FICKS LAW Ficks law of diffusion is given by Molar flux of A in z direction = Molar flux of A due to diffusion + Molar flux

A due to bulk flow

When chemical reaction occurs (i.e., for interacting systems) it may be homogeneous or heterogeneous reaction. When homogeneous reaction occurs, it will occur through the volume of the system. Rate of production of mass will appear directly in the mass balance equation. When heterogeneous reaction occurs, restricted region for a given system is considered. That means if the reaction occurs on the surface of the catalyst, only the surface on which reaction taking place is considered and the rate of production of mass will occur after boundary conditions.

TERMINOLOGY Mass Concentration (A): Mass of species A per unit volume of solution Molar Concentration (CA): Number of moles of species A per unit volume of solution

Mass fraction (WA): Mass concentration of species A divided by total mass concentration of the solution

Mole fraction (xA): Molar concentration of species A divided by total molar concentration of the solution

Mean molar weight of mixture (M):

Relations:

Velocities in binary systems:

( ( )

where vA velocity of species A relative to stationary coordinates

Fluxes in binary systems:

TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE DEPENDENCE OF MASS DIFFUSIVITY

Slattery Bird equation (For atmospheric pressure within 8% and for low pressure):

Chapman Enskog equation:

CONVECTIVE MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENT When a fluid is flowing outside the solid surface in forced convection motion, the rate of convective mass transfer from the surface to the fluid or vice versa is given by

(
where

kc= mass transfer coefficient = function of system geometry, fluid properties and flow velocity CAO = bulk fluid concentration CAf = concentration of the another fluid

MOLECULAR DIFFUSION IN GASES Equimolar counterdiffusion in gases

A diffusing through stagnant, non-diffusing B (where NB = 0) ( ( ) )

Equimolar counter diffusion in liquid (where NA = - NB) ( ( ) ) ( ( ) )

( )

CONCENTRATION DISTRIBUTIONS IN SOLIDS AND IN LAMINAR FLOW Transport in solids is broadly classified into two types of diffusion: 1. Diffusion that can be considered to follow Ficks law and does not depend primarily on the actual structure of the solid 2. Diffusion in porous solids where the actual structures and void channels are important

APPROACH FOR SOLVING MASS FLOW PROBLEMS 1) Consider a particular thickness for a given system through which mass transfer occurs. Write mass balance equation for this system. 2) Let this slab of thickness approach to zero. This will give first order differential equation for molar flux. 3) Apply Ficks law of diffusion to get second order differential equation for concentration. 4) By applying suitable boundary conditions in the above equation, we will get molar flux and concentration profiles.

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS IN MASS TRANSFER PROBLEMS The law of conservation of mass is written in the form Rate of mass in Rate of mass out + Rate of mass production = 0 Mass is transferred by two mechanisms: by diffusion and by overall fluid motion. When the differential equation has to be integrated, constants of integration appear, which have to be evaluated by applying boundary conditions. 1. The concentration at the surface may be specified CA = CAO, in terms of mole fraction xA = xAO 2. Molar flux of A at the surface may be specified as NA = NAO 3. If diffusion is occurring in solid then it may happen that, substance is lost to the surrounding fluid stream by the following expression, NAO = kc (CAO - CAf) 4. Rate of reaction at the surface may be specified. If the reaction occurs by first order kinetics at the surface, then NAO = k1 CA|surface For homogeneous reaction, - rA = k CA

DIFFUSION THROUGH A STAGNANT GAS FILM Consider a system as shown in the figure.

Gas stream of A & B z = z1

xB 1 xB2 xA2 z12

NA|z+z xB z z1 NA|z z = z2 Liquid A 1 xB1 xA xA1 z11 0 xA

Liquid A is evaporating into a stagnant gas B (B not in motion). Mole fraction of A at gasliquid interface is xA1 and the mole fraction of A at the top of column is xA2. Consider a differential element of thickness z through which mass transfer occurs. The mass balance equation is given by

( )
where S is the cross-sectional area of the column. Dividing equation (1) by Sz and limiting to zero, we get

( ) ( ) ( )

Now, Ficks law of diffusion is,

( )

( ) ( )

Substituting equation (6) in equation (3), we get

( ( (

( )

) )

) ( )

( )

By integrating, equation (8) becomes,

) ( ( )
at at

( ) ( )
z = z1; xA = xA1 z = z2; xA = xA2

Boundary conditions are:

Substituting the above boundary conditions in equation (9), we get

( (

) )

( (

) )

Subtracting equation (11) from equation (10), we get

( ( )

( ( )

Substituting equation (12) in equation (10), we get

Substituting equation (12) and equation (13) in equation (9), we get

( ]

) (

)
* +

(
*

)
+

For concentration profile:

( (
( Boundary conditions are: ) at at z = z1; Z = 0 z = z2; Z = 1

(
* +

( ( ( [ ( )

) ( )

) ( )

] )

) ( )

( ( )

For concentration profile:

( (

) )

( ) ( )

From equation (A), substituting in equation (20), we get ( ) ( ( ) )

Substituting equation (12) in equation (21), we get ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

) (

) ) )

( ( )

) (

( ) ) ( )

)(

)(

PA1 + PA2 = P

( ( ) ( )