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INDEX

Aberteldy Bridge (Scotland), 14131415 About.com web site, 471 Abrasion resistance testing (plastics), 564 Abrasive barrel nishing (metals), 962 Abrasive belt nishing (metals), 962 Abrasive machining (metals), 894899 abrasive ow machining, 901, 904 abrasive jet machining, 901, 904 Abrasive wear, 758, 760 Abrasive wear model (ceramics), 424 ABS (American Bureau of Ships), 53 Absolute materials requirements, 834835 Absolute viscosity, 599 Absorption: chemical, 1232 in electronic packaging applications, 1232 of energy by aluminum alloys, 90 with orthopedic biomaterials, 11771178 of X-radiation in nondestructive inspection, 664666 ABS (ter-polymer), 338, 339 Accelerated weathering tests (plastics), 584 589 Accelerometers, 13131314 ACI, see American Concrete Institute AC178 (ICBO), 1384, 1385 Acoustic impedance, 657 Addition polymers, 1425 Additives: indirect, 617 in plastics, 14291430 Adhesion: between diamond lms and substrates, 12971300 with metallic materials, 540 Adhesives: in composite structures, 1361 in electronic packaging applications, 1250 1251 Adhesive wear, 710, 756759 ADS (Aluminum Design System), 23 Advanced composites, 11321136. See also specic materials atomic oxygen effects on, 1141 denition of, 1132 polymer matrices in, 11351136 reinforcement bers in, 11341135 spacecraft applications of, 11311162 stress-strain equations for, 1133 thermal cycle-induced microcracking of, 1142

vacuum-induced outgassing of, 1142 Aerospace applications: advanced composite materials in spacecraft, 11311162 all-composite mirrors, 11611162 antennas, 11591160 coefcient of thermal expansion of, 11371138 deployable structures, 11521153 electronics enclosures, 11531157 EMI shielding and electrical characteristics of, 11401141 environmental durability of, 11411142 examples of, 11491162 FORTE, 1150 high specic stiffness / strength of, 1138, 1139 hybrid composite mirrors, 11601161 inatable structures, 1153 isogrid structures, 1145 joints in, 1145 manufacturing methods used with, 1146 1149 material properties for, 11371142 Midcourse Space Experiment, 1151 1152 mirrors, 11591162 optical benches and instrument structures, 11571159 primary spacecraft bus / chassis structure, 11501152 properties / characteristics of, 11371142 qualities of advanced composites used in, 11321136 reectors, 11591162 sandwich structures, 11431144 solid laminate construction of, 1142 1143 standard structural forms of, 11421145 thermal conductivity of, 11391140 truss structures, 1144 of aluminum alloys, 132 complex laminates used in, 1057 specications for, 53 turbine blades, 841842 Aerospace Materials Specications (AMS), 53 AFM (abrasive ow machining), 901, 904 AFNOR (Association Francaise de Normalisation) standards, 53 Age-hardening martensitic stainless steels, 67, 80 1437

1438 Aging process (steels), 55 Aircraft applications (aluminum alloys), 132 AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute), 52 AJM (abrasive jet machining), 901, 904 Alkyd resins, 353 All-composites structural applications (PFRP), 14011416 bridge applications, 1408, 14101416 buildings applications, 1406, 14081410 research and development of, 14021407 Allied-Signals Metals, 282 Alloys. See also specic types for cutting tools, 860 electrical resistivities / conductivities of, 699 number of, 3 shape memory, 414415 Alloy Digest (CD), 469 Alloy Finder (CD), 468469 Alloy steels, see Steels Alpha iron, see Ferrite Alumina, bers based on (in composite materials), 367 Alumina particle-reinforced aluminum, 382, 383 Aluminum: in alloy steels, 4849 alumina particle-reinforced, 382, 383 anodizing of, 1237 in electronic packaging applications, 1242 1244 in magnesium alloys, 261, 267268, 271, 278282 silicon carbide particle-reinforced, 382, 383 wrought, 100, 112 Aluminum alloys, 89133 aircraft / aerospace applications of, 132 applications of cast, 124, 126131 by market areas, 131133 wrought, 100, 112127 building / construction applications of, 131 cast advantages of, 9091 applications of, 124, 126131 designation systems for, 95, 97100 limitations of, 9293 properties of, 106112 chemical industry applications of, 133 designation systems for, 93100 cast, 95, 97100 temper designation, 98, 100 wrought, 9397 electrical applications of, 131 in electronic packaging applications, 1242 1244 marine transportation applications of, 132 133

INDEX packaging applications of, 133 petroleum industry applications of, 133 properties of cast, 106112 wrought, 101106 railcar applications of, 133 temper designation system for, 98, 100 vehicle applications of, 131132 wrought advantages of, 9091 applications of, 100, 112127 designation systems for, 9397 limitations of, 9293 properties of, 101106 Aluminum Association, Inc., 8990, 93, 468 Aluminum Association Alloy and Temper Designation Systems: for cast aluminum alloys, 95, 97100 temper designation system, 98, 100 for wrought aluminum alloys, 9397 Aluminumcopper alloys, 113116, 127 Aluminum Design System (ADS), 23 Aluminummagnesium alloys, 117125, 130 Aluminummagnesiumsilicon alloys, 119 121, 126 Aluminummanganese alloys, 114, 116, 118, 119 Aluminum oxide abrasives, 894 Aluminumsilicon alloys, 116, 117, 130 Aluminumsilicon copper or magnesium alloys, 128 Aluminumsilicon deoxidized (killed) steels, 48, 49, 51 Aluminumtin alloys, 130131 Aluminumzinc alloys, 122, 123, 127, 130 American Bureau of Ships (ABS), 53 American Ceramic Society, 433 American Chemical Society, 469 American Concrete Institute, 1401, 1419 American Concrete Institute (ACI), 1417 1418 American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 52 American National Standards, 616 American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 615616, 1417 American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association (AREMA), 53 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 520, 616. See also ASTM standards resources available from, 520 steel specications developed by, 53 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1417, 1419 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 53, 63, 863

INDEX Amino resins, 354 Amorphous polymers, 336, 1427 AMS (Aerospace Materials Specications), 53 Analytical comparisons, materials properties data for, 458460 Angle bending (metals), 943 Angles, tool, 861 Annealing (steels), 51 Anodic coatings: for aluminum, 1237 for magnesium alloys, 264, 287288 Anodizing (metals), 966 ANSI, see American National Standards Institute Antennas, space, 11591160 Anticoagulation properties (vascular prostheses), 1185, 1187 Antimony, 50 Antireection (AR) coatings (telecommunications), 1324 AOD process, see Argonoxygen decarburization process APDs (avalance photodiodes), 1317 Applied Research in Remotely-Queried Embedded Microsensors (ARRQEM), 11471149 Aqueous corrosion resistance, 76, 276277 Aramid bers (Kevlar), 367, 1346 AR (antireection) coatings (telecommunications), 1324 Architecture: all-composites structural materials used in, 1406, 14081410 copper and copper alloys in, 143 Arc resistance testing (plastics), 578582 AREMA (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association), 53 Argonoxygen decarburization (AOD) process: for stainless steels, 29, 77 for superalloys, 319321 ARRQEM, see Applied Research in Remotely-Queried Embedded Microsensors Arsenic, 50 Arteries, 11801181 ASCE, see American Society of Civil Engineers Ashbys material selection charts, 9, 10 ASME, see American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASM Handbook, 468, 631 ASM International: directory of materials property databases, 21 materials properties data from, 468469 ASM Metal Selector, 22

1439 ASM Metals Handbook, 54, 59, 62 ASSET project, 1416 Association Francaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) standards, 53 ASTM, see American Society for Testing and Materials ASTM Committee E 49, 498, 500 ASTM standards, 520, 616 for Brookeld viscometer, 597 for ceramics, 434 compression, 626 electrical resistance, 647 fatigue, 638 for fatigue strength estimation, 636 exural strength, 647 for exure, 628 for fracture toughness, 632, 633 for hardness, 632 for tensile creep, 630 tensile testing, 626 ultrasonic testing, 646 for heat reversion technique, 783784 for instrumentation and data acquisition systems, 524 for metallic materials testing, 520 bending strength, 540 compression, 526 creep, 526 fatigue, 536, 537, 540 fracture toughness, 532, 535 hardness, 528 impact, 530, 531 stress relaxation, 528 tensile properties, 524 for nondestructive evaluation, 651 penetrant process, 654 ultrasonic, 656 for plastics abrasion resistance, 564 differential scanning calorimetry, 602 604 electrical properties, 575582 exural fatigue, 565566 exural properties, 549551 hardness, 567568 impact, 556558, 562 melt index test, 592, 594595 tensile properties, 547548 thermal properties, 569575 weathering, 584589 for stainless steels, 77 for test machines, 522 for two-parameter Weibull distribution, 811 Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 1308 Atlas Weathering Services Group, 621 ATM (asynchronous transfer mode), 1308 Atmospheric corrosion (magnesium), 276

1440 Atomic oxygen, 1141 Attributes, database, 487 denition of, 487490 values for, 491 Austenite (gamma iron), 3033, 36, 44 Austenitic manganese steels, 47 Austenitic stainless steels, 4850, 5960, 67, 8082, 8586 Autoclave processing: of prepreg, 10671076 automated lay-up, 10711072 cure monitoring sensors, 1072 hand lay-up, 10691071 operation of autoclave, 10731076 prepreg cutting, 1069 tooling for, 1068 tool preparation for curing, 10721073 of sandwich panels, 1358 Automated drilling systems, 1359 Automated machine lamination, 1385, 1387 Automotive applications: aluminum alloys in, 131132 ceramic materials in, 426427 specications for, 53 ultrahigh-strength wires in, 64 Automotive Composites Consortium, 500 Automotive wire, 142 Avalance photodiodes (APDs), 1317 Bainite, 3840 Bake-hardening steels, 55 Bamboo, 841 Band saws, 893 Bandwidth, 13031304 of copper cable, 1304, 1305 of optical ber, 13061307 of wireless networks, 1308 Barrel nishing, 962 Bars, copper, 185 Bats: baseball, 1266, 1267 cricket, 1264 softball, 1267 Battelle Memorial Institute, 621 Bcc arrangement, see Body-centered cubic arrangement Bearings, ceramic materials for, 424, 425 Bending (of metals), 942943 Bending strength test (metallic materials), 540 Bend tests (brittle materials), 821823 Beryllium coppers, 165 Beryllium (in magnesium alloys), 272 Bicycles, 12601262 Binary Phase Diagrams on CD-ROM, 469 Biocompatibility issues: with blood-contacting biomaterials, 1183 1186

INDEX with orthopedic biomaterials, 11741178 with space-lling biomaterials, 11881191 Biological corrosion, 709, 768769 Biomechanics, 1255 Biomedical applications, 11651192 biocompatibility issues in with blood-contacting biomaterials, 11831186 with orthopedic biomaterials, 11741178 with space-lling biomaterials, 1188 1191 blood-contacting biomaterials, 11801188 biocompatibility of, 11831186 blood transport by, 11811183 coagulation with, 11841186 functioning of, 11811183 hemolysis with, 1184 hemostasis with, 1184 material selection for, 11861188 neointima formation with, 11831184 property degradation with, 1186 blood transport, 11811183 breast implants, 11881191 capsule formation (space-lling biomaterials), 11881190 carcinogenesis complications (space-lling biomaterials), 11901191 coagulation with, 11841186 corrosion (orthopedic materials), 1174 1177 function of blood-contacting biomaterials, 1181 1183 orthopedic biomaterials, 11671173 space-lling biomaterials, 1188 hemolysis with, 1184 hemostasis with, 1184 immunological complications (space-lling biomaterials), 11901191 joint motion (orthopedic biomaterials), 11711173 leaching / absorption (orthopedic biomaterials), 11771178 load support (orthopedic biomaterials), 11671171 material selection for blood-contacting biomaterials, 1186 1188 orthopedic biomaterials, 11781180 space-lling biomaterials, 1191 neointima formation with, 11831184 orthopedic biomaterials, 11661180 biocompatibility of, 11741178 corrosion of, 11741177 functioning of, 11671173 joint motion with, 11711173 leaching / absorption with, 11771178

INDEX load support with, 11671171 material selection for, 11781180 wear debris from, 1178 property degradation (blood-contacting materials), 1186 space-lling biomaterials, 11881191 biocompatibility of, 11881191 capsule formation with, 11881190 carcinogenesis / immunological complications with, 11901191 functioning of, 1188 material selection for, 1191 of titanium and titanium alloys, 231232 total hip arthroplasty, 11661180 vascular prostheses, 11801188 wear debris (orthopedic biomaterials), 1178 Biomimetric (smart structures), 402 BIOSIS database, 454 Blanking, chemical, 921 Blanks, metal, 935, 945946 Blasting (metals), 962 Blistering, hydrogen, 768 Blood-contacting biomaterials, 11801188 biocompatibility of, 11831186 blood transport by, 11811183 coagulation with, 11841186 functioning of, 11811183 hemolysis with, 1184 hemostasis with, 1184 material selection for, 11861188 neointima formation with, 11831184 property degradation with, 1186 Blow molding (plastics), 958, 977979, 10261027 BMC, see Bulk molding compound Boats, 12671268 Body-centered cubic (bcc) arrangement, 30, 31, 47 Body-centered tetragonal (bct) arrangement, 30, 31 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (ASME), 63 Boilercode specications, 53 Bonderizing, 966 Bonding: reaction bonding (ceramics), 1120 structural bonding (composites), 1358, 13601361 Bonding materials (grinding), 894 Bond strength requirements (reinforced concrete / masonry structure repair / retrot), 1391 Book of Standards (ASTM), 616 Bootstrap samples, 825 Boring, 863 Boron bers (in composite materials), 367, 1345 Boron (in alloy steels), 49

1441 Borosilicate glasses, 1250 Brasses, 139140 cast, 140 in electrical / electronic applications, 150 in industrial applications, 165, 185 wrought, 139, 140 Brazing: of superalloys, 295 of titanium and titanium alloys, 231 Breast implants, 11881191 biocompatibility of, 11881191 capsule formation with, 11881190 carcinogenesis / immunological complications with, 11901191 functioning of, 1188 material selection for, 1191 Bridge applications (composite structural materials), 1373, 1408, 14101416 Brinnel hardness scale, 43, 1229 Brinnelling failure (metals), 708 British Standards (BS), 53 Brittle-coating stress analysis (plastics), 781 Brittle fracture failure (metals), 708 Brittle materials: failure analysis of, 809925 bend tests in, 821823 and condence limits, 816, 824825 dynamic fatigue measurements in, 815 816, 823824 and environmentally enhanced fracture, 813815 indented inert strength measurements, 816, 824 and initial strength distribution, 811813 and lifetime prediction process, 809818 strength tests in, 821823 Weibull tests in, 818821 lifetime prediction for, 809818 condence limits in, 816, 824825 dynamic fatigue measurements in, 815 816, 823824 environmentally enhanced fracture, 813 815 indented inert strength measurements, 816 initial strength distribution, 811813 process of, 816818 strength tests in, 821823 Weibull tests in, 818821 Brittleness (of ceramic materials), 422423 Brittleness temperature testing (plastics), 574, 575 Broaching (in metals manufacturing), 886 890 cutting horsepowers for, 854 tool wear factors in, 855 Brodkey model, 10021004

1442 Bronzes, 140141 Brookeld viscometer, 597 Broutman, L.J., Associates Ltd., 621 BS (British Standards), 53 Buckling failure (metals), 707, 712 Buckyball (buckminsterfullerene), 415 Bufng, 899, 963 Building applications: all-composites structural materials in, 1406, 14081410 of aluminum alloys, 131 Building wire, 142 Bulk molding compound (BMC), 353, 373 374, 1044, 1095, 1099 Bulk resonators, 1328, 1329 Burnishing (metals), 941 Bus / chassis structure (spacecraft), 11501152 Buyers Guide (Ceramic Industry Magazine), 433 Cable networks, 13041306 Cadmium, 1244 CAE, see Computer-aided engineering Calcium: in alloy steels, 49 in magnesium alloys, 272274, 283284 Calcium sulfate (plaster), 955 Calendered lm adhesives, 1361 Calendering (plastics), 974975, 10181019 Calorimetry differential scanning, see Differential scanning calorimetry Cambridge Materials Selector (CES3), 496 497 Cameras, infrared, 679 CAMPUS database, 500 Cancer, breast implants and, 11901191 Capillary rheometer, 597599 Capsule formation (with space-lling biomaterials), 11881190 Carbides: for cutting tools, 860 in superalloys, 294295 Carbon: in alloy steels, 4446 and intergranular corrosion, 75, 76 iron-carbon equilibrium diagrams, 3038, 44 levels of, in stainless steels, 7677 in stainless steels, 7577 Carbon arc-type light, exposure of plastics to, 586 Carbon / carbon composites (CCCs), 358 materials used in, 372 mechanical properties of, 385386 physical properties of, 397

INDEX Carbon bers (in composite materials), 361, 366367 Carbon steels: classication of, 5355 high manganese, 53, 54 as hypoeutectoid steels, 37 nonresulfurized, 5354 rephosphorized and resulfurized, 53, 54 specications for, 5355 welding of stainless steels vs., 8285 Carcinogenesis complications (with spacelling biomaterials), 11901191 Carothers equation, 1429 CARS (Computerized Application and Reference System), 22 Cartridge brass, 150 CAS database, 455 Casting, 837, 949957. See also Molding centrifugal casting, 951953 continuous casting, 29 of copper and copper alloys, 188, 198 die casting, 954955 investment casting of metals, 956957 of titanium and titanium alloys, 229 of metals, 949957 centrifugal casting, 951953 die casting, 954955 investment casting, 956957 permanent-mold casting, 953955 plaster-mold casting, 955956 sand casting, 949952 permanent-mold casting, 953955 plaster-mold casting, 955956 of plastic parts, 982, 983, 995, 10321033 as quiescent process, 995, 10321033 sand casting, 949952 of steels, 29 strand casting, 29 of superalloys, 295, 323324 of titanium and titanium alloys, 229 Catalysts, smart, 414 Caustic stress-corrosion cracking, 73 Cavitation corrosion, 709, 768 CBN, see Cubic boron nitride CCCs, see Carbon / carbon composites CCCT, see Critical crevice corrosion temperature CDA (Copper Development Association), 136 CDMA (code division multiple access), 1308 CEF model, see CriminaleEricksenFilbrey model Cementite, 37, 44, 51 CEN standards, see Committee for European Normalisation standards CenTOR Software, Inc., 495 Centrifugal casting (metals), 951953

INDEX Ceramic materials, 419436 in automotive and light-truck engines, 426 427 for bearings, 424, 425 calorimetry testing for, 644 compression testing of, 626 compressive creep testing for, 630631 compressive strength measurement for, 798799 conventional manufacturing of, 11151116 corrosion resistance of, 429 creep rupture in, 806807 creep strain in, 805806 creep testing for, 628631 for cutting tool inserts, 425, 426 delayed failure of, 792794 design with and brittleness, 422423 as factor in failure, 788, 798803 differential scanning calorimetry testing for, 644 dilatometry testing for, 639, 640 electrical resistance testing, at elevated temperatures, 647 electrical testing of, 646648 electrical resistance at elevated temperatures, 647 exural strength of electronic-grade ceramics, 647648 in electronic packaging applications, 1249 energy sources used with, 11171120 mechanochemical synthesis, 11181120 microwave processing, 11171118 reaction bonding, 1120 self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, 1118 failure analysis of, 790807 compressive strength measurement, 798 799 creep rupture, 806807 creep strain, 805806 delayed, 792794 and fracture mechanics, 789791 at high temperatures, 805 multiaxial Weibull statistics for, 798803 scatter of lifetime, 797, 798 scatter of strength, 794797 strength prediction, 792 under thermal shock conditions, 803804 failure of, 787790 delayed, 792794 design as factor in, 788, 798803 and intrinsic vs. extrinsic aws, 789790 materials selection as factor in, 787788, 803805 modes of failure, 788

1443 probability of, 789 process as factor in, 788790 service conditions as factor in, 803807 under thermal shock conditions, 803804 fatigue testing for, 634638 aws in, 789790 exural strength testing, 647648 exure creep testing for, 629, 630 exure testing for (fracture strength), 627 628 fracture strength testing for, 624628 fracture toughness testing for, 632633 future trends in, 435436 glass, 1250 guarded hot plate testing for, 641642 hardness testing for, 631632 heat capacity testing for, 643644 high strain rate testing for, 633634 at high temperatures, 805 information sources for, 433435 intrinsic vs. extrinsic aws in, 789790 laser ash testing for, 642643 layered manufacturing of, 11221123 major commercial applications for, 420 manufacturing of, 11131127 common steps in, 1116 conventional processes in, 11151116 engineering factors involved in, 1114 layered manufacturing, 11221123 mechanochemical synthesis, 11181120 and microstructure of products, 1114 microwave processing, 11171118 nanotechnology in, 11201122 new energy sources in, 11171120 new precursors in, 11231127 new shapes in, 11201123 polymer precursors, 1123 processing vs., 1115 reaction bonding, 1120 self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, 1118 sol-gel processing, 11231127 market value of, 623 materials selection as factor in failure of, 787788 for thermal shock conditions, 803805 mechanical testing of, 624638 compression, 626 compressive creep, 630631 creep, 628631 fatigue, 634638 exure, 627628 exure creep, 629, 630 fracture strength, 624625 fracture toughness, 632633 hardness, 631632

1444 Ceramic materials (continued ) high strain rate, 633634 tensile creep, 630 tension, 625626 mechanochemical synthesis of, 11181120 microstructure of nished products, 1114 microwave processing of, 11171118 nanotechnology in processing of, 1120 1122 nondestructive evaluation testing of, 644 646 in passive electronics, 430431 piezoceramics, 431432 piezoelectric, 404, 405, 407 precursors in processing of, 11231127 polymer precursors, 1123 sol-gel processing, 11231127 processing of, 420422 as factor in failure, 788790 manufacturing vs., 1115 radiographic testing of, 646 reaction bonding of, 1120 scatter of lifetime in, 797, 798 scatter of strength in, 794797 self-propagating high-temperature synthesis of, 1118 service conditions as factor in failure of, 803807 sol-gel processing of, 11231127 standards for, 434435 strength prediction for, 792 for telecommunications device packaging, 1312 tensile creep testing for, 630 tension testing for, 625626 testing of, 623648 electrical, 646648 mechanical, 624638 nondestructive, 644646 radiography, 646 thermal, 638644 ultrasonic, 645646 thermal conductivity testing for, 640643 thermal expansion testing for, 638640 under thermal shock conditions, 803804 thermal testing of, 638644 calorimetry, 644 differential scanning calorimetry, 644 dilatometry, 639, 640 guarded hot plate, 641642 heat capacity, 643644 laser ash, 642643 thermal conductivity, 640643 thermal expansion, 638640 thermostructural applications of, 427429 for tool inserts, 860 transparent, 432, 433

INDEX ultrasonic properties of, 697 ultrasonic testing of, 645646 in wear applications, 423427 bearings, 424, 425 cutting tool inserts, 425, 426 as wear materials, 1281 Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), 358 materials used in, 371372 mechanical properties of, 384, 385 physical properties of, 397 standards for, 434435 Ceramic Source (American Ceramic Society), 433 CERF (Civil Engineering Research Foundation), 1419 Cerium, 50, 271 Certied data, 460 CES3, see Cambridge Materials Selector CGDS, see Columnar grain directional solidication Chalk trays, 840 Charpy impact test, 530, 556557 Charpy V-notch (CVN) test, 530, 531 Chemical blanking, 921 Chemical compounds / classes, variations in, 446447 Chemical conversions: for magnesium alloys, 264 of metals, 966967 anodizing, 966 chemical oxide coatings, 967 chromate coatings, 966 phosphate coatings, 966 Chemical Corrosion Expert System, 2324 Chemical failure (plastics), 778 Chemical industry, aluminum alloys in, 133 Chemical machining (CHM), 919921 Chemical milling, 921 Chemical oxide coatings (metals), 967 Chemical resistance (in electronic packaging applications), 1226 Chemical stress analysis (plastics), 782 Chemical / thermal analysis (for identication of polymers), 613 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD): for diamond lms, 12871300 bers made from, 363 historical background of, 12871289 metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, 1314, 1315 for telecommunications applications, 1334 1335 Chemir / Polytech Laboratories, Inc., 621 Chemistry control: for stainless steels, 78 with superalloys, 318319

INDEX Chemung County Bridge (New York), 1410 1412 Chile, copper production in, 136 Chloride stress-corrosion cracking, 7273, 80 CHM, see Chemical machining Chopped strand mat (CSM), 373, 374, 1040, 1041 Chromate coatings (metals), 966 Chromium: in alloy steels, 48 in electronic packaging applications, 1244 in stainless steels, 6769 Circular saws, 892893 Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERF), 1419 Cleaning (of metals), 960963 abrasive barrel nishing, 962 abrasive belt nishing, 962 blasting, 962 bufng, 963 electropolishing, 963 liquid and vapor baths, 960962 polishing, 963 wire brushing, 962 CMCs, see Ceramic matrix composites Coagulation (with blood-contacting biomaterials), 11841186 Coating(s): anodic, 264 antireection coatings, 1324 chemical-conversion, 264 chemical oxide, 967 chromate, 966 for cutting tools, 860 electroplating, 965 enamel, 55, 964 hot-dip plating, 965 lacquers, 964 for magnesium alloys, 264, 287288 metallizing, 965 for metals, 963967 electroplating, 965 enamels, 964 hot-dip plating, 965 lacquers, 964 metallizing, 965 organic, 964 paints, 964 temporary corrosion protection, 965966 vacuum metallizing, 965 varnishes, 964 vitreous enamels, 964965 organic, 964 paints, 964 phosphate, 966 with plastics, 980981 contour, 980981

1445 planar, 980 for steel parts in electronic packaging, 12371238 for superalloys, 329330 for telecommunications devices, 1324 temporary corrosion protection, 965966 vacuum metallizing, 965 varnishes, 964 vitreous enamels, 964965 for wear resistance, 1278 wire coating, 10161018 Cobalt-base superalloys, 294, 303, 305, 307, 309, 310, 318 Cobalt (in nickel alloys), 248 Co-curing (composites), 13571358, 1361 1362 Code division multiple access (CDMA), 1308 Coefcient of friction: of diamond, 1290 in metal cutting, 851852 Coefcient of thermal expansion (CTE / COT): of advanced composite materials in spacecraft, 11361138 of ceramics, 638640 of composite materials, 362, 372, 386391 in electronic packaging applications, 1225 1226 of sandwich-constructed composite core, 11431144 Coining (metals), 941 Coinjection molding (plastics), 957 Cold-chamber die casting, 955 Cold drawing, 947 Cold forging, 940 Cold-roll forming, 944 Cold rolling: of metals, 940 of superalloys, 295, 296 Cold spinning, 947 Cold welding, 756 Cold-working processes (metals), 939949 bending, 942944 classication of, 939 drawing, 947949 shearing, 944947 squeezing processes, 940941 Columbium, 49 Columnar grain directional solidication (CGDS), 323324 Combined creep and fatigue failure (metals), 708, 712 Combined stress theory of failure, 714 Combustibility (in electronic packaging), 1231 Combustion machining, 923 Comex, 136

1446 Commingled thermoplastic matrix composites, 11031106 Committee for European Normalisation (CEN) standards (ceramics), 628, 632 Commodity thermoplastics, 336341 ABS, 339 impact polystyrene (IPS), 338 polyethylene (PE), 336337 poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 341 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 341 polypropylene (PP), 337, 338 polystyrene (PS), 337, 338 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 339340 poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 340341 styrene / acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), 338, 339 Communications, see Telecommunications applications Comparing alternative solutions, 1113 in case study, 1417 weighted-properties methods for, 1113 digital logic method, 1112 performance index in, 1213 Compatibility (of materials / processes), 8, 10 COMPENDEX database, 455 Completely reversed cyclic stress, 723 Complex shear, 995 Composite materials, 357397, 14011416 adhesives for, 1361 advanced, 11321136 denition of, 1132 polymer matrices in, 11351136 reinforcement bers in, 11341135 spacecraft applications of, 11311162 stress-strain equations for, 1133 advantages of, 13451347 all-composites structural applications, 14011416 bridge applications, 1408, 14101416 buildings applications, 1406, 14081410 research and development of, 14021407 applications of, 13431347, 13491368 adhesives, 1361 assembly methods for, 13581363 co-curing, 13571358, 13611362 construction, see Composite materials, construction applications design of individual plies, 1357 detail design for, 13561363 drilling systems, 1359 environmental concerns with, 13671368 evaluation of potential products, 1344 1347 at sandwich panels, 13571358 historical, 13441346 joining, 13581361 and lack of ductility, 13591360

INDEX localized stiffness for, 13621363 manufacturing of, 13481356 materials selection for, 13501353, 1356 mechanical fastening, 13581359 number of plies, 1357 process selection for, 13501356 producibility checklist for, 13631365 product development team for, 1349 1350 quality control requirements for, 1365 1367 and removability from tooling, 1356 1357 structural bonding, 1358, 13601361 trimming, 1358 assembly methods for, 13581363 bridge applications, 1408, 14101416 buildings applications, 1406, 14081410 bulk molding compounds, 1095, 1099 carbon / carbon composites, 358 mechanical properties of, 385386 physical properties of, 397 ceramic matrix composites, 358 mechanical properties of, 384, 385 physical properties of, 397 classes / characteristics of, 358359 co-curing of, 13571358, 13611362 commercial reinforcement formats for, 10401042 commingled thermoplastic matrix composites, 11031106 comparative properties of, 359363 construction applications, 13691420 in aggressive environments, 13701371 all-composites structural applications, 14011416 codes and standards for, 14161419 in internal reinforcement of concrete members, 13991401 new strategy for, 14191420 in repair / retrot infrastructures systems, 13711399 contact molding, 10581065 continuous lamination, 1095 cure of thermosetting resins, 10491051 design with constraints on, 1347 of individual plies, 1357 manufacturing process selection, 1350 1356 materials selection, 13501353, 1356 product development team, 13491350 product development team for, 1349 1350 of reinforcements to enhance permeability, 10531054 detail design for, 13561363

INDEX drape in manufacturing of, 1053 drilling systems with, 1359 environmental concerns with, 13671368 evaluation of potential products, 13441347 feedstock choice in manufacturing of, 10571058 bers in, 1038 architecture of, 1039, 1040 in construction repair applications, 1379, 13811385 properties of, 1039 lament winding, 10851090 lled plastics, 1038 at sandwich panels, 13571358 ow processes during molding, 10521053 glass mat thermoplastics, 10991101 heat transfer in manufacture of, 10511052 high-performance thermoplastic matrix composites, 11011103 historical application of, 13441346 inltration in manufacturing of, 10461048 injection-molded short-ber-reinforced thermoplastics, 11071110 for integrated electronics, 1148 joining, 13581361 lack of ductility in, 13591360 laminate material properties, 1045 localized stiffness in, 13621363 manufacturing advantages of, 363, 364 manufacturing of, 10371110, 13481356 aims and objectives of, 10451046 applied pressure in, 10481049 autoclave processing of prepreg, 1067 1076 bulk molding compounds, 1095, 1099 commingled thermoplastic matrix composites, 11031106 consolidation in, 1048 contact molding, 10581065 continuous lamination, 1095 cure of thermosetting resins, 10491051 and design of reinforcements to enhance permeability, 10531054 drape in, 1053 feedstock choice in, 10571058 lament winding, 10851090 ow processes during molding, 1052 1053 glass mat thermoplastics, 10991101 heat transfer in, 10511052 high-performance thermoplastic matrix composites, 11011103 inltration in, 10461048 injection-molded short-ber-reinforced thermoplastics, 11071110 prepreg, 10671076 press molding, 10651067

1447 and properties of composites, 10381045 pultrusion, 10901095 rate of build in, 1056, 1057 resin lm inltration, 10771078 resin transfer molding, 10781086 sheet molding compounds, 10951099 for spacecraft applications, 11461149 SRIM of monomer precursor thermoplastics, 11061107 with thermoplastic matrix systems, 1050, 1051 tooling for, 10541056 tow placement, 10851086, 1090 materials selection for, 13501353, 1356 matrix materials used in, 364, 368372 carbon, 372 ceramic, 371372 metals, 371 polymers, 368, 371 mechanical fastening of, 13581359 mechanical properties of, 375386, 1039 1045 carbon / carbon composites, 385386 ceramic matrix composites, 384, 385 commercial reinforcement formats, 10401042 ber architecture, 1039, 1040 ber properties, 1039 laminates, 1045 metal matrix composites, 378, 380384 moldings, 1045 polymer matrix composites, 375380 precompounded reinforcements with thermosetting matrices, 10421044 thermoplastic matrices, 10441045 metal matrix composites, 358 mechanical properties of, 378, 380384 physical properties of, 392, 395396 metals vs., 1347, 1348 moldings, mechanical properties of, 1045 multiphase piezoelectric, 405 nature of, 1038 number of plies in, 1357 particulate composites, 1038 physical properties of, 386397 carbon / carbon composites, 397 ceramic matrix composites, 397 metal matrix composites, 392, 395396 polymer matrix composites, 392394 polymer matrix composites, 358 mechanical properties of, 375380 physical properties of, 392394 and precompounded reinforcements with thermosetting matrices, 10421044 prepreg, 10671076 press molding, 10651067 process selection for, 13501356

1448 Composite materials (continued ) producibility checklist for, 13631365 product development team with, 13491350 properties of, 372397, 10381045 mechanical, 375386 physical, 386397 for spacecraft applications, 11371142 pultrusion, 10901095 quality control requirements for, 1365 1367 rate of build in manufacturing of, 1056, 1057 in reinforced concrete / masonry structure repair / retrot, 13881398 axial load capacity upgrade, 13931398 exural capacity upgrade (concrete members), 13881391 minimum bond strength requirements, 1391 shear and torsional strengths upgrade, 13921393 reinforcements used in, 358, 359, 364367 aramid bers, 367 boron bers, 367 carbon (graphite) bers, 366367 bers, 364367 bers based on alumina, 367 bers based on silicon carbide, 367 glass bers, 365, 366 high-density polyethylene bers, 367 removability from tooling with, 13561357 in repair / retrot infrastructure systems, 13711399 automated machine lamination, 1385, 1387 design considerations for (FRP composites), 1385, 13871388 design philosophy for (FRP composites), 13881398 durability and long-term performance of, 13981399 prefabricated composite laminates or shells, 1385, 1386 preimpregnated (prepreg) composite systems, 1385 reinforced concrete and masonry structures, 13881398 wet / hand lay-up method, 13751376, 1379, 13811385 resin lm inltration, 10771078 resin transfer molding, 10781086 sheet molding compounds, 10951099 spacecraft applications of, 11311162 in all-composite mirrors, 11611162 in antennas, 11591160 in deployable structures, 11521153 in electronics enclosures, 11531157

INDEX examples of, 11491162 FORTE, 1150 in hybrid composite mirrors, 11601161 in inatable structures, 1153 manufacturing methods used with, 1146 1149 material properties for, 11371142 Midcourse Space Experiment, 1151 1152 in mirrors, 11591162 in optical benches and instrument structures, 11571159 in primary spacecraft bus / chassis structure, 11501152 qualities of advanced composites used in, 11321136 in reectors, 11591162 standard structural forms of, 11421145 SRIM of monomer precursor thermoplastics, 11061107 structural bonding of, 1358, 13601361 with thermoplastic matrices, 10441045 with thermoplastic matrix systems, 1050, 1051 tooling for manufacture with, 10541056 tow placement, 10851086, 1090 trimming of, 1358 Composite Optics Inc., 1155, 1160 Compression molding: of medical products made from PP pellets, 1218, 1219 of plastics, 983984, 1026 Compression testing: for ceramics, 626, 798799 of metallic materials, 526 Compressive creep testing (ceramics), 630 631 Compromisable materials requirements, 834, 835 Computed tomography (CT), 646, 671672 Computer-aided engineering (CAE), 477478 Computer-Aided Materials Preselection by Uniforms Standards (CAMPUS R), 500 Computer-assisted materials selection, 2124 expert systems for, 2324 nal selection using, 2223 MAPS 1 system, 911 materials databases, 22 Computerized Application and Reference System (CARS), 22 Computerized materials databases, 21, 22, 477 Concurrent engineering, 4 Condensation, exposure of plastics to, 583 586 Conduction heat transfer, 1235 Cone-and-plate viscometer, 597

INDEX Condence in materials properties, 683 Condence limits (brittle materials), 816, 824825 Consolidation, 837, 1048 Constant life diagrams, 729, 734 Constant probability of failure, curves of, see SNP curves Construction applications: of aluminum alloys, 131 of composites, 13691420 in aggressive environments, 13701371 all-composites structural applications, 14011416 codes and standards for, 14161419 in internal reinforcement of concrete members, 13991401 new strategy for, 14191420 in repair / retrot infrastructures systems, 13711399 Contact molding (composites), 10581065 economics of, 10641065 key factors / variations in, 10591061 laminate design for, 10611064 prewetting of reinforcement, 10621064 spray-up, 1064 vacuum bagging, 1062 Continuous casting (steels), 29 Continuous-cooling transformation (CT) diagram, 41 Continuous ber-reinforced MMCs, 380, 395 Continuous bers (in composites), 1038 Continuous lamination, 1095 Continuous manufacturing processes (plastic parts), 994, 10111022 calendering, 10181019 extension dominated, 10191022 extrusion, 10111016 ber spinning, 10191020 lm blowing, 10201022 shear dominated, 10111019 wire coating, 10161018 Continuous random mat (CRM), 1040, 1041 Convection heat transfer, 1235 Conversion, principle of (wear control), 761 Copper: in alloy steels, 47, 50 and corrosion of magnesium alloys, 278, 279 in stainless steels, 69 Copper alloys, 135200 in architecture applications, 143 cast, 188199 brasses, 140 bronzes, 140141 casting methods for, 188, 198 coppernickels, 141 families of, 137, 139

1449 high-copper alloys, 139 leaded coppers, 141 mechanical properties of, 189197 nickelsilvers, 141 in sleeve bearings, 199 special alloys, 141, 142 temper designations for, 137, 139 uses for, 198199 designations for cast, 137, 139 wrought, 137, 138 in electrical / electronic applications sheet / strip / plate products, 150, 165 wire products, 142143 in electronic packaging applications, 1244 families of, 137, 139142 brasses, 139140 bronzes, 140141 coppernickels, 141 coppers, 137, 139 high-copper alloys, 139 leaded coppers, 141 miscellaneous copperzinc alloys, 141 142 nickelsilvers, 141 special alloys, 141, 142 in industrial applications, 165, 185 mechanical properties of cast coppers and copper alloys, 189197 rod, bar, and mechanical wire alloys, 167182 of sheet and strip alloys, 151164 of tube alloys, 183184 physical properties of, 143149 product forms of, 142 rod, bar, and mechanical wire, 185188 forgings, 187 machined products, 186187 mechanical properties of, 167182 mechanical wire, 187188 sheet / strip / plate products, 143, 150165, 185 in architecture, 143 in electrical / electronics applications, 150, 165 in industrial products, 165, 185 and structure of copper industry, 136137 temper designations for, 137139 cast, 137, 139 wrought, 137, 138 tubes and ttings, 183185 wire products, 142143 wrought brasses, 139, 140 bronzes, 140, 141 coppernickels, 141 families of, 137

1450 Copper alloys (continued ) high-copper alloys, 139 miscellaneous copperzinc alloys, 141 142 nickelsilvers, 141 temper designations for, 137, 138 Copper Data Center, 136 Copper Development Association (CDA), 136 Coppernickel alloys, 141 Coppernickeltin alloys, 165 The Copper Page web site, 136, 143 Copper wire test (plastics), 613 Copperzinc alloys, miscellaneous, 141142 Corotational Jeffreys model, 10041005 Corrosion. See also Corrosion resistance biological, 709, 768769 cavitation, 709, 768 cost of, 248, 761 crevice, 709, 764, 766 decarburization, 768 by direct chemical attack, 709, 762763 in electronic packaging applications, 1226 1227 erosion, 709, 767 fretting, 711 galvanic, 709, 763765 of hip implants, 11741177 hydrogen damage, 768 by hydrogen damage, 709 intergranular, 709 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 274 289 and electrochemical properties of magnesium, 274, 275 improving resistance to, 278289 and surface lms in various environments, 276279 types of corrosion, 274276 of metals, 707, 709, 761770 biological corrosion, 768769 cavitation corrosion, 768 crevice corrosion, 764, 766 decarburization, 768 direct chemical attack, 762763 erosion corrosion, 767 galvanic corrosion, 763765 hydrogen damage, 768 intergranular, 766767 pitting corrosion, 766 selective leaching, 767 stress corrosion cracking, 769770 with orthopedic biomaterials, 11741177 pitting, 251252, 709, 766767 repair of, 1371 selective leaching, 767 by selective leaching, 709 stress, 709

INDEX stress corrosion cracking, 769770 of superalloys, 329330 wet vs. dry, 249 Corrosion fatigue failure (metals), 708, 712 Corrosion protection (metals), 963967 chemical conversions, 966967 coatings, 963966 temporary, 965966 Corrosion resistance: alloy selection for, 81, 87 of aluminum alloys, 90 of ceramic materials, 429 hot-corrosion resistance, superalloys for, 330 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 264, 278289 and alloying, 280284 and control of impurities, 278280 and processing methods, 284287 and surface protection, 287288 of nickel and nickel alloys, 87, 248252 of stainless steels, 58, 6976, 87 to crevice corrosion, 74 to galvanic corrosion, 7576 to general corrosion, 7172 to intergranular corrosion, 75 to pitting corrosion, 74, 75 to stress-corrosion cracking, 7273 of steels, 56 of superalloys, 294, 316 of titanium and titanium alloys, 203, 231 Corrosion wear failure (metals), 708, 712 Corrosive wear, 710 Cost(s): of corrosion, 248, 761 of feedstock for composite processes, 1058 of machining metals, 856859 of materials, 509 performance requirement analysis for, 6 per unit stiffness, 8, 9 per unit strength, 8 weighting factor for, 13 Costbenet analysis (materials substitution), 2021 Cost per unit property (material screening), 8, 9 COT, see Coefcient of thermal expansion Co-woven fabrics, 11041105 CPT (critical pitting temperature), 74 CP titanium, 208, 214216 Crack detection capabilities, 686690 Cracking, see Failure analysis Crack-tip stress analysis, 718722 Creep: in composite materials, 378 in electronic packaging applications, 1231 1232

INDEX in heat-resistant steels, 63 prediction of long-term creep behavior, 742743 in steels, 48 in superalloys, 311, 317 testing for in ceramics, 628631 in metallic materials, 526528 in plastics, 551553, 574 Creep buckling failure (metals), 707, 712 Creep failure (metals), 707, 711 Creep rupture, 740742 in ceramics, 806807 in composite materials, 378 in metals, 740746 creep under uniaxial state of stress, 743 746 prediction of long-term creep behavior, 742743 in plastics, 574 with superalloys, 311, 312 Creep strain (ceramics), 805806 Crevice corrosion, 709 in magnesium alloys, 275 of metals, 764, 766 resistance of stainless steels to, 74 Cricket bats, 1264 CriminaleEricksenFilbrey (CEF) model, 10051006 Critical crevice corrosion temperature (CCCT), 7475 Critical pitting temperature (CPT), 74 Critical stress intensity, 719 CRM, see Continuous random mat CRT (California Resin Testing) Labs Inc., 621 Cryogenic applications (titanium and titanium alloys), 232 Cryogenic toughness (aluminum alloys), 90 Crystal growth, 1336 Crystalline ceramics, 839840 Crystalline polymers, 1427 Crystal polystyrene, see General-purpose polystyrene CSM, see Chopped strand mat CT, see Computed tomography CT (continuous-cooling) transformation diagrams, 41 CTE, see Coefcient of thermal expansion CTFE (poly(chlorotriuoroethylene)), 349 Cubic boron nitride (CBN), 1277 in abrasive machining, 894 for cutting tools, 860 Curing (composites), 13571358 co-curing, 13571358, 13611362 cure monitoring sensors, 1072 low pressure, ambient cure RTM, 1083 1084

1451 of thermosetting resins, 10491051 tool preparation for, 10721073 Curves of constant probability of failure, see SNP curves Cutting. See also Sawing of metals, 892893 cutoff operations, 947 economics of, 856869 force for, 946 machining power and cutting forces, 852855 principles of, 848852 oblique, 848, 850 orthogonal, 848, 850 thread cutting and forming, 884886 tool steels for, 62 Cutting-edge angles, 861 Cutting uids, 861, 862 Cutting tools: ceramic inserts for, 425, 426, 860 uids used with, 861862 geometry of, 861, 862 and machinability, 862 materials for, 859861 oxide inserts for, 860 speeds and feeds with, 862863 CVD, see Chemical vapor deposition CVN test, see Charpy V-notch test Cyclic fatigue, 792793 Cyclic manufacturing processes (plastic parts), 994, 10221033 blow molding, 10261027 casting, 10321033 compression molding, 1026 extension dominated, 10261032 melt injection molding, 10221025 quiescent, 10321033 reaction injection molding, 1025 rotational molding, 1032 shear dominated, 10221025 thermoforming, 10271032 transfer molding, 1025 Cyclic properties (superalloys), 312, 317 Damage-tolerant design, 684685, 687 DAP, see Diallyl phthalate Dargies method (materials screening), 911 Data, materials, see Materials data Databases. See also Materials data management attributes dened in, 487490 certied data from, 460461 computerized, 21, 22 evaluated data from, 460 interactive, 22 for material properties, 447, 454456, 463 465

1452 Databases (continued ) for materials data management, 484493 building the database, 491492 design of database, 486490 end-user data requirements denition, 485486 functional requirements denition, 486 populating the database, 490491 project team denition, 485 prototype database development, 490 qualifying the database, 492493 user interface customization, 492 numeric, materials properties data from, 464 platform variety for, 467468 prototype, 490 quality / reliability of data from, 465467 textual, materials properties data from, 463464 Database management systems (DBMSs), 480, 482, 494497. See also Materials data management Data fusion, 652 Data management, see Materials data management Data transfer rate, 1304 of cable modems / digital subscriber lines, 1306 of telephone networks, 1305 of wireless networks, 1308 Data transmission, 1309 DBMSs, see Database management systems De Beers law, 667 Deburring, electrochemical, 908, 909 Decarburization (metals), 768 Deep drawing (metals), 947948 Deep-quality special-killed (DQSK) steels, 55 Deformation, 837 elastic deformation failure, 708, 710, 712 713 resistance to, 252253 wear, deformation, 710 Degassing, 29, 50 Delamination theory of fretting, 749 Delayed failure: of brittle materials, 814 of ceramic materials, 792794 Delsen Testing Laboratories, Inc., 621 Delta iron, see Ferrite Demagnetization of parts, 682683 Denier, 1040 Dense WDM (DWDM), 1307, 1308 Densication, 1122 Density: of composite materials, 386, 388, 390 in electronic packaging applications, 1228 Deoxidizers, 48

INDEX Deployable space structures, 11521153 Deposition: chemical vapor deposition for diamond lms, 12871300 bers made from, 363 historical background of, 12871289 metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, 1314, 1315 for telecommunications applications, 13341335 crystal growth, 1336 of diamond lms, 12911295 epitaxy, 13351336 evaporation, 1330, 13341335 metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, 1314, 1315 modied chemical vapor deposition, 1321, 1322 plating, 1337 sputtering, 1330 for telecommunication materials, 1330, 13341337 Derwent World Patents Index, 456 Design: of ceramic materials and brittleness, 422423 handbooks for, 435 with composite materials, 13551363 FRP composites in repair and retrot infrastructure systems, 1385, 1387 1398 individual plies, 1357 concurrent engineering in, 4 conguration (embodiment), 5 damage-tolerant, 684685 detail (parametric), 5 deterministic, 422 to enhance permeability of composite reinforcements, 10531054 as factor in failure of ceramics, 788, 798803 of plastics, 776, 777 nal, materials properties data for, 460461 inspectability considerations in condence in materials properties, 683 probability of detection, 691693 quantication of NDE capabilities, 690 691 quantied crack detection capabilities, 686690 structural integrity, 683686 manufacturing concerns in, 835 of materials database, 486490 pilot application design and testing phase of, 483484 system design phase of, 481483 materials properties information sources

INDEX for nal design, 460461 for preliminary design, 460 materials selection in, 833834 of medical products, 1199 of plastic parts, 14311435 preliminary / conceptual, 5, 460 probabilistic, 422 process selection concerns in, 833834 safe-life, 684, 687 of sports equipment, 12551256 stages of, 4, 5 as step in manufacturing process, 833837 with superalloys, data for, 296297 Design problem (plastics manufacturing), 997998 Design solution algorithm (plastics manufacturing), 9981007 Desktop library, 448450 Deterministic design, 422 Detroit Testing Laboratory, Inc., 621 Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN) standards, 53 Dezincication, 767 DFB lasers, see Distributed feedback lasers Diallyl phthalate (DAP), 353354 Diamonds: for abrasive machining, 894 for cutting tools polycrystalline, 861 single-crystal, 860861 Diamond lms, 12871300 adhesion of, 12971300 deposition of, 12911295 historical background of, 12871289 modication of CVD diamond properties, 1295 and properties of CVD diamond, 1289 1291 roughness of, 12951296 thickness of, 12961297 Diamond particle-reinforced copper MMCs, 395396 Diaphragm molding, 1103 Die casting: of magnesium alloys, 261, 262, 284 of metals, 954955 Dielectric constant testing (plastics), 576, 577 Dielectric strength testing (plastics), 575576 Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): for ceramics, 644 for plastics, 602604 of polymers, 1426 Diffusion, 32 Digital logic (weighted-properties), 1112 Dilatometers, 41, 639, 640 Dilatometry testing (ceramics), 639, 640 Dimensionality (of plastic parts), 993

1453 DIMOX (directed metal oxidation) process, 1120 DIN (Deutsches Institut fur Normung) standards, 53 Dinking (metals), 947 Direct chemical attack, corrosion by, 709, 762763 Directed metal oxidation (DIMOX) process, 1120 Directory of Testing Labs (ASTM), 520 Discontinuous bers (in composites), 1038 Discontinuous ber-reinforced MMCs, 380, 382 Displacement-based sensors, 13261327 Disposable medical products, 11951196 Disposal of materials, 513515 Dissipation factor testing (plastics), 576, 577 Distortion energy theory of failure, 714715 Distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, 1315, 1316 Diversion, principle of (wear control), 761 DMA (dynamic mechanical analyses), 1427 DMC (dough molding compound), 1095 Document-type denition (DTD), 501502 Dough molding compound (DMC), 1095. See also Bulk molding compound DQSK steels, see Deep-quality special-killed steels; Drawing-quality special-killed steels Drag-ow manufacturing processes (plastics), 996 Drape (composite processing), 1053 Drawability (of steels), 5455 Drawing (metals): cold, 947949 hot, 933936 Drawing-quality special-killed (DQSK) steels, 4849 Drilling: automated drilling systems, 1359 of composites, 1359 cutting horsepowers for, 854 tool steels for, 62 tool wear factors in, 855 Drilling machines: accuracy of, 876 alignment charts for, 871876 classication of, 877 for metals manufacturing, 869877 Dry circuit switching, 1244 Dry corrosion, 249 Dry sand molds, 950 DSC, see Differential scanning calorimetry DTD, see Document-type denition Dual-phase steels, 5758 Ductile rupture failure (metals), 708

1454 Ductility, 1230 of composites, 13591360 in electronic packaging applications, 1230 of steels, 37, 39, 49, 51 of superalloys, 316 Duplex austeniticferritic stainless steels, 67, 80 Duplex stainless steels, 61, 8687 Durability (of composites), 13981399 Durometer hardness test, 568 DWDM, see Dense WDM Dynamic fatigue measurements (brittle materials), 815816, 823824 Dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA), 1427 Dynamic viscosity, 599 Dynepco Inc., 621 E-beam radiation, see Electron beam radiation EBM, see Electron-beam machining; Extrusion blow molding ECD, see Electrochemical deburring ECDG, see Electrochemical discharge grinding ECG, see Electrochemical grinding ECH, see Electrochemical honing E-commerce, 515 ECP, see Electrochemical polishing ECS, see Electrochemical sharpening ECT, see Electrochemical turning ECTFE, see Poly(ethylene chlorotriuoroethylene) Eddy current inspection, 653, 672678 impedance plane, 673676 lift-off of inspection coil from specimen, 676678 and skin effect, 673 EDG (electrical discharge grinding), 916 EDM, see Electrical discharge machining EDS, see Electrical discharge sawing EDWC (electrical discharge wire cutting), 918 Elastic deformation failure, 708, 710, 712 713 Elastic modulus, 8, 9 Elastomers, 336, 354, 1424 in electronic packaging applications, 1246, 1249 general-purpose, 350, 354 specialty, 351, 354 thermal behavior of, 1426 Elastorestrictive materials, 409 Electrical applications: of aluminum alloys, 131 of copper and copper alloys, 142, 150, 165 HSLA steels for, 57 Electrical conductivity, 1129. See also Electrical resistance of aluminum alloys, 90

INDEX of diamond lms, 1291 in electronic packaging applications, 1224 1225 of metals / alloys, 699 Electrical contacts, materials selection for, 1239 Electrical discharge grinding (EDG), 916 Electrical discharge machining (EDM), 916, 917 Electrical discharge sawing (EDS), 917918 Electrical discharge wire cutting (EDWC), 918 Electrical resistance: of ceramics at elevated temperatures, 647 of metals / alloys, 699 of plastics, 577578 Electrical steels, 49, 55 Electrical testing: of ceramics, 646648 electrical resistance at elevated temperatures, 647 exural strength of electronic-grade ceramics, 647648 of plastics, 575582 arc resistance, 578582 dielectric constant and dissipation factor, 576577 dielectric strength, 575576 electrical resistance tests, 577578 Electroabsorption modulated lasers (EML), 13151317 Electrochemical deburring (ECD), 908, 909 Electrochemical discharge grinding (ECDG), 908, 909 Electrochemical grinding (ECG), 909, 910 Electrochemical honing (ECH), 910, 911 Electrochemical machining (ECM), 910912 Electrochemical polishing (ECP), 912, 913 Electrochemical sharpening (ECS), 912, 913 Electrochemical turning (ECT), 913, 914 Electrodeposition, 1337 Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, 579582, 11401141 Electromagnetic shielding, 1228, 12341235 Electromechanical machining (EMM), 905 Electron beam (E-beam) radiation, 12071210 Electron-beam evaporation, 1334 Electron-beam machining (EBM), 915916 Electronic packaging applications, 12231251 adhesives in, 12501251 ceramics in, 1249 chemical resistance in, 1226 combustibility in, 1231 composite materials in, 386391, 395396 corrosion in, 12261227 creep in, 12311232 density in, 1228

INDEX dominant considerations in, 12241232 ductility in, 1230 elastomers in, 1246, 1249 electrical conductivity in, 12241225 electrical contacts, 1239 electromagnetic shielding in, 1228 electrostatic shielding in, 12281229 encapsulants, 12391241 environmental endurance in, 1241 equipment attachment, 12331234 equipment / modules enclosures, 12341235 equipment racks / frames / mounting structures, 1234 fatigue resistance in, 1229 nishes for, 12371238 general considerations in, 1241 glasses in, 12491250 hardness in, 12291230 magnetic shielding in, 1229 mechanical joints, 12361237 metals in, 12411245 aluminum and aluminum alloys, 1242 1244 cadmium, 1244 chromium, 1244 copper and copper alloys, 1244 gold, 12441245 iron and iron alloys, 1242 lead, 1245 magnesium, 1244 nickel, 1244 rhodium, 1245 silver, 12441245 tin, 1245 titanium, 1245 zinc, 1244 moisture absorption in, 1232 operating / storage temperature ranges for, 12271228 overriding considerations in, 12321233 plastics in, 12451249 elastomers, 1249 thermoplastics, 1246, 1247 thermosets, 12471249 position-sensitive assemblies, 1238 strength in, 1228 sublimation in, 12301231 temperature control, 12351236 thermal conductivity in, 1225 thermal emissivity in, 1225 thermal expansion in, 12251226 wear resistance in, 1230 Electronics applications: copper and copper alloys in, 142143, 150, 165 enclosures, electronics (in spacecraft), 11531157

1455 passive, ceramic materials in, 430431 Electro-optical materials, 13231324 Electroplating: of aluminum, 1237 of magnesium alloys, 287 of metals, 965 of steel parts in electronic packaging, 12371238 for telecommunications applications, 1337 Electropolishing (ELP), 899, 921, 922, 963 Electrorheological materials, 409410 Electro slag remelting (ESR), 319, 322323 Electrostatic shielding, 12281229, 1234 1235 Electro-stream (ES), 913, 914 Electrostrictive materials, 407408 Elevated temperature performance tests (plastics), 568574 Elongation, 1230 ELP, see Electropolishing Embedded-sensor technology, 11471148 Embossing (metals), 948 Embrittlement, hydrogen, 768 EMI shielding, see Electromagnetic interference shielding EML, see Electroabsorption modulated lasers EMM (electromechanical machining), 905 Enameling steel, 55 Enamels (for metals), 964 Encapsulants (in electronic packaging), 1239 1241 Encyclopedias, online, 448 End cutting-edge angles, 861 Endurance limit, 728 Energy absorption capacity (aluminum alloys), 90 Engineered Polymers, 621 Engineering, concurrent, 4 Engineering thermoplastics, 342348 modied polyphenylene ether, 347 polyacetals, 343, 344 polyamides (nylon), 342, 343 poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 342 polycarbonates, 345346 polyesters, 342 polyimides, 347, 348 polyphenylene sulde, 344, 345 polysulfone, 346347 Engines: automotive and light-truck, 426427 ex-fans with, 843 Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unicazione (UNI) standards, 53 EnviroBrasses, 198 Environment(s): aggressive, composites in, 13701371

1456 Environment(s) (continued ) compatibility of medical products with, 1198 of composite manufacturing, 13671368 copper and copper alloys in, 199200 endurance of electronic packaging in, 1241 failure of plastics in, 778 for magnesium and magnesium alloy use, 267 for metallic materials testing, 540542 space, advanced composites in, 11411142 for superalloys, 316 wear phenomena in, 1276 Environmentally enhanced fractures (brittle materials), 813815 EOC, see Equation of continuity Epitaxy, 13351336 Epoxy resins, 352353, 1240 Equation of continuity (EOC), 998999 Erosion corrosion, 709, 767 ES, see Electro-stream ESR, see Electro slag remelting Ethane, 1424 Ethical considerations (in sport equipment materials selection), 12701272 Europe, all-composite bridges in, 14131416 Eutectic reaction, 36 Evaluated data, 460 Evaluation, nondestructive, see Nondestructive inspection / evaluation Evaporation (deposition technique), 1330, 13341335 Expandable-bead molding (plastics), 957 Expert systems, 2324 Extensible markup language (XML), 501 Extensional ow, 994 Extensional-ow-dominated processes (plastic parts), 995, 10191022, 10261032 blow molding, 10261027 compression molding, 1026 ber spinning, 10191020 lm blowing, 10201022 rotational molding, 1032 thermoforming, 10271032 Extrusion: of metals, 932933, 940941 of plastics, 958, 969972, 10011016 single screw, 10111015 twin screw, 10151016 Extrusion blow molding (EBM), 977978 Extrusion covering (plastics), 972973 Eyecatcher Project, 14081410 Eyring model, generalized, 10001001 Fabrication. See also specic processes of carbon vs. stainless steels, 85

INDEX of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 262 264 of microelectromechanical systems, 1326 of nickel and nickel alloys, 252255 of optical bers, 13201322 selecting process of, 836838 Fabrics: co-woven, 11041105 noncrimp, 1041, 1042 woven, 1041, 1042 Face-centered-cubic (fcc) arrangement, 30, 31, 47, 294 Failure. See also Failure analysis of ceramics, 787790 delayed, 792794 design as factor in, 788, 798803 and intrinsic vs. extrinsic aws, 789790 materials selection as factor in, 787788, 803805 modes of failure, 788 probability of, 789 process as factor in, 788790 service conditions as factor in, 803807 under thermal shock conditions, 803 804 delayed, 792794 of metals, 705712 brinnelling failure, 708 brittle fracture failure, 708 buckling failure, 707, 712 combined creep and fatigue failure, 708, 712 corrosion failure, 707, 709 corrosion fatigue failure, 708, 712 corrosion wear failure, 708, 712 creep buckling failure, 707, 712 creep failure, 707, 711 criteria of failure, 705706 ductile rupture failure, 708 elastic deformation failure, 708 fatigue failure, 706709 fretting failure, 707, 710711 fretting fatigue failure, 710711 galling and seizure failure, 707, 711 impact failure, 707, 710 modes of failure, 706712 radiation damage, 707, 712 spalling failure, 707, 711712 stress corrosion failure, 708, 712 stress rupture failure, 707, 711 theories of, 714716 thermal relaxation failure, 707, 711 thermal shock failure, 707, 711 wear failure, 707, 709710 yielding failure, 708 modes of, 706712

INDEX of plastics, 775778 chemical, 778 design as factor in, 776, 777 environmental, 778 material selection as factor in, 775776 mechanical, 776, 778 process as factor in, 776 service conditions as factor in, 776 thermal, 778 Failure analysis: of brittle materials, 809925 bend tests in, 821823 and condence limits, 816, 824825 dynamic fatigue experiments for, 815 816 dynamic fatigue measurements in, 823 824 and environmentally enhanced fracture, 813815 indented inert strength measurements, 816, 824 and initial strength distribution, 811813 and lifetime prediction process, 809818 strength tests in, 821823 Weibull tests in, 818821 of ceramics, 790807 compressive strength measurement, 798 799 creep rupture, 806807 creep strain, 805806 delayed, 792794 and fracture mechanics, 789791 at high temperatures, 805 multiaxial Weibull statistics for, 798803 scatter of lifetime, 797, 798 scatter of strength, 794797 strength prediction, 792 under thermal shock conditions, 803804 materials properties data for, 463 of metals, 705770 corrosion failure, 761770 creep rupture, 740746 and criteria of failure, 705706 elastic deformation failure, 712713 fatigue failure, 722740 and fracture mechanics / unstable crack growth, 715722 fretting failure, 746756 and modes of failure, 706712 stress corrosion failure, 769770 stress rupture failure, 740746 and theories of, 714716 wear failure, 746747, 756761 yielding failure, 713715 of plastics, 778784 heat reversion technique for, 782783

1457 materials identication analysis, 779780 mechanical testing for, 784 microtoming technique for, 783784 nondestructive testing techniques for, 784 stress analysis, 780783 thermal analysis for, 784 by visual examination, 778779 theories of, 714716 combined stress theory, 714 distortion energy theory, 714715 maximum normal stress theory, 715716 maximum shearing stress theory, 714 715 Failure Analysis on CD-ROM, 469 Faraday rotators, isolators incorporating, 1325 Fast on-orbit recording of transient events (FORTE) spacecraft, 1150 Fatigue: cyclic, 792793 high-cycle, 708, 722 low-cycle, 708, 722 static, 792, 814 surface, 708709 thermal, 708 thermomechanical, 543 Fatigue failure. See also Fatigue testing of composite materials, 378 of metals, 706709, 722740 fatigue crack propagation, 735740 fatigue loading and laboratory testing, 723727 nonzero mean stress, 729, 733735 S-N-P curves, 727233 of superalloys, 312 Fatigue life (titanium), 219 Fatigue limit, 728 Fatigue resistance (electronic packaging), 1229 Fatigue strength, 728 of aluminum alloys, 90 at a specied life, 728 Fatigue testing: for ceramics, 634638 machines for, 726 for metallic materials fatigue crack propagation, 537540 fatigue fracture, 535537 for plastics, 564566 Fcc arrangement, see Face-centered-cubic arrangement FDA, see Food and Drug Administration FDMA (frequency division multiple access), 1308 Feed, cutting, 862863 FEP (uorinated ethylenepropylene), 349 Ferrite (alpha iron / delta iron), 3036 Ferritic stainless steels, 49, 50, 6061, 67, 7879

1458 Fibers: in composite materials, 364367, 1038. See also Composite materials optical, 13181323 Fiber Bragg gratings (FBSs), 1322, 1323 Fiberglass, 13441345, 13621363 Fiber-optic cables, 1322, 1323 Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite materials, 360362 construction applications of, 13691420 in aggressive environments, 13701371 all-composites structural applications, 14011416 codes and standards for, 14161419 in internal reinforcement of concrete members, 13991401 new strategy for, 14191420 in repair / retrot infrastructures systems, 13711399 pultruded (PFRP), 14011416 bridge applications, 1408, 14101416 buildings applications, 1406, 14081410 research and development of, 14021407 Fiber reinforcements (composite materials), 358, 359, 364367 aramid bers, 367 boron bers, 367 carbon (graphite) bers, 366367 bers, 364367 bers based on alumina, 367 bers based on silicon carbide, 367 glass bers, 365, 366 high-density polyethylene bers, 367 Fiber spinning (plastics), 10191020 Filament winding (composite processing), 10851090, 1351 Filled plastics, 1038 Fillers (plastics), 1430 Film-based radiography, 668669 Film blowing, 973974, 10201022 Film thickness: diamond, 12961297 for wear materials, 12801281 Fine-grain steels, 48 Finishes. See also Coating(s) for aluminum alloys, 91 for electronic packaging applications, 12371238 for magnesium and magnesium alloys, 264 for steel in electronic packaging, 1237 1238 Finishing: of gears, 884 of metals, 894, 899 Flanging (metals), 944 Flex-fans, 843

INDEX Flexural properties: of ceramics exural strength testing for, 647648 exure creep testing for, 629, 630 testing of, 627628 of plastics creep testing, 552, 553 fatigue test, 565566 testing for, 549551 in reinforced concrete / masonry structure repair / retrot, 13881391 Flip-chips, 1314 Flip-chip brazing, 1296 Fluorescent UV lamps, exposure of plastics to, 583586 Fluorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP), 349 Fluorinated thermoplastics, 348349, 352 uorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP), 349 poly(chlorotriuoroethylene) (CTFE), 349 poly(ethylene chlorotriuoroethylene) (ECTFE), 349, 352 poly(tetrauoroethylene) (PTFE), 348349 poly(vinyl uoride), 352 polyvinylidene uoride (PVDF), 349 Foamed PVC, 340 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 616 617 breast implant regulation by, 1188, 1190 ISO 10093-1 modied test matrix, 1197 medical product regulation by, 11951196 Forged steels, 29 Forging: cold forging, 940 of copper rod, bar, and mechanical wire, 187 impression-die drop forging, 931 of metals, 929932 cold forging, 940 impression-die drop forging, 931 open-die hammer forging, 930931 press forging, 931 roll forging, 932 swaging, 932 upset forging, 931, 932 open-die hammer forging, 930931 and oriented grain ow, 842, 843 of plastic parts, 958 press forging, 931 roll forging, 932 of steels, 29 of superalloys, 324 swaging, 932 of titanium and titanium alloys, 227229 upset forging, 931, 932 Forging brass, 187 Form cutting (gears), 883884

INDEX Forming: of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 263, 264 of metals, 948 of superalloys, 295, 296 FORTE (fast on-orbit recording of transient events) spacecraft, 1150 Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, 607 Fracture mechanics: and aw extension behavior in ceramics, 789791 and unstable crack growth in metals, 715 722 Fracture strength testing (ceramics), 624628 Fracture toughness, 717722 of aluminum alloys, 90 of ceramics, 632633, 780791 of metallic materials, 531535 plane-strain, 720 of structural metallic alloys / monolithic ceramics / CMCs, 384 of titanium alloys, 219, 223, 224 France, steel standards in, 53 Free-cutting brass, 186187 Free-machining steels, 47 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA), 1308 Fretting corrosion, 711, 754756 Fretting failure: fretting corrosion, 754756 fretting fatigue, 748750 fretting wear, 750754 of metals, 707, 710711, 746756 delamination theory of fretting, 749 friction-generated cyclic stress fretting hypotheiss, 748749 major variables affecting, 747748 Fretting fatigue failure, 710711, 748 Fretting wear, 710, 711, 750754 Friction force (metal cutting), 852 Friction-generated cyclic stress fretting hypotheiss, 748749 Friction of surfaces: diamond, 1290 testing for, 540 Frit, 964965 FRP composite materials, see Fiber-reinforced polymer composite materials FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometry, 607 Fullerenes, 415 Full-mold casting, 956957 Functional requirements, performance requirement analysis for, 4, 6 Fungus nutrient / fungus resistant materials, 1232

1459 Galling, 707, 711, 757 Galvanic corrosion, 709 in electronic packaging applications, 1226 1227 of metals, 763765 resistance of stainless steels to, 7576 Gamma iron, see Austenite Gamma loop, 44, 61 Gamma radiation, 12011207 Gasmetal arc welding (GMAW), 8384 Gaynes Testing Laboratories, Ltd., 621 Gear manufacturing, 880, 883884 Gels: hydrogels, 413414 magnetic, 415 smart (intelligent), 413414 Gel permeation chromatography (GPC), 599 601 Gel permeation (size exclusion) chromatography, 1426 General Electric, 510511 General-purpose polystyrene (GP PS), 337, 338 Generating process (gears), 883884 Germany, steel standards in, 53 Ghesquire Plastic Testing, Inc., 621 Glass(es), 12491250. See also Transparent ceramic materials for telecommunications device packaging, 1312 as wear materials, 1281 Glass ceramics, 1250 Glass bers (in composite materials), 365, 366 Glass mat thermoplastics (GMTs), 10991101 Glass optical ber, 13191321 Glass transition, 1428 Glass transition temperature, 336 of amorphous thermoplastics, 1050 of polymers, 14271429 Globalization, 515 GMAW, see Gasmetal arc welding Gmelins Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie, 447448 GMTs, see Glass mat thermoplastics Gold (in electronic packaging), 12441245 Goldsmith empirical model, 1006 Golf clubs, 12641266 Goodman relationships, 734735 GPC, see Gel permeation chromatography GP PS, see General-purpose polystyrene Grain ow, oriented, 842, 843 Granta Design Limited, 496 Graphite bers, 1346. See also Carbon bers (in composite materials) Graphitization, 767

1460 Gravitational-inuenced manufacturing processes (plastics), 997 Gray cast iron, 260 Green sand molds, 950 Grinding: electrical discharge, 916 electrochemical, 909, 910 electrochemical discharge, 908, 909 in gear nishing, 884 low-stress, 901, 905 of metals, 894899 Grinding uids, 898 Guarded hot plate testing (ceramics), 641642 Gun drills, 876 Gypsum (plaster), 955 Hadeld, Sir Robert, 63 Hadeld manganese steels, 47 Hardenability (of steels), 4143, 4749, 56 Hardness: of diamond, 1290 in electronic packaging applications, 1229 1230 of nickel and nickel alloys, 252253 of steels, 44 Hardness tests: for ceramics, 631632 Durometer, 568 Knoop, 631, 632 for metallic materials, 528529 for plastics, 566568 Rockwell, 567 Vickers, 631, 632 Hardpoints (in sandwich panels), 1144 HCF, see High-cycle fatigue HDM, see Hydrodynamic machining HDPE, see High-density polyethylene HDT, see Heat deection temperature Heat capacity testing (ceramics), 643644 Heat deection temperature (HDT), 569570 Heat-resistant steels, 63, 87 Heat reversion technique (plastics failure analysis), 782783 Heat transfer: in composites manufacturing, 10511052 in electronic packaging applications, 1235 1236 Heat treatment: of magnesium alloys, 284 of nickel and nickel alloys, 254256 of steels, 5052 annealing (full annealing), 51 normalizing, 51 process annealing (recrystallization annealing), 51 quenching, 52 spheriodizing, 51, 52

INDEX stress relieving, 51 tempering, 52 Hemolysis (with blood-contacting biomaterials), 1184 Hemostasis (with blood-contacting biomaterials), 1184 Heteroepitaxy, 13351336 High-carbon steels, 860 High-copper alloys, 139 cast, 139 in electrical / electronic applications, 150, 165 wrought, 139 High-cycle fatigue (HCF), 312, 316, 708, 722 High-density polyethylene bers (in composite materials), 367 High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 336, 337 High-energy-rate forming (metals), 948, 949 Higher alloy steels, 5864 High-impact polystyrene (HIPS), 338 High manganese carbon steels, 53, 54 High-molybdenum stainless steels, 87 High-performance steels, 58 High-performance thermoplastic matrix composites, 11011103 High-speed steels (HSS), 860 High strain rate testing: for ceramics, 633634 for metallic materials, 540 High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels, see Microalloyed steels High temperatures: ceramics at, 427429, 805 heat-resistant steels for, 63 metals at, 297, 311 stainless steels at, 76, 77 superalloys at, 311314, 332333 titanium alloys at, 205207, 221 Hip replacement, see Total hip arthroplasty HIPS (high-impact polystyrene), 338 Hobbing (metals), 941 Hockey sticks, 1270 Holding adhesives, 1251 Homoepitaxy, 1335 Honing, 899, 910, 911 Hookes law, 713 Hot-chamber die casting, 955 Hot-corrosion resistance, 330 Hot deformation (of superalloys), 295 Hot-dip plating (metals), 965 Hot rolling (metals), 927929 Hot shortness, 46, 47 Hot stamping, see Forging Hot-working processes (metals), 926938 drawing, 933936 extrusion, 932933 forging, 929932

INDEX piercing, 938 pipe welding, 937, 938 rolling, 927929 spinning, 935, 937 HSLA steels, see Microalloyed steels HSS (high-speed steels), 860 HTML (hypertext markup language), 501 Human health, copper and copper alloys in, 199200 Hunter Associates Laboratory, Inc., 621 Hydrodynamic machining (HDM), 901, 905 Hydrogels, 413414 Hydrogen: in alloy steels, 50 in titanium and titanium alloys, 214215 Hydrogen blistering, 768 Hydrogen damage, 709, 768 Hydrogen embrittlement, 768 Hydrogen akes, 50 Hydrostatic extrusion, 940, 941 Hypereutectoid steels, 37 Hypertext markup language (HTML), 501 Hypoeutectoid steels, 36, 37 IACS, see International Annealed Copper Standard ICBO, see International Conference of Building Ofcials ICBO publications, 1384, 1385, 13881393, 1395, 1398, 1399 Ideal product, 831 Identication analysis (plastics), 607608, 610613, 779780 chemical / thermal analysis for polymer identication, 613 copper wire test, 613 melting point determination, 610, 612 solubility test, 612 specic gravity test, 613 IDES, Inc., 496 IEC standards (plastics testing), 575578 IF steels, see Interstitial-free steels IGES, see Initial Graphics Exchange Specication Immunological complications (with spacelling biomaterials), 11901191 Impact deformation, 710 Impact extrusion, 940 Impact failure (metals), 707, 710 Impact polystyrene (IPS), 338 Impact testing: for metallic materials, 530531 for plastics, 555564 falling-weight impact test, 557560 high-speed impact tests, 562564 instrumented impact testing, 560561 pendulum impact test, 556557

1461 Impedance plane, 673676 Implants, see Biomedical applications Impression-die drop forging (metals), 931 Indented inert strength measurements (brittle materials), 816 Independent testing laboratories, 621622 Indirect additives, 617 Industrial applications (copper and copper alloys), 165, 185 Inert strength for indented specimens (brittle materials), 816, 824 Inltration (composite processing), 1046 1048 Inatable deployable space structures, 1152 1153 Information Handling Services, specications available from, 507 Information sources: for ceramic materials, 433435 for copper / alloy applications, 165, 187, 188 for copper casting, 188 for disposal and recycling of materials, 514515 for materials properties data, 441472 for analytical comparisons, 458460 from ASM International, 468469 and chemical compound / class variations, 446447 from companys external resources, 451 452 and database platform variety, 467468 from databases, 454456, 463465 data quality / reliability judgments in, 465467 dening the question step in, 444447 desktop library for, 448450 for failure analysis, 463 for nal design, 460461 and four categories of data, 465 from in-house experts, 450451 and intended uses for data, 458463 from the Internet, 470472 logic puzzle approach to, 441443 for manufacturing, 461462 for material specications, 461 for materials selection, 458459 from metadata, 464465 for modeling material / product performance, 458 from numeric databases, 464 for preliminary design, 460 process of, 444454 for quality assurance, 462 quality issues in, 452453 redening the question step in, 453 resource grid for, 442443

1462 Information sources (continued ) search strategy for, 447448 and spelling variations, 445 from STN International, 469470 and terminology changes, 445446 from textual databases, 463464 for materials selection procedures, 2124 for procurement of materials, 505511 purchasing, 507, 509 standards and specications, 511513 for superalloys, 296297, 325326, 328 329 for titanium and titanium alloys, 203, 204, 233 for wear materials, 12791280 Infrared cameras, 679 InGaAsP, 13141318 In-house experts, materials properties data from, 450451 Initial Graphics Exchange Specication (IGES), 498499 Initial screening of materials, 4, 611 in case study, 14 performance requirement analysis in for cost, 6 functional requirements, 4, 6 for processability, 6 for reliability, 6 for resistance to service conditions, 67 quantitative methods for, 711 Ashbys material selection charts, 9, 10 cost per unit property method, 8, 9 Dargies method, 911 limits on material properties, 78 Initial strength distribution (brittle materials), 811813 Injection molding: of medical products made from PP pellets, 12171219 of plastics, 957, 986989 of short-ber-reinforced thermoplastics, 11071110 Ink-jet technology, 1314 INSPEC database, 454 Inspectability, materials selection for, 683 693 condence in consistent properties, 683 general process control, 693 probability of detection assessment, 691 693 quantied crack detection capabilities, 686 690 structural integrity, 683686 Inspection of materials, nondestructive, see Nondestructive inspection / evaluation

INDEX Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, 617 Integrated Design, Inc., 621 Integrated electronics, 1148 Intelligent manufacturing, 1115 Intelligent materials, see Smart materials Intelligent processing, 1115 Interaction effects (crack growth), 739 Interactive databases, 22 Interferometry (ceramics testing), 640 Intergranular corrosion, 709 carbon content and, 76 in magnesium alloys, 275 of metals, 766767 resistance of stainless steels to, 75 and weld decay, 766767 International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), 142143 International Conference of Building Ofcials (ICBO), 1384, 1385, 1418, 1419 Internet: data transfer via, 1309 distribution of materials information using, 478 materials properties data from, 470472 quality / availability of information on, 451 Internet protocol (IP), 1308 Interstitial alloying elements, 32 Interstitial-free (IF) steels, 49, 54 Investment casting: of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 261, 262 of metals, 956957 of superalloys, 323324 of titanium and titanium alloys, 229 IP (Internet protocol), 1308 IPS (impact polystyrene), 338 Iron and iron alloys. See also specic alloys and corrosion of magnesium alloys, 278, 279 in electronic packaging applications, 1242 inuence of carbon on strength of, 4445 Iron-base superalloys, 305, 309 Iron-carbon equilibrium diagrams (steels), 30 38, 44 Ironing (metals), 948 Ironmaking, 28 Ironnickel-base superalloys, 294295 Ironnickelchromium alloys, 236 Isogrid construction (composite panels), 1145 Isolators (incorporating Faraday rotators), 1325 ISO standards: for ceramics fracture toughness, 633 hardness, 632

INDEX for medical product tests, 1196, 1197 for plastics melt index test, 592, 594595 thermal properties testing, 569571, 574575 weathering of, 584587 ISO 10303 (STEP), 498500 Isothermal forging (superalloys), 324 Isothermal rolling (metals), 927929 Isothermal transformation (IT) diagram (steels), 3840 Italy, steel standards in, 53 IT diagrams, see Isothermal transformation diagram Izod impact tests, 530, 556557 Japan: copper production in, 136 lm deposition work in, 12881289 steel standards in, 53 Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) Committee, 53. See also JIS standards Javelins, 1268, 1269 Jeffreys model, corotational, 10041005 JHU-APL, see Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) Committee, 53 JIS standards (for ceramics), 434435 compression, 626 fatigue, 637, 638 for exure, 628 for fracture toughness, 632 for hardness, 632 tensile testing, 626 for uniaxial exural tests, 635 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU-APL), 11551157 Joining. See also specic processes adhesives for, 1250, 1251 of advanced composite materials in spacecraft, 1145 of aluminum alloys, 91 of composites, 1145, 13581361 mechanical fastening, 13581359 structural bonding, 1358, 13601361 in electronic packaging applications equipment attachment, 12331234 mechanical joints, 12361237 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 262, 263 of plastics, 1431 of superalloys, 325 of titanium and titanium alloys, 230231

1463 Joint motion (with orthopedic biomaterials), 11711173 Jominy test, 4142 Just-in-time logistics management, 515 Kevlar, 367, 1346, 1359 Killed steels, see Aluminumsilicon deoxidized steels Kinematics, 994 Kinematic viscosity, 599 Knoop hardness test, 631, 632 Knowledge-based systems, see Expert systems Koer method (melting point), 612 LabVIEW, 523 Lacquers (metals), 964 Lactams, 1106 Laminates. See also Composite materials in advanced composites, 11321134 magnetorestrictive, 408 mechanical properties of, 1045 quasi-iostropic, 376, 377, 379 sandwich, 11431144 solid, 11421143 steel, 55 unidirectional, 376, 381 Lamination, continuous, 1095 Lancing (metals), 946 Lanthanum, 50, 271 Lapping, 884, 899 LarsonMiller theory, 743 Lasers: distributed feedback lasers, 1315, 1316 electroabsorption modulated, 13151317 solid-state, 13141317 Laser-beam machining (LBM), 918, 919 Laser-beam torch (LBT), 919, 920 Laser ash testing, 642643 Laser rastering, 1122 Laterites, 235 Layered manufacturing (ceramics), 1122 1123 LBM, see Laser-beam machining LBT, see Laser-beam torch LCF, see Low-cycle fatigue LDPE, see Low-density polyethylene Leaching: with orthopedic biomaterials, 11771178 selective, 709 Lead: in alloy steels, 50 in electronic packaging applications, 1245 Lead alkali borosilicate glasses, 1250 Leaded coppers, 141 Lead zirconate titanates (PZT), 432, 1118 1119

1464 Libraries: desktop, 448450 as information sources, 451452 Life extension, design for, 687690 Lifetime prediction: for brittle materials condence limits in, 816, 824825 dynamic fatigue measurements in, 815 816, 823824 environmentally enhanced fracture, 813 815 indented inert strength measurements, 816 initial strength distribution, 811813 process of, 816818 strength tests in, 821823 Weibull tests in, 818821 for other materials, see Failure analysis Light-sensitive materials, 412 Limits (on material properties), 78 Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), 336, 337 blown-lm processing of, 1214, 1215 pelletization processing of, 12131214 Liquids, ultrasonic properties of, 694 Liquid baths (metals), 960962 Liquid-crystal polymers, 1427 Liquid penetrants (nondestructive inspection), 652656 Liquid phase sintering, 1113 LLDPE, see Linear low density polyethylene Loading frames, 520522 Load support (with orthopedic biomaterials), 11671171 Logic puzzle approach (materials properties data searches), 441443 Log-log stresstime creep law, 745 London Metal Exchange, 136 Long discontinuous bers (in composites), 1038 Long-term heat resistance test (plastics), 571 Lost wax process, see Investment casting Low-alloy steels, 5658 Low-carbon steels, 5455 Low-cycle fatigue (LCF), 312, 316, 708, 722 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), 336, 337 Lower bainite, 38, 39 Low-stress grinding (LSG) (metals), 901, 905 Machinability: of stainless steels, 78 of steels, 47, 50, 56 Machine Designs Materials Selection, 23 Machined products, copper, 186187 Machining: abrasive, 894899 abrasive ow, 901, 904

INDEX abrasive jet, 901, 904 chemical, 919921 combustion, 923 conventional processes of, 848, 849 electrical discharge, 916, 917 electrochemical, 910912 electromechanical, 905 electron-beam, 915916 hydrodynamic, 901, 905 laser-beam, 918, 919 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 262 of nickel and nickel alloys, 257 photochemical, 922923 plasma-beam, 919921 of plastics, 893 shaped-tube electrolytic, 914, 915 of superalloys, 295 thermally assisted, 901, 905, 906 thermochemical, 923 of titanium and titanium alloys, 229230 total form, 906 ultrasonic, 907 water-jet, 907, 908 MA constituent, 57 Magnesium: electrochemical properties of, 274 in electronic packaging applications, 1244 in powder form, 260 stresscorrosion cracking resistance of, 276 Magnesium alloys, 259264, 267289 alloying elements in, 260, 261, 267268 aluminum in, 280282 anodic coatings for, 264 applications for, 268 calcium in, 283284 cast, 261262 chemical-conversion coatings for, 264 conventional processing of, 284287 corrosion of, 274289 and electrochemical properties of magnesium, 274, 275 improving resistance to, 278289 and surface lms in various environments, 276279 types of corrosion, 274276 corrosion resistance of, 264, 278289 and alloying, 280284 and control of impurities, 278280 and processing methods, 284287 and surface protection, 287288 fabrication of, 262264 nishing of, 264 forming of, 263, 264 joining of, 262, 263 machining of, 262 mechanical properties of, 261263 nonstructural applications of, 259260

INDEX oxidation of, 268274 at ambient temperature, 268270 at high temperature, 270274 painting of, 264 physical properties of, 262264 rapid solidication of, 285287 rare earth elements in, 282 silicon in, 283 stresscorrosion cracking resistance of, 276 structural applications of, 260261 wrought, 262, 263 zinc in, 282283 zirconium in, 283 Magnesium Elektron Ltd., 282 Magnetic gels, 415 Magnetic particle method (nondestructive testing), 653, 680682 continuous vs. noncontinuous elds in, 681682 demagnetizing of part after, 682683 inspection process with, 682 magnetizing eld in, 680681 Magnetic shielding (electronic packaging), 1229, 12341235 Magnetorestrictive materials, 408409 Magnetorheological materials, 410411 Magnet wire, 142 Maintenance, design for, 687 Maintenance issues, materials properties data for, 462 Major Poissons ratio, 376 Malleability, 1230 Manganese: in alloy steels, 4647 in high manganese carbon steels, 53, 54 Manufacturing, 831845. See also Fabrication advantages of composite materials in, 363, 364 approaches to, 832833 of ceramics, 11131127 common steps in, 1116 conventional processes in, 11151116 engineering factors involved in, 1114 layered manufacturing, 11221123 mechanochemical synthesis, 11181120 and microstructure of products, 1114 microwave processing, 11171118 nanotechnology in, 11201122 new energy sources in, 11171120 new precursors in, 11231127 new shapes in, 11201123 polymer precursors, 1123 processing vs., 1115 reaction bonding, 1120 self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, 1118 sol-gel processing, 11231127

1465 of composites, 10371110, 13481356 aims and objectives of, 10451046 applied pressure in, 10481049 autoclave processing of prepreg, 1067 1076 bulk molding compounds, 1095, 1099 commingled thermoplastic matrix composites, 11031106 consolidation in, 1048 contact molding, 10581065 continuous lamination, 1095 cure of thermosetting resins, 10491051 and design of reinforcements to enhance permeability, 10531054 drape in, 1053 feedstock choice in, 10571058 lament winding, 10851090 ow processes during molding, 1052 1053 glass mat thermoplastics, 10991101 heat transfer in, 10511052 high-performance thermoplastic matrix composites, 11011103 inltration in, 10461048 injection-molded short-ber-reinforced thermoplastics, 11071110 prepreg, 10671076 press molding, 10651067 and properties of composites, 10381045 pultrusion, 10901095 rate of build in, 1056, 1057 resin lm inltration, 10771078 resin transfer molding, 10781086 sheet molding compounds, 10951099 for spacecraft applications, 11461149 SRIM of monomer precursor thermoplastics, 11061107 with thermoplastic matrix systems, 1050, 1051 tooling for, 10541056 tow placement, 10851086, 1090 design as step in, 833837 fabrication process selection in, 836838 of gears, 880, 883884 intelligent, 1115 interrelationships in (examples), 839845 LLDPE blown-lm processing effects, 1214, 1215 LLDPE pelletization processing effects, 12131214 and machining of plastics, 893 of magnesium alloys, 284287 material selection as step in, 836, 837 materials properties data for, 461462 of medical products, 12131219 LLDPE blown-lm processing effects, 1214, 1215

1466 Manufacturing (continued ) LLDPE pelletization processing effects, 12131214 materials selection for, 12131219 metallocene ULDPE tubing extrusion throughput rate improvement, 1216 1218 PP compression-molding processing effect, 1218, 1219 PP injection-molding processing effect, 12171219 metallocene ULDPE tubing extrusion throughput rate improvement, 1216 1218 of metals, 847923, 925957, 959967 abrasive ow machining, 901, 904 abrasive jet machining, 901, 904 abrasive machining, 894899 bending, 942944 broaching, 886890 casting / molding processes, 949957 centrifugal casting, 951953 chemical conversions, 966967 chemical machining, 919921 cleaning processes, 960963 coatings, 963966 cold-working processes, 939949 cutting off, 892893 die casting, 954955 drawing (cold), 947949 drawing (hot), 933936 drilling machines, 869877 electrical discharge grinding, 916 electrical discharge machining, 916, 917 electrical discharge sawing, 917918 electrical discharge wire cutting (traveling wire), 918 electrochemical deburring, 908, 909 electrochemical discharge grinding, 908, 909 electrochemical grinding, 909, 910 electrochemical honing, 910, 911 electrochemical machining, 910912 electrochemical polishing, 912, 913 electrochemical sharpening, 912, 913 electrochemical turning, 913, 914 electromechanical machining, 905 electron-beam machining, 915916 electropolishing, 921, 922 electro-stream, 913, 914 extrusion, 932933 nishing, 894, 899 forging, 929932 gear manufacturing, 880, 883884 grinding, 894899 hot-working processes, 926938 hydrodynamic machining, 901, 905

INDEX investment casting, 956957 laser-beam machining, 918, 919 laser-beam torch, 919, 920 low-stress grinding, 901, 905 machining power and cutting forces, 852855 metal-cutting economics, 856869 metal-cutting principles, 848852 milling processes, 877882 nonconventional machining processes, 899923 permanent-mold casting, 953955 photochemical machining, 922923 piercing, 938 pipe welding, 937, 938 planing, 888, 891892 plasma-beam machining, 919921 plaster-mold casting, 955956 powder metallurgy, 959960 rolling, 927292 sand casting, 949952 sawing, 892893 shaped-tube electrolytic machining, 914, 915 shaping, 888, 891892 shearing, 892893, 944947 slotting, 888, 891892 spinning, 935, 937 squeezing processes, 940941 steels, 2829 surface treatment, 960967 thermally assisted machining, 901, 905, 906 thermochemical machining, 923 thread cutting and forming, 884886 tool life, 855857 total form machining, 906 turning machines, 863869 ultrasonic machining, 907 water-jet machining, 907, 908 nontraditional machining in, 899923 abrasive ow machining, 901, 904 abrasive jet machining, 901, 904 chemical machining, 919921 electrical discharge grinding, 916 electrical discharge machining, 916, 917 electrical discharge sawing, 917918 electrical discharge wire cutting (traveling wire), 918 electrochemical deburring, 908, 909 electrochemical discharge grinding, 908, 909 electrochemical grinding, 909, 910 electrochemical honing, 910, 911 electrochemical machining, 910912 electrochemical polishing, 912, 913 electrochemical sharpening, 912, 913

INDEX electrochemical turning, 913, 914 electromechanical machining, 905 electron-beam machining, 915916 electropolishing, 921, 922 electro-stream, 913, 914 hydrodynamic machining, 901, 905 laser-beam machining, 918, 919 laser-beam torch, 919, 920 low-stress grinding, 901, 905 photochemical machining, 922923 plasma-beam machining, 919921 shaped-tube electrolytic machining, 914, 915 thermally assisted machining, 901, 905, 906 thermochemical machining, 923 total form machining, 906 ultrasonic machining, 907 water-jet machining, 907, 908 objective of, 831 of plastic parts, 969991, 9931033 blow molding, 977979, 10261027 calendering, 974975, 10181019 casting, 982, 983, 995, 10321033 centrifugal-based process, rotational molding as, 997 classication of processes, 993997 coating, 980981 compression molding, 983984, 1026 continuous processes, 994, 10111022 cyclic processes, 994, 10221033 design problem in, 997998 design solution algorithm in, 9981007 drag-ow processes, 996 extensional-ow-dominated processes, 995, 10191022, 10261032 extrusion, 969972, 10011016 extrusion covering, 972973 ber spinning, 10191020 lm blowing, 973974, 10201022 gravitational-inuenced processes, 997 injection molding, 986989 melt injection molding, 10221025 pressure effects in, 10081009 pressure-ow processes, 996 quiescent process, casting as, 995, 1032 1033 reaction injection molding, 990991, 1025 rotational molding, 980982, 997, 1032 shear-ow-dominated processes, 994 995, 10111019, 10221025 sheet thermoforming, 975977 sources of momentum in, 996997 steady state processes, 994 temperature effects in, 10071008 thermoforming, 10271032

1467 transfer molding, 984, 985, 1025 unsteady state processes, 994 wire coating, 10161018 PP compression-molding processing effect, 1218, 1219 PP injection-molding processing effect, 12171219 processes of, as failure factor of ceramics, 788790 of plastics, 776 process selection for, 4, 5 secondary processes in, 838 selecting best alternative for, 839 sequence of activities in, 831, 832 of steels, 2829 of superalloys, 295, 296, 319329 casting, 323324 forging, 324 joining, 325 melting / remelting, 319323 powder metallurgy, 324325 rening, 319323 sources of information on, 325326, 328329 of wear materials, 12781279 MAPP, 497 MAPS 1 system, 911 Maraging steel, 6364 Marine applications: of aluminum alloys, 132133 product specications for, 53 Martensite, 39, 40, 51 Martensitic age hardening stainless steels, 67 Martensitic stainless steels, 50, 6162, 67, 79 Masonry structures, FRP composite repair of, 13881398 Master diagrams, 729, 734 Matec Materials Technology Software and Data Services, 497 Materials. See also specic materials databases of, 22 disposal of, 513515 information sources on for disposal and recycling, 514515 for purchasing, 507, 509 standards and specications, 511513 procurement of, 505511 cost determination in, 509 at General Electric, 510511 information sources for, 507, 509, 511 513 recycling of, 513515 Material characterization tests (plastics), 591 609 differential scanning calorimetry, 602604 gel permeation chromatography, 599601 melt index test, 592, 594596

1468 Material characterization tests (plastics) (continued ) rheology, 595599 spectroscopy, 607609 thermal analysis techniques, 602609 thermogravimetric analysis, 604605 thermomechanical analysis, 605606 viscosity tests, 599 Material removal processes, 837 Materials data. See also Materials properties for analytical comparisons, 458460 from ASM International, 468469 categories of, 465 and chemical compound / class variations, 446447 from companys external resources, 451 452 and database platform variety, 467468 from databases, 454456, 463465 dening the question step in, 444447 desktop library for, 448450 for failure analysis, 463 for nal design, 460461 from in-house experts, 450451 intended uses of, 458463 from the Internet, 470472 logic puzzle approach to, 441443 for maintenance issues, 462 management of, see Materials data management for manufacturing, 461462 for material specications, 461 for materials selection, 458459 from metadata, 464465 for modeling material / product performance, 458 from numeric databases, 464 for preliminary design, 460 process of, 444454 for quality assurance, 462 quality issues in, 452453 quality / reliability judgments of, 465467 redening the question step in, 453 resource grid for, 442443 search strategy for, 447448 and spelling variations, 445 standardization for Web access to, 500502 from STN International, 469470 and terminology changes, 445446 from textual databases, 463464 Materials data management, 475502 commercial systems for, 494497 creating database for, 484493 building the database, 491492 design of database, 486490 end-user data requirements denition, 485486

INDEX functional requirements denition, 486 populating the database, 490491 project team denition, 485 prototype database development, 490 qualifying the database, 492493 user interface customization, 492 history of, 476479 implementing system for, 479484 analysis phase of, 480481 deployment and support phase of, 484 pilot application design and testing phase of, 483484 planning prior to, 480 process of, 483 system design phase of, 481483 standards for data, 497502 ASTM Committee E 49, 498 IGES / PDES, 498499 ISO / STEP, 499500 from materials consortia, 500 and XML applications, 500502 Material Selection and Design (for fatigue life predictions), 23 Materials identication analysis (plastics failure analysis), 779780 Material specications, materials properties data for, 461 Materials properties. See also Materials selection; specic properties condence in, 683 limits on, 78 locating information on, see Materials data manufacturing effects on, 12131214 of steel, controlling, 2930 of superalloys, 296297 of wear materials, 1276 weighted-properties values, 1113 Materials selection, 324. See also specic materials absolute vs. compromisable requirements in, 834835 for biomedical applications, 11651192 blood-contacting biomaterials, 1180 1188 breast implants, 11881191 orthopedic biomaterials, 11661180 space-lling biomaterials, 11881191 total hip arthroplasty, 11661180 vascular prostheses, 11801188 for blood-contacting biomaterials, 1186 1188 case study in, 1319 comparing alternative solutions, 1417 initial screening, 14 performance requirements analysis, 14 selecting optimum solution, 1519

INDEX comparing alternative solutions step in, 11 13 in case study, 1417 digital logic method for, 1113 performance index in, 1213 weighted-properties method for, 1113 computer-assisted, 2124 in design process, 833834 for electronic packaging, 12231251 adhesives, 12501251 ceramics, 1249 chemical inertness of, 1226 combustibility of, 1231 corrosion of, 12261227 creep in, 12311232 density of, 1228 dominant considerations in, 12241232 ductility of, 1230 elastomers, 1249 electrical conductivity of, 12241225 electrical contacts, 1239 electromagnetic shielding of, 1228 electrostatic shielding of, 12281229 encapsulants, 12391241 and environmental endurance of, 1239 1241 equipment attachment, 12331234 equipment / module enclosures, 1234 1235 equipment racks / frames / mounting structures, 1234 fatigue resistance of, 1229 nishes, 12371238 general considerations in, 1241 glasses, 12491250 hardness of, 12291230 magnetic shielding of, 1229 mechanical joints, 12361237 metals, 12411245 moisture absorption of, 1232 operating / storage temperature ranges of, 1227, 1228 overriding considerations in, 12321233 plastics, 12451249 position-sensitive assemblies, 1238 steps in, 1224 strength of, 1228 and sublimation, 12301231 and temperature control, 12351236 thermal conductivity of, 1225 thermal emissivity of, 1225 thermal expansion of, 12251226 wear resistance of, 1230 as factor in failure of ceramics, 787788, 803805 of plastics, 775776 initial screening step in, 4, 611

1469 in case study, 14 performance requirements analysis, 4, 6 7 quantitative methods for, 711 for inspectability, 683693 condence in consistent properties, 683 general process control, 693 probability of detection assessment, 691 693 quantied crack detection capabilities, 686690 structural integrity, 683686 materials properties data for, 458459 and materials substitution, 1921 case study in, 21 costbenet analysis for, 2021 Pugh method for, 19 for medical products, 11951221 challenges of, 11981199 and electron beam radiation effect, 12071210 and gamma radiation effect, 12011207 and manufacturing processes, 12131219 polyolen-based materials, 12101213 product design, 1199 product development factors, 11991213 product performance issues in, 1219 1221 for MEMS devices, 13261328 for orthopedic biomaterials, 11781180 selecting optimum solution step in, 13, 15 19 sources of information for, 2124 for space-lling biomaterials, 1191 for sports equipment, 12531272 baseball bats, 1266, 1267 bicycles, 12601262 boats, 12671268 cricket bats, 1264 ethical considerations in, 12701272 golf clubs, 12641266 hockey sticks, 1270 javelins, 1268, 1269 for optimum design, 12551256 for performance enhancement, 1256 1270 running shoes, 12561259 skis, 1269, 1270 softball bats, 1267 squash rackets, 1264 surfboards, 12671268 tennis rackets, 12621264 vaulting poles, 12591260 watercraft, 12671268 wheelchairs, athletic, 1264, 1265 wind surng ns, 12671268 stages of, 4, 5

1470 Materials selection (continued ) as step in manufacturing process, 836, 837 for telecommunications, 13031338 antireection coatings, 1324 cable networks, 13041306 and chemical vapor deposition, 1334 1335 and crystal growth, 1336 data transmission, 1309 and deposition methods, 1330, 1334 1337 electro-optical materials, 13231324 and epitaxy, 13351336 and evaporation, 1330, 13341335 and future communication components, 13371338 isolators incorporating Faraday rotators, 1325 microelectromechanical systems, 1325 1328 microwave radio-frequency resonators, 13281329 multilayer ceramic integrated circuits, 13291330 for networks, 13041308 optical ber, 13181323 optical lters, 1324 optical networks, 13061308 packaging, 13111314 photodetectors, 1317, 1318 and plating, 1337 repeaters, 1329 solid-state semiconductor lasers, 1314 1317 for specic components, 13091311, 13301333 and sputtering, 1330 switches, 1329 for transmission, 1309 wireless networks, 1308 for wear resistance, 12751281 examples of, 1281 lm thickness, 12801281 information resources for, 12791280 and manufacturing process selection, 12781279 process of, 12761278 and properties of wear materials, 1276 substrate selection, 1280 surface modications, 1280 Materials substitution, 1921 case study in, 21 costbenet analysis for, 2021 Pugh method for, 19 reasons for, 19 MatML, 501502

INDEX Maximum normal stress theory of failure, 715716 Maximum shearing stress theory of failure, 714715 M-Base Engineering Software, GmbH, 496 MBE (molecular beam epitaxy), 1335 MCICs, see Multilayer ceramic integrated circuits MCVD, see Modied chemical vapor deposition MDPE (medium density polyethylene), 337 Measurement Technology Corp. (Measure Tech), 621 Measurement Technology Inc., 621 Mechanical fastening (composites), 1358 1359 Mechanical joints (electronic packaging applications), 12361237 Mechanical properties, see specic materials Mechanical properties testing: of ceramics, 624638 compression (fracture strength), 626 compressive creep, 630631 creep, 628631 fatigue, 634638 exure creep, 629, 630 exure (fracture strength), 627628 fracture strength, 624625 fracture toughness, 632633 hardness, 631632 high strain rate, 633634 tensile creep, 630 tension (fracture strength), 625626 of metals, 520524, 540 of plastics, 545568 creep properties, 551553 failure analysis, 784 fatigue resistance, 564566 exural properties, 549551 hardness tests, 566568 impact properties, 555565 material characterization tests, 591609 mechanical properties, 547568 standard methods of, 546547 stress relaxation, 552, 554555 tensile tests, 547548 Mechanical wire, copper and copper alloys for, 187188 Mechanochemical synthesis (ceramics), 1118 1120 Medical products, 11951221. See also Biomedical applications challenges in developing, 11981199 disposable, 11951196 environmental compatibility of, 1198 manufacturing processing and materials properties of, 12131219

INDEX materials selection for, 11951221 challenges of, 11981199 and electron beam radiation effect, 12071210 and gamma radiation effect, 12011207 and manufacturing processes, 12131219 polyolen-based materials, 12101213 product design, 1199 product development factors, 11991213 product performance issues in, 1219 1221 optical clarity in, 1196, 1198 polyolen-based materials for, 12101213 product development factors for, 1199 1213 electron beam radiation effect, 1207 1210 gamma radiation effect, 12011207 manufacturing processes, 1213 materials selection, 11991213 product design, 1199 product performance issues with, 1219 1221 PVC vs. metallocene-based polyolens for, 12111213 safety / efcacy of, 1196 sterile delivery of, 1198 Medium density polyethylene (MDPE), 337 MEDLINE database, 454455 Melt index (melt ow rate) (MFR), 592, 594 596, 14251426 Melting: of aluminum alloys, 92 plastics melting point determination, 610, 612 of superalloys, 319323 vacuum arc, 226227 Melt injection molding (plastic parts), 1022 1025 MEMS, see Microelectromechanical systems Metadata, materials properties data from, 464465 Metals. See also specic materials adhesion / friction / wear testing for, 540 angle bending, 943 ASTM standards for testing of, 520 bending, 942944 bending strength tests for, 540 in biomedical implants, 11741177 blanking, 935, 945946 brinnelling failure of, 708 brittle fracture failure of, 708 buckling failure of, 707, 712 burnishing, 941 casting and molding processes with, 949 957

1471 centrifugal casting, 951953 die casting, 954955 investment casting, 956957 permanent-mold casting, 953955 plaster-mold casting, 955956 sand casting, 949952 centrifugal casting, 951953 chemical conversions (for corrosion protection), 966967 anodizing, 966 chemical oxide coatings, 967 chromate coatings, 966 phosphate coatings, 966 cleaning of, 960963 abrasive barrel nishing, 962 abrasive belt nishing, 962 blasting, 962 bufng, 963 electropolishing, 963 liquid and vapor baths, 960962 polishing, 963 wire brushing, 962 coatings for, 963966 electroplating, 965 enamels, 964 hot-dip plating, 965 lacquers, 964 metallizing, 965 organic, 964 paints, 964 temporary corrosion protection, 965966 vacuum metallizing, 965 varnishes, 964 vitreous enamels, 964965 coining, 941 cold forging, 940 cold-roll forming, 944 cold rolling, 940 cold spinning, 947 cold-working processes with, 939949 bending, 942944 classication of, 939 drawing, 947949 shearing, 944947 squeezing processes, 940941 combined creep and fatigue failure of, 708, 712 composites vs., 1348, 1349 corrosion failure of, 707, 709, 761770 biological corrosion, 768769 cavitation corrosion, 768 crevice corrosion, 764, 766 decarburization, 768 direct chemical attack, 762763 erosion corrosion, 767 galvanic corrosion, 763765 hydrogen damage, 768

1472 Metals (continued ) intergranular, 766767 pitting corrosion, 766 selective leaching, 767 stress corrosion cracking, 769770 corrosion fatigue failure of, 708, 712 corrosion protection of, 963967 chemical conversions, 966967 coatings, 963966 corrosion wear failure of, 708, 712 creep buckling failure of, 707, 712 creep failure of, 707, 711 creep rupture in, 740746 creep under uniaxial state of stress, 743 746 prediction of long-term creep behavior, 742743 creep testing for, 526528 criteria of failure in, 705706 cutoff operations with, 947 cutting of, 892893 economics of, 856869 force for, 946 principles of, 848852 deep drawing, 947948 die casting, 954955 dinking, 947 drawing cold, 947949 hot, 933936 ductile rupture failure of, 708 elastic deformation failure of, 708, 712 713 electrical resistivities / conductivities of, 699 in electronic packaging applications, 1241 1245 aluminum and aluminum alloys, 1242 1244 cadmium, 1244 chromium, 1244 copper and copper alloys, 1244 gold, 12441245 iron and iron alloys, 1242 lead, 1245 magnesium, 1244 nickel, 1244 rhodium, 1245 silver, 12441245 tin, 1245 titanium, 1245 zinc, 1244 embossing, 948 environmental considerations in testing of, 540542 extrusion cold, 940941 hot, 932933

INDEX failure analysis of corrosion failure, 761770 creep rupture, 740746 elastic deformation failure, 712713 fatigue failure, 722740 and fracture mechanics / unstable crack growth, 715722 fretting failure, 746756 stress corrosion failure, 769770 stress rupture, 740746 wear failure, 746747, 756761 yielding failure, 713715 failure of, 705712 brinnelling failure, 708 brittle fracture failure, 708 buckling failure, 707, 712 combined creep and fatigue failure, 708, 712 corrosion failure, 707, 709 corrosion fatigue failure, 708, 712 corrosion wear failure, 708, 712 creep buckling failure, 707, 712 creep failure, 707, 711 criteria of failure, 705706 ductile rupture failure, 708 elastic deformation failure, 708 fatigue failure, 706709 fretting failure, 707, 710711 fretting fatigue failure, 710711 galling and seizure failure, 707, 711 impact failure, 707, 710 modes of failure, 706712 radiation damage, 707, 712 spalling failure, 707, 711712 stress corrosion failure, 708, 712 stress rupture failure, 707, 711 theories of, 714716 thermal relaxation failure, 707, 711 thermal shock failure, 707, 711 wear failure, 707, 709710 yielding failure, 708 fatigue failure of, 706709, 722740 fatigue crack propagation, 735740 fatigue loading and laboratory testing, 723727 nonzero mean stress, 729, 733735 SNP curves, 727233 fatigue testing of, 535540 anging, 944 forging of, 929932 impression-die drop forging, 931 open-die hammer forging, 930931 press forging, 931 roll forging, 932 swaging, 932 upset forging, 931, 932 forming with rubber or uid pressure, 948

INDEX and fracture mechanics / unstable crack growth, 715722 fracture toughness testing of, 531535 fretting failure of, 707, 710711, 746756 fretting fatigue failure of, 710711 galling and seizure failure of, 707, 711 hardness testing of, 528529 high-energy-rate forming, 948, 949 high strain rate testing of, 540 at high temperatures, 297, 311 hobbing, 941 hot rolling of, 927929 hot-working processes with, 926938 drawing, 933936 extrusion, 932933 forging, 929932 piercing, 938 pipe welding, 937, 938 rolling, 927929 spinning, 935, 937 impact failure of, 707, 710 impact tests for, 530531 investment casting, 956957 ironing, 948 isothermal rolling of, 927929 lancing, 946 manufacturing of, 847923, 925957, 959 967 abrasive ow machining, 901, 904 abrasive jet machining, 901, 904 abrasive machining, 894899 bending, 942944 broaching, 886890 casting / molding processes, 949957 centrifugal casting, 951953 chemical conversions, 966967 chemical machining, 919921 cleaning processes, 960963 coatings, 963966 cold-working processes, 939949 cutting off, 892893 die casting, 954955 drawing (cold), 947949 drawing (hot), 933936 drilling machines, 869877 electrical discharge grinding, 916 electrical discharge machining, 916, 917 electrical discharge sawing, 917918 electrical discharge wire cutting (traveling wire), 918 electrochemical deburring, 908, 909 electrochemical discharge grinding, 908, 909 electrochemical grinding, 909, 910 electrochemical honing, 910, 911 electrochemical machining, 910912 electrochemical polishing, 912, 913

1473 electrochemical sharpening, 912, 913 electrochemical turning, 913, 914 electromechanical machining, 905 electron-beam machining, 915916 electropolishing, 921, 922 electro-stream, 913, 914 extrusion, 932933 nishing, 894, 899 forging, 929932 gear manufacturing, 880, 883884 grinding, 894899 hot-working processes, 926938 hydrodynamic machining, 901, 905 investment casting, 956957 laser-beam machining, 918, 919 laser-beam torch, 919, 920 low-stress grinding, 901, 905 machining power and cutting forces, 852855 metal-cutting economics, 856869 metal-cutting principles, 848852 milling processes, 877882 nontraditional (nonconventional) machining processes, 899923 permanent-mold casting, 953955 photochemical machining, 922923 piercing, 938 pipe welding, 937, 938 planing, 888, 891892 plasma-beam machining, 919921 plaster-mold casting, 955956 powder metallurgy, 959960 rolling, 927292 sand casting, 949952 sawing, 892893 shaped-tube electrolytic machining, 914, 915 shaping, 888, 891892 shearing, 892893, 944947 slotting, 888, 891892 spinning, 935, 937 squeezing processes, 940941 surface treatment, 960967 thermally assisted machining, 901, 905, 906 thermochemical machining, 923 thread cutting and forming, 884886 tool life, 855857 total form machining, 906 turning machines, 863869 ultrasonic machining, 907 water-jet machining, 907, 908 nibbling, 946 notching, 946 peening, 941 perforating, 946 permanent-mold casting, 953955

1474 Metals (continued ) piercing, 938, 946 pipe welding, 937, 938 plaster-mold casting, 955956 powder metallurgy, 959960 radiation damage of, 707, 712 riveting, 941 roll bending, 943, 944 rolling, 927292 sand casting, 949952 seaming, 944 shape memory alloys of, 414415 shaving, 946 shearing, 944947 shell drawing, 947948 sizing, 940 spalling failure of, 707, 711712 spinning, 935, 937 squeezing processes, 940941 staking, 941 straightening, 944 stress corrosion failure of, 708, 712, 769 770 stress relaxation testing of, 528 stress rupture failure of, 707, 711, 740746 creep under uniaxial state of stress, 743 746 prediction of long-term creep behavior, 742743 stretch forming, 947 surface treatment of, 960967 chemical conversions, 966967 cleaning processes, 960963 coatings, 963966 swaging (cold), 940 for telecommunications device packaging, 1312 tensile (compressive) test for, 524526 testing of, 519542 adhesion / friction / wear of surfaces, 540 ASTM standards for, 520 bending strength, 540 creep, 526528 environmental considerations in, 540 542 fatigue, 535540 fracture toughness, 531535 hardness, 528529 high strain rate, 540 impact tests, 530531 mechanical, 520524 sensors / instrumentation for, 522524 stress relaxation, 528 tensile (compressive) test, 524526 test machine (loading frame) for, 520 522 thermomechanical fatigue, 543

INDEX thermal relaxation failure of, 707, 711 thermal shock failure of, 707, 711 thermomechanical fatigue of, 543 thread rolling, 941 trimming, 947 tube spinning of, 937, 938 ultrasonic properties of, 695696 wear failure of, 707, 709710, 746747, 756761 yielding failure of, 708, 713715 Metallizing, 965 Metallocene-based polyolens (medical products), 12111213 Metallocene-ultra low density polyethylene (m-ULDPE) processing, 12161218 Metal matrix composites (MMCs), 358 materials used in, 371 mechanical properties of, 378, 380384 physical properties of, 392, 395396 Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), 1314, 1315 Metal products, repair welds in, 844845 Metcut Research Associates, Inc., 863 Meter model, generalized, 1002 MFR, see Melt index (melt ow rate) Microalloyed (high-strength, low-alloy) steels, 4850, 52, 57 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), 652, 13131314, 13251328 Microorganisms, effect on plastics of, 583 584 Microradiography, 646 Microtoming (plastics failure analysis), 783 784 Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) primary reector, 11611162 Microwave processing (ceramics), 11171118 Microwave radio-frequency (RF) resonators, 13281329 Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX), 1151 1152 Military specications: Mil-Handbook 17, 500 MIL-HDBK-5, 460461 for ultrasonic testing, 656 Mill nish, 82 Milling processes: chemical, 921 cutting horsepowers for, 854 for metals, 877882 alignment charts for, 880882 feed in, 877, 878 material removal rate in, 879880 speed in, 879 tool wear factors in, 855 vertical / horizontal milling machines, 878

INDEX Mirrors, space, 11591162 all-composite, 11611162 hybrid composites, 11601161 Mish metal, 50 Mixed-mode fatigue crack growth, 739740 MLS primary reector, see Microwave Limb Sounder primary reector MMCs, see Metal matrix composites MOCVD, see Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition Modeling material / product performance, materials properties data for, 458 Modern Plastic Encyclopedia, 1433 Modied chemical vapor deposition (MCVD), 1321, 1322 Modied polyphenylene ether, 347 Modulus of elasticity: of aluminum alloys, 90, 92 of plastics, 550551 of superalloys, 316 Moisture absorption (electronic packaging), 1232 Molding. See also Casting blow molding of plastic parts, 977979, 10261027 of plastics, 958 bulk molding compounds, 1095, 1099 coinjection molding (of plastics), 957 of composites contact molding, 10581065 ow processes during, 10521053 press molding, 10651067 resin transfer molding, 10781086 sheet molding compounds, 10951099 compression molding of medical products made from PP pellets, 1218, 1219 of plastic parts, 983984, 1026 contact molding (of composites), 1058 1065 expandable-bead molding (of plastics), 957 extruding (of plastics), 958 ow processes during, 10521053 of forged-plastic parts, 958 injection molding of medical products made from PP pellets, 12171219 of plastic parts, 986989 of plastics, 957 of medical products made from PP pellets compression molding, 1218, 1219 injection molding, 12171219 melt injection molding (of plastic parts), 10221025 of metals, see Casting, of metals of plastic parts blow molding, 977979, 10261027

1475 compression molding, 983984, 1026 injection molding, 986989 melt injection molding, 10221025 reaction injection molding, 990991, 1025 rotational molding, 980982, 997, 1032 transfer molding, 984, 985, 1025 of plastics, 957958 blow molding, 958 coinjection molding, 957 expandable-bead molding, 957 extruding, 958 forged-plastic parts, 958 injection molding, 957 reinforced-plastic molding, 958 rotomolding, 957 thermoforming, 958 PP compression-molding processing effect, 1218, 1219 PP injection-molding processing effect, 12171219 press molding (of composites), 10651067 reaction injection molding (of plastic parts), 990991, 1025 of reinforced-plastics, 958 resin transfer molding (of composites), 10781086 rotational molding (of plastic parts), 980 982, 997, 1032 rotomolding (of plastics), 957 sheet molding compounds, 10951099 thermoforming (of plastics), 958 transfer molding (of plastic parts), 984, 985, 1025 Moldings, mechanical properties of, 1045 Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), 1335 Molybdenum: in alloy steels, 48 in stainless steels, 69 Momentum: sources of (plastics manufacturing), 996 997 technological, 1255 Monarch Analytical Laboratories, Inc., 621 Monomer precursor thermoplastics, 1106 1107 MSC.Enterprise Mvision, 494495 MSC.Mvision, 494 MSC.Software Corporation, 494 MSX, see Midcourse Space Experiment m-ULDPE processing, see Metallocene-ultra low density polyehtylene processing Multiaxial fracture criteria (ceramics): global, 799 local, 799803 Multicavity dies, 955

1476 Multilayer ceramic integrated circuits (MCICs), 13291330 Multiphase piezoelectric composites, 405 Music wire, 64 Nanotechnology, in ceramics processing, 11201122 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 617 National Electrical Safety Codes, 617 National Engineering Laboratory, 617 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 617618 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 471472, 617 National Measurement Laboratory, 617 National Sanitation Foundation (NSF), 618 National Science Foundation (NSF), 1419 NDE, see Nondestructive inspection / evaluation NDI, see Nondestructive inspection / evaluation Necking, 714 NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Association), 617 Neointima formation (with blood-contacting biomaterials), 11831184 Networks, telecommunications, 13041308 cable, 13041306 optical ber, 13061308 wireless, 1308 Neutron radiography, 666667 Newtonian uid, 596 Newtons law, 1000 Next Generation Space Telescope Mirror System Demonstrator (NGST NMSD), 1160 NFPA, see National Fire Protection Association NGST NMSD (Next Generation Space Telescope Mirror System Demonstrator), 1160 Nibbling (metals), 946 Nickel, 236 as alloying element, 236 in alloy steels, 4748 and corrosion of magnesium alloys, 278, 279 in electronic packaging applications, 1244 stainless steel alloys using, 8082 in stainless steels, 69 Nickel alloys, 235258 chemical composition of, 238239 classication of, 236237 compositional modications producing special properties in, 243 and corrosion resistance, 248252

INDEX deformation resistance of, 252253 fabrication of, 252255 heat treatment of, 254256 machining of, 257 mechanical properties of, 240 nickelchromiumiron alloys, 238, 240 244 nickelchromiummolybdenum alloys, 239241, 246247 nickelcopper alloys, 237, 238, 240242 nickeliron alloys, 238, 240, 246 nickelironchromium alloys, 238, 240, 241, 244245 nickel powder alloys dispersion strengthened, 239241, 247 mechanically alloyed, 239241, 247248 rupture stress of, 241 strain hardening of, 253255 welding of, 256257 Nickel-base steels, stainless steels vs., 67 Nickel-base superalloys, 294295, 302, 304 310, 317 Nickelchromium alloys, 251 Nickelchromiumiron alloys, 251 Nickelchromiummolybdenumiron alloys, 237 Nickelcopper alloys, 236, 249 Nickeliron alloys, 236, 249 Nickelsilvers, 141 Niobium (columbium), in alloy steels, 49 NIST, see National Institute of Standards and Technology Nitrogen: in alloy steels, 50 interstitial (free), 49 in stainless steels, 77, 78 in titanium and titanium alloys, 215 NLO (nonlinear optical) phenomena, 1323 Noncrimp fabrics, 1041, 1042 Nondestructive inspection / evaluation (NDI / NDE), 649694, 650652 of ceramics, 644646 eddy current methods for, 653, 672678 impedance plane, 673676 lift-off of inspection coil from specimen, 676678 and skin effect, 673 of aws in brittle materials, 813 information on methods for, 651652 liquid penetrants for, 652656 magnetic particle method of, 653, 680682 continuous vs. noncontinuous elds in, 681682 demagnetizing of part after, 682683 inspection process with, 682 magnetizing eld in, 680681 of plastics, 784

INDEX quantitative, 689691 radiography for, 653, 663672 and attenuation of X-radiation, 667, 668 computed tomography, 671672 lm-based, 668669 and generation / absorption of Xradiation, 664666 neutron radiography, 666667 penetrameters used in, 669670 real-time, 670671 and selection of materials for inspectability, 683693 condence in consistent properties, 683 general process control, 693 probability of detection assessment, 691 693 quantied crack detection capabilities, 686690 structural integrity, 683686 thermal methods of, 653, 678680 infrared cameras, 679 thermal paints, 679 thermal testing, 679680 ultrasonic methods of, 653, 656663 inspection process, 662663 and reection / transmission of sound, 657660 and refraction of sound, 660662 and sound wave characteristics, 657 Nonlinear optical (NLO) phenomena, 1323 Nonresulfurized carbon steels, 5354 Nonzero mean cyclic stresses, 729 Normalizing (steels), 51 Nortons law, 806 Nose radiuses, 861 Notching: of metals, 946 of titanium alloys, 223 Notch toughness, 46, 53 NSF (National Sanitation Foundation), 618 NSF (National Science Foundation), 1419 Numeric databases, materials properties data from, 464 Nylon (polyamides), 342, 343, 1186, 1425 Oblique cutting, 848, 850 Octahedral shear stress theory, see Distortion energy theory of failure OF coppers, see Oxygen-free coppers OIT, see Oxidative induction time Olympics, 12571260, 1262, 1269, 1271 Online encyclopedias, 448 Open-die hammer forging (metals), 930931 Operating temperature ranges (electronic packaging), 12271228 Optical benches (spacecraft), 11571159 Optical clarity:

1477 in medical products, 1196, 1198 of polymers, 1425, 1427 Optical cross connect MEMS mirrors, 1327 1328 Optical bers, 13181323 device fabrication with, 13221323 fabrication of, 13201322 in ber-optic cables, 1322, 1323 glass, 13191320 plastic, 1320 plastic-clad, 1320 Optical ber networks, 13061308 Optical lters, 1324 Optical MEMS, 1314 Optimum design, sports equipment material selection for, 12551256 Optoelectronics, 1323 Organic coatings (metals), 964 Organic materials, electro-optical, 1324 Orthogonal cutting, 848, 850 Orthopedic biomaterials, 11661180 biocompatibility of, 11741178 corrosion of, 11741177 functioning of, 11671173 joint motion with, 11711173 leaching / absorption with, 11771178 load support with, 11671171 material selection for, 11781180 wear debris from, 1178 Outdoor weathering tests (plastics), 587589 Outgassing, vacuum-induced, 1142 Outside vapor-phase oxidation (OVPO), 1321 Overload proof test, 812813 OVPO (outside vapor-phase oxidation), 1321 Oxidation, 251 of carbon / carbon composites, 386 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 268 274 at ambient temperature, 268270 at high temperature, 270274 outside vapor-phase, 1321 Oxidative induction time (OIT), 12011210 Oxide tool inserts, 860 Oxidizing acids, 7071 Oxygen-free (OF) coppers, 142143 Oxygen (in titanium and titanium alloys), 215 Packaging. See also Electronic packaging applications aluminum alloys in, 133 of lasers and ampliers, 1313 MEMS, 13131314 of telecommunications devices, 13111314 PAI, see Polyamideimides Paint(s): for magnesium and magnesium alloys, 287, 288

1478 Paint(s) (continued ) for metals, 964 as radiation heat transfer impediment, 1236 thermal, 679 PAN bers, see Polyacrilonitrile-based bers Paralympics, 12581259 Parkerizing, 966 Particle-reinforced MMCs, 382383, 395396 Particulate composites, 1038 PASSC (polythionic acid stress-corrosion cracking), 73 Passive electronics, ceramic materials in, 430431 Paste adhesives, 1361 Patenting process (music wire), 64 PBM, see Plasma-beam machining PBT (poly(butylene terephthalate)), 342 PC, see Polycarbonates PCM, see Photochemical machining PDES, see Product Data Exchange Specication PDM systems, see Product data management systems PE, see Polyethylene Pearlite, 3638, 51 Peening (metals), 941 PEI, see Polyetherimides Pendulum impact test, 530531 Penetrameters, 669670 Percent reduction in area, carbon and, 45, 46 Perforating (metals), 946 Performance: of autoclave-processes prepreg, 1076 of composites in repair and retrot infrastructure systems, 13981399 materials properties data for modeling, 458 measurement of, in design problem, 997 998 of medical products, 12191221 requirements analysis for cost, 6 for functional requirements, 4, 6 for processability, 6 for reliability, 6 for resistance to service conditions, 67 sports equipment materials for enhancing, 12561270 Performance index (in weighted-properties method), 1213 Permanent-mold casting: of copper and copper alloys, 198 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 261, 262 of metals, 953955 Permeability, design of composite reinforcements to enhance, 10531054 PET, see Polyethylene terephthalate

INDEX Petroleum industry, aluminum alloys in, 133 PFRP composites, see Pultruded berreinforced polymeric composites Phenolic resins, 352 Phosphate coatings (metals), 966 Phosphor bronzes, 150 Phosphorus (in alloy steels), 47 Photochemical machining (PCM), 922923 Photodetectors, 1317, 1318 Photoelastic coating technique (plastics), 780 781 Photoelastic stress analysis (plastics), 780 781 pH-sensitive materials, 411412 Pickling process, 961 Piercing (metals), 938, 946 Piezoceramics, 431432 Piezoelectric materials, 403407, 1323 Pig iron, 28 PillingBedworth ratio, 168169, 1271 Pin photodiodes, 1317 Pipe welding (metals), 937, 938 Pitting corrosion, 251252, 709 in magnesium alloys, 275276 of metals, 766 resistance of stainless steels to, 74, 75 Plain-carbon steels, see Carbon steels Plane-strain fracture toughness, 720722 Planing (of metals), 854, 888, 891892 Plasma-beam machining (PBM), 919921 Plaster-mold casting (metals), 955956 Plastics, 335354. See also Polymers abrasion resistance testing of, 564 additives in, 14291430 blow molding, 958, 977979, 10261027 calendering, 974975, 10181019 casting, 982, 983, 995, 10321033 centrifugal-based process, rotational molding as, 997 chemical failure of, 778 chemical / thermal analysis for polymer identication, 613 classications of, 336 coating with, 980981 coinjection molding, 957 commodity thermoplastics, 336341 ABS, 339 impact polystyrene (IPS), 338 polyethylene (PE), 336337 poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 341 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 341 polypropylene (PP), 337, 338 polystyrene (PS), 337, 338 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 339340 poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 340 341

INDEX styrene / acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), 338, 339 compression molding, 983984, 1026 continuous manufacturing processes, 994, 10111022 calendering, 10181019 extension dominated, 10191022 extrusion, 10111016 ber spinning, 10191020 lm blowing, 10201022 shear dominated, 10111019 wire coating, 10161018 copper wire test for, 613 cyclic manufacturing processes, 994, 1022 1033 blow molding, 10261027 casting, 10321033 compression molding, 1026 extension dominated, 10261032 melt injection molding, 10221025 quiescent, 10321033 reaction injection molding, 1025 rotational molding, 1032 shear dominated, 10221025 thermoforming, 10271032 transfer molding, 1025 denition of, 1429 design of and design problem, 997998 and design solution algorithm, 9981007 as failure factor, 776, 777 for plastic parts, 14311435 differential scanning calorimetry for, 602 604 drag-ow manufacturing processes, 996 elastomers, 354, 1424 general-purpose, 350, 354 specialty, 351, 354 thermal behavior of, 1426 electrical properties tests for, 575582 arc resistance, 578582 dielectric constant and dissipation factor, 576577 dielectric strength, 575576 electrical resistance tests, 577578 in electronic packaging applications, 1245 1249 elastomers, 1249 nishes for, 1238 thermoplastics, 1246, 1247 thermosets, 12471249 engineering thermoplastics, 342348 modied polyphenylene ether, 347 polyacetals, 343, 344 polyamides (nylon), 342, 343 poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 342 polycarbonates, 345346

1479 polyesters, 342 polyimides, 347, 348 polyphenylene sulde, 344, 345 polysulfone, 346347 environmental failure of, 778 expandable-bead molding, 957 extensional-ow-dominated manufacturing processes, 995, 10191022, 1026 1032 blow molding, 10261027 compression molding, 1026 ber spinning, 10191020 lm blowing, 10201022 rotational molding, 1032 thermoforming, 10271032 extrusion, 958, 969972, 10011016 extrusion covering, 972973 failure analysis with, 778784 heat reversion technique for, 782783 materials identication analysis, 779780 mechanical testing for, 784 microtoming technique for, 783784 nondestructive testing techniques for, 784 stress analysis, 780783 thermal analysis for, 784 by visual examination, 778779 failure of, 775778 chemical, 778 design as factor in, 776, 777 environmental, 778 material selection as factor in, 775776 mechanical, 776, 778 process as factor in, 776 service conditions as factor in, 776 thermal, 778 ber spinning, 10191020 lm blowing, 973974, 10201022 uorinated thermoplastics, 348349, 352 uorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP), 349 poly(chlorotriuoroethylene) (CTFE), 349 poly(ethylene chlorotriuoroethylene) (ECTFE), 349, 352 poly(tetrauoroethylene) (PTFE), 348 349 poly(vinyl uoride), 352 polyvinylidene uoride (PVDF), 349 forged-plastic parts, 958 gel permeation chromatography for, 599 601 gravitational-inuenced manufacturing processes, 997 identication analysis of, 607608, 610 613 chemical / thermal analysis for polymer identication, 613

1480 Plastics (continued ) copper wire test, 613 melting point determination, 610, 612 solubility test, 612 specic gravity test, 613 injection molding, 957, 986989 joining techniques for, 1431 manufacturing processes for, 969991, 9931033 blow molding, 977979, 10261027 calendering, 974975, 10181019 casting, 982, 983, 995, 10321033 centrifugal-based process, rotational molding as, 997 classication of processes, 993997 coating, 980981 compression molding, 983984, 1026 continuous processes, 994, 10111022 cyclic processes, 994, 10221033 design problem in, 997998 design solution algorithm in, 9981007 drag-ow processes, 996 extensional-ow-dominated processes, 995, 10191022, 10261032 extrusion, 969972, 10011016 extrusion covering, 972973 ber spinning, 10191020 lm blowing, 973974, 10201022 gravitational-inuenced processes, 997 injection molding, 986989 machining, 893 melt injection molding, 10221025 pressure effects in, 10081009 pressure-ow processes, 996 quiescent process, casting as, 995, 1032 1033 reaction injection molding, 990991, 1025 rotational molding, 980982, 997, 1032 shear-ow-dominated processes, 994 995, 10111019, 10221025 sheet thermoforming, 975977 sources of momentum in, 996997 steady state processes, 994 temperature effects in, 10071008 thermoforming, 10271032 transfer molding, 984, 985, 1025 unsteady state processes, 994 wire coating, 10161018 material characterization tests for, 591609 differential scanning calorimetry, 602 604 gel permeation chromatography, 599601 melt index test, 592, 594596 rheology, 595599 spectroscopy, 607609 thermal analysis techniques, 602609

INDEX thermogravimetric analysis, 604605 thermomechanical analysis, 605606 viscosity tests, 599 material selection as failure factor with, 775776 materials selection for, 14231431 additives in, 14291430 polymers in, 14241429 reinforced plastics, 1430 terms / concepts related to, 14241430 mechanical failure of, 776, 778 mechanical properties tests for creep properties, 551553 fatigue resistance, 564566 exural properties, 549551 hardness tests, 566568 impact properties, 555565 material characterization tests, 591609 mechanical properties, 547568 standard methods of, 546547 stress relaxation, 552, 554555 tensile tests, 547548 melt index test for, 592, 594596 melting point determination for, 610, 612 melt injection molding, 10221025 molding processes for, 957958 pressure effects in, 10081009 pressure-ow manufacturing processes, 996 process as failure factor with, 776 quiescent process, casting as, 995, 1032 1033 reaction injection molding, 990991, 1025 reinforced-plastic molding, 958 reinforced plastics, 1430 rheology for, 595599 rotational molding, 980982, 997, 1032 rotomolding, 957 service conditions as failure factor with, 776 shear-ow-dominated manufacturing processes, 994995, 10111019, 10221025 calendering, 10181019 extrusion, 10111016 melt injection molding, 10221025 reaction injection molding, 1025 transfer molding, 1025 wire coating, 10161018 sheet thermoforming, 975977 solubility test for, 612 sources of momentum in, 996997 specic gravity test for, 613 spectroscopy for, 607609 steady state manufacturing processes, 994 for telecommunications device packaging, 13121313 temperature effects in, 10071008

INDEX testing of, 545589, 591609 accelerated weathering tests, 584587 arc resistance, 578582 brittleness temperature, 574, 575 chemical / thermal analysis for polymer identication, 613 copper wire test, 613 creep properties, 551553 dielectric constant and dissipation factor, 576577 dielectric strength, 575576 differential scanning calorimetry, 602 604 electrical resistance tests, 577578 elevated temperature performance tests, 568574 fatigue resistance, 564566 exural properties, 549551 gel permeation chromatography, 599601 hardness tests, 566568 impact properties, 555564 material characterization tests, 591609 mechanical properties, 547568 melt index test, 592, 594596 melting point determination, 610, 612 outdoor weathering, 587589 rheology, 595599 solubility test, 612 specic gravity test, 613 spectroscopy, 607609 standard methods of, 546547 stress relaxation, 552, 554555 tensile tests, 547548 thermal analysis techniques, 602609 thermogravimetric analysis, 604605 thermomechanical analysis, 605606 viscosity tests, 599 thermal analysis techniques for, 602609 thermal failure of, 778 thermal properties tests for, 568575 brittleness temperature, 574, 575 elevated temperature performance tests, 568574 thermoforming, 958, 10271032 thermogravimetric analysis for, 604605 thermomechanical analysis for, 605606 thermoplastics, 1424 commodity, 336341 engineering, 342348 uorinated, 348349, 352 morphology of, 1427 thermal behavior of, 1426 thermosets, 352354 alkyd resins, 353 amino resins, 354 diallyl phthalate (DAP), 353354 epoxy resins, 352353

1481 phenolic resins, 352 unsaturated polyesters, 353 thermosetting resins, 1424 glass transition temperature of, 1428 thermal behavior of, 1426 transfer molding, 984, 985, 1025 unsteady state manufacturing processes, 994 viscosity tests for, 599 weathering properties tests for, 582589 accelerated weathering tests, 584587 outdoor weathering, 587589 wire coating with, 10161018 Plastic-clad optical ber, 1320 Plasticized PVC, 340 Plasticizers, 1430 Plastic optical ber, 1320 Plastic region, 253 Plastics for Engineers (Domininghaus), 1433 Plastics Technology Laboratories, Inc., 621 Plastic strains, 713 Plastic zone, 739 Plunger transfer molding, 985 P / M, see Powder metallurgy PMCs, see Polymer matrix composites PMMA (poly(methyl methacrylate)), 341 POD assessment, see Probability of detection assessment Poissons ratio, 376 Pole vaulting, 12591260 Polishing: electrochemical, 912, 913 electropolishing, 921, 922 of metals, 963 Polyacetals, 343, 344 Polyacrilonitrile-based (PAN) bers, 361, 363, 366367, 1134 Polyamideimides (PAI), 347, 348 Polyamides (nylon), 342, 343 Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 342 Polycarbonate / ABS alloys, 346 Polycarbonates (PC), 345346 Poly(chlorotriuoroethylene) (CTFE), 349 Polycrystalline ceramics, see Transparent ceramic materials Polycrystalline diamonds, 861 Polyesters, 342, 353, 1425 Polyetherimides (PEI), 347, 348 Poly(ethylene chlorotriuoroethylene) (ECTFE), 349, 352 Polyethylene (PE), 336337, 1424, 1425 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 341, 1425 Polyhedron Laboratories, Inc., 621 Polyimides, 347, 348, 404405, 1425 Polymers, 14241429. See also Plastics addition polymers, 1425 amorphous, 1427

1482 Polymers (continued ) and Carothers equation, 1429 chemical / thermal analysis for identication of, 613 crystalline, 1427 denition of, 1424 elastomers, 1424, 1426 future of, 416417 glass transition / glass transition temperature of, 14271429 internal structure of, 1427 liquid-crystal, 1427 molecular weight / distributions of, 1425 1426 nylons, 1425 piezoelectric, 404407 polyesters, 1425 polyethylenes, 1424, 1425 polyethylene terephthalate, 1425 polyimides, 1425 polymerization reactions, 14241425 semicrystalline, 1427 smart, 412413, 415416 thermal analyses of, 14261427 thermal behavior of, 1426 thermoplastics, 1424, 1426, 1427 thermosetting resins, 1424, 1426, 1428 transparancy / opaqueness of, 1427 ultrasonic properties of, 697698 viscoelastic regions of, 1427 in wear applications, 1281 Polymerization process, 591592 Polymerization reactions, 14241425 Polymer matrix composites (PMCs), 358, 11351136 commingled thermoplastic matrix composites, 11031106 cure of thermosetting resins, 10491051 glass mat thermoplastics, 10991101 high-performance thermoplastic matrix composites, 11011103 injection-molded short-ber-reinforced thermoplastics, 11071110 matrix materials used in, 368, 371 mechanical properties of, 375380 physical properties of, 392394 SRIM of monomer precursor thermoplastics, 11061107 thermoplastic matrix systems, 1050, 1051 thermoplastic resins in, 370, 371 thermosetting resins in, 368, 370 Polymer melts: constitutive equations for, 10001007 PTV relationships for, 10081009 rheological properties of, 9991000 Polymer morphology, 1427

INDEX Polymer precursors (ceramics manufacturing), 1123 Polymer Solutions Inc., 622 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 341 Polyolen-based materials: for medical products, 12101213 metallocene, 12111213, 12161218 Polyphenylene ether, modied, 347 Polyphenylene sulde (PPS), 344, 345 Polypropylene (PP), 337, 338 Polystyrene (PS), 337, 338 Polysulfone, 346347 Poly(tetrauoroethylene) (PTFE), 348349 Polythionic acid stress-corrosion cracking (PASSC), 73 Polyurethane-based materials (for encapsulation), 1240 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 339340 for medical products, 12111213, 1221 metallocene-based polyolens vs., 1211 1213 oxidative induction time of, 12011210 yellowness index of, 1201, 12041206 Poly(vinyl uoride), 352 Poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 340341 Polyvinylidene uoride (PVDF), 349 Porosity (cast superalloys), 324 Position-sensitive electronic assemblies, 12381239 Pot transfer molding, 985 Powder metallurgy (P / M), 959960 and nickel alloys, 237 and superalloys, 324325 in titanium alloy processing, 225 Power cable, 142 PP, see Polypropylene PPS, see Polyphenylene sulde Precipitation hardening (stainless steels), 62 Precipitation stainless steels, 49 Precision-casting, 956 Prefabricated composite laminates or shells, 1385, 1386 Preimpregnated (prepreg) warp sheet, 1043 autoclave processing of, 10671076 for construction repair applications, 1385 processing options for, 1076 Prepreg, see Preimpregnated warp sheet Press forging (metals), 931 Pressure: in composite materials manufacturing, 10481049 in plastics manufacturing, 10081009 Pressure-ow manufacturing processes (plastics), 996 Prime surface, 1054 Principle of conversion (wear control), 761 Principle of diversion (wear control), 761

INDEX Principle of protective layers (wear control), 761 Probabilistic design, 422 Probability of detection (POD) assessment, 691693 ProceedingsFirst database, 456 Processability, performance requirement analysis for, 6 Process annealing (recrystallization annealing), 51 Processing, see Manufacturing Processing, intelligent, 1115 Procurement of materials, 505511 cost determination in, 509 at General Electric, 510511 information sources for purchasing, 507, 509 for standards and specications, 511513 Producibility list (composites), 13631365 Products. See also specic products composites used in, 13441347 ideal, 831 medical, 11991213, 12191221 product development team for, 13491350 telecommunications, future of, 13371338 Product Data Exchange Specication (PDES), 499500 Product data management (PDM) systems, 477478 Proeutectoid ferrite, 3637 Professional organizations: National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 617 National Fire Protection Association, 617 618 National Sanitation Foundation, 618 Society of Plastics Engineers, 618619 Society of Plastics Industry, 619 Project team (database design / creation), 485 Proof-test ratio, 812813 Properties of materials, see Materials properties; specic materials Protective layers, principle of (wear control), 761 PS, see Polystyrene PTFE, see Poly(tetrauoroethylene) PTV relationships (for polymer melts), 10081009 Pugh decision matrix, 19 Pultruded ber-reinforced polymeric (PFRP) composites, 14011416 bridge applications, 1408, 14101416 buildings applications, 1406, 14081410 connections with, 14041405 research and development of, 14021407 Pultrusion (composites), 10901095 Punching, tool steels for, 62 Purchasing, see Procurement PVC, see Polyvinyl chloride PVC copolymers, 340 PVDC, see Poly(vinylidene chloride) PVDF (polyvinylidene uoride), 349 PZT, see Lead zirconate titanates

1483

Q-Panel Lab Products, 622 Quality assurance / control: for composite applications, 13651367 for databases / user interfaces, 492493 materials properties data for, 462 Quality (of information resources), 452453 Quantitative materials selection methods, 34 for comparing alternative solutions, 1113 digital logic method for, 1113 performance index in, 1213 weighted-properties method for, 1113 for initial screening, 711 Ashbys material selection charts, 9, 10 cost per unit property method, 8, 9 Dargies method, 911 limits on material properties, 78 Quasi-isotropic laminates, 376, 377, 379 Quenching (steel), 5052 Racetracking, 1082 Rackets: squash, 1264 tennis, 12621264 Radiation: damage to metals by, 707, 712 electron beam radiation effect, 12071210 gamma radiation effect, 12011207 Radiation heat transfer, 12351236 Radio frequency interface (RFI) shielding, 579581 Radiography testing (RT), 653, 663672 and attenuation of X-radiation, 667, 668 of ceramics, 646 computed tomography, 671672 lm-based, 668669 and generation / absorption of X-radiation, 664666 neutron radiography, 666667 penetrameters used in, 669670 real-time, 670671 Rail and rail products: aluminum alloys in, 133 specications for, 53 Rake angles, 861 Rapid solidication (RS) (magnesium alloys), 273, 285287 Rare earth elements (RE): in alloy steels, 50 in magnesium alloys, 261, 272274, 282 Rattling, 962

1484 Rayleigh angle, 660, 661 RCF, see Rolling contact fatigue RE, see Rare earth elements Reaction bonding (ceramics), 1120 Reaction (reactive) injection molding (RIM): of composites, 1079 of plastics, 990991, 1025 Real-time radiography, 670671 Reciprocating power hacksaws, 892 Recrystallization annealing (steels), 51 Recyclability (aluminum alloys), 91 Recycling, 513515 Red hardness, 859 Reducing acids, 70 Rening (superalloys), 319323 Reectors, space, 11591162 Refractory glass packages, 1312 Reinforced concrete / masonry structure repair / retrot, 13881398 axial load capacity upgrade, 13931398 exural capacity upgrade (concrete members), 13881391 minimum bond strength requirements, 1391 shear and torsional strengths upgrade, 13921393 Reinforced plastics, 958, 1430 Reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM), 1079 Reinforcements (in composite materials), 358, 359, 364367, 375, 11341135. See also specic composite types alumina-based bers, 367 aramid bers, 367, 1134 boron bers, 367 carbon (graphite) bers, 366367, 1134 berpowder combinations, 1106 bers, 364367 glass bers, 365, 366 high-density polyethylene bers, 367 for press molding, 10651067 silicon carbide-based bers, 367 Reliability. See also Failure analysis of brittle materials, 809810 performance requirement analysis for, 6 Relief angles, 861 Remotely queried embedded microsensors (RQEM), 1147 Repair and retrot infrastructure systems, 13711399 automated machine lamination, 1385, 1387 design considerations for (FRP composites), 1385, 13871388 design philosophy for (FRP composites), 13881398 durability and long-term performance of, 13981399

INDEX prefabricated composite laminates or shells, 1385, 1386 preimpregnated (prepreg) composite systems, 1385 reinforced concrete and masonry structures, 13881398 wet / hand lay-up method, 13751376, 1379, 13811385 Repeaters (regenerators), 1329 Rephosphorized steels, 47, 53, 54 Residual elements (alloy steels), 50 Resins: alkyd, 353 amino, 354 for contact molding, 10591061 epoxy, 352353 glass transition temperature of, 1428 phenolic, 352 for press molding, 10651067 styrene emissions from, 1061 thermosetting, 1424 cure of, 10491051 thermal behavior of, 1426 Resin lm inltration, 10771078 Resin transfer molding (RTM), 10781086 high-pressure, 1084 low-pressure, ambient cure, 10831084 manufacture of preforms for, 10841086 Resistance to service conditions, performance requirement analysis for, 67 Resonators, RF, 13281329 bulk, 1328, 1329 thin-lm, 13281329 Resulfurized steels, 53, 54 Retained austenite, 44 Retirement for cause (RFC), 688, 689 Retrots, see Repair and retrot infrastructure systems RFC, see Retirement for cause RFI shielding, see Radio frequency interface shielding RF resonators, see Microwave radio-frequency resonators Rheology (plastics), 595599 Rhodium (electronic packaging), 1245 Rigid deployable space structures, 1152 Rigid PVC, 339 RIM, see Reaction (reactive) injection molding Riveting (metals), 941 Rocketdyne Division of Boeing North America, 477 Rockwell Hardness test, 567, 1229 Rods, copper, 185 Roll bending (metals), 943, 944 Roller leveling, 944 Roll forging (metals), 932

INDEX Rolling, 927929, 962 Rolling contact fatigue (RCF), 424, 425 Roll straightening, 944 Rotational molding (plastics), 980982, 997, 1032 Rotational rheometer, 597 Rotomolding (plastics), 957 Roughness (diamond lms), 12951296 RQEM (remotely queried embedded microsensors), 1147 RRIM (reinforced reaction injection molding), 1079 RS, see Rapid solidication RT, see Radiography testing RTM, see Resin transfer molding Running shoes, 12561259 Rupture strengths (superalloys), 308310, 317 Rupture stress (nickel and nickel alloys), 241 Rutherford Research Corp., 622 SAE, see Society of Automotive Engineers SAE / AISI numbering system, 5264 SAE Materials Standards Manual, 53 Safe-life design, 684, 687 Safety (medical products), 1196 Salem Avenue Bridge (Ohio), 1410, 1411 SAN, see Styrene / acrylonitrile copolymer Sand casting: of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 261, 262 of metals, 949952 Sand molds, 950 Sandwich panels (composite), 1353, 1357 1358 Sawing: electrical discharge, 917918 of metals, 892893 Scatter of lifetime (ceramics), 797, 798 Scatter of strength (ceramics), 794797 SCC, see Stress corrosion cracking Schuyler Heim steel lift bridge (California), 14121414 Science Citation Index, 455456 Scientic Process and Research, Inc., 622 SCRIMP, see Seeman composites infusion molding process Sealing adhesives, 1251 Seaming (metals), 944 Secondary manufacturing processes, 838 Seeman composites infusion molding process (SCRIMP), 1080, 1081 Seismic repair and rehabilitation, 1370, 1371, 13731380 Seizure failure, 707, 711, 757 Selecting optimum solution (as materials selection step), 13, 1519

1485 Selection of materials, see Materials selection; specic materials Selective leaching, 709, 767 Selenium (in alloy steels), 50 Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS), 1118 Semicrystalline polymers, 336, 1427 Service conditions: as factor in failure of ceramics, 803807 of plastics, 776 resistance to, 67 SFF, see Solid freeform fabrication SFTRPs, see Short-ber-reinforced thermoplastics SGML (standard generalized markup language), 501 SGS U.S. Testing Co., Inc., 622 Shannons equation, 1304 Shapes, copper, 185 Shaped-tube electrolytic machining (STEMT), 914, 915 Shape memory alloys, 414415 Shaping (of metals), 854, 888, 891892 Sharpening, electrochemical, 912, 913 Shaving (metals), 946 Shear, 595 Shear angle (metal cutting), 851 Shear-ow-dominated manufacturing processes (for plastic parts), 994995, 10111019, 10221025 calendering, 10181019 extrusion, 10111016 melt injection molding, 10221025 reaction injection molding, 1025 transfer molding, 1025 wire coating, 10161018 Shear ows, 994 Shearing: maximum shearing stress theory, 714715 of metals, 892893, 944947 tool steels for, 62 Shear rate, 596, 994 Shear strength: of high-nickel alloys, 254, 255 in reinforced concrete / masonry structure repair / retrot, 13921393 Sheet molding compound (SMC), 353, 373, 374, 1044, 10951099 Sheet thermoforming, see Thermoforming Shell drawing (metals), 947948 Shielding: electromagnetic, 1228, 12341235 electromagnetic interference, 579582, 11401141 in electronic packaging applications electromagnetic, 1228

1486 Shielding (continued ) electrostatic, 12281229 magnetic, 1229 electrostatic, 12281229, 12341235 magnetic, 1229, 12341235 stress (in total hip arthroplasty), 11691171 Shielding gases (for carbon vs. stainless steels), 8384 Ships, specications for, 53 Short discontinuous bers (in composites), 1038 Short-ber-reinforced thermoplastics (SFRTPs), 11071110 Shot peening, 962 SHPB testing, see Split Hopkinson pressure bar testing SHS (self-propagating high-temperature synthesis), 1118 Shushing compounds, 965 SiC / SiC, see Silicon carbide ber-reinforced silicon carbide Silicon: in alloy steels, 47 in magnesium alloys, 283 in materials for encapsulation, 1240 in stainless steels, 6970 Silicon carbide, bers based on (in composite materials), 367 Silicon carbide abrasives, 894 Silicon carbide ber-reinforced silicon carbide (SiC / SiC), 385, 397 Silicon carbide particle-reinforced aluminum, 382, 383 Silicon carbide particle-reinforced MMCs, 395 Silver (in electronic packaging), 12441245 Simple shear, 994 Single-crystal ceramics, see Transparent ceramic materials Single-crystal diamonds, 860861 Single screw extruders, 10111015 Size effect (composite materials), 365, 373 Sizing (metals), 940 Skeist Inc., 622 Skis, 1269, 1270 Skin effect, 673 Sleeve bearings, cast copper / alloys in, 199 Slotting (metals), 888, 891892 Small-scale yielding, 718 Smart catalysts, 414 Smart (intelligent) gels (hydrogels), 413414 Smart materials, 401436 denition of, 401 elastorestrictive materials, 409 electrorheological materials, 409410 electrostrictive materials, 407408 features of, 401402

INDEX fullerenes, 415 light-sensitive materials, 412 magnetic gels, 415 magnetorestrictive materials, 408409 magnetorheological materials, 410411 pH-sensitive materials, 411412 piezoelectric materials, 403407 shape memory alloys, 414415 smart catalysts, 414 smart (intelligent) gels (hydrogels), 413 414 and smart polymers, 412413, 415416 in smart structures, 402 technical applications of, 402403 thermoresponsive materials, 411 versatility of, 416 and water, 415 Smart polymers, 412413, 415416 Smart structures, 402 SMC, see Sheet molding compound SME (Society of Manufacturing Engineers), 863 SM PAN bers, see Standard modulus PAN bers SN curve, see Stressstrain curve Snells law, 660662 SNP curves, 727733 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 52, 53, 863 Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), 863 Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE), 618619 Society of Plastics Industry (SPI), 619, 1417 Soda-lime glasses, 1250 Softball bats, 1267 Sol-gel processing (ceramics), 11231127 Solid freeform fabrication (SFF), 11221123 Solid-state semiconductor lasers, 13141317 Solid-state sintering, 1113 Solubility: of plastics, 612 in steel manufacture, 32 Solution-phase technology, 1121 Solution viscosities, 1425 SONET (synchronous optical network), 1308 Sound: reection / transmission of, 657660 refraction of, 660662 wave characteristics of, 657 Sources of information, see Information sources Sources of momentum (plastics manufacturing), 996997 Spacecraft, advanced composite materials in, 11311162 for all-composite mirrors, 11611162 for antennas, 11591160

INDEX coefcient of thermal expansion of, 1137 1138 for deployable structures, 11521153 for electronics enclosures, 11531157 EMI shielding and electrical characteristics of, 11401141 environmental durability of, 11411142 examples of, 11491162 FORTE, 1150 high specic stiffness / strength of, 1138, 1139 for hybrid composite mirrors, 11601161 for inatable structures, 1153 isogrid structures, 1145 joints, 1145 manufacturing methods used with, 1146 1149 material properties for, 11371142 Midcourse Space Experiment, 11511152 for mirrors, 11591162 for optical benches and instrument structures, 11571159 for primary bus / chassis structure, 1150 1152 properties / characteristics of, 11371142 qualities of advanced composites used in, 11321136 for reectors, 11591162 sandwich structures, 11431144 solid laminate construction of, 11421143 standard structural forms of, 11421145 thermal conductivity of, 11391140 truss structures, 1144 Space-lling biomaterials, 11881191 biocompatibility of, 11881191 capsule formation with, 11881190 carcinogenesis / immunological complications with, 11901191 functioning of, 1188 material selection for, 1191 Space Infrared Imaging Telescope III (SPIRIT III), 1151 Spade drills, 876, 877 Spalling failure (metals), 707, 711712 SPDM (Structural Plastics Design Manual), 1417 SPE, see Society of Plastics Engineers Specialty Testing and Equipment, Inc., 622 Specications. See also Standards for alloy steels, 5564 for carbon steels, 5355 directories of / cross references to, 511513 for electrical wire products, 142 for higher alloy steels, 5864 from Information Handling Services, 507 for low-alloy steels, 5658 for low-carbon steels, 5455

1487 military Mil-Handbook 17, 500 MIL-HDBK-5, 460461 for ultrasonic testing, 656 for stainless steels, 77 for steel products, 5264 alloy steels, 5564 carbon steels, 5355 higher alloy steels, 5864 low-alloy steels, 5658 low-carbon steels, 5455 Specic gravity test (plastics), 613, 1228 Spectra polypropylene bers, 1346 Spectroscopy (plastics), 607609 Speed (metal cutting), 852, 862, 863, 865 Spelling, variations in, 445 Spheriodizing (steel production), 51, 52 SPI, see Society of Plastics Industry Spinning: cold, 947 ber spinning, 10191020 hot, 935, 937 of metals, 935, 937 cold, 947 hot, 935, 937 tube spinning, 937, 938 of plastic parts, 10191020 tube spinning, 937, 938 SPIRIT III (Space Infrared Imaging Telescope), 1151 Split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing, 633634 Sports equipment applications, 12531272 baseball bats, 1266, 1267 bicycles, 12601262 boats, 12671268 cricket bats, 1264 ethical considerations in, 12701272 golf clubs, 12641266 hockey sticks, 1270 javelins, 1268, 1269 for optimum design, 12551256 for performance enhancement, 12561270 running shoes, 12561259 skis, 1269, 1270 softball bats, 1267 squash rackets, 1264 surfboards, 12671268 tennis rackets, 12621264 vaulting poles, 12591260 watercraft, 12671268 wheelchairs, athletic, 1264, 1265 wind surng ns, 12671268 Springborn Laboratories, Inc., 622 Sputtering (deposition technique), 1330 Squash rackets, 1264 Squeezing processes (metals), 940941

1488 SRIM, see Structural reaction injection molding Stainless steels, 5862, 6787 age-hardening martensitic, 67, 80 alloying elements in, 6871 argonoxygen decarburization process for, 77 austenitic, 49, 50, 5960, 67, 8082 alloying elements in, 44 nickel in, 48 availability of grades of, 78 carbon levels in, 7677 chemistry control for, 78 classication of, 5862, 67 corrosion resistance of, 7176 to crevice corrosion, 74 to galvanic corrosion, 7576 to general corrosion, 7172 to intergranular corrosion, 75 to pitting corrosion, 74, 75 to stress-corrosion cracking, 7273 dual certication of, 77 duplex, 61 duplex austeniticferritic, 61, 67, 80 ferritic, 49, 50, 6061, 67, 7879 L grades of, 7677 martensitic, 50, 6162, 67, 79 martensitic age hardening, 67 nickel alloys, 8082 nickel-base steels vs., 67 pitting resistance of, 75 precipitation, 49 precipitation hardening, 62 specications for, 5962 sulfur levels in, 7778 superaustenitics, 67, 73, 78 welding of, 8287 austenitic, 8586 carbon vs. stainless steels, 8285 duplex, 8687 high-molybdenum, 87 Staking (metals), 941 Standards. See also Specications ASTM, 520. See also ASTM standards for ceramic materials, 434435 for characterizing material attributes, 487 for composites in construction applications, 14161419 directories of / cross references to, 511513 for identifying / qualifying test methods, 487 Japanese Industrial Standards, 53. See also JIS standards for materials data, 497502 ASTM Committee E 49, 498 IGES / PDES, 498499 ISO / STEP, 499500 from materials consortia, 500

INDEX and XML applications, 500502 for materials data exchange, 497498 for materials test data, 497 in MIL-HDBK-5, 460 organizations developing American National Standards Institute, 615616 American Society for Testing and Materials, 616 Food and Drug Administration, 616617 National Bureau of Standards and Technology, 617 National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 617 National Fire Protection Association, 617618 National Sanitation Foundation, 618 Society of Plastics Industry, 619 for plastics testing, 546547 for superalloys, 297 testing, 520 Standard generalized markup language (SGML), 501 Standard modulus (SM) PAN bers, 366367 State Street Bridge (Utah), 1373 Static fatigue, 792, 814 Steady state manufacturing processes (plastics), 994 Steels, 2764. See also Stainless steels; specic types alloying elements in, 2728, 4450 alloy steels, 5564 classication of, 5564 dual-phase steels, 5758 heat-resistant steels, 63 higher alloy steels, 5864 high-performance steels, 58 low-alloy steels, 5558 microalloyed (high-strength, low-alloy) steels, 57 specications for, 5564 stainless steels, 5862 tool steels, 62 trip steels, 58 ultrahigh-strength steel, 6364 wear-resistant steels (austenitic manganese steels), 63 aluminumsilicon deoxidized (killed), 48 annealing (full annealing) of, 51 austenitic manganese, 47 bake-hardening, 55 carbon steels classication of, 5355 high manganese, 53, 54 nonresulfurized, 5354 rephosphorized and resulfurized, 53, 54 specications for, 5355

INDEX welding of stainless steels vs., 8285 classication and specications of, 5264 alloy steels, 5564 carbon steels, 5355 higher alloy steels, 5864 low-alloy steels, 5658 low-carbon steels, 5455 composition of, 27 continuous casting of, 29 controlling microstructure of, 2943 continuous-cooling transformation diagram for, 41 hardenability concept in, 4143 iron-carbon equilibrium diagrams for principles of, 3037 isothermal transformation diagram for, 3840 under real world conditions, 3738 timetemperature transformation diagrams for, 3841 creep in, 48 drawability of, 5455 drawing-quality special-killed, 4849 dual-phase, 5758 ductility of, 37, 39, 49, 51 electrical, 55 enameling steel, 55 ne-grain, 48 nishes for, in electronic packaging, 1237 1238 forging of, 29 free-machining, 47 Hadeld manganese, 47 heat-resistant, 63 heat treatment of, 5052 annealing (full annealing), 51 normalizing, 51 process annealing (recrystallization annealing), 51 quenching, 52 spheriodizing, 51, 52 stress relieving, 51 tempering, 52 higher alloy, 5864 high-performance, 58 hypereutectoid, 37 hypoeutectoid, 36, 37 insterstitial-free (IF), 49 interstitial alloying elements in, 32 ironmaking, 28 low-alloy, 5658 machinability of, 47, 50, 56 manufacture of, 2829 maraging steel, 6364 microalloyed (high-strength, low-alloy), 57 for motor lamination, 55 in music wire, 64

1489 normalizing of, 51 process annealing (recrystallization annealing) of, 51 quenching of, 52 rephosphorized, 47 rolling of, 29 spheriodizing of, 51, 52 steelmaking, 2829 stress relieving for, 51 substitutional alloying elements in, 32 temper embrittlement in, 48 tempering of, 52 titanium carbide particle-reinforced, 382, 383 tool, 62 trip, 58 ultrahigh-strength, 6364 maraging steel, 6364 music wire, 64 wear-resistant, 63 weathering steels, 47 Steel bars, 29 Steelmaking, 2829 STEMT, see Shaped-tube electrolytic machining STEP, see ISO 10303 Sterile delivery (of medical products), 1198 Sterilization (of medical products), 1200 Stiffness: in advanced composites, 11381139 cost per unit stiffness, 8, 9 of diamond lms, 1298 localized, in commercial berglass structures, 13621363 STN International, materials properties data from, 469470 Stone (as wear materials), 1281 Storage temperature ranges (electronic packaging), 12271228 Straightening (metals), 944 Strain gauge stress analysis (plastics), 782 Strain hardening (high-nickel alloys), 253 255 Strain (metal cutting), 851 Strand casting, 29 Strength. See also Tensile strength of aluminum alloys, 91 of brittle materials indented inert strength measurements, 816, 824 initial strength distribution, 811813 tests for, 821823 of ceramics compressive strength measurement of, 798799 predicting, 792 scatter of strength, 794796

1490 Strength (continued ) of composites, 373375 compressive strength measurement, 798 799 converting hardness of steels to, 4243 cost per unit strength, 8 in electronic packaging applications, 1228 of hip implant, 11681169 of iron, 4445 prediction of (for ceramics), 792 of superalloys, 316317 of titanium and titanium alloys, 203, 204 and type of loading, 9, 10 Strengthening: of superalloys, 294296 of titanium alloys, 211 Strength / weight ratios: of aluminum alloys, 90 of titanium alloys, 203 Stress. See also Failure analysis combined stress theory, 714 with hip implants, 11691171 maximum normal stress theory, 715716 in plastics, 780783 in steels, 51 Stress corrosion, 92, 708, 709, 712, 769770 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC): in magnesium and magnesium alloys, 276 of metals, 769770 resistance of stainless steels to, 7273 Stress elds, 718 Stress relaxation testing: for metallic materials, 528 for plastics, 552, 554555 Stress rupture, 740, 741 in heat-resistant steels, 63 of metals, 707, 711, 740746 creep under uniaxial state of stress, 743 746 prediction of long-term creep behavior, 742743 Stressstrain (SN) curve: for ceramics, 793 for metals, 727 for plastics, 787 Stress-time patterns, 723726 Stretcher leveling, 944 Stretch forming (metals), 947 Structural adhesives, 1251 Structural bonding (composites), 1358, 1360 1361 Structural Design Manual on Pultruded Composite Joints (ASCE), 1418 Structural integrity, 683687 Structural Plastics Design Manual (SPDM), 1417

INDEX Structural reaction injection molding (SRIM), 10791080 Styrene / acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), 338, 339 Sublimation (electronic packaging), 1230 1231 Substitutional alloying elements, 32 Substitution of materials, see Materials substitution Substrate selection (wear materials), 1280 Sulfur: in alloy steels, 46, 47 in carbon steels, 5354 nickel alloys exposed to, 255 in stainless steels, 7778 Sun Bank Building (Florida), 1406, 1408 Superalloys, 293334 alloying elements in, 295296 cast, 323324 effect of temperature on mechanical properties of, 306307 for high-temperature applications, 332 333 nominal compositions of, 301 physical properties of, 302303 rupture strengths of, 310 chemistry control with, 318319 corrosion of, 329330 cracking of, 312 denition of, 294 effect of temperature on mechanical properties of, 304307 environmental properties of, 314316 evolution of, 318319 forging of, 324 at high temperatures, 312314, 332333 for hot-corrosion resistance, 330 information sources for, 296297, 325326, 328329 for intermediate-temperature applications, 330332 joining of, 325 manufacturing with, 295, 296, 319329 casting, 323324 forging, 324 joining, 325 melting / remelting, 319323 powder metallurgy, 324325 rening, 319323 sources of information on, 325326, 328329 mechanical properties of, 316318 melting / remelting of, 319323 nominal compositions of, 298301 physical properties of, 302303, 314316 powder metallurgy, 324325 protective coatings for, 329330

INDEX rening of, 319323 rupture strengths of, 308310 strengthening of, 294296 thermal barrier coatings for, 330 wrought effect of temperature on mechanical properties of, 304305 for intermediate-temperature applications, 330332 nominal compositions of, 298300 rupture strengths of, 308309 Superaustenitic stainless steels, 67, 73, 78 Supernishing, 899 Superplastic forging (isothermal forging), 324 Superplastic forming, 229 Surface characteristics: of CVD diamond lms, 12951296 of materials for vascular prostheses, 1185 Surface fatigue, 708709 Surface fatigue wear, 710, 761 Surface nishing, 899 Surface modications: for magnesium alloys, 288 in wear materials, 1280 Surface treatment: for carbon vs. stainless steels, 8283 hardness of material and, 12291230 of metals, 960967 chemical conversions, 966967 cleaning processes, 960963 coatings, 963966 Surfboards, 12671268 Swaging (metals): cold, 940 hot, 932 Switches (telecommunications), 1329 Synchronous optical network (SONET), 1308 TA, see Thermal analysis Tack, 1043 TAM, see Thermally assisted machining Tantalum (in alloy steels), 49 TBCs (thermal barrier coatings), 330 TCM (thermochemical machining), 923 TDMA (time division multiple access), 1308 TEA-21 (Transportation Equity Act), 1419 Technological momentum, 1255 Telecommunications applications, 13031338 antireection coatings for, 1324 cable networks, 13041306 deposition processes for, 1330, 13341337 chemical vapor deposition, 13341335 crystal growth, 1336 electroplating, 1337 epitaxy, 13351336 evaporation, 1330, 13341335 sputtering, 1330

1491 electro-optical materials, 13231324 future possibilities for, 13371338 isolators incorporating Faraday rotators, 1325 materials selection for, 13031338 antireection coatings, 1324 cable networks, 13041306 and chemical vapor deposition, 1334 1335 and crystal growth, 1336 data transmission, 1309 and deposition methods, 1330, 1334 1337 electro-optical materials, 13231324 and epitaxy, 13351336 and evaporation, 1330, 13341335 and future communication components, 13371338 isolators incorporating Faraday rotators, 1325 microelectromechanical systems, 1325 1328 microwave radio-frequency resonators, 13281329 multilayer ceramic integrated circuits, 13291330 for networks, 13041308 optical ber, 13181323 optical lters, 1324 optical networks, 13061308 packaging, 13111314 photodetectors, 1317, 1318 and plating, 1337 repeaters, 1329 solid-state semiconductor lasers, 1314 1317 for specic components, 13091311, 13301333 and sputtering, 1330 switches, 1329 for transmission, 1309 voice transmission, 1309 wireless networks, 1308 microelectromechanical systems, 1325 1328 microwave radio-frequency resonators, 13281329 multilayer ceramic integrated circuits, 13291330 networks, 13041308 cable, 13041306 optical ber, 13061308 wireless, 1308 optical ber, 13181323 device fabrication with, 13221323 fabrication of, 13201322 in ber-optic cables, 1322

1492 Telecommunications applications (continued ) glass, 13191320 plastic, 1320 plastic-clad, 1320 optical ber networks, 13061308 optical lters, 1324 packaging, 13111314 photodetectors, 1317, 1318 repeaters, 1329 solid-state semiconductor lasers, 1314 1317 switches, 1329 transmission data, 1309 voice, 1309 wireless networks, 1308 Temperature. See also High temperatures dependence of polymer properties on, 376 in electronic packaging applications, 1235 1236 and grinding processes, 898 and mechanical properties of superalloys, 304307 and oxidation of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 268274 in plastics manufacturing, 10071008 superalloys for intermediate-temperature applications, 330332 and thermoresponsive materials, 411 and titanium / titanium alloy capabilities, 202 Temper designations: for aluminum alloys, 98, 100 for copper and copper alloys, 137139 Tempering (steels), 51, 52 Template machining (gears), 883884 Temporary corrosion protection (metals), 965966 TEM (thermal energy method), 923 TEM (transmission electron microscopy) analysis, 170 Tennis rackets, 12621264 Tensile creep testing: for ceramics, 630 for plastics, 551553 Tensile fatigue test (plastics), 566 Tensile strength: of iron, 4446 of steels, 54 of superalloys, 316317 of titanium alloys, 220 Tensile testing: for ceramics, 625626 for metallic materials, 524526 for plastics, 547548 Terminology, changes in, 445446

INDEX Testing, 545546. See also Failure analysis; Nondestructive inspection / evaluation of ceramics, 623648 electrical, 646648 mechanical, 624638 nondestructive, 644646 radiography, 646 thermal, 638644 ultrasonic, 645646 of metals, 519542 adhesion / friction / wear of surfaces, 540 ASTM standards for, 520 bending strength, 540 creep, 526528 environmental considerations in, 540 542 fatigue, 535540 fracture toughness, 531535 hardness, 528529 high strain rate, 540 impact tests, 530531 sensors / instrumentation for, 522524 stress relaxation, 528 tensile (compressive) test, 524526 test machine (loading frame) for, 520 522 thermomechanical fatigue, 543 of new medical products, 11951198 organizations involved in American Society for Testing and Materials, 616 costs for services of, 620 independent testing laboratories, 621 622 Society of Plastics Industry, 619 Underwriters Laboratories, 619620 of plastics, 545589, 591609 accelerated weathering tests, 584587 arc resistance, 578582 brittleness temperature, 574, 575 creep properties, 551553 dielectric constant and dissipation factor, 576577 dielectric strength, 575576 electrical resistance tests, 577578 elevated temperature performance tests, 568574 fatigue resistance, 564566 exural properties, 549551 hardness tests, 566568 impact properties, 555564 material characterization tests, 591609 mechanical properties, 547568 outdoor weathering, 587589 standard methods of, 546547 stress relaxation, 552, 554555 tensile tests, 547548

INDEX standard methods for, 546 Test machines, 520522 Textual databases, 463464, 1040 TFM (total form machining), 906 TGA, see Thermogravimetric analysis Thermal analysis (TA): of plastics, 602609, 784 of polymers, 14261427 Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), 330 Thermal behavior (polymers), 1426 Thermal conductivity: of aluminum alloys, 90 of ceramics, 640643 of composite materials, 363, 386391 of composites, 11391140 of diamond, 12901291 of diamond lm, 1293, 1295 in electronic packaging applications, 1225 Thermal cycle-induced microcracking, 1142 Thermal deburring, 923 Thermal diffusivity, 642 Thermal emissivity (in electronic packaging), 1225 Thermal energy method (TEM), 923 Thermal expansion. See also Coefcient of thermal expansion of ceramics, 638640 of diamond lm and substrates, 1298 in electronic packaging applications, 1225 1226 Thermal failure (plastics), 778 Thermal fatigue, 708 Thermal index (UL temperature index), 571 574 Thermally assisted machining (TAM), 901, 905, 906 Thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), 1427 Thermal-mechanical fatigue (TMF), 312 Thermal paints, 679 Thermal properties tests (plastics), 568575 brittleness temperature, 574, 575 elevated temperature performance tests, 568574 Thermal relaxation failure (metals), 707, 711 Thermal shock: ceramic failure under, 803805 ceramic resistance to, 428429 metal failure under, 707, 711 Thermal testing: of ceramics, 638644 calorimetry (heat capacity), 644 differential scanning calorimetry (heat capacity), 644 dilatometry (thermal expansion), 639, 640 guarded hot plate (thermal conductivity), 641642

1493 heat capacity, 643644 laser ash (thermal conductivity), 642 643 thermal conductivity, 640643 thermal expansion, 638640 nondestructive inspection methods, 678 680 infrared cameras, 679 thermal paints, 679 thermal testing, 679680 Thermal thinning, 1008 Thermochemical machining (TCM), 923 Thermoforming (sheet thermoforming): of plastic parts, 975977, 10271032 of plastics, 958 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA): of plastics, 604605 of polymers, 1426 Thermomechanical analysis (TMA), 605606 Thermomechanical fatigue (TMF), 543 Thermoplastics, 1424 classications of, 336 commodity, 336341 ABS, 339 impact polystyrene (IPS), 338 polyethylene (PE), 336337 poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), 341 poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 341 polypropylene (PP), 337, 338 polystyrene (PS), 337, 338 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 339340 poly(vinylidene chloride) (PVDC), 340 341 styrene / acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), 338, 339 in electronic packaging applications, 1246, 1247 engineering, 342348 modied polyphenylene ether, 347 polyacetals, 343, 344 polyamides (nylon), 342, 343 poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 342 polycarbonates, 345346 polyesters, 342 polyimides, 347, 348 polyphenylene sulde, 344, 345 polysulfone, 346347 uorinated, 348349, 352 uorinated ethylenepropylene (FEP), 349 poly(chlorotriuoroethylene) (CTFE), 349 poly(ethylene chlorotriuoroethylene) (ECTFE), 349, 352 poly(tetrauoroethylene) (PTFE), 348 349 poly(vinyl uoride), 352

1494 Thermoplastics (continued ) polyvinylidene uoride (PVDF), 349 glass mat, 10991101 monomer precursor, 11061107 morphology of, 1427 short-ber-reinforced thermoplastics, 1107 1110 thermal behavior of, 1426 viscosity measurement for, 599 Thermoplastic matrix systems, 10441045 commingles, 11031106 high-performance, 11011103 processing with, 1050, 1051 Thermoplastic polymers, 1424 Thermoresponsive materials, 411 Thermosetting matrices, precompounded reinforcements with, 10421044 Thermosetting plastics (thermosets), 336, 352354 alkyd resins, 353 amino resins, 354 diallyl phthalate, 353354 in electronic packaging applications, 1246 1249 epoxy resins, 352353 phenolic resins, 352 unsaturated polyesters, 353 viscosity measurement for, 599 Thermosetting resins, 1424 cure of, 10491051 glass transition temperature of, 1428 thermal behavior of, 1426 Thermostructural applications (ceramic materials), 427429 Thin-lm resonators, 13281329 Thixomolding, 260261, 284 Thread cutting and forming (metals manufacturing), 884886 Thread rolling (metals), 886, 941 Time division multiple access (TDMA), 1308 Timetemperature transformation (TTT) diagrams, 3841 continuous-cooling transformation diagram as, 41 isothermal transformation diagram as, 38 40 for steels, 3841 TiN, see Titanium nitrides Tin, 50, 1245 Tin bronzes, 199 Titanium, 81 in alloy steels, 49 in electronic packaging applications, 1245 Titanium alloys, 201233 alpha alloys, 205, 208, 209, 216 alpha-beta alloys, 209, 216, 218, 224 beta alloys, 205, 208, 210, 218219

INDEX biomedical applications of, 231232 corrosion resistance of, 203, 231 cryogenic applications of, 232 effect of alloy elements, 211225 in alpha alloys, 216 in alphabeta alloys, 216, 218 in beta alloys, 218219 in cast alloys, 224225 and effects of processing, 214 hydrogen, 214215 on intermediate compounds / secondary phases, 211212 on mechanical and physical properties, 212225 nitrogen, 215 oxygen, 215 on physical properties, 212214 in wrought alloys, 219224 grades of, 208210 at high temperatures, 205207 manufacturing processes for, 225231 forging, 227229 investment casting, 229 joining, 230231 machining, 229230 vacuum arc melting, 226227 metallurgy of, 204205 microstructure and properties of, 208211 sources of information on, 203, 204, 233 strengthening of alloys, 211 strength of, 203, 204 temperature capability of, 202 titanium aluminides, 208 vacuum arc melting of, 226227 Titanium carbide particle-reinforced steel, 382, 383 Titanium nitrides (TiN), 12771278 TLP (transient liquid-phase) bonding, 325 TMA (thermal mechanical analysis), 1427 TMA (thermomechanical analysis), 605606 TMF (thermal-mechanical fatigue), 312 TMF (thermomechanical fatigue), 543 Tool life (metals manufacturing), 855857 Tool steels, 48, 62 Torque rheometer, 597 Torsional strength (reinforced concrete / masonry structure repair / retrot), 1392 1393 Toss factor, 557 Total form machining (TFM), 906 Total hip arthroplasty, 11661180 biocompatibility, 11741178 corrosion, 11741177 frictional forces, 11711172 function of hip implant, 11671173 joint motion with, 11711173 leaching and absorption with, 11771178

INDEX material selection for, 11781180 strength of implant, 11681169 stress shielding, 11691171 wear, 11721173 wear debris from, 1178 Total shear, 995 Tow placement (composite processing), 1085 1086, 1090 Tramp elements (steel), 50 Trampoline effect (golf), 12651266 Transducer materials, 1327 Transfer molding (plastics), 984, 985, 1025 Transformers, electrical steels for, 55 Transient liquid-phase (TLP) bonding, 325 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, 170 Transparent ceramic materials, 432, 433 Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21), 1419 Traveling wire EDM, 918 Trepanning, 876 Tresca criterion, see Maximum shearing stress theory Trimming: of composites, 1358 of metals, 947 Trip steels, 58 Truss structures (sandwich panels), 1144 TTT diagrams, see Timetemperature transformation diagrams Tubes and ttings, copper and copper alloys in, 183185 Tube spinning (metals), 937, 938 Tumbling, 962 Tungsten: in alloy steels, 48 in stainless steels, 69 Turbines, superalloys for, 331333 Turbine blades, 841842 Turning: alignment charts for, 866868 break-even point with, 869 cutting horsepowers for, 854 electrochemical, 913, 914 lathe size for, 866 primary factors involved in, 863866 tool wear factors in, 855 Turning machines, 863869 Twin screw extruders, 10151016 UHM PAN bers, see Ultrahigh modulus PAN bers UHMWPE (ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene), 337 UHS PAN bers, see Ultrahigh strength PAN bers UL, see Underwriters Laboratories UL temperature index, 571574

1495 Ultrahigh modulus (UHM) PAN bers, 366 367 Ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), 337 Ultrahigh-strength steels, 6364 maraging steel, 6364 music wire, 64 Ultrahigh strength (UHS) PAN bers, 366 367 Ultrasonic machining (USM), 898899, 907 Ultrasonic properties of materials, 694698 ceramics, 697 liquids, 694 metals, 695696 polymers, 697698 Ultrasonic testing (UT), 653, 656663 of ceramics, 645646 inspection process with, 662663 and reection / transmission of sound, 657 660 and refraction of sound, 660662 and sound wave characteristics, 657 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, effect on plastic of, 583586 Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 619620, 622 Unidirectional composites, 376, 381, 387, 388 UNI (Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unicazione) standards, 53 Unied Numbering System (UNS) (steels), 52 United Kingdom, steel standards in, 53 United States: copper production in, 136137 cost of corrosion in, 248 University of Massachusetts Lowell, Inst. Plastics Innov., 622 Unsaturated polyesters, 353 Unsteady state manufacturing processes (plastics), 994 UNS (Unied Numbering System) steels, 52 Upper bainite, 38 Upset forging (metals), 931, 932 U.S. Corps of Engineers, 1419 User interface (databases), 492 USM, see Ultrasonic machining UT, see Ultrasonic testing UV radiation, see Ultraviolet radiation Vacuum arc melting (VAR): of superalloys, 319, 321323 of titanium and titanium alloys, 226227 Vacuum-assisted resin injection (VARI), 1080 Vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM), 1080 Vacuum-induced outgassing, 1142 Vacuum induction melting (VIM), 319321, 323

1496 Vacuum melting (superalloys), 318 Vacuum metallizing, 965 Vanadium (in alloy steels), 48 Vapor baths (metals), 960962 Vapor phase technology, 1121 VAR, see Vacuum arc melting VARI (vacuum-assisted resin injection), 1080 Varnishes (metals), 964 VARTM (vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding), 1080 Vascular prostheses, 11801188 biocompatibility of, 11831186 blood transport by, 11811183 coagulation with, 11841186 functioning of, 11811183 hemolysis with, 1184 hemostasis with, 1184 material selection for, 11861188 neointima formation with, 11831184 property degradation with, 1186 Vaulting poles, 12591260 Venting (of composite core gasses), 1143 Very low density polyethylene (VLDPE), 337 Vickers hardness test, 43, 631, 632 VIM, see Vacuum induction melting Viscoelastic regions (polymers), 1427 Viscosity, 595 dynamic (absolute), 599 kinematic, 599 of plastics, 599 of polymers, 14251426 Viscous heating, 10071008 Visual examination (plastics failure analysis), 778779 Vitreous enamels (metals), 964965 VLDPE (very low density polyethylene), 337 Voice transmission, 1309 Von Mises criterion, see Distortion energy theory of failure VTEC Laboratories, Inc., 622 Wafer level packaging, 1314 Water: exposure of plastics to light and, 586587 used in smart applications, 415 Water bottles, polymers in, 1425 Watercraft, 12671268 Water-jet machining (WJM), 907, 908 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), 13071308 WDM, see Wavelength division multiplexing Wear: abrasive, 758, 760 adhesive, 710, 756759 corrosive, 710 elastic deformation failure, 710 fretting, 711

INDEX and hardness, 1230 of hip implants, 11721173 impact, 710 surface fatigue, 710 of surfaces, 540 Wear applications: bearings, 424, 425 ceramic materials in, 423427 cutting tool inserts, 425, 426 Wear debris (hip implants), 1178 Wear failure (metals), 707, 709710, 746 747, 756761 Wear materials, 12751281 applications of, 1281 lm thickness for, 12801281 information resources on, 12791280 manufacturing process selection for, 1278 1279 materials selection process for, 12761278 properties of, 1276 substrate selection for, 1280 surface modications in, 1280 Wear resistance: in electronic packaging applications, 1230 of steels, 48 Wear-resistant steels (austenitic manganese steels), 63 Weathering properties tests (plastics), 582 589 accelerated weathering tests, 584587 outdoor weathering, 587589 Weathering steels, 47 Weibull statistics: for brittle materials, 422, 811812, 818 821 for ceramics, 794803 Weighted-properties values, 1113 digital logic method, 1112 performance index in, 1213 Weld decay, 766767 Welding: of austenitic stainless and nickel alloys, 80, 81 of carbon vs. stainless steels, 8285 intergranular corrosion from, 75 of magnesium and magnesium alloys, 262, 263 martensitic stainless steels for, 79 of metals, 937, 938 of nickel and nickel alloys, 256257 pipe welding, 937, 938 for repair of metal products, 844845 of stainless steels, 8287 austenitic, 8586 carbon steels vs., 8285 duplex, 8687 high-molybdenum, 87

INDEX of superalloys, 295, 325, 326 of titanium and titanium alloys, 230231 Western Europe, copper production in, 136 Wet corrosion, 249 Wet / hand lay-up method (composite repair), 13751376, 1379, 13811385 Wheels, bicycle, 1262 Wheelchairs, athletic, 1264, 1265 Window frames, 840841 Wind surng, 12671268 Wire, copper, 185 Wire brushing (metals), 962 Wire coating (plastics), 10161018 Wire cutting (electrical discharge), 918 Wireless networks, 1308 Wire products (copper and copper alloys), 142143 WJM, see Water-jet machining Workability (aluminum alloys), 9091 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 501 Woven fabrics, 1041, 1042, 11041105 W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), 501 Xenon arc-type light, exposure of plastics to, 586587 XML (extensible markup language), 501 X-rays: attenuation of, 667, 668 computed tomography, 646, 671672 diffraction of (ceramics testing), 640 generation / absorption of, 664666 microradiography, 646 X-Rite, Inc., 622 Yasuda model, generalized, 10011002 Yellowness index (YI): of medical PP, 12171219 of PVC, 1201, 12041206 Yielding, small-scale, 718 Yielding failure (metals), 708, 713715 Yield strength: of iron, 44, 45 of nickel and nickel alloys, 252253 of steels in annealed condition, 54 silicon and, 47 of superalloys, 317 Yttrium (in magnesium alloys), 261

1497

Zero mean cyclic stresses, 729 Zinc: in electronic packaging applications, 1244 in magnesium alloys, 271, 282283 Zirconium: in alloy steels, 49 in magnesium alloys, 261, 267, 268, 279, 283

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