occurs where the blades of a wind turbine cast a shadowoverawindowinanearbyhouseandtherotationofthebladescausestheshadow to flick on and off. This effect lasts only for a short period and happens only in certain specific combined circumstances, such as when the sun is shining at a low angle (at dawn andbeforedusk),whentheturbineispositioneddirectlybetweenthesunandtheaffected propertyuponwhichtheshadowiscastandthereisenoughwindtoensurethattheturbine bladesaremoving. Carefulsiteselection,designandplanning,aswellasuseofrelevantsoftwareforcalculating the shadow effect, can help avoid the effect completely. It is recommended that the durationofshadowflickeratneighbouringofficesanddwellingswithina500mrangeshould notexceed30hoursperyearor30minutesperday13. At distances from a turbine that are greater than 10 rotor diameters, the potential for shadow flicker is very low. Where shadow flicker could be a problem, developers should providecalculationstoquantifytheeffectandwhereappropriatetakemeasurestoprevent ormitigatethepotentialeffect,suchasbyturningoffaparticularturbineatcertaintimes.

4.12.Windtake
The question of windtake should be dealt with at planning stage, to ensure that any proposed layout of wind turbines takes into account the development potential of an adjoiningsiteforasimilardevelopment.Ingeneral,toensureoptimalperformanceandto
http://www.icao.int/anb/FLS/icaosafety.html,February,2010. RecommendationsarebasedonresearchbyPredac,anorganizationpromotingenergysupplyanduse, drawnonexperiencefromBelgium,Denmark,France,theNetherlandsandGermany.
13 12

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accountforturbulenceeffects,theminimumdistancebetweenwindturbineswillgenerally bethreetimestherotordiameter(=3d)inthecrosswinddirectionandseventimestherotor diameter(=7d)intheprevailingdirection(downwind).Bearinginmindtherequirementsfor optimalperformance,adistanceofnotlessthantworotorbladesfromadjoiningproperty boundaries will generally be acceptable, unless by written agreement of adjoining landownerstoalesserdistance.However,wherepermissionforwindenergydevelopment has been granted on an adjacent site, the principle of the minimum separation distances between turbines in crosswind and downwind directions indicated above should be respected.

4.13.Decommissioning
Typically, the operational life of a wind turbine is about 2025 years. Once electricity production is reduced, an assessment must be made as to when the facility will be decommissioned. Decommissioning must be outlined at the planning and design stage. Issues to be addressed include the removal of above ground structures and equipment, landscaping and/or reinstatement of roads and vegetation, as well as measures for the restorationoftheenvironmenttoitsoriginalstatetothegreatestpossibleextent.Eachcase is different, depending on the size of the development and geographic properties of the locality.

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5.LEGALFRAMEINTHEFIELDOFWINDENERGYUSE
___________________________________________________________________________

5.1.BasicsofPlanningandConstructionofWindFarms
Theconstructionofwindfarmsandthecarryingoutpowergenerationactivitiesinthistype of facilities is governed by numerous regulations of the Republic of Serbia. The legal frameworkconsistsoftwomaingroupsofregulations. The first group of regulations comprises regulations in the field of energy, relating to the procedureforacquiringtherighttoengageinelectricityproduction,whichisaccomplished intwosteps:acquiringtherighttocarryoutanactivityofgeneralinterestandacquiringthe righttocarryoutenergysectoractivities. Wind energy developments are facilities used for carrying out electricity generating activities.Producersofelectricityindevelopmentsusingrenewablesourcesareconsidered privilegedelectricityproducers. TheLawonEnergyallowstheconstructionofenergyfacilitiesprovidedthattheMinistryof Mining and Energy has issued an energy permit. This process precedes the process of acquiring a construction permit. The criteria for issuing an energy permit are also the conditions for environmental protection (Art. 30), while the application for an energy permit contains an overview of the possible methods for the environmental protection during construction and operation stage of the energy development (Art. 32). An energy permitisrequiredforallpowergenerationfacilitiesofacapacitygreaterthan1MW. Thesecondgroupofregulations,includethelegislationonplanningandconstruction,which regulate the need to build a specific energy facility and the procedure for acquiring a buildingpermitforsuchafacility,aswellastheprocedureforobtainingtherighttousethe facility.InAccordancewiththeLawonPlanningandConstruction,anenvironmentalimpact assessment shall be conducted as part of the preliminary project (design) (Art. 118). A mandatoryrequirementforobtainingthebuildingpermitforthefacilityiscompliancewith requirements/approvalsofthecompetentinstitutions. AschematicviewoftherelationbetweentheLawonPlanningandConstruction(technical andprojectdocumentation),thelawsinthefieldofenvironmentalprotectionandtheLaw onEnergyforwindfarmswith10MWCapacityispresentedinFigure2. TheMoESPhastheauthoritytoissuebuildingpermitsforenergyproductionfacilitiesfrom RES with a capacity of 10 MW or above, as well as for plants with combined electricity generation(Art.133).Forfacilitiesthatareentirelybuiltontheterritoryoftheautonomous province,buildingpermitsissuanceisundertheauthorityoftheautonomousprovince(Art. 134). A list of relevant regulations in the field of planning and construction of wind energy developments and carrying out electricity generation activities in the Republic of Serbia is giveninAnnex2.
26

Figure 2: A schematic view of the relation between the Law on Planning and Construction (technicalandprojectdocumentation),thelawinthefieldofenvironmentalprotectionand theLawonEnergy,forwindfarmswith10MWcapacity. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION StrategicEnvironmental ImpactAssessment(SEA) EnvironmentalImpact Assessment(EIA) PLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTION Preliminarywork Preliminaryfeasibilitystudy withgeneralproject(design) Planningdocumentation Locationpermit Feasibilitystudywith preliminaryproject(design) Mainproject(design) ENERGY

Energypermit

5.2.Listofrelevantregulationsintheareaofenvironmentalprotection
1) LawonEnvironmentalProtection("OJRS",No.135/04,36/09) 2) LawonStrategicEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("OJRS",No.135/04) 3) LawonEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("OJRS",No.135/04,36/09) 4) Law on Ratification of the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a TransboundaryContext("OJRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07) 5) DecreeonEstablishingtheListofProjectsSubjecttoImpactAssessmentandtheListof ProjectsthatMayRequireEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("OJRS",No.114/08) 6) RulesontheContentsoftheRequestfortheNeedtoConductanEnvironmentalImpact AssessmentandContentsoftheRequestforDeterminingtheScopeandContentsofthe EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy("OJRS",No.69/05) 7) Rules on the Contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study ("OJ RS", No. 69/05) 8) Rules on the Procedure for Public Review, Presentation and Public Debate on the EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy("OJRS",No.69/05) 9) RulesontheWorkoftheTechnicalCommitteefortheEvaluationoftheEnvironmental AssessmentImpactStudy("OJRS",No.69/05) 10) Rules on the Content, Layout and Procedure for Managing the Public Book on EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProceduresEnforcedandDecisionsAdopted("Official JournalRS",No.69/05) 11) LawonNatureProtection("OfficialJournalRS",No.36/09) 12) LawonNationalParks(OfficialJournalRS",No.39/93,44/93,53/93,67/93,48/94) 13) RulesonRegistryofProtectedNaturalResources("OfficialJournalRS",No.30/92) 14) DecreeonConservationofNaturalRarities("OfficialGazetteRS",No.50/93,93/93) 15) Rules on the Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Species of Plants, AnimalsandFungi("OfficialJournalRS",No.5/10")
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16) RulesonCategorizationofProtectedNaturalResources("OfficialJournalRS",No.30/92) 17) LawonProtectionfromNoiseintheEnvironment("OfficialJournalRS",No.36/2009) 18) RulesonPermittedNoiseLevelintheEnvironment("OffficialGazetteRS",No.54/92) 19) Law on Ratification of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and NaturalHabitats("OfficialJournalRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07) 20) LawonRatificationoftheConventionontheConservationonMigratorySpeciesofWild Animals("OfficialJournalRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07)

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6.ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT
___________________________________________________________________________

6.1.StrategicEnvironmentalImpactAssessment
The subject of the Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment14 are the strategies, plans, programmes and grounds in the field of spatial and urban planning or use of land, agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting, energy, industry, traffic, waste management, water management, telecommunications, tourism, conservation of natural habitats and wildlife, establishing the framework for the approval of future development projects prescribed by regulationsgoverningenvironmentalimpactassessment. TheStrategicEnvionmentalImpactAssessmentintheRepublicofSerbiaisregulatedbythe Law on Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Journal, No. 135/04), which prescribes the terms and conditions, the method and the procedure for carrying out an assessmentoftheimpactofvariousstrategies,plans,programmesandbaselinedocuments on the environment, in order to ensure the protection of the environment and the promotion of sustainable development by integrating the fundamental principles of environmentalprotectionintotheprocedureofthepreparationandadoptionoftheplans andprogrammes. The plans and programmes that envisage the use of smaller areas on local level or in the caseofminoramendmentstoplansandprogrammeswhicharenotrequiredtoundergothe prescribedapprovalprocedure,adecisiononcarryingoutastrategicimpactassessmentis madebythebodyinchargeofthedevelopmentoftheplanandprogramme(ifestablished) ,and if it (the body ) identifies that there are possibilities of significant environmental impactsbasedonthecriteriaprescribedbythislaw.. Theplansandprogrammes,asdefinedinthislaw,arealldevelopmentorotherplansand programmes, baseline documents , including any amendments thereof, that a national, provincial or local authority develops and/or adopts, or prepares them for the relevant adoptionprocedureintheNationalAssemblyortheGovernmentoftheRepublicofSerbia, i.e.intheparliamentortheexecutiveauthorityoftheautonomousprovince,orlocalself governmentunit,aswellasplansandprogrammesbasedonregulations. Thecriteriafordeterminingthepossibilitiesofsignificantenvironmentalimpactoftheplans and programmes and for deciding to conduct a strategic assessment are contained in the AnnextotheLaw. The procedure for carrying out the strategic assessment consists of the following stages (describedinmoredetailsinthelaw): 1)Preparationphaseincluding: decidingtoconductastrategicassessment, selectingtheentityresponsibleforconductingthestrategicassessmentreport, participationofstakeholderbodiesandorganizations;
14

PrescribedbytheLawonEnvironmentalProtection(OJRS,No.135/04,36/09) 29

2)Strategicassessmentreport; 3)Decisionmakingprocedureincluding: participationofstakeholderbodiesandorganizations participationofthepublic, report on the results of consultations with stakeholder bodies and organizations andthepublic, evaluationofthestrategicassessmentreport, approvalofthestrategicassessmentreport. Strategic assessments performed for plans and programmes at various levels of hierarchy mustbeharmonisedbetweenthemselvesandwiththeenvironmentalimpactassessments, as well as with environmental protection plans and programmes. The grounds of the strategic assessment are the plan or programme determining the framework for developmentofagivensector,i.e.itscharacteristics,goalsandspatialaspect.

6.2.EnvironmentalImpactassessment
The environmental impact assessment is a preventive environmental protection measure which is based on the development of a study, consultations with the participation of the publicandanalysisofalternativemeasures,forthepurposeofcollectingdataandforeseeing any adverse effects of specific projects on the life and health of humans, on the flora and fauna, on land, water, air, climate and landscape, on material and cultural goods and the interaction of these factors, as well as for the purpose of establishing and proposing measures for the prevention, mitigation or remediation of harmful effects, taking into considerationthefeasibilityoftheseprojects. The Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (OJRS, No. 135/O4, 36/09) governs the impact assessment procedure for projects that can have significant impact on the environment, the contents of the environmental impact assessment, the participation of stakeholderbodiesandorganizationsandthepublic,transboundaryinformationsharingfor projectsthatcanhaveasignificantimpactontheenvironmentofanotherstate,supervision andotherissuesrelevantfortheenvironmentalimpactassessment. Impactassessmentisrequiredforprojectsintheplanningorimplementationstage,changes in technology, reconstruction, expansion of capacities, decommissioning and removal of projectsthatcanhaveasignificantimpactontheenvironment,aswellasforprojectsthat have been realised with no prior environmental impact assessment, which do not have a buildingpermitorarebeingusedwithoutausepermit. Impactassessmentiscarriedout,amongother,forprojectsinthefieldofenergy,aswellas for projects that are planned on a protected natural property and in the protected surroundingsofrealculturalassets. TheDecreedeterminesthatenvironmentalimpactassessmentisamandatoryrequirement forconstructionofpowerplantswith50MWcapacity(ListI),andoptionalforconstruction of wind energy developments (facilities used for converting wind power into energy) with
30

10 MW capacity (List II). A general overview of the procedure for the assessment of the impactofwindfarmsontheenvironmentintheRepublicofSerbiacanbeseeninFigure3. Theprocedurefortheassessmentoftheimpactofwindfarmsontheenvironmentconsists ofthefollowingstages: 1) Makingadecisionontheneedforimpactassessment(Annex3) 2) Determiningthescopeandcontentsoftheimpactassessmentstudy 3) Makingadecisiononapprovingtheimpactassessmentstudy. A schematic view of the environmental assessment procedure is presented in Figure 4, Chapter6.3. AllprojectswithpotentialtransboundaryimpactareunderthejurisdictionofMoESP,while: theenvironmentalimpactassessmentforfacilitieswhichrequiretheissuingofabuilding permitbyanationalauthorityiscarriedoutbyMoESP, the environmental impact assessment for facilities requiring the issuing of a building permitbyabodyoftheautonomousprovinceiscarriedoutbytheProvincialSecretariat forEnvironmentalProtectionandSustainableEnvironment, the environmental impact assessment for projects requiring the issuing of a building permit by the local selfgovernment body is carried out by the local selfgovernment bodyinchargeofenvironmentalaffairs. Theimpactassessmentstudycanbeconductedbyalegalentityandentrepreneurprovided thattheyareregisteredwiththeappropriateregisterforconductingactivitiespertainingto design,engineeringandconductingstudiesandanalyses.

31

Figure 3: General overview of theenvironmental impact assessment for wind farms in the RepublicofSerbia ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTOFWINDFARMS Baselinedocumentsonenergyandplanning - Bindinglegalframeworkrelatedtotheuseofwindenergy - Suitablelocationsforwindenergydevelopment ApplicationfortheneedofwindenergydevelopmentEIAtotheauthorityincharge (screening) AutonomousProvince(AP)fordevelopments MoESP=or>10MW,aswellasforall tobebuiltontheterritoryofAPVojvodina projectswithpotentialtrounsboundary impact Windfarmswith Windfarmswith totalcapacity50 totalcapacity10 ENVIRONMENTALIMPACT No MW MW ASSESSMENTISNOTREQUIRED

Yes Yes ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENT ISREQUIRED DeterminingthescopeandcontentofEIA Study(Scoping) ContentsofEIAStudy 1)dataondeveloper; 2)sitedescription; 3)projectdescription; 4)overviewofmain alternatives; 5)reviewofthestatusof environment 6)descriptionofpotential

IssuingadecisionthatEIAand environmentalprotectionmeasuresarenot required

EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentStudy

32

significantimpacts; 7)assessmentofeffectsin caseofaccidents; 8)Descriptionofmitigation measurestoreducethe impact; 9)monitoringprogramme;etc.

Expertise/research

Publicparticipation/ statements

Acknowledgmentofoverriding publicinterest

No

Amendmentsaccordingto requirementsofauthoritiesin charge Yes

DecisionNOTtoapproveEIA Study

DecisiontoapproveEIAStudy

6.3.OverviewandDescriptionoftheProcess
An environmentalimpact assessment is a document analysing and assessing the quality of environmentalfactors,theirvulnerabilityinacertainarea,thereciprocalimpactofexisting andplannedactivities,forecastingthedirectandindirectharmfuleffectsofadevelopment (wind farm) on environmental factors, as well as the measures and requirements for the prevention,mitigationandremediationofharmfuleffectsontheenvironmentandhuman health.ThelegalframeisgiveninChapter5. Theprocedureoftheissuanceofenergypermitprecedestheprocedureoftheissuanceof building permit. An overview of the environmental protection measures during the construction and operation of a wind energy development represents the baseline for issuance of the energy permit and will be an integral part of the environmental impact assessmentstudyforwindfarms.
33

ApublicpresentationandpublicconsultationontheStudy.Thepublicconsultationisheldin the premises of the local selfgovernment body in charge of environmental affairs. At the sametime,publicaccesstothedevelopmentprojectisensuredinthepremisesofMoESP andthelocalselfgovernmentauthorityonwhoseterritorythedevelopmentistobebuilt. The competent authority (MoES/AP) informs the developer, stakeholder bodies and organizationsandthepublicaboutthetimeandvenuewherepublicaccesswillbeprovided andofthepublicpresentationandpublicdebateontheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment. The public consultation may be held no earlier than 20 days from the date on when the public was informed. The developer participates to the public presentation and public consultationontheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment. UponcompletionofthepublicconsultaTion,basedontheopinionofstakeholderbodiesand organizations and interested public, the authority in charge delivers an overview of the opinion to the developer, with proposals for amendments to the Environmental Impact Assessment. FortheevaluationoftheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment,theauthorityinchargesetsup a technical committee to analyse and evaluate the Impact Assessment Study. Following consultationsandpublicreview,theauthorityinchargedeliverstheEnvironmentalImpact Assessment to the Technical Committee, with a systematized overview of the opinions of stakeholder bodies and organizations and interested public and a report on the finalized procedure of impact assessment. The Technical Committee examines the Environmental Impact Assessment, along with the systematised overview of the opinions of stakeholder bodies/organisations and interested public, prepares a report on the finalized impact assessment procedure and evaluates the suitability of the measures envisaged for the prevention, mitigation and remediation of potential harmful effects of the project on the environment,onthesiteanditssurroundings,duringconstructionworks,operationofthe development,accidentsanddecommissioningofthefacility.TheTechnicalCommitteemay requirethedevelopertomakeamendmentstotheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment.The TechnicalCommitteeisobligedtosubmitareportwithanevaluationoftheEnvironmental ImpactAssessmentandadecisionproposaltotheauthorityincharge. Thecompetentauthorityisobligedtoinformthestakeholderbodiesandorganisationsand thepublicaboutthedecisionongranting/rejectingapprovaloftheEnvironmentalImpact Assessment,on: 1)contentsofthedecision; 2)mainreasonsonwhichthedecisionisbased; 3)keymeasuresthatthedeveloperisrequiredtoundertakeforthepurposeofpreventing, mitigatingorremediatingharmfulimpacts. Thedeveloperandtheinterestedpublicmayappealthisdecisionbymeansofacontentious administrativeprocedure

34

Figure4.Schematicviewoftheprocedurefortheassessmentofenvironmentalimact

ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTASSESSMENTPROCEDURE
STAGEONE EIAScreening ProjectsLIstII (OptionalEIA) SubmittingEIAScreeningrequesttocompetentauthority I Informingthepublicandotherrelevantinstitutionsabouttherequest I Deliveringanopiniontothepublicandinstitutions I ReachingadecisiononEIAScreeningNONEEDEndofEIAprocedure STAGETWO EIAScoping ProjectsListI (MandatoryEIA) SubmittingEIAScopingrequest I Informingthepublicandotherrelevantinstitutionsabouttherequest I Deliveringanopiniontothepublicandinstitutions I DeterminingEIAScopingInformingthepublicandrelevantinstitutionsaboutthedecision STAGETHREE DecisionmakingprocedurefortheapprovalofEIA DraftingEIA I SubmittingarequestfortheapprovalofEIA I SettingupaTechnicalCommitteefortheevaluationofEIA I Informingthepublicaboutthevenueandtimeofthepresentationandpublicdebate I Publicpresentationandpublicdebate I Deliveringrecommendations/suggestionsonEIA I EvaluationofEIAbasedontheopinionoftheTechnicalCommittee I Decisiontogrant/denyapprovalofEIA I Informingthedeveloper,thepublicandrelevantinstitutionsaboutthedecision

35

7. CONTENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY


______________________________________________________________________________________

ThecontentsoftheEnvironmentalImpacAssessment(Annex6)areprescribedpursuantto the Rules on Contents of the Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Journal RS, No. 69/05).

ThechecklistinAnnex4andthechecklistinAnnex5canbeusedasadditionaltoolstoverify thelikelyimpactofwindenergydevelopments. TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentmustcontain: 1)dataondeveloper; 2)descriptionoftheplannedprojectdevelopmentsite; 3)descriptionofproject; 4)overviewofmainalternativesconsideredbythedeveloper; MONITORING(proposal:windpotential,monitoringthebirdandbatspeciesandnumbersin agivenarea,layoutofroutesandnumberofoverflights,existingnoiselevel,etc.) 5) overview of the state of the environment on the site and its surroundings (micro and macrolocation); Proposal: a) NATURALHERITAGE b) GEOLOGY c) ARCHAEOLOGY d) ARCHITECTURALHERITAGE e) NOISE f) SAFETYASPECTS g) PROXIMITYTOROADSANDRAILROADS h) PROXIMITYTOPOWERLINES i) INTERFERENCEWITHCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEM j) AIRCRAFTSAFETY k) SHADOWFLICKER l) WINDTAKE m) DECOMMISSIONING 6)descriptionofpotentialsignificantenvironmentalimpact; Proposal:alongwiththedescriptionoftheenvironmentalimpactoftheprojectwith respect to the parameters set forth in the Rules, also describe impacts, if any, accordingtothepreviouslist(bullet5); 7)environmentalimpactassessmentincaseofaccident; 8) description of measures foreseen for the purpose of preventing, mitigating and, whereverpossible,remediatinganysignificantharmfuleffectsontheenvironment; 9)environmentalimpactmonitoringprogramme; Proposed monitoring parameters: noice (current state and during test operation), wildlife(birds,bats,etc.),wildlife(birds,bats,etc.).Pleasenotethattherequirements pertaining to nature and environment protection, as well as parameters for
36

monitoringthelivingworldareprescribedbytheInstituteforConservationofNature ofRS/AP. 10)nontechnicalbriefoverviewofdatalistedinitems2to9; 11)dataontechnicalshortcomingsorlackofrequiredexpertiseandskillsorinabilityto collectadequatedata. TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentalsocontainsbasicinformationonitsauthors,onthe responsible person, the date of completion, the signature of the authorized person and verificationofthesignaturewiththestampofthelicensedorganizationthatproducedthe study. Note: In developing an Environmental Impact Assessment, special attention must be devotedtotheimpactonbirdsbecausetheLawonConservationofNature("OfficialJournal RS",No.36/09)prescribestheobligationsoftheprojectdeveloperandtheuserofnatural resources(Art.10):thedeveloper,i.e.thelegalentity,entrepreneurornaturalpersonusing thenaturalresources,carryingoutconstructionandotherwork,activitiesandinterventions innature,shallactincompliancewiththeenvironmentalprotectionmeasuresdefinedinthe plans, projects and programmes and in accordance with the projecttechnical documentation, taking care to avert or minimize any hazard or harm to the natural environment.TheMinistryshallissueanapprovalonlyif,inthelightofallavailableevidence and the statutory opinion of the Institute for the Conservation of Nature, it has been establishedthatthedevelopments,worksandactivitieswillnothaveasignificantimpacton theintegrityofanenvironmentallyimportantareafromtheaspectofconservationgoals. Article80oftheLawprescribesthemeasuresfortheprotectionofmigratoryspecies,among otheralsofortheconstructionofelectricpowersystemswhichcutofftheregulardatime nightimeandseasonalmigrationroutesofwildlife,causefragmentationofhabitatsorother interferences with their regular life cycle. Electric power systems shall be constructed in applicationofspecialconstructionandtechnicaltechnologicalsolutionsinordertomitigate negativeimpact. Art. 81 of the Law prescribes measures for the conservation of birds and bats on wind energydevelopmentsitesinordertoavoidtheirhabitatsandmigrationroutes.Inbuilding high structures in the proximity of important environmental areas, compliance with technicaltechnological measures is a requirement (eg. lighting the structure), in order to mitigatenegativeimpact.

37

8.CONCLUSION
______________________________________________________________________________________

Electricitygeneratedfromwindisarenewableresource,theproductionofwindpowerdoes not cause any harmful emissions and is generally considered as a technology that has positive effects on the conservation of the environment. The use of wind power in the RepublicofSerbiaisexpectedtogrowconsiderably. Bydetailedplanning,adequatesiteselectionanddispositionofwindenergydevelopments potential negative impact on wildlife habitats (birds, bats and other) might be minimized. Conditionsrelatedtotheconservationofnatureandtheenvironment,aswellasparameters forwildlifemonitoringareprescribedbytheInstituteforNatureConservationofRS/AP. Guidelines on the Environmental Impact Assessment for Wind Farms (with one or more generation units) is primarily envisaged as a tool to be used by the staff of institutions implementing environmental impact assessments process , as well as all other interested parties. The Guidelines give an overview of the legal framework, basic information concerningtheplanningprocessanddetailedinformationandguidelinesconcerningimpact assessment,identifyingthepotentialeffectsthatwindfarmsmayhaveontheenvironment. In developing the Guidelines, the recommendations and examples from current European practice were used, while the whole procedure is presented in the context of the Serbian law.

38

REFERENCES
______________________________________________________________________________________

1) LawonEnvironmentalProtection("OfficialJournalRS",No.135/04iNo.36/09) 2) LawonStrategicEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(OfficialJournalRS,No.135/04) 3) Law on Environmental Impact Assessment (Official Journal RS, No. 135/04 and No. 36/09) 4) Law on Ratification of the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a TransboundaryContext("OfficialJournalRS"InternationalTreaties,No.102/07) 5) Rules on Public Access, Presentation and Public Debate on Environmental Impact Assessment("OfficialJournalRS",No.69/05) 6) Rules on Requirements and Criteria for the Conducting Environmental Impact AssessmentsforFacilitiesandOperations("OfficialJournalRS",No.49/01) 7) OperatingRulesoftheTechnicalCommitteefortheEvaluationofEnvironmentalImpact Assessments("OfficialJournalRS",No.69/05) 8) RulesontheContentoftheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("OfficialJournalRS",No. 69/05) 9) Rules on the Content, LayOut and Management Procedure for the Public Book on the EnforcementofProceduresandDecisionsonEnvironmentalImpactAssessment("Official JournalRS",No.69/05) 10) RulesontheContentofApplicationsfortheNeedofEnvironmentalImpactAssessment and the Content of the Applications for Determining the Scope and Content of the EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy("OfficialJournalRS",No.69/05) 11) DecreeonDeterminingtheListofProjectsRequiringMandatoryEnvironmentalImpact Assessment and List of Projects Requiring Optional Environmental Impact Assessment ("OfficialJournalRS",No.114/08) 12) LawonIntegratedPreventionandMonitoringofEvironmentalPollution("OfficialJournal RS",No.135/04) 13) LawontheConservationofNature("OfficialJournalRS",No.36/09) 14) RulesontheRegistryofProtectedNaturalResources("OfficialJournalRS",No.30/92) 15) DecreeontheProtectionofNaturalRarities("OfficialJournalRS",No.50/93,93/93) 16) Rules on the Protection of Strictly Protected and Protected Wild Species of Plants, AnimalsandFungi("OfficialJournalRS",No.5/10") 17) Rules on the Categorization of Protected Natural Resources ("Official Journal RS", No. 30/92) 18) LawonProtectionfromNoiseintheEnvironment("Sl.glasnikRS",br.36/2009) 19) RulesonPermittedNoiseLevelintheEnvironment("OfficialJournalRS",No.54/92) 20) Law on the Ratification of the Convention on Conservation of European Wildlie and NaturalHabitats("OfficialJournalRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07) 21) Law on Ratification of the Convention of Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals("OfficialGazetteRS",InternationalTreaties,No.102/07) 22) LawonPlanningandConstruction("OfficialGazetteRS",No.72/09) 23) LawonSpatialPlanningoftheRepublicofSerbia("OfficialJournalRS",No.13/96) 24) Urban plans of local selfgovernments units Rulebook on Contents, Modes of Completion,ModalitiesforImplementingExpertInspectionofUrbanPlans,aswellason

39

Requirements and Modalities for Public Access to the Plan (Official Journal RS, No. 12/2004) 25) LawonEnergy("OfficialJournalRS",No.84/04) 26) Law on Ratification of the Treaty establishing the Energy Community between the European Community and the Republic of Albania, Republic of Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Montenegro,Romania,RepublicofSerbiaandtheUnitedNationsInterimAdministration Mission in Kosovo pursuant to Resolution 1244 of the United Nations Security Council ("Official Journal RS", No. 62/06) Decree on Conditions for Electricity Supply ("Official JournalRS",No.107/05) 27) DecreeonConditionsforElectricitySupply("OfficialJournalRS",No.107/05) 28) RulesonCriteriaforIssuingEnergyPermits,ContentsofApplicationandProcedurefor IssuingEnergyPermits("OfficialJournalRS",No.23/2006) 29) RulesonRequirementwithrespecttoExpertStaffandProcedurefortheIssuanceand RevocationofaPermitforCarryingOutEnergyRelatedActivities("OfficialJournalRS", No.117/05,40/06and44/06) 30) Decree on Amendments to the Decree on Determining an Energy Development Implementation Programme of the Republic of Serbia until 2015 for the period from 20072012(OfficialJournal,No.72/09) 31) DecreeonPrivilegedElectricityProducers("OfficialJournalRS",No.72/2009) 32) DecreeonIncentivesfortheGenerationofPowerfromRenewableEnergySourcesand CogenerationofElectricityandHeat(OfficialJournalRS,No.99/09) 33) EnergyDevelopmentStrategyoftheRepublicofSerbia("OfficialJournalRS",No.44/05) 34) Energy Development Strategy Implementation Programme of the Republic of Serbia ("OfficialJournalRS",No.17/07) 35) LawonPublicEnterprisesandCarryingOutActivitiesofPublicInterest("OfficialJournal RS",No.25/00,25/02,107/05and108/05) 36) LawonAirTraffic("OfficialJournalRS",No.12/98,5/99,44/99,5/00,70/01) 37) LawonWaters("OfficialJournalRS",No.46/91,53/93,54/96) 38) DecreeontheFeeforUseofWater,FeeforProtectionofWaterandFeeforExtraction ofMaterialsfromWaterwaysfor2009("OfficialJournalRS",No.27/07) 39) RulesontheContentoftheTechnicalDocumentationtobeSubmittedintheProcedure for Obtaining Water Management Approval and Water Management License ("Official JournalRS",No.3/78) 40) LawonGeologicalSurveys(OfficialJournalRS,No.44/95) 41) LawonTelecommunications(OfficialJournalRS,No.44/03) 42) EuropeanCommission,GuidanceonEnvironmentalImpactAssessment,Screening,June 2001 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eiaguidelines/gscreeningfulltext.pdf, November2009 43) http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/Environment/Miscellaneous/FileDownLoad,1804 ,en.pdf,November2009 44) http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0042:EN:NOT, November2009 45) http://www.windatlas.dk/europe/landmap.html,November2009 46) EU Directive 85/337/EEC: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/eialegalcontext.htm, November2009

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47) MinistryofEnvironmentandSpatialPlanning:http://www.ekoplan.gov.rs/src/Glavna0 document.htm,November2009 48) AgencyforEnvironmentalProtectionoftheRepublicofSerbiahttp://www.sepa.gov.rs, November2009 49) Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia: http://www.natureprotection.org.rs/, November2009 50) Ministry of Mining and Energy of the Republic of Serbia: http://www.mem.gov.rs, November2009 51) EnergyAgencyoftheRepublicofSerbia:http://www.aers.rs,November2009 52) ProvincialSecretariatforEnergyandMineralResources http://www.psemr.vojvodina.gov.sr,November2009 53) InstituteforMultidisciplinaryResearc.http://vetarsunce.imsi.rs/home.php 54) EuropeanWindEnergyAssociation:http://www.ewea.org 55) GlobalWindEnergyCouncil:http://www.gwec.net 56) AmericanWindEnergyAssociation:http://www.awea.org 57) RenewableUK,formerlyknownasBritishWindEnergyAssociation http://www.bwea.com/ref/tech.html 58) http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/Generateyourownenergy/Windturbines 59) http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/0597926.htm 60) http://www.therenewableenergycentre.co.uk/windpower/ 61) http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMFindResults.asp&INa m=&Reg=7&Cty=271,novembar,2009./InternationalBirdlifeAssociationIBA: http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMFindResults.asp&INa m=&Reg=7&Cty=271,November,2009 62) ElectricPowerIndustryofSerbia(EPS):http://www.eps.rs/onama.htm,November2009 63) http://energija.wordpress.com/2009/01/05/potencijalenergijevetrausrbiji/, November,2009 64) Planningguidelinesandnearfuturewindturbinetechnology: http://www.environ.ie/en/Publications/DevelopmentandHousing/Planning/FileDownLoa d,1633,en.pdf 65) Interim guidelines to avoid and minimize wildlife impcts from wind turbines, U.S. Fish andWildlifeService,Washington,2003 66) http://www.fws.gov/habitatconservation/wind.pdfRodrigues,L.,L.Bach,M.J.Dubourg Savage,J.Goodwin&C.Harbusch(2008):Guidelinesforconsiderationofbatsinwind farmprojects.EUROBATSPublicationSeriesNo.3(Englishversion).UNEP/EUROBATS Secretariat,Bonn,Germany,51pp. 67) http://www.serbia energy.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=23&Itemi d=28 68) EurObservER:http://www.eurobserver.org/pdf/baro195.pdf;Barometarenergijevetra, studija koju je izveo Eurobserver / EurObservER: http://www.eurobserv er.org/pdf/baro195.pdfWindpowerbarometer,AstudycarriedoutbyEurObservER. 69) Germany Environmental Impact Assessment for Wind Turbines Scheme by Manfred Bookholdt,BadDoberanCountyCouncil,PlanningDepartment/ 70) Wind farm development and nature conservation, English Nature, RSPB, WWFUK, BWEA,March2001 71) http://www.rpkpancevo.com/akti/temaobnovljivi.pdf
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72) http://www.yubuild.rs/index.php/201001128998/Investicije/Malevetroelektrane mogucenaperiferijiiliobalamareka.htm 73) http://www.elektroenergetika.info/srceli.php?sifra=1500&strana=

42

ANNEXES

43

ANNEX1.WINDATLASOFSERBIA
Averagewindpowerat100m15altitude,JanuaryandJuly. Average wind power at 100 m altitude (in January) Averagewindpowerat100maltitude (inJuly)

15

InstituteforMultidisciplinaryResearch:http://vetarsunce.imsi.rs/home.php,March2010

44

ANNEX2:LISTOFRELEVANTREGULATIONSINTHEFIELDOF PLANNINGANDCONSTRUCTIONOFWINDENERGYDEVELOPMENTS ANDPRODUCTIONOFELECTRICITYINTHEREPUBLICOFSERBIA


1) LawonPlanningandConstruction(OfficialJournalRS No.72/09) 2) LawonSpatialPlanningoftheRepublicofSerbia("OJRS",No.13/96) 3) Urban plans of local selfgovernments units Rulebook on Contents, Development Modalities, Modalities for CarryingOut Expert Inspection of Urban Plans, as well as on ConditionsandModesforPublicAccesstothePlan(OfficialJournalRS,No.12/2004) 4) LawonEnergy("OfficialJournalRS",No.84/04) 5) Law on Ratification of the Treaty establishing an Energy Community between the European Community and the Republic of Albania, Republic of Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Republic of Montenegro,Romania,RepublicofSerbiaandtheUnitedNationsInterimAdministration Mission in Kosovo in accordance with Resolution 1244 of the United Nations Security Council ("Official Journal RS", No. 62/06) Decree on Conditions for Electricity Supply ("OfficialJournalRS",No.107/05) 6) DecreeonConditionsforElectricitySupply("OfficialJournalRS",No.107/05) 7) Rules on Criteria for Issuing Energy Permits, on the Contents of the Application and ProceduresforIssuingEnergyPermits("Sl.glasnikRS",br.23/2006) 8) RulesonRequirementsforExpertStaffandProcedurefortheIssuanceandRevocationof a License for Carrying Out EnergyRelated Activities ("Official Journal RS", No. 117/05, 40/06and44/06) 9) DecreeonAmendmentstotheDecreeonDeterminingtheEnergyDevelopmentStrategy Implementation Programme of the Republic of Serbia until 2015 for the period from 2007to2012(OfficialGazetteNo.72/09) 74) DecreeonPrivilegedElectricityProducers("OfficialJournalRS",No.99/2009) 10) DecreeonIncentivesfortheGenerationofPowerfromRenewableEnergySourcesand CogenerationofElectricityandHeat(OJRS,No.72/09) 11) EnergyDevelopmentStrategyoftheRepublicofSerbia("OfficialJournalRS",No.44/05) 12) Energy Development Strategy Implementation Programme of the Republic of Serbia ("OfficialJournalRS",No.17/07) 13) LawonPublicEnterprisesandConductingActivitiesofGeneralInterest("Sl.glasnikRS", br.25/00,25/02,107/05i108/05) 14) LawonAirTraffic("OfficialJournalRS",No.12/98,5/99,44/99,5/00,70/01) 15) LawonWaters("OfficialJournalRS",No.46/91,53/93,54/96) 16) Decree on Fees for Water Use, Water Conservation and Removal of Material from Waterwaysfor2009("OfficialJournalRS",No.27/07) 17) Rules on the Contents of Technical Documentation Submitted in the Procedure for Obtaining a Water Management Approval and Water Management License ("Official JournalRS",No.3/78) 18) LawonGeologicalSurveys(OfficialJournalRS,No.44/95) 19) LawonTelecommunications(OfficialJournalRS,No.44/03)

45

ANNEX3:CONTENTSOFTHEREQUESTFORENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTASSESSMENTSCREENING
1.InformationonDeveloper Business name, personal name; registered office address, address of residence; telephone number;fax;email. 2.CharacteristicsoftheDevelopment (a)sizeofdevelopment; (b)possiblecumulativeeffectswithotherdevelopments; (v)useofnaturalresourcesandenergy; (g)generationofwaste; (d)pollutionandcausingdiscomfort; () risk of accidents, particularly with regard to substances used or techniques applied, in accordancewithregulations. 3.DevelopmentLocation Environmentsensitivityingivengeographicalareasthatmaybeexposedtoharmfulimpact oftheproject,particularlywithregardto: (a)existinglanduse; (b)relativescope,qualityandregenerationcapacityofnaturalresourcesinthegivenarea; (v)absorptionqualityofenvironment,withparticularattentionpaidtobogs,coastalareas, mountain and woodland areas, designated areas (natural and cultural assets and densesly populatedareas) 4.CharacteristicsofPotentialImpact Potentialsignificantimpactsoftheproject,inparticular: (a)scopeofimpact(geographicareaandnumbersofpopulationexposedtorisk) (b)natureoftransboundaryimpact; (v)scaleandcomplexityofimpact; (g)likelihoodofimpact; (d)duration,frequencyandlikelihoodofrepeatedimpact.

46

BRIEFPROJECTDESCRIPTION No. Question

YES/NO BriefProject Description

1 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

2 Doesimplementation,operationor decommissioningentailactivitiesthatwill causephysicalchangesonthesite (topography,useofsoil,changesin waterways)? Doesimplementationoroperationofthe developmententailutilisationofnatural resourcessuchassoil,water,materialsor energy,particularlyresourcesthatarenot renewableorarehardtoprovide? Doestheprojectinvolveutilisation,storage, transportation,handlingormanufacturing materialsthatmaybeharmfultohumanhealth orenvironmentorthatmaycauseconcern overexistingorpotentialriskstohuman health? Willsolidwastebegeneratedbytheproject duringworks,operationorfollowingthe decommissioning? Willthedevelopmentproduceemissionof pollutantsoranyhazardous,toxicor discomfortingaircontaminants? Willtheprojectcausenoiseandvibration, emissonoflight,heatenergyor electromagneticradiation? Doestheprojectleadtoriskofsoilorwater contaminationbypollutantsemittedonthe soilorintosurfaceorgroundwaters? Duringtheimplementationoroperationofthe development,willtherebeanyriskof accidentsthatmayendangerhumanhealthor environment? Willtheprojectleadtosocialchanges,e.g.in thedemographicsense,inthetraditionalway oflife,employment? Arethereanyotherfactorsthatshouldbe analysed,suchasdevelopmentthatisto follow,thatcouldleadtoeffectson

Willithave significant consequences? YES/NOand why? 4

47

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18. 19.

20.

21.

environmentorcumulativeimpactwithother, existingorplannedactivitiesonthesite. Arethereanyareas,onthesiteorinits proximity,designatedbyinternationalor domesticregulationsduetotheirecological, landscape,culturalorothervaluesthatcanbe affectedbytheimpactoftheproject? Arethereanyareas,onthesiteorinits proximity,importantorsensitivedueto ecologicalreasons,forinstance,bogs, waterwaysorotherbodiesofwater,mountain areasorwoodlands,thatcanbepollutedby theimplementationoftheproject? Arethereanyareas,onsiteorinitsproximity thatareusedbyprotected,importantor sensitivespeciesoffaunaandflora,e.g.for habitation,hatching,growingup,resting, spendingwintersandmigration,whichcanbe pollutedbytheimplementationoftheproject? Isthereanysurfaceorgroundwatersonsiteor initsproximitythatcanbeaffectedbythe projectimpact? Arethereareasornaturalformsofhigh ambientvalueonthesiteornearitthatcanbe affectedbytheprojectimpact? Arethereanyroutesorobjectsusedfor recreationalpurposesorotherobjectsonthe siteorinitsvicinitythatcanbeaffectedbythe projectimpact? Arethereanytransportationroutesthatcanbe cloggedorthatcancauseenvironmentalissues onthesiteornearit,whichcanbeaffectedby projectimpact? Istheprojectlocatedonsitewhereitislikely tobevisibletoalargenumberofpeople? Arethereanyareasorsitesofhistoricor culturalsignificanceonthesiteorinits proximitythatcanbeaffectedbyproject impact? Istheprojectlocatedonasiteinapreviously undevelopedareawhichwillsufferlossof greensurfacesonitsaccount? Islandontheprojectsiteorinitsproximity utilisedforhouses,gardens,otherprivate purposes,industrialorcommercialactivities, recreation,aspublicopenspace,forpublic

48

buildings,agriculture,woodlands,tourism, miningorotheractivitiesthatcanbeaffected bytheprojectimpact? 22. Arethereplansforfutureuseoflandonsiteor itsvicinitythatcanbeaffectedbyproject impact? 23. Aretheredenselypopulatedorbuiltareason thesiteorinitsvicinitythatcanbeaffectedby projectimpact? 24. Arethereanyareasoccupiedbyspecific (sensitive)landuseonthesiteorinits proximity,suchashospitals,schools,placesof worship,publicbuildingsthatcanbeaffected byprojectimpact? 25. Arethereanyareaswithimportant,high qualityorrareresources(e.g.groundwaters, surfacewaters,woodlands,agriculture,fishing, huntingandotherareas,designatednatural assets,mineralstocketc.)onthesiteorinits proximitythatcanbeaffectedbyproject impact? 26. Arethereareasonornearthesitealready sufferingfrompollutionorenvironmental damage(e.g.whereexistinglegal environmentalnormshavebeenoverstepped) thatcanbeaffectedbyprojectimpact? 27. Istheprojectsiteendangeredbyearthquakes, groundsettling,landslides,erosion,floodsor recurringclimateconditions(e.g.differencein temperature,fog,strongwinds)thatcanlead totheprojectcausingproblemsinthe environment? Summaryofprojectcharacteristicsanditslocationwithindicationsoftheneedfor conductinganEnvironmentalImpactAssessment:

49

ANNEX4:CONTENTSOFTHEREQUESTFORENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTASSESSMENTSCOPING
1.InformationonDeveloper Business name, personal name; registered office address, address of residence; telephone number;fax;email. 2.ProjectDescription (a) description of physical properties of projects and requirements for land use in the implementationphaseandinthedaytodayoperationphase; (b)descriptionofthemainpropertiesoftheproductionprocedure(natureandamountof materialutilisation); (c)assessmentofthetypeandamountofexpectedwastematerialsandemissionsasaresult ofregularprojectoperation: waterpollution; pollutionofairandsoil noise,vibration; light,heat,radiation,etc. 3. Overview of the main alternatives examined by the developer and the most important reasonsfordecisionmaking,takingintoconsiderationenvironmentimpact. 4.Descriptionofenvironmentalfactorslikelytoincursignificantexposuretoriskasaresult ofprojectimplementation,including: (a)population; (b)fauna; (v)flora; (g)soil (d)water ()air; (e)climatefactors; ()buildings; (z)realculturalassetsandarchaeologicalfindings; (i)landscapeand (j)relationsbetweemthelistedfactors. 5. Description of potential significant environmental impacts of the project (direct and indirect, secondary, cumulative, shortterm, mediumterm and longterm, permanent, temporary,positiveandnegative)whichcanbearesultof: (a)theexistenceoftheproject; (b)useofnaturalresources; (v)emissionofpollutants,causingdiscomfortandwasteremoval;

50

as well as description of forecasting methods used in the evaluation of environmental impact. 6.Descriptionofmeasuresenvisagedfortheprevention,mitigationorremediationofany significantharmfuleffectsontheenvironment. 7.Nontechnicalsummaryofinformationfrom2to6. 8. Data on potential difficulties (technical shortcomings or lack of adequate expertise and skills)whichthedeveloperencountered.

51

PARTI Projectcharacteristics No. YES/NO What Cantherebe characteristics significant oftheproject consequences? surroundings Why? canbeaffected bytheimpact andhow? 2 3 4 5 Doestheimplementation,operationordecommissioningofthedevelopmententail activitiesthatwillcausephysicalchangesonthesite(topography,landuse,between bodiesofwateretc.)? Permanentortemporarychanges intheuseofland,surfacelayeror topography,includingtheincrease inintensityofutilisation? Clearingexistingland,vegetation orbuildings? Occurrenceofanewaspectofland use? Preliminaryworks,e.g.wells,land probes? Constructionworks? Bringingthesiteintoasatisfactory conditionfollowingthecessation oftheproject? Temporarylocationsfor constructionworksorhousing constructionworkers? Surfacebuildings,structuresor landworks,includingcuttinglinear objects,fillingorpits? Undergroundworks,including miningandtunneling? Drainageworks? Desilting? Industrialandcraftingproduction processes Storagefacilitiesforgoodsand materials? Facilitiesfortreatmentorstorage ofsolidwasteorliquideffluents? Facilitiesforlongtermhousingof
52

Question

1 1.

1.1

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

1.7

1.8

1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15

1.16

1.17

1.18

1.19 1.20

1.21 1.22

1.23

1.24

1.25

1.26

1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 2.

2.1

onsiteworkers? Newroad,railroadorriver transportationduringconstruction orexploitation? Newroad,railroad,airtraffic, watertransportationsorother transportationinfrastructure, includingneworalteredroutes andstations,ports,airportsetc? Closingordivertingexisting transportationroutsor infrastructureleadingtowards changesintrafficmovement? Newordivertedtransmissionlines orductspipelines? Costructionofbarriers,dams, exhausts,regulationorother changesinhydrologyofwaterways oraquifers? Waterwaycrossings? Pumpingortransferringwater fromgroundwaterorsurface sources? Changesinwaterwaysoronthe surfaceoflandaffectingdrainage oroutflow? Transportationofstafformaterials forconstruction,driveorcomplete cessation? Longtermworksondismantling, decommissioningor reinstatement? Ongoingactivitiesduring decommissioningthatcanhave environmentalimpact? Influxofpeopletothearea, temporaryorpermanent? Introducingnewanimalandplant species? Lossofindigenousspeciesor geneticandbiologicaldiversity? Other? Willtheinstallationoroperationofthefacilitieswithintheprojectentailutilisation ofnaturalresourcessuchasland,water,materialsorenergy,particularlythose resourcesthatarenotrenewableorarehardtorenew? Land,particularlyunbuiltor
53

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 3.

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5 4. 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

agriculturalland? Water? Minerals? Rock,gravel,sand? Forestsandutilisationofwood? Power,includingelectric,andliquid fuels? Otherresources? Doestheprojectentailuse,storage,transportation,handlingorproductionof substancesormaterialsthatcanbeharmfultohumanhealthorenvironmentand causeconcernoverexistingorpossibleriskstohumanhealth? Doesprojectentailutilisationof substancesormaterialsthatare toxicorhazardoustohumanhealth orenvironment(flora,fauna,water supply)? Willtheprojectcausealterationsin theoccurrenceofdiseasesor impactdiseasetransmitters(e.g. diseasestransmittedbyinsectsor waterbornediseases)? Willtheprojectimpactthe wellbeingofthepopulation,e.g.by alteringlivingconditions? Arethereanyparticularly vulnerablegroupsofthe populationthatcanbeaffectedby projectimplementation,e.g. hospitalpatients,theelderly? Othercauses? Willanysolidwastebegeneratedduringimplementation,operationor decommissioning? Wasterock,dumpofremoved surfacelayerorminingwaste? Citywaste(fromresidencesor commercialwaste)? Hazardousortoxicwaste (includingradioactivewaste)? Otherindustrialprocessingwaste? Surplusproducts? Wastesiltorothersiltsasresultsof treatmentofeffluents? Constructionwasteordebris? Surplusofmachineryand equipment? Contaminatedgroundorother
54

4.10 4.11 5. 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

5.5 5.6

5.7 6. 6.1

6.2 6.3

6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7

6.8 7. 7.1

material? Agriculturalwaste? Othertypeofwaste? Doesprojectimplementationentailemissionofpollutantsoranyotherhazardous, toxicorunpleasantsubstancesintotheair? Emissionsfromstationaryor mobilefossilfuelburningsources? Emissionsfromproduction processes? Emissionsfromhandledmaterials, includingstorageandtransport? Emissionsfromconstruction activities,includingfacilitiesand equipment?Dustorunpleasant odoursgeneratedbyhandling materialsincludingconstruction materials,sewageandwaste? Emissionscausedbywaste incineration? Emissionscausedbyburningwaste outintheopen(e.g.cutmaterial, constructionwaste)? Emissionsfromothersources? Doesprojectimplementationinvolvegeneratingnoiseandvibrationandemitting light,heatorelectromagneticradiation? Duetooperationofequipment, e.g.machines,ventilationfacilities, crushers? Fromindustrialorsimilar processes? Duetoconstructionworksand removalofconstructionandother facilities? Fromblastsorpiledriving? Fromconstructionordrivetraffic? Fromlightingorcoolingsystems? Fromsourcesofelectromagnetic radiation(efectsonnearest sensitiveequipmentandpeople areincluded)? Fromothersources? Doestheimplementationoftheprojectleadtoriskoflandorwatercontamination duetoemissionofpollutantsintothesoilorsewage,surfaceandgroundwaters? Duetohandling,storage, utilisationorleakageofharmfulor toxicmatters?
55

7.2

7.3 7.4 7.5

8. 8.1

8.2

8.3 8.4

9. 9.1 9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

Duetoleakageofsewageand othereffluents(treatedor untreated)? Bydepositionofpollutantsemitted intotheair,soilorwater? Fromothersources? Isthereanylongtermriskfrom pollutantsintheenvironmentfrom thesesources? Duringimplementationandoperationoftheproject,cananyriskofaccidentsarise thatcanimpacthumanhealthandenvironment? Fromblasts,leakage,fireetc. duringstorage,handling,utilisation orproductionofharmfulortoxic matters? Forreasonsbezondthelimitsof usualenvironmentprotection,e.g. failuresinpollutioncontrole systems? Forotherreasons? Becauseofnaturaldisasters(e.g. floods,earthquakes,landslides etc)? Willtheprojectleadtosocialchanges,e.g.indemographics,traditionalwayoflife, employment? Changesinsizeofthepopulation, agerange,structure,socialgroups? Displacementofpopulationor demolitionofhousesand settlementsandpublicobjectsin settlements,e.g.schools,hospitals, socialstructures? Throughsettlementofnew inhabitantsorcreationofnew communities? Makingincreaseddemandson localinfrastructureorservices, suchashousing,education, healthcare? Creatingnewjobsduring constructionorexploitationor causingjoblosseswith consequencestoemployment ratesandeconomy? Othercauses?

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10.

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.5

Arethereanyotherfactorstobeconsidered,suchasfurtherdevelopmentthatcan leadtoeffectsontheenvironmentorcumulativeinfluencewithotherexistingand plannedactivitiesonthesite? Willtheprojectleadtopressures towardsfurtherdevelopmentthat canhavesignificantenvironmental impact,e.g.increasedpopulation, newroads,newdevelopmentof accompanyingindustrycapacities orpublicservicesetc? Willtheprojectleadto developmentofaccompanying structures,supporting developmentordevelopment encouragedbytheprojectthatcan haveenvironmentalimpact,e.g. accompanyinginfrastructures (roads,electricpowersupply,solid wasteortreatmentofwaste watersetc),developmentof settlements,extractiveindustry, suppliesetc Willtheprojectleadtosubsequent useofthelocationthatwillhave environmentimpact? Willtheprojectenablefuture developmentfollowingthesame model? Willtheprojecthavecumulative effectduetoproximityofother existingorplannedprojectwith similareffects?

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PARTII Propertiesofthewiderareawhereprojectimplementationisproposed For each project characteristic listed, it has to be considered whether some of the listed environmentalcomponentscouldbeaffectedbyprojectimpact. QUESTION: Arethereanyenvironmentalfeaturesonoraroundtheprojectsitethatcan beaffectedbyprojectimpact: 1) protectedareasdesignatedbyinternational,nationalorlocalregulations, duetotheirnatural,landscapeorothervalues,whichcanbeaffectedby projectimpact; 2) otherareasimportantorsensitiveduetotheirecology,e.g.bogs, waterwaysorotherbodiesofwater,mountainareas,forestsand woodland; 3) areasusedbyprotected,importantorsensitivetypesoffloraandfauna, e.g.forgrowthanddevelopment,mating,resting,wintering,migration, whichcanbeaffectedbyprojectimpact; 4) internalsurfacewatersandgroundwaters; 5) protectednaturalassets; 6) routesorobjectsusedforpublicaccesstorecreationalorotherfacilities; 7) transportationroutespronetocloggingorthosethatcancause environmentalproblems; 8) Areasinwhichrealculturalassetsarelocated; QUESTION: QUESTION: QUESTION: Istheprojectlocatedonasitewhereitwilllikelybevisibletoalargenumber ofpeople? is the project located on a previously unbuilt site, where the loss of green areaswilloccur? Is the project site or the surrounding grounds that will be affected by the projectimpactusedforcertainprivateorpublicpurposes? 1)houses,gardensandotherprivateproperty; 2)industry; 3commerce; 4)recreation; 5)publicopenspaces; 6)publicbuildings; 7)agriculture; 8)forestry; 9)tourism; 10)mines,quarriesetc. Are there any plans for future utilisation of land on site or its vicinity that couldbeaffectedbyprojectimpact? Arethereanyareasonsiteorinitssurroundingsthataredenselypopulated, thatcouldbeaffectedbyprojectimpact?

QUESTION: QUESTION:

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QUESTION:

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

QUESTION:

Arethereanyareasofsensitivelanduseonsiteorinitsvicinitythatcanbe affectedbyprojectimpact? 1)hospitals; 2)schools; 3)placesofworship 4)hospitals. Are there any areas on site or in its vicinity with important, high quality or dwindllingresourcesthatcouldbeaffectedbyprojectimpact: 1)groundwaters; 2)surfacewaters; 3)forests; 4)agriculturalland; 5)fishingarea; 6)touristarea; 7)mineralstock. Are there any areas on the project site or in its proximity that are already sufferingfrompollution orenvironmentaldamage,e.g.whereexistinglegal environmental standards have been exceeded, which can be affected by projectimpact. Istheprojectsitelikelytobeaffectedbyearthquakes,subsidence,landslides, erosion, floods or extreme climate conditions, such as temperature differences, fogs, strong winds, that can lead to the project causing environmentalproblems? Are the projects emissions likely to have consequences on the quality of environmentalfactors: 1)climate,includingmicroclimateandlocalandbroaderclimateconditions; 2)hydrologice.g.amount,floworlevelsofgroundwatersandwatersin riversandlakes; 3)pedologicale.g.amount,depth,humidity; 4)geomorphologicale.g.stabilityorerosiveness; Is it likely that project will impact accessibility or availability of resources, locallyorglobally: 1)fossilfuels; 2)waters; 3)mineralstock,rock,sand,gravel; 4)wood; 5)othernonrenewableresources 6) onsite infrastructural capacities water, sewage, production and transmission of electricity, telecommunications, routes for waste disposal, railroads.

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QUESTION:

Isitlikelythattheprojectwillimpacthumanhealthandthewellbeingofthe community? 1)Qualityandtoxicityofair,water,foodproductsandotherpruductsfor humanconsumption; 2)ratesofdiseaseandmortalityofindividuals,communityorpopulationdue toexposuretopollution; 3)occurrenceordistributionofdiseasecarriers,includinginsects; 4)vulnerabilityofindividals,communitiesorpupulationtodiseases; 5)individualspersonalfeelingofsafety; 6)cohesionandidentityofthecommunity; 7)culturalidentityandunity; 8)minorityrights; 9)housingconditions; 10)employmentandqualityofjobs; 11)economicconditions; 12)socialinstitutionsetal.

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NNEX5:CHECKLISTFORPOTENTIALIMPACTOFWINDFARMSON NATURECONSERVATION
Annex5isanoverviewofthepotentialimpactonnature,whichmighthavetobetakeninto consideration in the process of environmental monitoring/research in order to assess the impactofthewindfarmdevelopmentontheenvironement16.Thelistisnotfinal,i.e.itcan beexpandedifneeded. Theimpactonthelivingworldmustbeexaminedfromthetemporal,spatialandcumulative aspect: Temporal Preinstallation Construction Operation Decommissioning Spatial Onsite/offsitebufferarea/areaofinfluence Cableroute Other(egconstructionsite,spoildisposalsites) Cumulative: Duringtheoperationofthedevelopment,overtime Incombinationwithotherwindfarms Incombinationwithotherprojects/activities

16

Windfarmdevelopmentandnatureconservation,EnglishNature,RSPB,WWFUK,BWEA,March2001 61

CHECKLISTOFPOSSIBLEIMPACTSOFRELEVANCETONATURECONSERVATION # Impactonthelivingworld Timeframe Yes/No 1 Directhabitatloss(eg.onsite,cable c/o route)andassociatedbiologicalimpacts (eg.reducedbiodiversity,lossof feeding/breedinghabitats) 2 Habitatdamage(eg.onsite,accessroads, p/c/o/d cableroute,anchoring)andassociated biologicalimpacts(eg.reducedspecies diversity,lossoffeeding/breedinghabitat, changesinlivestockmanagement regimes) 3 Introductionofnewsubstrate/habitat c/o 4 Interferencewith c/o geological/geomorphologicalprocesses (eg.slopeprocesses) 5 Interferencewithhydrologicalprocesses c/o (eg.increasedrunofffromuplandsites, increasederosion) 6 Pollution(particularlytoxic) p/c/o/d 7 Disturbancetomobilespecies(eg. mammalsandbirdsduringmigration, feeding,breeding,etc.) i)shadowflicker i)o ii)noise ii)c/o/d iii)vibration iii)c/o iv)lighting iv)c/o 8 Birdcollision o 9 Associatedinfrastructure: i)Access(tracks/roads) i)p/c/o/d ii)Visitorcentres(disturbance) ii)c/o/d iii)Overheadpowerlines iii)c/o 10 Vehiclemovemements(disturbance) p/c/o/d p=preconstruction,c=constructionphase,o=operationphase,d=decommissioning In addition to the above impacts, there are landscape, cultural impacts and impacts of associated infrastructure, which could be indirectly linked to nature conservation (eg. changeinlanduseetc.).

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ANNEX6:CONTENTSOFTHEENVIRONMENTALIMPACT ASSESSMENTSTUDY
TheRulesontheContentoftheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentStudy(OfficialJournal RS, No. 69/05) prescribes in more detail the content of the Environmental Impact Assessment.TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentcontains(Art.2): 1)dataondeveloper; 2)descriptionofthesitedesignatedforprojectimplementation; 3)descriptionoftheproject; 4)overviewofthemainalternativesconsideredbythedeveloper; 5)overviewofthestatusoftheenvironmentonthesiteandinitsclosesurroundings(micro andmacrolocation; 6)descriptionofthepotentialsignificantimpactoftheprojectontheenvironment; 7)environmentalimpactassessmentintheeventofanaccident; 8) description of measures envisaged for the prevention, mitigation and, where possible, remediationofanysignificantharmfulimpactontheenvironment; 9)environmentalmonitoringprogramme; 10)nontechnicalbriefoverviewofdatalistedinitem2)to9); 11)dataontechnicalshortcomingsandlackofadequateexpertiseandtechnicalskillsorthe inabilitytocollectadequatedata. TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentalsocontainsbasicinformationonitsauthors,onthe responsible person, the date of completion, the signature of the authorized person and verificationofthesignaturewiththestampofthelicensedorganizationthatproducedthe study. The description of the site designated for the implementation of the project contains in particular(Art.3): 1)acopyofthemapofthelandlotsdesignatedforthedevelopmentoftheproject,withthe layoutofallstructures; 2) data on the required land surface area in m2 during construction works, with the descriptionofthephysicalpropertiesandacartographicviewintherequiredscale,aswell asofthesurfaceareawhichwillbecoveredwhentheprojectisfinalized; 3) overview of the pedological, geomorphological, geological and hydrogeological and seismologicalpropertiesoftheterrain; 4) data on watersupply sources (distance, capacity, endangeredness, sanitary protection zones)andonthebasichydrologicalproperties; 5)overviewofclimatepropertieswiththeappropriatemeteorologicalindicators; 6) description of flora and fauna, natural properties of special value, (protected) rare and endangeredplantandanimalspeciesandtheirhabitatsandvegetation; 7)overviewofthemainpropertiesofthelandscape; 8)overviewofrealculturalassets; 9)dataonpopulationdensity,concentrationanddemographicpropertiesinrelationtothe structuresandactivities;

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10) data on existing commercial and residential structures and infrastructure and suprastructurefacilities. Depending on the features of the area, the site description also contains descriptions and data on other protected areas, areas designated for scientific research, on archaeological findings,particularlyvulnerableareas,specialpurposeareasandsimilar. Theprojectdescriptioncontainsinparticular(Art.4): 1)descriptionofpreliminaryworksonprojectimplementation; 2) description of the structure, the planned production process or activities, their technologicalandotherproperties; 3) overview of the type and quantity of required energy and fuels, water, raw materials, constructionmaterialsrequiredandother; 4)overviewofthetypeandquantityofgases,waterandotherfluidorgaseouspollutants released, viewed by technological unit, including emissions into the air, discharges into surfaceorgroundwaterrecipients,depositofmaterialsontheland,noicevibrations,heat, radiation(ionizingandnonionizing)andother; 5) overview of the waste treatment technology (processing, recycling, depositing and similar); 6) overview of the environmental impact of the proposed solution and that of other technologicalsolutionsconsidered. The overview of the main alternatives (Art. 5) considered by the developer, with an explanationofthemainargumentsforchoosingaparticularsolutionandtheimpactofthat choiceontheenvironmentcontains: 1)locationorroute; 2)productionprocessesortechnology; 3)methodsofwork; 4)sitemapsanddraftprojects; 5)typeandchoiceofmaterials; 6)scheduleofprojectimplementation; 7)operationanddecommissioning; 8)startandenddate; 9)productionvolume; 10)pollutionmonitoring; 11)regulationofwastedisposal; 12)regulationofaccessandroads; 13)responsibilityandprocedureforenvironmentalmanagement; 14)training; 15)monitoring; 16)contingencyplans; 17)procedurefordecommissioning,restorationofthelocationanditsfurtheruse. Thedescriptionoftheenvironmentalfactors(Art.6)thatarelikelytoincursignificantrisk asaconsequenceofprojectimplementationconsistsof,specifically: 1)population; 2)faunaandflora;
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3)land,waterandair; 4)climatefactors; 5)buildings,realculturalassets,archaeologicalfindingsandambientcomplexes; 6)landscape; 7)mutualrelationoflistedfactors. Thedescriptionofpotentialimpactsoftheprojectontheenvironment(Art.7)containsa qualitative and quantitative overview of the potential changes to the environment during theimplementationoftheproject,regularoperationandintheeventofacontingency,as wellasanassessmentofwhetherthesechangesareofatemporaryorpermanentnature, particularlywithregardto: 1)air,water,landquality,noiselevel,vibrationintensity,hatandradiation; 2)populationhealth; 3)meteorologicalparametersandclimateproperties; 4)ecosystem; 5)populationdensity,concentrationandmigration; 6) designation and use of the surface areas (built and unbuilt surfaces, agricultural, forest andwaterlanduseandsimilar); 7)publicutilityinfrastructures; 8)naturalpropertiesofspecialvalueandrealculturalpropertiesandtheirsurroundingsand similar; 9)landscapefeaturesoftheareaandsimilar. TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentalsocontainsanoverviewofhazardoussubstances, their quantities and properties, preventive measures, alertness and accountability measuresincaseofaccident,aswellasmeasuresfortheeliminationoftheconsequences oftheaccident,i.e.remediation(Art.8). The description of the measures for the prevention, mitigation and remediation of any significant adverse environmental impact (Art. 9) encompasses measures that will be undertaken for the regulation of the space, the technicaltechnological, sanitaryhygienic, biological organizational, legal, economic and other measures. The description of the measuressetforthinpara.1ofthisArticlecontains: 1)measuresforeseenbythelawandotherregulations,normsandstandardsanddeadlines fortheirenforcement; 2)measuresthatwillbeundertakeninthecaseofaccident; 3)plansandtechnicalenvironmentalprotectionsolutions,(recycling,treatmentanddisposal ofwastesubstances,recultivation,sanationandother); 4) other measures that can contribute to the prevention or mitigation of harmful environmentaleffects. Theenvironmentalmonitoringprogramme(Art.10)contains: 1) overview of the status of the environment prior to the start of project operations on locationswhereenvironmentalimpactsareexpected; 2)parametersfortheassessmentofharmfulenvironmentaleffects; 3)locations,methodsandfrequencyofthemeasurementofsetparameters.
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ANNEX7:MoESPORGANIZATIONALSCHEME
MINISTER CABINET SECRETARIAT Sectorfor Monitoringand Evaluation Sektorzaevr.integraciju, me.saradnjuiupravljanje projektima/Sectorfor EuropeanIntegration, InternationalCooperation andProjectManagement DepartmentforEuropean Integrationsand InternationalCooperation Agencyfor EnvironmentalProtection

SectorforCityPlanning,Spatial PlanningandHousing

SectorforConstruction, InvestmentsandBuilding Land

SectorforPlanningand Management

SectorforConservationof NaturalResources

Sektorzakontrolui nadzor/Sectorfor AuditingandSupervision

SectionforImplementationofCity andSpatialPlans

BuildingDepartment

UnitforLegaland AdministrativeAffairs UnitforStrategicProgramme andPlanningDocuments

SectionforHousingAffairs

DepartmentforNormative Affairs,BuildingLandand Legalization

DepartmentforIntegrated Permits

DepartmentforNature Conservation Sectionforthe conservationof biologicalresources Sectionfordesignated areas Sectionforthe conservationof biodiversity DepartmentforGeological ResearchandLand

SectionforLegaland AdministrativeAffairs

DepartmentforProject Management UnitforProject Preparation UnitforProject Implemenationand Monitoring SectionforClimateChange

Protectionofthe Environmentfrom Pollution

GroupforPreparationofSpatial andCityPlans

UnitforInvestments

DepartmentforImpact Assessment

SectionforWaterProtection

ProtectionandUseof NaturalPropertiesand ResourcesandLand Protection

Departmentfor AdministrativeAffairsinthe FieldofStateSurveyand RealEstateCadastre

Protectionofnatural propertiesanduseof resources Industrialand infrastructural facilitiesandworks WasteManagement Department Industrialwaste Publicutilitywaste andspecialwaste routes RiskManagementUnit

Naturalproperties

Naturalresources andland SectionforAirProtection Departmentfor Harmonizationof Regulations ProtectionofWaters fromPollutionand Fishing

UnitforStandardsand CleanerProduction UnitforStrategic EnvironmentalImpact Assessments

UnitforProtectionfromNoise andVibrations

Managementof HazardousWasteand OtherWaste Cooperationofthe Inspectionwith InternationalNetworks Chemicals,Biocidesand Seveso Belgrade Ni Panevo BuildingInspectorate Departmentofthe Republic Belgrade NI UnitforDams andEnforcement ofDecisions CityInspection Departmentofthe Republic Belgrade Ni 67

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