Design of Raw Meal Silo Based on BS EN 1991-4:2006 for Obajana Cement Line 3, Nigeria

1. Material =
Raw Meal
2. Weight of Material Stored in Storage Silo

3. Thickness of RCC Wall of Storage Silo

4. Average thickness of Top Slab of Silo
5. thickness of Inverted Cone

=
=
=

400
150
500

EL. of Flat Slab Btoom above GL

EL. of Top of Top Slab above GL
Max. Level of Filling below Silo Top
Height of av. Material Storage from Flat Slab
Internal Diameter of Storage silo
D
Angle of Repose
fr
12. Mean Angle of Internal Friction
fm

=
=
=
=
=
=

21.02
70.00
0.15
46.18
22.5
25

25

13. Slenderness Ratio (hc / dc)

2.05

14. Silo Type

15. Temperature of Hot Material inside

Ti

= Slender silo
=
120 oC

16. Temperature of Outside Atmosphere

T0

17.
18.
19.
20.

Bulk Density of Stored Material

Maximum ht of Flat Slab
Seismic Zone III
Live Loads on Operating Floors

=
=
=
=

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

Basic Wind speed

Grade of Conc. for wall (Characteristic Strength)
El. of Top of Flat Slab above GL
Angle of Inverted Cone
a
Thickness of RCC Wall below Cone Support
Axial Force Imposed on Ftop
Yield Stress of Reinfocement
Grade of Conc. For foundation
ef
Maximum eccentricity of filling

30. Maximum eccentricity of outlet

e0

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

20000 Ton

46.18

22.50

0
0

C
1.4 T/M3
0.000 M
0.16
1
T/M2
41
M/sec
25
N/mm2
21.016 M
60 o
500 mm
20
Ton
300 N/mm2
25
N/mm2
0
M
0

dc

0.4

M
M
M
M
M

21.016

-0.6

mm
mm
mm

13.675

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

0.15

2.80

A. SILO CONFIGURATION

0.500

FGL

B. CAPACITY CALCULATION
Volume above cone
= 18363 M3
TOTAL
= 18363 M3
Weight of material
= 22036 T Considering density of material
Weight of material
= 25708 T Considering density of material
C. DESIGN OF SILO WALL
Design parameters to determine Silo Forces
(a)
= Plan Cross-sectional area of the Silo
A
(b)
= Internal Diameter of the Silo ( Bin )
D
(c)
= Max. Dia. of the Circle that can be inscribed in the Bin
d
(d)
= Height of the Bin
h
(e)
= Internal perimeter of the Silo
U
(f)
= A/U
R
(g)
= Bulk Density of Stored Material
l
(h)
= Maximum depth below the Equivalent Surface of the Solid
Z
fim
(i)
= Mean angle of internal friction
(j) f (max) = Maximum angle of internal friction (af X fim)
(k) f (min) = Minimum angle of internal friction (fim / af))

1 of 7

1.2
1.4

T/M3
T/M3

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

from capacity consideration

for structural design

397.608
22.50
22.50
48.98
70.69
5.63
1.40
46.18
25
30.50
20.49

M2
M
M
M
M
M
T/M3
M
O
O
O

Design of Raw Meal Silo Based on BS EN 1991-4:2006 for Obajana Cement Line 3, Nigeria

Km
(l)
= Mean lateral pressure ratio
=
0.54
(m) K (max) = Maximum lateral pressure ratio (Km X ak)
=
0.648
(n) K (min) = Minimum lateral pressure ratio (Km / ak)
=
0.450
mm
(o)
= Mean wall friction coefficient for solid sliding on the vertical wall
=
0.56
(p) m (max) = Maximum wall friction coefficient (mm X am)
=
0.599
(q) m (min) = Minimum wall friction coefficient (mm / am)
=
0.523
cop
(r)
= Patch load solid reference factor
=
0.5
Note: 1) For maximum normal pressure on vertical wall m (min), K (max) & f (min) shall be used
2) For maximum frictional traction on vertical wall m (max), K (max) & f (min) shall be used
3) For maximum vertical load on silo bottom m (min), K (min) & f (max) shall be used
1. Determination of Lateral pressure, Vertical pressure and Frictional traction for Symmetrical filling load condition
Phf (z)
Pwf (z)
Pvf (z)
nzSk
zo
Pho
Yj (z)
zo
zo
zo
Pho
Pho
Pho

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Z

(M)
2.80
6.98
9.98
12.98
15.98
18.98
21.98
24.98
27.98
30.98
33.98
36.98
39.98
42.98
48.98

Horizontal pressure at depth Z

= Pho*Yj(z)
(T/M2)
Wall friction traction at depth Z
= m*Pho*Yj(z)
(T/M2)
Vertical pressure at depth Z
= (Pho / K)*Yj(z) (T/M2)
The resulting characteristic value of the vertical force in the wall after filling at depth Z
(1 / (K*m))*(A / U) M
l*K*zo
(T/M2)
1 - e(-Z / Zo)
16.59 M
14.49 M
23.8839 M
15.0469 (T/M2)
13.14 (T/M2)
15.0469 (T/M2)
Z / Z0
Normal
0.000
0.252
0.433
0.614
0.795
0.976
1.156
1.337
1.518
1.699
1.880
2.061
2.242
2.423
2.785

( for maximum normal pressure calculation )

( for maximum frictional traction calculation )
( for maximum vertical load calculation )
( for maximum normal pressure calculation )
( for maximum frictional traction calculation )
( for maximum vertical load calculation )

Z / Z0 1 -e(Z/Zo) 1 -e(Z/Zo) 1 -e(Z/Zo)

Friction Vertical Normal Friction Vertical
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.289
0.175
0.223
0.251
0.161
0.496
0.301
0.351
0.391
0.260
0.703
0.426
0.459
0.505
0.347
0.910
0.552
0.548
0.597
0.424
1.117
0.677
0.623
0.673
0.492
1.324
0.803
0.685
0.734
0.552
1.531
0.929
0.737
0.784
0.605
1.738
1.054
0.781
0.824
0.652
1.945
1.180
0.817
0.857
0.693
2.152
1.305
0.847
0.884
0.729
2.359
1.431
0.873
0.906
0.761
2.566
1.557
0.894
0.923
0.789
2.774
1.682
0.911
0.938
0.814
3.188
1.934
0.938
0.959
0.855
Z / Z0

Phf

Pwf
2

(T/M )
0.00
3.35
5.29
6.90
8.25
9.37
10.31
11.10
11.75
12.30
12.75
13.13
13.45
13.71
14.12

Pvf
2

(T/M )
0.00
1.97
3.08
3.97
4.70
5.30
5.78
6.17
6.49
6.75
6.96
7.13
7.27
7.38
7.55

=
=
=
=
=
=

Thick walled circular silo

Filling outward patch pressure
= Cpf*Phf
Filling inward patch pressure
= Ppf/7
0.21*Cop*(1+2E2)*(1-e(-1.5*((hc/dc)-1)))
2*ef / dc =
0.00
Maximum eccentricity of surface pole during filling

2 of 7

0.0

nzSk
2

(T/M )
0.00
5.37
8.68
11.60
14.18
16.45
18.46
20.23
21.79
23.16
24.37
25.44
26.39
27.22
28.60

2. Determination of Lateral patch pressure in wall for filling patch load condition
Silo Type
Ppf
Ppfi
Cpf
E
ef

= m*Pho*(z-zo*Yj(z)) T/M

(T/M)
0.00
3.78
10.44
19.72
31.13
44.26
58.79
74.47
91.07
108.43
126.40
144.87
163.74
182.95
222.13

Design of Raw Meal Silo Based on BS EN 1991-4:2006 for Obajana Cement Line 3, Nigeria

Phf
Cop
s
Phf,u

Z
(M)
2.80
6.98
9.98
12.98
15.98
18.98
21.98
24.98
27.98
30.98
33.98
36.98
39.98
42.98
48.98

=
=
=
=
=

Local filling pressure

0.50
Patch load solid reference factor
=
The length of the zone on which the patch load is applied
Resulting symmetrical horizontal pressure for filling
Maximun(0.5+0.01*(dc/t) or 1)
Cpf

Phf

Ppf

Ppfi

Phf,u

0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083
0.083

Normal
0.00
3.35
5.29
6.90
8.25
9.37
10.31
11.10
11.75
12.30
12.75
13.13
13.45
13.71
14.12

(T/M2)
0.000
0.279
0.441
0.575
0.688
0.781
0.860
0.925
0.979
1.025
1.063
1.094
1.121
1.143
1.177

(T/M2)
0.000
0.040
0.063
0.082
0.098
0.112
0.123
0.132
0.140
0.146
0.152
0.156
0.160
0.163
0.168

(M)
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418

(T/M2)
0.000
3.649
5.755
7.513
8.980
10.204
11.226
12.079
12.790
13.384
13.880
14.293
14.639
14.927
15.368

4.418
= p*dc/16
=
= Phf,u*(1+*Cpf)
1.06
=

3. Determination of Lateral pressure, Vertical pressure and Frictional traction for Symmetrical discharge load condition
= Horizontal pressure at depth Z
= Ch*Phf (T/M2)
= Wall friction traction at depth Z
= Cw*Pwf (T/M2)
= The resulting characteristic value of the vertical force in the wall during discharge at depth Z
1.15
= Discharge factor for horizontal pressure
=
= C0
1.10
= Discharge factor for wall frictional traction
=
= Discharge factor for all solids

Phe (z)
Pwe (z)
nzSk
Ch
Cw
C0
Z

(M)
2.80
6.98
9.98
12.98
15.98
18.98
21.98
24.98
27.98
30.98
33.98
36.98
39.98
42.98
48.98

Phe
2

(T/M )
0.00
3.85
6.08
7.94
9.49
10.78
11.86
12.76
13.51
14.14
14.66
15.10
15.46
15.77
16.24

Pwe
2

(T/M )
0.00
2.17
3.39
4.37
5.17
5.83
6.36
6.79
7.14
7.42
7.66
7.84
8.00
8.12
8.31

nzSk
(T/M)
0.00
4.15
11.49
21.70
34.24
48.69
64.67
81.92
100.18
119.27
139.04
159.36
180.12
201.24
244.35

3 of 7

= Cw*m*Pho*(z-zo*Yj(z))
(T/M)

Design of Raw Meal Silo Based on BS EN 1991-4:2006 for Obajana Cement Line 3, Nigeria

4. Determination of Lateral patch pressure in wall for discharge patch load condition
Silo Type
Ppe
Ppei
hc / dc
Cpe
E
e
Phe
Cop
s
Phe,u

Z
(M)
2.80
6.98
9.98
12.98
15.98
18.98
21.98
24.98
27.98
30.98
33.98
36.98
39.98
42.98
48.98

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Thick walled circular silo

Discharge outward patch pressure
Discharge inward patch pressure
2.05

= Cpe*Phe
= Ppe / 7

0.42*Cop*(1+2*E2)*(1-exp(-1.5*((hc/dc)-1)))
2*e / dc
0.0
=
Max(ef,e0)
0.0
=
M
Local discharge pressure
0.50
Patch load solid reference factor
=
The length of the zone on which the patch load is applied
Resulting symmetrical horizontal pressure for discharge
Maximun(0.5+0.01*(dc/t) or 1)
Cpe

Phe

Ppe

Ppei

Phe,u

0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167
0.167

Normal
0.00
3.85
6.08
7.94
9.49
10.78
11.86
12.76
13.51
14.14
14.66
15.10
15.46
15.77
16.24

(T/M2)
0.000
0.643
1.014
1.323
1.581
1.797
1.977
2.127
2.252
2.357
2.444
2.517
2.578
2.629
2.706

(T/M2)
0.000
0.092
0.145
0.189
0.226
0.257
0.282
0.304
0.322
0.337
0.349
0.360
0.368
0.376
0.387

(M)
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418
4.418

(T/M2)
0.000
4.497
7.094
9.260
11.068
12.577
13.837
14.888
15.765
16.497
17.108
17.617
18.043
18.398
18.942

4.418
= p*dc/16
=
= Phe,u*(1+*Cpe)
1.00
=

5. Discharge loads for silos with large outlet eccentricities

e0
0.0
=
M
ef
0.0 M
=
This procedures is not applicable
6. Pressure due to reduction in ambient atmospheric temperature

Temperature DIFFERENTIAL calculation

(Ref. Annex D of BS EN 1991-1-5-: 2003
Material temperature inside silo (Tin) oC=
Minimum temperature of outside environment (Tout) 0C=
Thickness of silo wall (hi) m=
The thermal conductivity of concrete (i) (W/(mK))=
The thermal resistance Rin (m2K/W)=
Thermal resistance Rout (m2K/W)=
Total thermal resistance (m2K/W)

120
-0.6
0.4
1.71
0.17
0.04

Rtot=Rin+(hi/i)+Rout

Temperature differential [(Tin-Tout)/Rtot]*(h/i) 0C=

0.444
63.55

4 of 7

Design of Raw Meal Silo Based on BS EN 1991-4:2006 for Obajana Cement Line 3, Nigeria

Temperature DIFFERENTIAL calculation

(Ref. clause 6.10 of Reynolds handbook, 10th edition)
h = thickness of wall (m) =
Inside material/hot liquid/flue gas (TG) temperature (0C) =

0.4
120

External air temperature/temperature (TA)at other face of wall (0C) =

-0.6

Thermal conductivity (kc) of RCC wall(watt/sqm/ C) =

1.71

ai = Resistance at the internal face (watt/sqm/0C)

0.17

aa = Resistance due to cavity (watt/sqm/ C)

ao = Resistance at the external face (watt/sqm/0C)

0.04

Co-efficient of linear expansion of concrete (c) (/0C) =

Modulus of elasticity of concrete (Ec) (N/mm 2) =
Moment of inertia (Ic) of concrete section (m4)
Resistance to the transmission of heat (k) through wall (watt/sqm/0C) =
h
+
k=
ai+aa+ao
kc
0
The change in temperature (T C) through concrete wall =
T = (TG-TA)*k*hc/kc

0.00001
21000
0.0053333
2.25

63.5

a) Tension due to Temperature

PhT
= Normal pressure
= CT*aw*DT*Ew/((r / t)+(1-v)*(Ew/EsU))
o
o
120
15
Ti =
To =
C
C
= 0.400 m
t = Thickness of silo wall
CT
3.0
= Temperature load multiplier
=
per degree centigrade
0.0000011
aw
= Coefficient of thermal expansion of the silo wall
=
o
DT
= Temperature differential
=
63.5 C
r
11.45 M
= Silo radius (dc / 2)
=
Ew
= Elastic modulus of the silo wall
= 5500*SQRT(fck)
= 27500.0 N/mm2
v
0.3
= Poisson's ration
=
EsU
= Inloading effective elastic modulus at depth Z
= *Pvft
= 10487.8 T/M2
Pvft
28.60 T/M2
= Vertical stress at the base of the vertical walled section =

5 of 7

Design of Raw Meal Silo Based on BS EN 1991-4:2006 for Obajana Cement Line 3, Nigeria

= 7*l3/2

= Modulus contiguity coefficient

PhT

2.72

366.68

(T/M2)

7. Design against Hoop Tension due to Load P h

Dead Load Factor

Kd

Height Symmetrical filling

(Phf)
from top

Kl =
1.4
live Load Factor
Lateral Pressure ( Ph)
Unsymmetrical
Symmetrical
Unsymmetrical
filling (Phf,u)
discharge. (Phe) discharge. (Phe,u)
1.20

Pvft

Esu

Design Factored Design Factored Design Factored Design Factored

(M)
2.80
6.98
9.98
12.98
15.98
18.98
21.98
24.98
27.98
30.98
33.98
36.98
39.98
42.98
48.98

T/M
0.00
3.35
5.29
6.90
8.25
9.37
10.31
11.10
11.75
12.30
12.75
13.13
13.45
13.71
14.12

T/M
0.00
4.69
7.40
9.66
11.55
13.12
14.44
15.53
16.45
17.21
17.85
18.38
18.83
19.20
19.76

T/M
0.00
3.65
5.76
7.51
8.98
10.20
11.23
12.08
12.79
13.38
13.88
14.29
14.64
14.93
15.37

T/M
0.00
5.11
8.06
10.52
12.57
14.29
15.72
16.91
17.91
18.74
19.43
20.01
20.49
20.90
21.51

T/M
0.00
3.85
6.08
7.94
9.49
10.78
11.86
12.76
13.51
14.14
14.66
15.10
15.46
15.77
16.24

T/M
0.00
5.40
8.51
11.11
13.28
15.09
16.60
17.86
18.92
19.80
20.53
21.14
21.65
22.08
22.73

T/M
0.00
4.50
7.09
9.26
11.07
12.58
13.84
14.89
15.76
16.50
17.11
17.62
18.04
18.40
18.94

Hoop Tension due Steel Reqd. Steel Reqd.

to Temperature from Filling &
from
(T = PhT*D/2)
Discharge Temperature

Height
from top

Maximum Hoop
Tension
(T = Ph*D/2)

(M)

T/M of Height

T/M of Height

mm2/m

mm2/m

2.80
6.98
9.98
12.98
15.98
18.98
21.98
24.98
27.98
30.98
33.98
36.98
39.98
42.98
48.98

0.00
72.09
113.71
148.44
177.43
201.62
221.80
238.65
252.71
264.44
274.23
282.41
289.23
294.92
303.63

0.00
9.18
14.60
19.22
23.18
26.59
29.53
32.08
34.29
36.21
37.89
39.35
40.62
41.74
43.57

0.00
2763.56
4358.92
5690.30
6801.39
7728.64
8502.47
9148.26
9687.20
10136.96
10512.31
10825.55
11086.97
11305.12
11639.31

0.00
352.09
559.56
736.69
888.56
1019.26
1132.09
1229.75
1314.49
1388.17
1452.34
1508.31
1557.21
1599.97
1670.24

6 of 7

T/M
0.00
6.30
9.93
12.96
15.50
17.61
19.37
20.84
22.07
23.10
23.95
24.66
25.26
25.76
26.52

Temperature
pressure (PhT)
Design Factored

T/M
0.00
5.37
8.68
11.60
14.18
16.45
18.46
20.23
21.79
23.16
24.37
25.44
26.39
27.22
28.60

T/M
0.00
1968.5
3183.4
4254.9
5200.0
6033.4
6768.5
7416.8
7988.6
8492.9
8937.7
9330.0
9675.9
9981.1
10487.8

T/M2

T/M2

0.57
0.91
1.20
1.45
1.66
1.84
2.00
2.14
2.26
2.36
2.45
2.53
2.60
2.72

0.80
1.27
1.68
2.02
2.32
2.58
2.80
2.99
3.16
3.31
3.44
3.55
3.65
3.81

Design of Raw Meal Silo Based on BS EN 1991-4:2006 for Obajana Cement Line 3, Nigeria

Level (m) Height Rebars(IF) for hoop tension

from top
s reqd. s prov.
f
(M)
mm mm (c/c) mm (c/c)
2.80
22
200
6.98
22
275
120
63.016
9.98
25
225
120
25
173
130
57.016 12.98
15.98
25
144
130
25
127
110
51.016 18.98
21.98
25
115
110
25
107
100
45.016 24.98
27.98
25
101
100
25
97
100
39.016 30.98
33.98
25
93
100
25
91
90
33.016 36.98
39.98
25
89
90
25
87
90
27.016 42.98
25
84
90
21.016 48.98

Check

OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
OK
Revise
Revise
OK
Revise
Revise
Revise

Rebars(OF) for hoop tension

s reqd. s prov. Check
f
mm mm (c/c) mm (c/c)
22
150
OK
22
219
120
OK
25
179
120
OK
25
137
65
OK
25
114
65
OK
25
101
55
OK
25
91
55
OK
25
85
50
OK
25
80
50
OK
25
76
50
OK
25
73
50
OK
25
71
45
OK
25
69
45
OK
25
68
45
OK
25
66
45

7 of 7