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i=0
(1)
b
i
p(t iT
p
) exp(j2f
0
t), (4)
where p(t) is the IEEE 802.15.4a mandatory rootraisedcosine pulse waveform [6],
with duration T
p
= 2 ns; b
i
{0, 1}, i = 0, . . . , B 1 is a binary scrambling
sequence of the burst. In the case of burst with static scrambling, that we will use
here, the scrambling sequence b
i
is static, i.e. b
i
does not change from symbol to
symbol. In contrast, shortpulse burst with dynamic scrambling corresponds with
sequence b
i
that changes for every symbol. From (4) it is clear that duration of
the burst waveform is T
w
= BT
p
.
3 Packet structure
3.1 Components of the packet
Overall IEEE 802.15.6 packet structure is shown in Fig. 2. Packet consists of
Synchronization Header (SHR) followed by Physical Layer Header (PHR) and
Physical layer Service Data Unit (PSDU), also known as payload. The purpose of
SHR is synchronization and the purpose of PHR is to inform the receiver of several
parameters of the following PSDU transmission. PHR is always transmitted at the
mandatory data rate which is also lowest data rate described in the standard. On
the other hand, PSDU is transmitted at a data rate specied in the PHR.
Interference performance of IEEE 802.15.6 IRUWB UWB PHY 5
SHR PHR PSDU
Fig. 2 IEEE 802.15.6 DPSK IRUWB PHY packet structure.
3.2 SHR structure
Since at the beginning of a packet transmitter can use either shortpulse burst
or chirp waveform, when starting a synchronization, the receiver does not have
information of the type of SHR waveform transmitted, but only knows its duration
T
SHR
w
and time between consecutive waveforms (L 1)T
SHR
w
, where L =
1/DC = 32. The structure of SHR z
SHR
(t) has a form
z
SHR
(t) =
K
k=0
a
k
w
SHR
_
t kLT
SHR
w
_
, (5)
where K is the total length of SHR. Since dierential encoding is used, the total
number of SHR chips is K +1. w
SHR
(t) is SHR waveform, either of the form (2)
or (4), i.e. either chirp pulse or shortpulse burst, and a
k
are DBPSKencoded
chips
a
k+1
= a
k
b
k
, for 0 k < K 1, (6)
with a
0
being the reference DBPSK symbol of arbitrary phase, i.e.: a
0
= e
j
,
[0, 2). b = [b
k
]
K1
k=0
represents a columnvector of bipolar SHR sequences
b = [C
PA
; C
PA
; . . . ; C
PA
. .
M
PA
; C
SFD
]. (7)
b (7) consists of M
PA
times repetition of a preamble sequence C
PA
after which
there is one instance of a SFD sequence C
SFD
.
In the IEEE 802.15.6 standard T
SHR
w
is set to be 8 ns, while C
PA
is decided to
be one of 8 small Kasami set sequences of length 63. This set is divided in 2 subsets
of 4 sequences for channels with odd and even indexes respectively. Number of
sequence repetitions is M
PA
= 4. Based on our proposal, C
SFD
has been decided
to be the inversion of C
PA
sequence, i.e. C
SFD
= C
PA
. As we have shown in [4],
this choice of C
SFD
is optimal under assumption dim{C
SFD
} = dim{C
PA
}.
3.3 PHR and PSDU structure
Transmitted PHR and PSDU symbols are phase modulated waveforms of the
form (2) or (4). Waveform used is denoted w
PL
(t). The transmitter uses time
hopping which helps reduce MultiBAN Interference (MBI) in the multiBAN
environments and distribute it evenly among colocated BANs. Waveform of kth
transmitted phase-modulated symbol can be expressed as
z
k
PL
(t) = exp (j
k
) w
PL
(t l(k)T
h
kT
sym
) for 0 < k < P 1. (8)
Here, P is the number of encoded symbols in the packet and l(k) is a time-hopping
sequence with values
l(k) {0, . . . , T
sym
/T
h
1} (9)
6 Igor Dotlic, Ryu Miura
and following property
T
sym
+ (l(k) l(k 1)) T
h
T
g
, (10)
while T
g
is the guard interval employed to reduce Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)
in the system [8]. Transmitted symbols are dierentially encoded
k+1
= (
k
+
k
) mod 2 for 0 < k < P 1. (11)
Here,
k
is the information-carrying phase of each symbol. In this work we will
consider DBPSK where
k
{0, }, although for higher data rates the standard [8]
also uses Grayencoded DQPSK where
k
{0,
/2, ,
3
/2}. The phase of the
rst symbol transmitted
0
is completely arbitrary, i.e.
0
[0, 2}, since its
only purpose is to be a reference symbol for dierential detection of the rst
informational symbol.
The mandatory lowest raw data rate of IEEE 802.15.6 DPSK IRUWB PHYs,
that will be considered here and that is always used for the PHR is 490 kbps using
DBPSK modulation [8], yielding T
sym
= 2048 ns and T
PL
w
= DCT
sym
= 64 ns .
Second data rate that we will considered here is twice larger than the mandatory,
980 kbps which for DBPSK modulation employed yields T
sym
= 1024 ns and
T
PL
w
= DC T
sym
= 32 ns. The PSDU is BCH(63, 51) encoded, while PHR
encoding uses a shortened version of the same code.
4 Receiver architectures
In this paper we will consider performance of IEEE 802.15.6 DPSK IRUWB PHY
with two receiver architectures shown in Fig. 3: the dutycycled sampling receiver
and the chirp receiver. These receiver architectures were described in our previ-
ously published work [2,3]. In short, during PSDU detection, both the dutycycled
sampling receiver and the chirp receiver operate only at a portion of T
sym
which is
comparable or equal to T
PL
w
. In this way, both receiver architectures are ecient
in power consumption by operating at time intervals in which instantaneous power
level of the received signal is having signicant values and switching o during the
rest of T
sym
.
Performance of the sampling receiver is independent of a type of waveform
transmitted, as long as its duration T
w
is known to the receiver. Hence, the sam-
pling receiver is able to work with either of the transmitted waveform types de-
scribed in Sec. 2 without signicant change in performance. In contrast, the chirp
receiver can only receive chirp pulse. For this reason, the chirp receiver can operate
only during PSDU reception when informed in the PHR that the used transmit-
ted waveform is indeed chirp pulse. The chirp receiver also needs to operate in
the sampling receiver conguration during synchronization, SHR and PHR detec-
tion. Main property of the chirp receiver is that it compresses the received signal
in frequency by mixing it with the locally generated chirp pulse. Hence, chirp
receiver needs lower number of samples per symbol than sampling receiver, i.e.
lower digital backend complexity. However, regardless of the lower digital back
end complexity, the performance of the chirp receiver is better than that of the
sampling receiver in many scenarios studied [2, 3].
Interference performance of IEEE 802.15.6 IRUWB UWB PHY 7
h
LP
(t) ADC
90
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
u
s
e
s
(a) Mandatory raw data rate of 490 kbps.
20 18 16 14 12 10 8
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
Signal to interference ratio (dB)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
s
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
u
s
e
s
(b) Raw data rate of 980 kbps, twice larger than mandatory.
Fig. 4 Performance of two receiver architectures introduced under FMUWB interference.
Legend: Sync. fail Sampling ( ), SFD misdetection Sampling ( ), PHR+PSDU
misdetection Sampling ( ), Sync. fail Chirp ( ), SFD misdetection Chirp ( ),
PHR+PSDU misdetection Chirp ( ).
the environment simulated interfering BANs randomly choose between chirp pulse
and shortpulse burst as transmitted waveforms.
Results shown in Figs. 7 and 8 imply higher multiBAN interference resilience
of the chirp receiver compared to the sampling receiver at both data rates consid-
ered. This is especially true for the NearFar=0 dB (Figs. 7(a) and 8(a)), while for
10 Igor Dotlic, Ryu Miura
20 18 16 14 12 10 8
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
Signal to interference ratio (dB)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
s
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
u
s
e
s
(a) 1.25 MHz bandwidth.
20 18 16 14 12 10 8
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
Signal to interference ratio (dB)
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
s
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
u
s
e
s
(b) 20 MHz bandwidth.
Fig. 5 Performance of two receiver architectures introduced under WiMax interference at
mandatory (lowest) raw data rate of 490 kbps. Legend: Sync. fail Sampling ( ), SFD
misdetection Sampling ( ), PHR+PSDU misdetection Sampling ( ), Sync. fail
Chirp ( ), SFD misdetection Chirp ( ), PHR+PSDU misdetection Chirp ( ).
the NearFar=10 dB (Figs. 7(b) and 8(b)) the performance dierence is consider-
ably smaller. At the mandatory data rate and at NearFar=0 dB the packet error
rate with the chirp receiver can be kept under 1 % for over 10 colocated BANs.
This property of high multiBAN interference resilience of the chirp receiver could
Interference performance of IEEE 802.15.6 IRUWB UWB PHY 11
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
B
A
N
N
o
.
2
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
B
A
N
N
o
.
3
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Time (s)
B
A
N
N
o
.
1
Fig. 6 Simulated trac for 3 BANs with arrival rate = 150
packs
/s and minimum time
between packets of 0.1 ms at the mandatory data rate. Shaded areas represent periods when
packets are transmitted. Each subplot represents a single trac realization for a BAN with
No. given on the y axis.
be quite important in hospitals where scenarios with many colocated BANs are
likely.
6 Conclusions
Interferencerobust performance of the 802.15.6 IRUWB DPSK standard is es-
sential for its success, especially in medical BAN applications. UWB band is unli-
censed and scenarios with several colocated UWB transmitters of a dierent kind
operating on the same channel are possible. Indeed, there is a need for a IEEE
802.15.6 IRUWB DPSK receiver design to exploit the high processing gain of the
low data rate IRUWB communication schemes employed in order to make the
receiver performance interferencerobust and thus suitable for applications that
require high QoS, like medical BAN. In this work we examined the performance
of the two lowest data rate modes of this PHY using two dierent receiver archi-
tectures suitable for the standardcompliant transceivers: dutycycled sampling
receiver and chirp receiver. In numerical tests performed the chirp receiver has
shown considerably better performance in multiBAN environments compared to
the sampling receiver. On the other side, the sampling receiver has shown better
performance under IEEE 802.15.6 FMUWB and WiMax types of interference.
12 Igor Dotlic, Ryu Miura
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
Number of interfering BANs
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
s
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
u
s
e
s
(a) NearFar=0 dB.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
Number of interfering BANs
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
s
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
u
s
e
s
(b) NearFar=10 dB.
Fig. 7 MultiBAN performance comparison of chirp and sampling receivers at mandatory
(lowest) raw data rate of 490 kbps. Legend: Sync. fail Sampling ( ), SFD misdetection
Sampling ( ), PHR+PSDU misdetection Sampling ( ), Sync. fail Chirp ( ),
SFD misdetection Chirp ( ), PHR+PSDU misdetection Chirp ( ).
Nevertheless, both receiver architectures are able to sustain relatively high levels
of all types of interference considered.
Interference performance of IEEE 802.15.6 IRUWB UWB PHY 13
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
Number of interfering BANs
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
s
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
u
s
e
s
(a) NearFar=0 dB.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
10
0
Number of interfering BANs
P
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
s
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
e
r
e
n
t
c
a
u
s
e
s
(b) NearFar=10 dB.
Fig. 8 MultiBAN performance comparison of chirp and sampling receivers at raw data rate
of 980 kbps. Legend: Sync. fail Sampling ( ), SFD misdetection Sampling ( ),
PHR+PSDU misdetection Sampling ( ), Sync. fail Chirp ( ), SFD misdetection
Chirp ( ), PHR+PSDU misdetection Chirp ( ).
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