Professional Documents
Culture Documents
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page i
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page ii
EDITORS
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page iii
Contents
Partner Institutes
83
Preface
xi
xiii
91
97
99
27
41
463
467
Acknowledgments
471
49
57
63
365
71
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
iii
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page iv
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page v
Partner Institutes
0_front.pag
Partner Institutes
Albania
Institute for Contemporary Studies (ISB)
Artan Hoxha, President
Elira Jorgoni, Senior Expert and Project Manager
Denalada Kuzumi, Researcher
Algeria
Centre de Recherche en Economie Applique pour le
Dveloppement (CREAD)
Youcef Benabdallah, Assistant Professor
Yassine Ferfera, Director
Argentina
IAEUniversidad Austral
Marcelo Paladino, Vice Dean
Armenia
Economy and Values Research Center
Manuk Hergnyan, Chairman
Sevak Hovhannisyan, Senior Research Associate
Anna Makaryan, Research Associate
Australia
Australian Industry Group
Nicholas James, Economist
Tony Pensabene, Associate Director, Economics & Research
Heather Ridout, Chief Executive
Austria
Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO)
Karl Aiginger, Director
Gerhard Schwarz, Coordinator, Survey Department
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan Marketing Society
Fuad Aliyev, Executive Director
Ashraf Hajiyev, Project Coordinator
Saida Talibova, Consultant
Bahrain
Bahrain Competitiveness Council
Jawad Habib, Member
Bahrain Economic Development Board
Rima Al Kilani, Director,International Marketing
Bangladesh
Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD)
Debapriya Bhattacharya, Executive Director
Khondaker Golam Moazzem, Research Fellow
Mustafizur Rahman, Research Director
Barbados
Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies,
University of West Indies (UWI)
Andrew Downes, Director
Belgium
Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School
Lutgart Van den Berghe, Professor, Executive Director and
Chairman, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship,
Governance and Strategy
Harry P. Bowen, Professor of Economics and International
Business
Bieke Dewulf, Associate, Competence Centre Entrepreneurship,
Governance and Strategy
Benin
Micro Impacts of Macroeconomic Adjustment Policies (MIMAP)
Benin
Epiphane Adjovi, Business Coordinator
Maria-Odile Attanasso, Deputy Coordinator
Fructueux Deguenonvo, Researcher
Bosnia and Herzegovina
MIT Center, School of Economics and Business in Sarajevo,
University of Sarajevo
Zlatko Lagumdija, Professor
Zeljko
Sain,
Executive Director
Jasmina Selimovic, Assistant Director
Botswana
Botswana National Productivity Centre
Dabilani Buthali, Manager, Information and Research Services
Department
Thembo Lebang, Executive Director
Omphemetse David Matlhape, Research Consultant
Brazil
Fundao Dom Cabral
Marina Arajo, Research Assistant
Carlos Arruda, International Relations Director and Coordinator
of the Innovation Center
Movimento Brasil Competitivo (MBC)
Jorge H. S. Lima, Project Coordinator
Jos Fernando Mattos, President
Claudio Leite Gastal, Director
Bulgaria
Center for Economic Development
Anelia Damianova, Senior Expert
Burkina Faso
Socit dEtudes et de Recherche Formation pour le
Dveloppement (SERF)
Abdoulaye Tarnagda, Director General
Burundi
Center of Scientific Research in Economics (CURDES),
National University of Burundi
Ferdinand Bararuzunza, Professor of Economics and Dean of
the Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences
Cambodia
Economic Institute of Cambodia
Sok Hach, Director
Tuy Chak Riya, Research Associate
Hang Sambopisith, Researcher
Cameroon
Comit de Comptitivit (Competitiveness Committee)
Lucien Sanzouango, Permanent Secretary
Canada
Institute for Competitiveness and Prosperity
Roger Martin, Chairman and Dean of the Rotman School of
Management, University of Toronto
James Milway, Executive Director
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Partner Institutes
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page vi
Chad
Groupe de Recherches Alternatives et de Monitoring du Projet
Ptrole-Tchad-Cameroun (GRAMP-TC)
Antoine Doudjidingao, Researcher
Gilbert Maoundonodji, Director
Celine Nnodji Mbaipeur, Programme Officer
France
HEC School of Management, Paris
Bertrand Moingeon, Professor, Associate Dean for Executive
Education
Bernard Ramanantsoa, Professor, Dean of HEC School of
Management
Chile
Universidad Adolfo Ibez
Andres Allamand, Dean, School of Government
Catalina Mertz, Director, Institute of Political Economy
Sergio Selman, Project Coordinator
Gambia, The
Gambia Economic and Social Development Research Institute
(GESDRI)
Makaireh A. Njie, Director
China
Institute of Economic System and Management
National Development and Reform Commission
Zhou Haichun, Deputy Director and Professor
Chen Wei, Research Fellow
Dong Ying, Professor
Colombia
National Planning Department
Orlando Gracia Fajardo, Entrepreneurial Development Director
Vctor Manuel Nieto, Advisor
Carolina Rentera Rodrguez, General Director
Croatia
National Competitiveness Council
Martina Hatlak, Research Assistant
Mira Lenardic, Secretary General
Cyprus
Cyprus College Research Center
Bambos Papageorgiou, Head of Socioeconomic and Academic
Research
vi
Georgia
Business Initiative for Reforms in Georgia
Giga Makharadze, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Tamar Tchintcharauli, Executive Director
Mamuka Tsereteli, Founding Member of the Board of Directors
Germany
WHUOtto Beisheim School of Management
Michael Frenkel, Chair, Macroeconomics and International
Economics
Greece
Federation of Greek Industries
Thanasis Printsipas, Economist, Research and Analysis
Antonis Tortopidis, Coordinator, Research and Analysis
Guatemala
FUNDESA
Edgar A. Heinemann, President of the Board of Directors
Humberto Olavarra, Treasurer of the Board of Directors
Pablo Schneider, Director of the Development Initiative Centre
(CIDES)
Guyana
Institute of Development Studies, University of Guyana
Karen Pratt, Research Associate
Clive Thomas, Director
Hong Kong SAR
The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce
David ORear, Chief Economist
Federation of Hong Kong Industries
Alexandra Poon, Director
Hungary
Kopint-Datorg, Economic Research
gnes Nagy, Project Manager
va Palcz, Deputy General Director
Iceland
IceTec
Eyds Arnviardttir, Information Manager, Innovation Centre
Hallfrur Benediktsdttir, Information Manager, Innovation Centre
Hallgrmur Jnasson, General Director
India
Confederation of Indian Industry
Tarun Das, Chief Mentor
Ajay Khanna, Deputy Director General
Shamsher S Mehta, Director General
Indonesia
Kadin Indonesia
M.S. Hidayat, Chairman
Tulus Tambunan, Director
Ireland
Competitiveness Survey Group, Department of Economics,
University College Cork
Eleanor Doyle
Niall OSullivan
Bernadette Power
National Competitiveness Council
Jason Cleary, Researcher
Adrian Devitt, Manager
Ronan Lyons, Economist
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page vii
Israel
Manufacturers Association of Israel (MAI)
Shraga Brosh, President
Dan Catarivas, Director, Foreign Trade and International
Relations Division
Yehuda Segev, Managing Director
Italy
SDA Bocconi School of Management
Olga E. Annushkina, SDA Professor, Strategic and Entrepreneurial
Management Department, SDA Bocconi School of Management
Secchi Carlo, Full Professor of Economic Policy, Bocconi University
Paola Dubini, Associate Professor, Bocconi University
Jamaica
Mona School of Business (MSB), University of the West Indies
Patricia Douce, Survey Coordinator
Michelle Tomlinson, Survey Coordinator
Neville Ying, Executive Director and Professor
Japan
Hitotsubashi University, Graduate School of International
Corporate Strategy (ICS)
in cooperation with Keizai Doyukai
Yoko Ishikura, Professor
Jordan
Ministry of Planning & International Cooperation
Jordan National Competitiveness Team
Amjad Attar, Director
Kazakhstan
Center for Marketing and Analytical Research (CMAR)
Dias Iskakov, Director of the Competitiveness Analysis
Department
Kenya
Institute for Development Studies, University of Nairobi
Paul Kamau, Research Fellow
Dorothy McCormick, Director and Professor
Walter Odhiambo, Research Fellow
Korea, Republic of
Graduate Institute of Management, Seoul School of Integrated
Science and Technologies (aSSIST)
Dean Cheol Ho Shin, Professor of Strategy and International
Business
Shin Hyo Kim, Senior Researcher
So Young Lee, Researcher
Kuwait
Economics Department, Kuwait University
Mohammad Ali Alomar, Assistant Professor
Reyadh Faras, Assistant Professor
Mohammed El-Sakka, Professor
Lithuania
Statistics Lithuania
Ona Grigiene, Head, Economical Survey Division
Algirdas Semeta,
Director General
Luxembourg
Chamber of Commerce of Luxembourg
Jean-Christophe Burkel, Attach, Economic Department
Carlo Thelen, Member of the Managing Board
Macedonia, FYR
National Entrepreneurship and Competitiveness Council (NECC)
Dejan Janevski, Project Coordinator
Zoran Stavreski, President of the Managing Board
Saso Trajkoski, Executive Director
Madagascar
Centre of Economic Studies, University of Antananarivo
Pp Andrianomanana, Director
Razato Raharijaona Simo, Executive Secretary
Malaysia
Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS)
Mahani Zainal Abidin, Director-General
Dato Mohamed Jawhar Hassan, Chairman and Chief Executive
Officer
Steven C.M. Wong, Assistant Director-General
National Productivity Corporation (NPC)
Dato Nik Zainiah Nik Abdul Rahman, Director General
Chan Kum Siew, Senior Manager
Mali
Groupe de Recherche en Economie Applique et Thorique
(GREAT)
Massa Coulibaly, Coordinator
Malta
Competitive MaltaFoundation for National Competitiveness
John C. Grech, President
Margrith Lutschg-Emmenegger, Vice President
Adrian Said, Chief Coordinator
Mauritania
Centre dInformation Mauritanien pour le Dveloppement
Economique et Technique (CIMDET/CCIAM)
Chekroud Ould Bouhake
Aminata Niang
Mauritius
Joint Economic Council of Mauritius
Raj Makoond, Director
Board of Investment, Investmauritius
Dev Chamroo, Director, Investment Promotion
Kevin Ramkaloan, Manager, Investment Promotion
Kyrgyz Republic
Economic Policy Institute Bishkek Consensus
Lola Abduhametova, Program Coordinator
Marat Tazabekov, Chairman
Mexico
Center for Intellectual Capital and Competitiveness
Ren Villarreal Arrambide, President
Ren Alejandro Villarreal Ramos, General Director
Latvia
Institute of Economics, Latvian Academy of Sciences, Riga
Raita Karnite, Director
Lesotho
Mohloli Chamber of Business
Refiloe Kepa, General Manager
Libya
National Economic Strategy
Omran Bukhres, Director and Professor
Monitor Group
Rajeev Singh-Molares, Director
Partner Institutes
0_front.pag
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
vii
Partner Institutes
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page viii
Mongolia
Open Society Forum (OSF)
Munkhsoyol Baatarjav, Manager of Economic Policy
Erdenejargal Perenlei, Executive Director
Montenegro
Institute for Strategic Studies and Prognosis (ISSP)
Maja Drakic, Senior Analyst
Jadranka Kaludjerovic, Program Director
Veselin Vukotic, President
Morocco
Universit Hassan II
Fouzi Mourji, Professor of Economics
Mozambique
EconPolicy Research Group, Lda.
Peter Coughlin, Director
Namibia
Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit (NEPRU)
Jonathan Adongo, Researcher
Mariama Deen-Swarray, Researcher
Klaus Schade, Acting Director
Nepal
Centre for Economic Development and Administration (CEDA)
Ramesh Chandra Chitrakar, Executive Director
Menaka Rajbhandari Shrestha, Researcher
Santosh Kumar Upadhyaya, Researcher
viii
Philippines
Makati Business Club
Alberto A. Lim, Executive Director
Michael B. Mundo, Chief Economist
Mark P. Opulencia, Deputy Director
Poland
Warsaw School of Economics
Bogdan Radomski, Associate Professor
Portugal
PROFORUM, Associao para o Desenvolvimento da Engenharia
Ildio Antnio de Ayala Serdio, Vice President of the Board of
Directors
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico 2000, Inc.
Suzette M. Jimenez, President
Francisco Montalvo Fiol, Project Coordinator
Qatar
Qatari Businessmen Association (QBA)
Issa Abdul Salam Abu Issa, Secretary-General
Bassam Ramzi Massouh, General Manager
Ahmed El-Shaffee, Economist
Romania
Group of Applied Economics (GEA)
Anca Rusu, Program Coordinator
Liviu Voinea, Executive Director
Netherlands
Erasmus Strategic Renewal Center, Erasmus University Rotterdam
Frans A. J. Van den Bosch, Professor
Henk W. Volberda, Professor
Russian Federation
Bauman Innovation, Academy of National Economy under the
Government of the Russian Federation
Alexei Prazdnitchnykh, Principal, Associate Professor
New Zealand
Business New Zealand
Marcia Dunnett, Manager, Business Services
Phil OReilly, Chief Executive
Saudi Arabia
National Competitiveness Center (NCC)
Awwad Al-Awwad, Deputy Governor for Investment
Khaldon Mahasen, Manager, Investment Performance Assessment
Senegal
Centre de Recherches Economiques Appliques (CREA),
University of Dakar
Aly Mbaye, Director
Serbia
Jefferson Institute
Aaron Presnall, Director of Studies
Oman
The International Research Foundation
Azzan Al Busaidi, Chief Executive Officer
Salem Ben Nasser Al-Ismaily, Chairman
Singapore
Economic Development Board
Chua Kia Chee, Head, Research and Statistics Unit
Bernard Nee, Director, Planning
Pakistan
Competitiveness Support Fund
Arthur Bayhan, Chief Executive Officer
Amir Jahangir, Manager, Communications
Slovak Republic
Business Alliance of Slovakia (PAS)
Robert Kicina, Executive Director
Paraguay
Centro de Anlisis y Difusin de Economia Paraguaya (CADEP)
Dionisio Borda, Director
Jaime Escobar, Research Member
Fernando Masi, Research Member
Peru
Centro de Desarrollo Industrial (CDI), Sociedad Nacional de
Industrias
Nstor Asto, Project Director
Luis Tenorio, Executive Director
Slovenia
Institute for Economic Research, Faculty of Economics
Mateja Drnovsek
Art Kovacic
Peter Stanovnik
South Africa
Business Leadership South Africa
Michael Spicer, Chief Executive Officer
Business Unity South Africa
Jerry Vilakazi, Chief Executive Officer
Vic Van Vuuren, Chief Operating Officer
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page ix
Spain
IESE Business School, International Center for Competitiveness,
Anselmo Rubiralta Center for Globalization and Strategy
Eduardo Ballarn, Professor
Mara Luisa Blzquez, Research Associate
Uganda
Makerere Institute of Social Research, Makerere University
Robert Apunyo, Research Associate
Delius Asiimwe, Senior Research Fellow
Wilson Asiimwe, Graduate Fellow
Sri Lanka
Institute of Policy Studies
Indika Siriwardena, Database Manager
Ukraine
CASE Ukraine, Center for Social and Economic Research
Dmytro Boyarchuk, Executive Director
Vladimir Dubrovskiy, Leading Economist
Partner Institutes
0_front.pag
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
ix
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page x
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xi
Preface
0_front.pag
Preface
KLAUS SCHWAB,
Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
xi
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xii
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xiii
Executive Summary
JENNIFER BLANKE, Senior Economist, Global Competitiveness Network, World Economic Forum
THEA CHIESA, Head of Aviation, Travel and Tourism, World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
from a number of key companies that are industry partners in the effort: Abercrombie & Kent, Bombardier,
British Airways, Carlson, Emirates Airline, Hertz,
Silversea Cruises Group, Swiss International Airlines, and
Travelport. Several thought leaders from these companies
and organizations have also contributed insightful papers
addressing various aspects of T&T competitiveness, with
a particular focus on environmental sustainability, which
are described below.
The TTCI aims to measure the factors and policies
that make it attractive to develop the T&T sector in different
countries.The TTCI is composed of a number of pillars
of T&T competitiveness, of which there are 14 in all.
These are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
xiii
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xiv
xiv
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xv
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xv
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
xvi
Page xvi
Switzerland
Austria
Germany
Australia
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
Sweden
Canada
France
Iceland
Finland
Denmark
Hong Kong SAR
Portugal
Singapore
Norway
Netherlands
New Zealand
Luxembourg
Ireland
Greece
Japan
Cyprus
Malta
Estonia
Belgium
Italy
Barbados
Czech Republic
Korea, Rep.
Malaysia
Hungary
Croatia
Israel
Slovenia
Qatar
Slovak Republic
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
Mauritius
Thailand
Bulgaria
Costa Rica
Latvia
Puerto Rico
Lithuania
Bahrain
Brazil
Panama
Chile
Taiwan, China
Jordan
Turkey
Mexico
Poland
Jamaica
Argentina
Montenegro
South Africa
Uruguay
China
Dominican Republic
Russian Federation
India
Egypt
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
5.63
5.43
5.41
5.34
5.30
5.28
5.28
5.27
5.26
5.23
5.16
5.11
5.10
5.09
5.09
5.06
5.05
5.01
4.96
4.95
4.93
4.92
4.90
4.87
4.86
4.85
4.84
4.84
4.77
4.75
4.68
4.63
4.60
4.59
4.51
4.49
4.44
4.42
4.41
4.39
4.38
4.37
4.36
4.35
4.34
4.34
4.33
4.29
4.29
4.29
4.27
4.23
4.21
4.19
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.17
4.15
4.11
4.10
4.06
4.05
4.04
3.99
3.96
1
4
6
30
28
26
49
9
23
12
3
5
10
2
14
7
8
22
15
24
11
17
34
27
13
18
21
41
16
20
38
37
19
39
32
42
43
33
25
44
29
63
50
48
35
40
31
68
84
52
45
69
36
56
71
60
51
65
53
70
47
103
54
80
107
58
5.94
5.86
5.67
5.23
5.24
5.28
4.75
5.62
5.31
5.57
5.86
5.74
5.61
5.91
5.50
5.67
5.66
5.35
5.48
5.28
5.57
5.46
5.11
5.24
5.56
5.41
5.36
4.99
5.46
5.38
5.02
5.04
5.40
5.02
5.12
4.97
4.90
5.11
5.28
4.87
5.23
4.46
4.75
4.76
5.10
4.99
5.21
4.36
4.11
4.66
4.86
4.32
5.06
4.57
4.30
4.51
4.74
4.44
4.66
4.31
4.84
3.91
4.64
4.21
3.78
4.54
2
8
3
11
5
6
1
15
4
7
9
23
10
16
22
13
19
14
26
12
20
30
21
17
25
18
31
24
32
37
34
39
41
38
36
33
35
46
49
27
44
42
52
56
43
40
45
28
67
47
54
29
60
57
61
62
48
64
68
51
71
70
63
65
59
69
5.55
5.27
5.43
5.18
5.32
5.32
5.58
5.05
5.40
5.28
5.21
4.80
5.20
5.04
4.83
5.13
4.90
5.11
4.72
5.17
4.90
4.63
4.88
5.04
4.73
4.91
4.61
4.77
4.58
4.37
4.52
4.31
4.18
4.32
4.39
4.53
4.50
3.94
3.86
4.69
4.14
4.17
3.84
3.76
4.17
4.27
4.00
4.64
3.55
3.94
3.82
4.63
3.64
3.73
3.62
3.62
3.87
3.57
3.53
3.85
3.37
3.45
3.61
3.56
3.70
3.47
3
7
9
1
4
5
2
8
10
12
36
14
28
42
11
37
20
21
17
35
41
18
16
40
43
49
22
15
46
25
29
23
50
32
59
61
65
51
57
89
76
30
31
24
82
80
74
69
6
47
54
79
64
44
19
34
66
27
45
52
56
13
67
39
26
70
5.39
5.16
5.13
5.61
5.33
5.26
5.52
5.15
5.07
4.85
4.40
4.78
4.49
4.31
4.93
4.39
4.60
4.58
4.70
4.41
4.31
4.66
4.73
4.34
4.28
4.22
4.56
4.74
4.26
4.51
4.49
4.55
4.21
4.43
4.02
3.98
3.92
4.19
4.08
3.62
3.78
4.49
4.48
4.52
3.75
3.75
3.79
3.88
5.21
4.25
4.14
3.75
3.92
4.28
4.62
4.42
3.92
4.50
4.27
4.18
4.09
4.81
3.89
4.35
4.50
3.86
(Contd.)
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xvii
Morocco
Guatemala
Romania
Peru
Colombia
Georgia
Sri Lanka
Trinidad and Tobago
Honduras
Oman
Ukraine
Serbia
Azerbaijan
Indonesia
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Macedonia, FYR
Gambia, The
Kuwait
Ecuador
Botswana
Tanzania
Armenia
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Albania
Namibia
Syria
Suriname
Vietnam
El Salvador
Moldova
Nicaragua
Mongolia
Kenya
Algeria
Venezuela
Libya
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bolivia
Zambia
Senegal
Guyana
Uganda
Pakistan
Cambodia
Kyrgyz Republic
Tajikistan
Paraguay
Nepal
Zimbabwe
Madagascar
Mali
Benin
Ethiopia
Mauritania
Mozambique
Burkina Faso
Nigeria
Cameroon
Bangladesh
Burundi
Lesotho
Chad
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
3.91
3.89
3.88
3.87
3.86
3.83
3.80
3.79
3.79
3.77
3.76
3.76
3.72
3.70
3.70
3.68
3.68
3.67
3.67
3.66
3.65
3.65
3.63
3.62
3.61
3.60
3.59
3.58
3.58
3.57
3.57
3.56
3.53
3.53
3.53
3.50
3.47
3.45
3.45
3.44
3.42
3.41
3.38
3.36
3.36
3.32
3.30
3.24
3.24
3.22
3.22
3.21
3.21
3.19
3.18
3.10
3.05
3.04
3.03
2.99
2.93
2.91
2.82
2.48
55
76
72
86
95
46
79
87
77
88
59
73
62
108
83
106
93
67
105
101
82
89
57
64
61
81
92
74
110
97
85
66
96
78
100
99
123
75
98
122
91
94
104
113
114
116
90
102
112
120
118
111
109
115
126
117
119
121
127
125
129
128
124
130
4.59
4.25
4.29
4.08
4.03
4.84
4.24
4.08
4.25
4.07
4.53
4.27
4.49
3.78
4.14
3.83
4.05
4.38
3.88
3.99
4.20
4.07
4.56
4.45
4.50
4.20
4.05
4.26
3.75
4.02
4.09
4.39
4.03
4.25
4.00
4.01
3.44
4.26
4.02
3.45
4.06
4.04
3.88
3.66
3.65
3.61
4.07
3.95
3.72
3.58
3.60
3.73
3.77
3.63
3.20
3.60
3.59
3.56
3.15
3.39
2.94
3.15
3.39
2.74
75
77
66
88
83
94
81
50
85
58
78
72
79
86
84
55
80
87
53
95
76
117
108
98
96
105
74
97
89
92
73
100
99
106
102
93
82
115
91
101
118
104
114
112
90
116
128
126
111
122
113
107
124
121
110
120
119
123
109
129
103
127
125
130
3.32
3.30
3.55
3.10
3.20
2.95
3.21
3.86
3.16
3.70
3.24
3.36
3.24
3.16
3.20
3.78
3.23
3.11
3.82
2.94
3.31
2.65
2.73
2.90
2.94
2.75
3.34
2.93
3.09
2.98
3.36
2.89
2.90
2.74
2.82
2.97
3.21
2.66
2.99
2.84
2.60
2.76
2.67
2.68
3.02
2.65
2.37
2.40
2.68
2.56
2.67
2.74
2.49
2.58
2.72
2.59
2.59
2.56
2.73
2.31
2.79
2.39
2.46
1.99
72
55
73
33
38
85
63
104
62
96
100
88
105
53
78
107
81
97
119
58
103
48
94
101
112
71
113
95
68
84
121
110
87
91
77
98
75
106
117
60
90
108
93
83
109
86
102
111
118
99
114
124
116
115
92
125
128
127
123
120
126
122
130
129
3.81
4.12
3.79
4.43
4.35
3.70
3.95
3.44
3.96
3.54
3.51
3.64
3.44
4.17
3.75
3.43
3.75
3.53
3.31
4.05
3.45
4.23
3.59
3.51
3.39
3.85
3.38
3.55
3.88
3.71
3.25
3.39
3.67
3.60
3.76
3.52
3.78
3.43
3.33
4.02
3.62
3.43
3.60
3.74
3.39
3.69
3.47
3.39
3.32
3.51
3.37
3.16
3.36
3.36
3.60
3.11
2.97
3.01
3.19
3.25
3.07
3.20
2.61
2.69
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xvii
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Country/Economy
xviii
Page xviii
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Libya
Lit0huania
T&T REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK
1. Policy rules
and regulations
2. Environmental
sustainability
3. Safety
and security
4. Health
and hygiene
5. Prioritization of
Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
81
99
65
57
30
4
62
68
129
16
21
115
122
98
82
84
50
121
128
116
125
23
130
45
103
95
48
39
27
20
10
54
101
58
85
18
126
5
12
67
46
6
17
76
104
77
2
19
3
107
108
11
32
41
51
34
36
61
100
38
105
90
35
124
75
31
4.20
4.01
4.44
4.56
5.23
5.86
4.49
4.36
2.94
5.46
5.36
3.63
3.45
4.02
4.20
4.11
4.75
3.56
3.15
3.61
3.39
5.31
2.74
4.86
3.91
4.03
4.76
5.02
5.24
5.38
5.61
4.64
3.99
4.54
4.09
5.41
3.20
5.74
5.57
4.38
4.84
5.67
5.46
4.25
3.88
4.25
5.91
5.40
5.86
3.78
3.78
5.57
5.12
4.99
4.74
5.11
5.06
4.50
4.00
5.02
3.88
4.07
5.10
3.39
4.26
5.21
104
83
91
63
27
22
72
62
114
29
16
117
127
109
74
95
85
107
125
126
112
8
130
18
89
60
54
66
69
38
4
47
111
70
45
26
96
7
24
93
68
6
61
41
120
44
2
35
17
102
121
3
30
57
13
32
78
77
101
33
97
105
42
116
122
50
3.69
4.00
3.95
4.28
5.04
5.16
4.14
4.35
3.31
5.02
5.28
3.23
2.88
3.47
4.13
3.81
3.98
3.62
2.92
2.89
3.31
5.43
2.46
5.25
3.96
4.36
4.48
4.26
4.20
4.77
5.59
4.57
3.43
4.18
4.63
5.06
3.76
5.45
5.15
3.90
4.22
5.46
4.35
4.72
3.19
4.64
5.95
4.82
5.25
3.71
3.07
5.64
5.02
4.42
5.34
4.96
4.12
4.12
3.72
4.87
3.76
3.64
4.68
3.30
3.06
4.55
93
102
107
112
53
8
101
125
121
26
11
30
104
113
68
37
73
64
88
92
109
36
124
62
110
87
32
41
47
21
3
108
82
81
55
43
114
7
5
59
54
4
40
95
76
61
60
25
20
71
126
12
67
39
99
48
38
120
19
50
130
91
16
116
118
18
4.08
3.99
3.94
3.88
4.63
5.57
4.01
3.49
3.71
5.05
5.49
4.97
3.98
3.87
4.42
4.90
4.35
4.47
4.14
4.09
3.92
4.90
3.64
4.53
3.92
4.17
4.96
4.84
4.73
5.10
5.88
3.93
4.24
4.25
4.60
4.82
3.83
5.62
5.75
4.57
4.62
5.82
4.85
4.07
4.30
4.56
4.56
5.05
5.14
4.39
3.48
5.48
4.43
4.87
4.02
4.73
4.87
3.73
5.25
4.69
2.97
4.09
5.34
3.82
3.79
5.32
71
83
98
45
21
3
43
39
129
27
29
77
92
57
50
128
90
82
96
95
86
32
116
36
121
118
66
41
23
44
4
89
97
84
109
26
111
1
54
38
37
17
31
110
112
87
7
28
2
117
108
19
60
81
102
74
15
73
120
67
18
100
40
91
24
46
4.93
4.72
4.45
5.43
5.85
6.41
5.46
5.58
2.83
5.74
5.71
4.86
4.53
5.13
5.26
3.15
4.56
4.76
4.49
4.50
4.63
5.68
3.88
5.60
3.60
3.75
4.99
5.52
5.82
5.45
6.40
4.57
4.48
4.66
4.05
5.75
4.03
6.70
5.18
5.58
5.60
5.88
5.69
4.03
4.01
4.58
6.27
5.73
6.54
3.86
4.06
5.87
5.09
4.80
4.36
4.89
5.98
4.90
3.69
4.99
5.88
4.43
5.57
4.54
5.81
5.43
59
81
40
39
37
4
49
76
117
31
14
121
102
55
97
69
12
124
116
128
114
45
129
63
99
78
67
28
43
6
34
65
73
86
94
20
130
18
7
107
42
4
16
83
92
95
1
11
3
110
111
24
8
19
82
23
58
33
118
38
77
71
25
112
50
2
4.76
4.12
5.62
5.65
5.72
6.77
5.22
4.25
2.11
5.91
6.51
1.74
3.09
4.88
3.24
4.46
6.56
1.46
2.19
1.13
2.42
5.48
1.05
4.53
3.21
4.22
4.49
5.99
5.53
6.77
5.82
4.52
4.39
3.94
3.36
6.27
1.00
6.37
6.76
2.68
5.58
6.77
6.42
4.00
3.62
3.36
7.00
6.57
6.86
2.56
2.53
6.17
6.69
6.28
4.01
6.25
4.84
5.85
2.08
5.67
4.22
4.43
6.16
2.49
5.20
6.98
104
118
70
105
32
19
101
75
122
13
91
112
121
124
82
68
65
108
130
17
126
26
127
58
36
99
35
51
3
39
62
14
110
12
89
23
111
49
29
22
72
57
1
53
66
76
9
37
15
59
11
40
61
46
2
41
16
83
20
34
129
97
95
120
109
94
3.55
3.20
4.23
3.55
4.92
5.41
3.63
4.12
2.77
5.60
3.81
3.35
2.79
2.72
3.95
4.24
4.28
3.50
2.00
5.47
2.69
5.05
2.68
4.39
4.86
3.68
4.86
4.48
5.93
4.79
4.35
5.59
3.42
5.66
3.83
5.14
3.40
4.55
5.00
5.19
4.19
4.40
5.99
4.45
4.27
4.11
5.78
4.80
5.53
4.38
5.75
4.70
4.37
4.58
5.96
4.70
5.50
3.90
5.29
4.90
2.56
3.74
3.77
2.82
3.43
3.80
(Contd.)
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xix
Table 2: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Regulatory framework (contd.)
PILLARS
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
T&T REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK
1. Policy rules
and regulations
2. Environmental
sustainability
3. Safety
and security
4. Health
and hygiene
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
24
93
111
37
109
13
117
29
71
66
78
53
55
119
92
120
22
15
96
127
8
88
114
52
112
86
83
60
14
40
43
72
80
106
94
73
7
33
42
70
28
79
110
9
1
74
69
102
89
63
87
25
56
113
59
44
26
49
47
64
123
97
91
118
5.28
4.05
3.73
5.04
3.77
5.56
3.60
5.23
4.30
4.39
4.25
4.66
4.59
3.59
4.05
3.58
5.35
5.48
4.03
3.15
5.66
4.07
3.65
4.66
3.72
4.08
4.14
4.51
5.50
4.99
4.90
4.29
4.21
3.83
4.04
4.27
5.67
5.11
4.97
4.31
5.24
4.24
3.75
5.62
5.94
4.26
4.32
3.95
4.07
4.46
4.08
5.28
4.57
3.66
4.53
4.87
5.28
4.75
4.84
4.45
3.44
4.02
4.06
3.60
14
75
84
12
106
51
113
28
49
94
80
37
40
90
88
123
9
11
92
99
20
76
71
34
119
64
58
65
21
15
86
48
110
82
118
59
1
31
87
36
56
53
129
10
23
115
39
108
79
52
46
25
43
103
100
81
5
19
73
67
124
98
55
128
5.32
4.13
4.00
5.34
3.63
4.53
3.31
5.03
4.56
3.89
4.06
4.78
4.73
3.95
3.96
2.98
5.42
5.36
3.94
3.73
5.20
4.12
4.17
4.83
3.19
4.28
4.37
4.28
5.19
5.31
3.97
4.57
3.46
4.02
3.20
4.37
6.19
5.00
3.97
4.80
4.44
4.50
2.77
5.37
5.15
3.30
4.77
3.56
4.07
4.50
4.59
5.10
4.67
3.69
3.72
4.05
5.54
5.22
4.14
4.23
2.92
3.75
4.47
2.83
22
84
74
44
65
42
86
46
85
70
119
105
31
57
34
79
9
24
49
56
6
103
96
45
123
77
80
58
15
14
69
51
117
127
52
128
27
23
17
35
33
115
106
1
2
98
75
97
29
78
129
13
90
28
83
122
10
100
63
111
72
94
66
89
5.10
4.20
4.35
4.79
4.46
4.82
4.19
4.73
4.20
4.40
3.76
3.95
4.96
4.59
4.93
4.27
5.56
5.07
4.72
4.60
5.69
3.99
4.03
4.77
3.65
4.28
4.27
4.58
5.36
5.36
4.41
4.69
3.79
3.44
4.65
3.31
4.98
5.07
5.34
4.92
4.95
3.83
3.95
6.12
5.90
4.02
4.34
4.02
4.97
4.27
3.28
5.41
4.11
4.98
4.23
3.65
5.56
4.02
4.51
3.91
4.36
4.07
4.46
4.13
9
80
99
42
64
12
47
33
122
70
78
53
61
103
72
124
34
11
51
130
5
35
126
56
101
106
113
88
16
55
10
75
127
59
52
76
8
30
20
123
58
104
68
13
6
22
49
63
105
115
107
25
79
114
93
14
65
119
48
69
125
94
62
85
6.17
4.82
4.43
5.51
5.02
6.13
5.33
5.66
3.59
4.94
4.86
5.19
5.07
4.35
4.92
3.54
5.65
6.15
5.24
2.67
6.37
5.65
3.26
5.14
4.43
4.12
3.99
4.58
5.94
5.15
6.16
4.87
3.16
5.09
5.20
4.86
6.23
5.70
5.85
3.55
5.10
4.35
4.95
6.13
6.35
5.84
5.29
5.04
4.31
3.95
4.08
5.80
4.85
3.99
4.53
6.07
5.01
3.75
5.32
4.94
3.47
4.50
5.04
4.65
22
68
126
70
123
10
125
57
79
47
64
52
98
127
108
113
26
27
109
122
29
106
96
80
87
93
91
54
30
60
48
89
9
105
104
46
53
13
36
84
32
85
72
21
15
74
101
88
119
66
61
75
62
120
17
51
41
44
35
56
90
100
115
103
6.26
4.48
1.32
4.43
1.59
6.59
1.38
4.85
4.21
5.38
4.52
5.12
3.22
1.19
2.62
2.47
6.15
6.01
2.59
1.68
5.98
2.76
3.28
4.17
3.79
3.37
3.63
4.96
5.96
4.67
5.28
3.75
6.65
2.88
2.91
5.47
5.05
6.52
5.79
3.96
5.88
3.96
4.40
6.26
6.48
4.34
3.20
3.78
2.07
4.49
4.66
4.32
4.61
1.79
6.40
5.13
5.58
5.50
5.82
4.85
3.72
3.21
2.24
3.06
103
128
48
24
74
10
93
4
31
113
78
67
30
85
86
44
81
38
100
119
28
90
107
55
106
60
54
73
27
52
42
102
80
98
69
114
5
117
84
63
6
50
125
71
7
88
79
116
33
25
92
8
45
87
96
18
43
21
56
64
123
47
77
115
3.57
2.63
4.56
5.12
4.17
5.75
3.80
5.91
4.94
3.35
4.05
4.26
4.95
3.86
3.86
4.61
3.96
4.80
3.67
3.08
5.03
3.82
3.53
4.42
3.54
4.37
4.43
4.18
5.04
4.45
4.69
3.58
3.98
3.72
4.24
3.35
5.87
3.29
3.89
4.32
5.84
4.54
2.69
4.20
5.80
3.83
4.02
3.33
4.92
5.07
3.80
5.78
4.60
3.84
3.76
5.45
4.69
5.26
4.41
4.32
2.72
4.56
4.06
3.34
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
5. Prioritization of
Travel & Tourism
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xix
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure
PILLARS
T&T BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Country/Economy
xx
Page xx
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Libya
Lithuania
6. Air transport
infrastructure
7. Ground transport
infrastructure
8. Tourism
infrastructure
9. ICT
infrastructure
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
105
93
64
108
11
8
79
28
103
32
31
121
101
91
76
67
52
123
127
116
129
4
130
54
70
83
56
38
17
37
10
63
95
69
73
18
110
23
7
87
94
3
30
77
114
85
16
41
9
59
86
20
36
24
48
21
60
96
102
34
53
128
43
125
115
45
2.75
2.97
3.57
2.73
5.18
5.27
3.24
4.64
2.79
4.58
4.61
2.58
2.84
2.99
3.31
3.55
3.84
2.56
2.39
2.65
2.31
5.40
1.99
3.82
3.45
3.20
3.76
4.32
5.04
4.37
5.20
3.61
2.94
3.47
3.36
4.91
2.72
4.80
5.28
3.11
2.95
5.43
4.63
3.30
2.67
3.16
5.04
4.18
5.21
3.70
3.16
4.90
4.39
4.77
3.87
4.88
3.64
2.94
2.82
4.52
3.82
2.37
4.17
2.46
2.66
4.00
112
99
67
97
3
29
79
28
116
30
38
122
108
124
77
45
101
126
127
100
125
1
130
50
36
63
43
66
25
52
12
46
84
62
75
55
89
18
6
90
105
7
20
76
110
64
13
65
16
35
61
24
47
26
53
21
60
85
73
39
59
119
56
129
103
82
2.20
2.40
2.94
2.47
5.85
4.25
2.69
4.30
2.12
4.25
3.97
2.00
2.25
1.97
2.72
3.59
2.38
1.95
1.83
2.39
1.96
6.65
1.67
3.44
3.98
3.06
3.75
2.96
4.50
3.39
4.98
3.54
2.65
3.06
2.80
3.26
2.56
4.85
5.50
2.56
2.33
5.47
4.62
2.75
2.24
3.04
4.96
2.98
4.85
4.00
3.07
4.54
3.52
4.43
3.28
4.61
3.08
2.63
2.83
3.92
3.13
2.08
3.22
1.68
2.37
2.66
116
89
90
100
43
10
52
18
69
21
7
128
114
115
72
95
77
102
92
99
124
26
129
53
61
101
113
54
17
22
6
80
119
75
62
25
106
20
4
64
76
3
46
81
108
88
2
32
35
39
98
45
31
40
38
9
65
91
107
15
48
121
41
127
130
27
2.55
3.06
3.05
2.82
4.49
6.03
4.15
5.47
3.56
5.21
6.36
2.31
2.59
2.55
3.50
2.89
3.40
2.80
2.95
2.83
2.40
5.01
2.26
4.13
3.80
2.81
2.62
4.05
5.47
5.09
6.48
3.33
2.49
3.43
3.79
5.01
2.74
5.27
6.56
3.77
3.42
6.57
4.39
3.30
2.72
3.09
6.57
4.81
4.68
4.51
2.87
4.45
4.86
4.51
4.53
6.33
3.74
3.04
2.73
5.57
4.36
2.43
4.50
2.33
2.25
4.97
86
96
53
118
12
1
92
37
122
40
41
87
99
59
78
47
22
94
123
125
114
17
121
64
119
81
29
10
3
25
23
45
89
79
83
11
117
30
15
102
90
18
9
82
127
85
67
27
7
80
109
5
36
4
55
46
56
100
98
70
57
129
33
113
110
58
2.53
2.29
3.91
1.56
6.35
7.00
2.37
4.45
1.29
4.33
4.30
2.53
2.21
3.61
2.80
4.17
5.42
2.30
1.29
1.22
1.73
6.12
1.29
3.37
1.53
2.77
4.86
6.63
6.95
5.04
5.31
4.23
2.49
2.79
2.72
6.36
1.57
4.82
6.19
2.09
2.44
5.99
6.67
2.76
1.08
2.59
3.32
4.89
6.71
2.78
1.87
6.78
4.51
6.88
3.81
4.18
3.77
2.19
2.27
3.23
3.77
1.06
4.77
1.74
1.84
3.72
86
95
54
101
14
20
84
43
122
29
24
114
106
62
92
58
44
121
129
123
126
12
130
47
66
70
60
37
34
31
5
75
81
87
78
17
127
16
19
107
90
15
39
74
80
93
8
35
1
97
94
27
22
25
45
18
65
77
108
6
53
112
38
120
91
33
2.16
2.00
3.03
1.90
5.22
4.88
2.27
3.41
1.52
4.30
4.64
1.64
1.81
2.70
2.05
2.82
3.40
1.52
1.29
1.52
1.45
5.25
1.28
3.28
2.62
2.59
2.76
3.72
3.99
4.21
5.78
2.44
2.30
2.15
2.40
5.14
1.43
5.15
4.91
1.81
2.10
5.19
3.61
2.45
2.31
2.05
5.48
3.82
5.93
1.98
2.04
4.47
4.75
4.57
3.38
4.98
2.63
2.40
1.80
5.72
3.05
1.67
3.72
1.52
2.09
4.06
90
27
41
42
111
104
62
4
10
48
122
81
14
107
6
92
69
101
74
15
110
114
126
45
17
55
50
98
95
108
128
76
53
2
32
60
16
117
130
18
78
113
120
23
36
33
46
79
119
20
1
99
91
124
85
94
37
80
75
106
51
70
67
34
57
73
4.33
5.09
4.94
4.92
4.01
4.17
4.72
5.59
5.44
4.84
3.76
4.42
5.32
4.13
5.49
4.31
4.62
4.22
4.57
5.32
4.01
3.94
3.46
4.87
5.30
4.78
4.82
4.26
4.28
4.12
3.43
4.49
4.80
5.89
5.06
4.75
5.31
3.90
3.26
5.29
4.47
3.95
3.84
5.22
4.99
5.04
4.87
4.43
3.86
5.23
5.96
4.24
4.32
3.49
4.38
4.28
4.99
4.42
4.50
4.15
4.81
4.62
4.65
5.03
4.77
4.58
(Contd.)
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xxi
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure (contd.)
PILLARS
T&T BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
6. Air transport
infrastructure
7. Ground transport
infrastructure
8. Tourism
infrastructure
9. ICT
infrastructure
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
12
80
107
39
124
25
120
44
61
100
106
68
75
119
74
122
14
26
99
109
19
58
90
47
111
88
84
62
22
40
35
66
65
55
104
72
13
46
33
51
5
81
89
15
2
97
29
126
117
42
50
49
57
112
78
27
6
1
71
98
82
92
118
113
5.17
3.23
2.74
4.31
2.49
4.73
2.59
4.14
3.62
2.89
2.74
3.53
3.32
2.59
3.34
2.56
5.11
4.72
2.90
2.73
4.90
3.70
3.02
3.94
2.68
3.10
3.20
3.62
4.83
4.27
4.50
3.55
3.56
3.78
2.76
3.36
5.13
3.94
4.53
3.85
5.32
3.21
3.09
5.05
5.55
2.93
4.63
2.40
2.65
4.17
3.86
3.86
3.73
2.68
3.24
4.69
5.32
5.58
3.37
2.90
3.21
2.98
2.60
2.67
37
113
91
32
117
22
115
48
42
118
74
54
69
114
51
109
17
10
102
106
9
57
94
34
128
86
72
87
31
11
23
88
33
49
78
92
15
104
70
40
8
81
93
14
19
95
41
121
107
27
58
68
44
120
98
5
4
2
111
80
71
83
96
123
3.97
2.14
2.54
4.18
2.10
4.56
2.12
3.48
3.78
2.08
2.82
3.27
2.92
2.14
3.40
2.25
4.85
5.10
2.37
2.32
5.23
3.21
2.49
4.06
1.82
2.60
2.89
2.57
4.19
5.09
4.56
2.57
4.14
3.46
2.70
2.54
4.93
2.35
2.90
3.79
5.34
2.68
2.52
4.95
4.71
2.49
3.79
2.02
2.28
4.32
3.17
2.93
3.71
2.02
2.44
5.50
5.65
6.34
2.21
2.68
2.90
2.65
2.47
1.98
14
79
120
28
96
34
111
30
82
104
125
71
67
118
55
122
8
50
126
109
36
56
68
58
123
105
85
57
24
29
33
74
83
60
94
86
1
37
23
59
16
42
117
12
5
70
13
110
93
51
44
47
63
87
84
49
11
19
66
73
112
78
103
97
5.61
3.36
2.45
4.95
2.88
4.79
2.67
4.90
3.28
2.78
2.40
3.50
3.62
2.53
4.04
2.42
6.35
4.26
2.34
2.68
4.61
3.99
3.62
3.94
2.42
2.75
3.24
3.95
5.03
4.93
4.79
3.44
3.25
3.85
2.89
3.15
6.61
4.61
5.06
3.89
5.54
4.50
2.53
5.79
6.55
3.55
5.78
2.67
2.94
4.15
4.47
4.38
3.79
3.13
3.24
4.34
5.85
5.45
3.71
3.47
2.66
3.38
2.80
2.88
14
61
88
71
116
19
120
42
49
91
107
31
72
106
84
126
35
34
77
95
21
63
101
44
103
73
97
60
13
54
24
38
66
68
93
52
43
28
20
51
1
111
65
26
7
104
74
128
115
39
69
48
50
108
62
32
16
6
75
130
76
124
112
105
6.19
3.55
2.50
3.19
1.63
5.97
1.43
4.29
4.00
2.44
1.92
4.81
3.18
1.95
2.67
1.10
4.68
4.77
2.93
2.29
5.86
3.53
2.19
4.27
2.03
3.13
2.28
3.60
6.32
3.85
5.22
4.42
3.33
3.31
2.34
3.91
4.28
4.87
5.93
3.94
7.00
1.81
3.34
4.98
6.71
1.99
3.11
1.07
1.67
4.36
3.28
4.02
4.00
1.89
3.54
4.79
6.18
6.74
3.07
1.04
3.03
1.25
1.79
1.95
7
72
128
46
117
32
109
61
64
82
103
63
85
125
105
124
2
21
110
111
11
71
104
76
102
83
89
41
30
50
40
48
51
59
100
57
23
42
26
73
28
96
79
3
4
98
10
118
115
67
49
69
55
116
52
36
9
13
56
99
68
88
113
119
5.58
2.53
1.43
3.37
1.58
4.11
1.79
2.73
2.67
2.29
1.84
2.67
2.19
1.49
1.83
1.49
5.89
4.83
1.79
1.77
5.36
2.56
1.83
2.41
1.90
2.28
2.12
3.59
4.24
3.18
3.61
3.24
3.08
2.80
1.94
2.82
4.67
3.51
4.55
2.53
4.37
1.98
2.37
5.87
5.87
1.96
5.40
1.57
1.61
2.61
3.18
2.59
2.97
1.59
3.06
3.76
5.46
5.23
2.97
1.95
2.61
2.15
1.66
1.56
77
72
52
3
97
100
40
19
83
49
61
129
64
44
54
5
121
68
31
71
125
22
38
35
21
58
9
87
86
93
89
109
112
8
116
82
25
84
102
29
88
26
63
123
118
66
30
65
56
11
24
13
103
59
115
28
127
105
43
12
47
7
96
39
4.48
4.59
4.81
5.89
4.27
4.24
4.94
5.27
4.39
4.83
4.74
3.40
4.69
4.88
4.78
5.55
3.78
4.63
5.07
4.61
3.47
5.22
4.99
5.03
5.23
4.76
5.47
4.36
4.36
4.30
4.34
4.10
3.98
5.47
3.92
4.40
5.18
4.38
4.21
5.08
4.35
5.10
4.69
3.63
3.89
4.67
5.07
4.67
4.77
5.42
5.18
5.39
4.19
4.75
3.94
5.08
3.44
4.16
4.88
5.39
4.85
5.47
4.27
4.99
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xxi
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources
PILLARS
T&T HUMAN, CULTURAL,
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Country/Economy
xxii
Page xxii
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Libya
Lithuania
11. Human
resources
13. Natural
resources
14. Cultural
resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
71
98
27
94
1
7
105
69
126
46
22
115
60
117
103
6
31
127
122
86
120
10
129
54
13
38
24
32
40
25
28
67
58
70
121
49
92
14
12
97
85
9
18
55
93
62
42
50
36
26
53
41
59
15
66
16
64
112
77
29
119
102
82
130
106
74
3.85
3.52
4.50
3.59
5.61
5.16
3.44
3.88
3.07
4.26
4.56
3.36
4.02
3.33
3.45
5.21
4.48
3.01
3.20
3.69
3.25
5.07
2.69
4.14
4.81
4.35
4.52
4.43
4.34
4.51
4.49
3.89
4.05
3.86
3.25
4.22
3.60
4.78
4.85
3.53
3.70
5.13
4.66
4.12
3.60
3.96
4.31
4.21
4.40
4.50
4.17
4.31
4.02
4.74
3.92
4.73
3.92
3.39
3.76
4.49
3.31
3.47
3.75
2.61
3.43
3.79
58
96
60
79
14
19
54
49
107
38
18
110
98
106
124
66
59
123
125
108
117
10
126
36
48
67
27
50
63
30
3
86
100
82
64
33
122
6
25
104
47
24
43
91
77
90
8
57
4
93
34
11
20
39
69
12
70
55
105
9
32
92
51
129
99
53
5.03
4.64
5.01
4.87
5.71
5.62
5.04
5.06
4.26
5.26
5.64
4.12
4.60
4.27
3.36
4.98
5.01
3.42
3.30
4.26
3.83
5.79
3.19
5.29
5.07
4.97
5.45
5.05
4.99
5.35
6.11
4.79
4.52
4.83
4.98
5.33
3.52
5.90
5.50
4.35
5.07
5.50
5.11
4.77
4.87
4.77
5.83
5.03
6.11
4.75
5.31
5.77
5.62
5.22
4.95
5.74
4.95
5.03
4.33
5.83
5.34
4.76
5.05
2.92
4.52
5.04
6
117
74
43
63
23
69
32
125
2
44
83
116
93
58
94
16
104
17
11
121
68
129
96
126
89
21
7
5
61
84
15
103
31
102
18
107
100
85
19
37
72
39
48
47
41
14
108
24
88
56
51
59
67
4
128
9
79
60
112
119
26
66
109
105
52
6.32
4.16
4.69
5.05
4.82
5.45
4.75
5.27
3.95
6.57
5.02
4.63
4.18
4.50
4.85
4.48
5.67
4.40
5.62
5.83
4.06
4.76
3.84
4.46
3.92
4.56
5.49
6.25
6.35
4.83
4.62
5.69
4.41
5.28
4.41
5.59
4.34
4.42
4.62
5.56
5.15
4.74
5.12
4.97
4.98
5.10
5.70
4.33
5.44
4.57
4.88
4.95
4.85
4.76
6.43
3.87
6.11
4.65
4.84
4.31
4.07
5.38
4.79
4.33
4.37
4.94
130
97
12
107
4
37
110
127
100
117
119
54
15
120
31
3
59
67
83
53
38
16
91
52
8
5
7
68
106
82
63
50
14
86
122
43
34
57
47
95
116
30
75
19
65
29
55
90
101
13
26
113
64
60
99
40
87
115
24
80
125
102
78
128
114
92
1.87
2.64
5.01
2.35
5.72
4.00
2.31
1.97
2.61
2.20
2.19
3.34
4.86
2.19
4.20
5.81
3.22
3.09
2.87
3.42
3.92
4.78
2.73
3.49
5.25
5.50
5.36
3.08
2.37
2.87
3.12
3.50
4.90
2.83
2.11
3.79
4.12
3.24
3.61
2.67
2.22
4.26
3.02
4.69
3.10
4.31
3.30
2.74
2.57
4.94
4.42
2.25
3.11
3.17
2.62
3.90
2.81
2.23
4.52
2.90
2.06
2.53
2.98
1.97
2.24
2.71
75
55
41
79
5
11
99
43
109
46
15
114
62
70
113
12
29
127
128
120
123
21
129
39
19
68
92
37
32
20
27
102
69
58
106
74
65
13
10
104
71
6
16
81
110
98
67
23
36
31
80
26
60
8
100
14
91
101
116
22
94
125
76
122
56
63
2.17
2.65
3.29
2.11
6.20
5.59
1.66
3.22
1.44
3.02
5.38
1.37
2.45
2.37
1.37
5.58
4.01
1.14
1.02
1.26
1.21
4.96
1.02
3.30
5.01
2.37
1.80
3.35
3.67
4.97
4.13
1.60
2.37
2.52
1.48
2.18
2.43
5.56
5.67
1.53
2.36
6.01
5.38
2.06
1.44
1.68
2.42
4.75
3.49
3.73
2.08
4.28
2.50
5.81
1.66
5.38
1.81
1.63
1.36
4.94
1.77
1.20
2.17
1.22
2.61
2.44
(Contd.)
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xxiii
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources (contd.)
PILLARS
T&T HUMAN, CULTURAL,
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
11. Human
resources
13. Natural
resources
14. Cultural
resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
35
81
124
23
116
43
125
76
19
110
91
45
72
128
113
99
21
17
87
123
20
96
109
47
118
33
78
34
11
80
65
73
39
107
108
88
37
51
61
52
4
63
68
8
3
95
79
111
48
30
104
57
44
83
100
89
5
2
56
101
75
84
90
114
4.41
3.75
3.16
4.55
3.36
4.28
3.11
3.78
4.62
3.39
3.60
4.27
3.81
2.97
3.38
3.51
4.58
4.70
3.67
3.19
4.60
3.54
3.39
4.25
3.32
4.43
3.75
4.42
4.93
3.75
3.92
3.79
4.35
3.43
3.43
3.64
4.39
4.19
3.98
4.18
5.33
3.95
3.88
5.15
5.39
3.55
3.75
3.39
4.23
4.49
3.44
4.08
4.28
3.74
3.51
3.62
5.26
5.52
4.09
3.51
3.78
3.71
3.62
3.37
26
71
113
22
120
40
115
56
52
88
85
76
95
130
127
116
16
21
94
112
17
74
109
89
103
78
61
41
37
81
23
68
72
83
111
45
1
29
35
118
31
62
101
15
2
97
13
87
119
65
75
28
73
114
80
42
7
5
46
44
102
84
121
128
5.48
4.94
4.09
5.53
3.61
5.18
3.94
5.03
5.05
4.77
4.79
4.88
4.67
2.92
2.99
3.84
5.68
5.62
4.75
4.09
5.67
4.92
4.21
4.77
4.41
4.87
5.00
5.18
5.26
4.84
5.51
4.96
4.93
4.82
4.11
5.10
6.19
5.39
5.30
3.81
5.34
4.99
4.49
5.70
6.17
4.60
5.72
4.78
3.75
4.98
4.90
5.45
4.92
3.95
4.87
5.15
5.87
5.91
5.09
5.10
4.44
4.80
3.58
2.93
12
75
110
22
55
8
99
3
86
29
35
1
25
92
33
78
76
34
71
118
95
127
122
50
124
97
65
120
42
10
49
101
111
123
115
98
13
77
53
45
46
64
106
82
40
27
73
91
28
20
113
30
38
70
62
36
90
114
54
81
130
87
57
80
5.79
4.69
4.32
5.47
4.88
6.22
4.43
6.47
4.59
5.29
5.23
6.69
5.43
4.51
5.27
4.67
4.68
5.25
4.75
4.11
4.46
3.91
4.04
4.96
3.96
4.46
4.81
4.06
5.05
6.11
4.97
4.42
4.32
3.99
4.21
4.44
5.76
4.68
4.94
5.02
4.99
4.82
4.35
4.64
5.12
5.36
4.70
4.52
5.33
5.51
4.31
5.28
5.14
4.75
4.83
5.18
4.54
4.29
4.93
4.65
3.51
4.58
4.85
4.65
71
85
74
18
77
129
93
126
25
124
66
69
118
61
42
35
88
28
45
70
73
84
72
6
62
10
58
46
81
109
121
96
22
44
51
112
98
36
76
21
32
49
41
39
23
123
103
56
1
20
111
94
79
11
104
108
27
2
89
105
9
48
17
33
3.05
2.84
3.02
4.70
2.99
1.88
2.70
2.01
4.44
2.07
3.09
3.08
2.19
3.16
3.81
4.11
2.78
4.33
3.72
3.06
3.03
2.87
3.04
5.44
3.14
5.17
3.23
3.72
2.89
2.32
2.16
2.67
4.58
3.75
3.50
2.27
2.63
4.01
3.01
4.60
4.19
3.55
3.84
3.92
4.53
2.10
2.44
3.24
6.14
4.63
2.30
2.69
2.97
5.01
2.39
2.33
4.35
6.04
2.78
2.37
5.21
3.58
4.76
4.14
38
57
124
59
83
30
115
103
25
111
117
66
48
118
108
112
18
33
107
105
17
61
72
89
95
42
82
24
2
96
45
44
34
126
87
52
47
53
54
40
1
64
50
3
9
77
78
130
97
51
73
49
28
121
84
90
4
7
35
86
85
88
119
93
3.34
2.52
1.20
2.50
1.97
3.86
1.36
1.59
4.43
1.43
1.30
2.43
2.96
1.28
1.47
1.43
5.16
3.59
1.48
1.50
5.25
2.47
2.28
1.84
1.75
3.22
1.98
4.72
6.52
1.72
3.04
3.12
3.57
1.16
1.89
2.73
2.99
2.69
2.66
3.30
6.80
2.44
2.85
6.36
5.76
2.15
2.13
1.01
1.71
2.83
2.27
2.91
4.08
1.25
1.95
1.81
6.28
5.83
3.55
1.90
1.94
1.86
1.27
1.78
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xxiii
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xxiv
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xxiv
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xxv
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xxv
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xxvi
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xxvi
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xxvii
CO2 emissions generated during a given trip.These special studies are highly business relevant and complement
the TTCI, the country/economy profiles, and the data
tables elsewhere in the Report.
In their chapter Environmental Sustainability as a
Driver for Competitiveness, Jrgen Ringbeck and
Stephan Gross of Booz Allen Hamilton explore how
environmental sustainability is an important driver of
T&T competitiveness, both for the public and the private sectors.The authors highlight examples of environmental impacts and potential initiatives that can be
applied by different players of the T&T industry value
chain to reduce their negative eco-footprint, while
aligning ecological targets with economic goals.
They stress that taking action should be seen as a
bottom-line business issue.The public sector needs to
evaluate the total cost of operators and end consumer
behavior, taking into consideration the environmental
footprint of the industry as well as its impact on local
population and society. By using real life examples, the
authors highlight a regulatory framework that combines
policies and incentives that drive environmental sustainability for the sector.
The publics rising consciousness of environmentally
friendly behavior is also becoming a major factor for
customer decisions. Starting with the distribution and
sales of T&T packages, the end customer will be able to
decide not only on the preferred destination, but also on
the mode of transport and the particular hotel.With this
increasing awareness, the demand for green tourism
products is expected to grow further in the years to
come. If private operators take advantage of this opportunity and effectively leverage this trend, they might be
able not only to gain a competitive advantage, but also
to attract new customer segments.
However, the authors point out that although the
private sector is aware of these green trends in the market, only a minority of the industry players has yet
developed a holistic, environment-oriented strategy.
They conclude by stressing that to be successful in the
long term, it will not be enough to opportunistically
engage in green branding campaigns. Companies will
have to establish initiatives that have a measurable positive and long-lasting impact on the environment
creating a value not only for the tourist but also for the
industry and the society at the destination as a whole.
They conclude with actionable steps that support private
operators in the design and implementation of an
environmentally sustainable strategy, which helps to
define green initiatives that balance both ecological
and economic goals.
In Travel & Tourism: Moving on to Sustainability,
Ufi Ibrahim and Amir Girgis from the WTTC describe
how emerging tourism destinations are exerting pressure
on their natural, cultural, and socioeconomic surroundings.They explain that since the demand for global
Travel & Tourism is expected to grow steadily over the
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xxvii
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xxviii
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xxviii
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xxix
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
xxix
Executive Summary
0_front.pag
2/13/08
9:41 PM
Page xxx
xxx
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 1
Part 1
Selected Issues of T&T
Competitiveness
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 2
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 3
CHAPTER 1.1
The World Economic Forum has embarked on a multiyear effort to understand and measure the Travel &
Tourism (T&T) competitiveness of nations around the
world.This chapter presents the second edition of the
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI),
launched for the first time last year.
Our interest in benchmarking T&T competitiveness
stems from its economic importance. According to the
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), global tourism
hit a new record in 2006, with 842 million arrivalsup
by 4.5 percent from 2005,1 and generating tourism
receipts of US$682.7 billionand it is expected to
grow briskly in the coming decade.2 The World Travel
& Tourism Council (WTTC) estimates that, from direct
and indirect activities combined, the T&T sector now
accounts for 10.4 percent of global GDP, 12.2 percent
of world exports, and 9.5 percent of world investment.
In addition, the T&T industry in 2007 generated in
excess of US$7 trillion in revenuesa figure that is
expected to rise to over US$13 trillion over the coming
decade.3
Considering the strong global economic value of
the industry, its importance for many countries is not
surprising. A growing national T&T sector contributes
to employment, raises national income, and can improve
the balance of payments. In this context, the sector is an
important driver of growth and prosperity and, particularly within developing countries, it can also play a role
in poverty reduction.
Nations have thus long been keen on reaping the
economic benefits of the T&T industry, many actively
working toward enhancing its growth. More recently,
several government and business leaders have embraced
the idea that long-term industry profitability can be
achieved only by striking a balance between industry
growth and national carrying capacity or sustainability.
In line with this thinking, this years Report places great
emphasis on the topic of environmentally sustainable
tourism, and the TTCI discussed in this chapter includes
a reinforced focus on environmental sustainability, as
described in Box 1.
Despite the overall importance of developing the
T&T sector, many obstacles at the national level continue
to hinder its development. In this light, the TTCI aims
to measure the many different regulatory and businessrelated issues that have been identified as levers for
improving T&T competitiveness in countries around
the world.Through detailed analysis of each pillar and
subpillar of the Index, businesses and governments can
address the challenges to the sectors growth.
This Report aims to serve two purposes. First, by
providing a cross-country analysis of the drivers of T&T
The authors would like to thank Pearl Samandari and Eva Trujillo for
their excellent research assistance.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 4
4
Box 1: The pursuit of environmental sustainability
A sustainable T&T industry is one that optimizes the use of
national resources with minimum ecological, cultural, and
social impact, while maximizing the benefits to the environment
and community.1
The need for achieving a sustainable T&T industry is certainly not a new idea. However, the need for the industry to
demonstrate leadership by introducing policy instruments that
target the achievement of sustainability has become important
only in recent years, primarily as a result of increased global
awareness of the impact of global climate change on tourist
destinations.
As more regions and countries develop their tourism
industries, this has significant effects on natural resources,
consumption patterns, pollution, and social systems. The resulting impact on tourism destination ecosystems makes the introduction of policy instruments aimed at achieving tourism sustainability, in particular related to the environment, a crucial
element of national tourism development strategies. It is now
widely accepted within the industry that those nations that will
ultimately become the most competitive in the T&T sector will
be those demonstrating their ability to implement measures to
conserve the environment, or to correct possible damage to it,
while continuing to facilitate the sectors healthy growth.
Sustainable tourism should therefore be about introducing,
refocusing, and/or re-adapting national policies. The goal is to
find a balance between limits and usage so that continuous
Notes
1 Gmez Gmez et al. 2004.
2 Sustainable Tourism Development Center.
3 Available at http://www.world-tourism.org/pdf/pr071046.pdf.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 5
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 6
We have also included a pillar that captures a number of aspects of the general tourism infrastructure in
each country, as distinct from the general transport
infrastructure.This takes into account the accommodation infrastructure (the number of hotel rooms) and the
presence of major car rental companies in the country,
as well as a measure of the financial infrastructure for
tourists in the country (the availability of automatic
teller machines, or ATMs).
Given the increasing importance of the online
environment for the modern T&T industry, for planning
itineraries and purchasing travel and accommodations,
we also capture the quality of the ICT infrastructure in
each economy. Here we measure ICT penetration rates
(Internet, telephone lines, and broadband), which provide
a sense of the societys online activity.We also include a
specific measure of the extent to which the Internet is
used by businesses in carrying out transactions in the
economy, to get a sense of the extent to which these
tools are in fact being used for business (including T&T)
transactions in the economy.
The price competitiveness in the T&T industry is
clearly an important element to take into account, with
lower costs increasing the attractiveness of some countries
for many travelers.To measure countries price competitiveness, we take into account factors such as the extent
to which goods and services in the country are more or
less expensive than elsewhere (purchasing power parity),
airfare ticket taxes and airport charges (which can make
flight tickets much more expensive), fuel price levels
compared with those of other countries, and taxation in
the country (which can be passed through to travelers)
as well as the relative cost of hotel accommodations.
Quality human resources in the economy ensure
that the industry has access to the collaborators it needs
to develop and grow.This pillar takes into account the
health and the education and training levels in each
economy, and is made up of two specific subpillars.The
education and training subpillar measures educational
attainment rates (primary and secondary), as well as the
overall quality of the educational system in each country, as assessed by the business community. Besides the
formal educational system, we also take into account
private sector involvement in upgrading human
resources, including the availability of specialized training
services and the extent of staff training by companies in
the country.The subpillar measuring the availability of
qualified labor further takes into account the extent to
which hiring and firing is impeded by regulations, and
whether labor regulations make it easy or difficult to
hire foreign labor.The health of the workforce is also
included here, as measured by the overall life expectancy
of the country as well as the specific costliness of
HIV/AIDS to businesses.
Also included is the affinity for Travel & Tourism,
which measures the extent to which the country and
society are open to tourism and foreign visitors. It is
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 7
Subindex B:
T&T business environment
and infrastructure
Subindex C:
T&T human, cultural, and
natural resources
Human capital
Environmental sustainability
Tourism infrastructure
Natural resources
ICT infrastructure
Cultural resources
Prioritization of
Travel & Tourism
Price competitiveness in
the T&T industry
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 8
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
10:05 PM
Page 9
2/13/08
Correlation: 0.65
5
0
1
Correlation: 0.75
Log of international tourism receipts
(US$ millions), 2006
1_part1.pag
0
1
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
10
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 10
Switzerland
Austria
Germany
Australia
Spain
United Kingdom
United States
Sweden
Canada
France
Iceland
Finland
Denmark
Hong Kong SAR
Portugal
Singapore
Norway
Netherlands
New Zealand
Luxembourg
Ireland
Greece
Japan
Cyprus
Malta
Estonia
Belgium
Italy
Barbados
Czech Republic
Korea, Rep.
Malaysia
Hungary
Croatia
Israel
Slovenia
Qatar
Slovak Republic
Tunisia
United Arab Emirates
Mauritius
Thailand
Bulgaria
Costa Rica
Latvia
Puerto Rico
Lithuania
Bahrain
Brazil
Panama
Chile
Taiwan, China
Jordan
Turkey
Mexico
Poland
Jamaica
Argentina
Montenegro
South Africa
Uruguay
China
Dominican Republic
Russian Federation
India
Egypt
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
5.63
5.43
5.41
5.34
5.30
5.28
5.28
5.27
5.26
5.23
5.16
5.11
5.10
5.09
5.09
5.06
5.05
5.01
4.96
4.95
4.93
4.92
4.90
4.87
4.86
4.85
4.84
4.84
4.77
4.75
4.68
4.63
4.60
4.59
4.51
4.49
4.44
4.42
4.41
4.39
4.38
4.37
4.36
4.35
4.34
4.34
4.33
4.29
4.29
4.29
4.27
4.23
4.21
4.19
4.18
4.18
4.18
4.17
4.15
4.11
4.10
4.06
4.05
4.04
3.99
3.96
1
4
6
30
28
26
49
9
23
12
3
5
10
2
14
7
8
22
15
24
11
17
34
27
13
18
21
41
16
20
38
37
19
39
32
42
43
33
25
44
29
63
50
48
35
40
31
68
84
52
45
69
36
56
71
60
51
65
53
70
47
103
54
80
107
58
5.94
5.86
5.67
5.23
5.24
5.28
4.75
5.62
5.31
5.57
5.86
5.74
5.61
5.91
5.50
5.67
5.66
5.35
5.48
5.28
5.57
5.46
5.11
5.24
5.56
5.41
5.36
4.99
5.46
5.38
5.02
5.04
5.40
5.02
5.12
4.97
4.90
5.11
5.28
4.87
5.23
4.46
4.75
4.76
5.10
4.99
5.21
4.36
4.11
4.66
4.86
4.32
5.06
4.57
4.30
4.51
4.74
4.44
4.66
4.31
4.84
3.91
4.64
4.21
3.78
4.54
2
8
3
11
5
6
1
15
4
7
9
23
10
16
22
13
19
14
26
12
20
30
21
17
25
18
31
24
32
37
34
39
41
38
36
33
35
46
49
27
44
42
52
56
43
40
45
28
67
47
54
29
60
57
61
62
48
64
68
51
71
70
63
65
59
69
5.55
5.27
5.43
5.18
5.32
5.32
5.58
5.05
5.40
5.28
5.21
4.80
5.20
5.04
4.83
5.13
4.90
5.11
4.72
5.17
4.90
4.63
4.88
5.04
4.73
4.91
4.61
4.77
4.58
4.37
4.52
4.31
4.18
4.32
4.39
4.53
4.50
3.94
3.86
4.69
4.14
4.17
3.84
3.76
4.17
4.27
4.00
4.64
3.55
3.94
3.82
4.63
3.64
3.73
3.62
3.62
3.87
3.57
3.53
3.85
3.37
3.45
3.61
3.56
3.70
3.47
3
7
9
1
4
5
2
8
10
12
36
14
28
42
11
37
20
21
17
35
41
18
16
40
43
49
22
15
46
25
29
23
50
32
59
61
65
51
57
89
76
30
31
24
82
80
74
69
6
47
54
79
64
44
19
34
66
27
45
52
56
13
67
39
26
70
5.39
5.16
5.13
5.61
5.33
5.26
5.52
5.15
5.07
4.85
4.40
4.78
4.49
4.31
4.93
4.39
4.60
4.58
4.70
4.41
4.31
4.66
4.73
4.34
4.28
4.22
4.56
4.74
4.26
4.51
4.49
4.55
4.21
4.43
4.02
3.98
3.92
4.19
4.08
3.62
3.78
4.49
4.48
4.52
3.75
3.75
3.79
3.88
5.21
4.25
4.14
3.75
3.92
4.28
4.62
4.42
3.92
4.50
4.27
4.18
4.09
4.81
3.89
4.35
4.50
3.86
(Contd.)
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 11
Morocco
Guatemala
Romania
Peru
Colombia
Georgia
Sri Lanka
Trinidad and Tobago
Honduras
Oman
Ukraine
Serbia
Azerbaijan
Indonesia
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
Macedonia, FYR
Gambia, The
Kuwait
Ecuador
Botswana
Tanzania
Armenia
Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Albania
Namibia
Syria
Suriname
Vietnam
El Salvador
Moldova
Nicaragua
Mongolia
Kenya
Algeria
Venezuela
Libya
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bolivia
Zambia
Senegal
Guyana
Uganda
Pakistan
Cambodia
Kyrgyz Republic
Tajikistan
Paraguay
Nepal
Zimbabwe
Madagascar
Mali
Benin
Ethiopia
Mauritania
Mozambique
Burkina Faso
Nigeria
Cameroon
Bangladesh
Burundi
Lesotho
Chad
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
3.91
3.89
3.88
3.87
3.86
3.83
3.80
3.79
3.79
3.77
3.76
3.76
3.72
3.70
3.70
3.68
3.68
3.67
3.67
3.66
3.65
3.65
3.63
3.62
3.61
3.60
3.59
3.58
3.58
3.57
3.57
3.56
3.53
3.53
3.53
3.50
3.47
3.45
3.45
3.44
3.42
3.41
3.38
3.36
3.36
3.32
3.30
3.24
3.24
3.22
3.22
3.21
3.21
3.19
3.18
3.10
3.05
3.04
3.03
2.99
2.93
2.91
2.82
2.48
55
76
72
86
95
46
79
87
77
88
59
73
62
108
83
106
93
67
105
101
82
89
57
64
61
81
92
74
110
97
85
66
96
78
100
99
123
75
98
122
91
94
104
113
114
116
90
102
112
120
118
111
109
115
126
117
119
121
127
125
129
128
124
130
4.59
4.25
4.29
4.08
4.03
4.84
4.24
4.08
4.25
4.07
4.53
4.27
4.49
3.78
4.14
3.83
4.05
4.38
3.88
3.99
4.20
4.07
4.56
4.45
4.50
4.20
4.05
4.26
3.75
4.02
4.09
4.39
4.03
4.25
4.00
4.01
3.44
4.26
4.02
3.45
4.06
4.04
3.88
3.66
3.65
3.61
4.07
3.95
3.72
3.58
3.60
3.73
3.77
3.63
3.20
3.60
3.59
3.56
3.15
3.39
2.94
3.15
3.39
2.74
75
77
66
88
83
94
81
50
85
58
78
72
79
86
84
55
80
87
53
95
76
117
108
98
96
105
74
97
89
92
73
100
99
106
102
93
82
115
91
101
118
104
114
112
90
116
128
126
111
122
113
107
124
121
110
120
119
123
109
129
103
127
125
130
3.32
3.30
3.55
3.10
3.20
2.95
3.21
3.86
3.16
3.70
3.24
3.36
3.24
3.16
3.20
3.78
3.23
3.11
3.82
2.94
3.31
2.65
2.73
2.90
2.94
2.75
3.34
2.93
3.09
2.98
3.36
2.89
2.90
2.74
2.82
2.97
3.21
2.66
2.99
2.84
2.60
2.76
2.67
2.68
3.02
2.65
2.37
2.40
2.68
2.56
2.67
2.74
2.49
2.58
2.72
2.59
2.59
2.56
2.73
2.31
2.79
2.39
2.46
1.99
72
55
73
33
38
85
63
104
62
96
100
88
105
53
78
107
81
97
119
58
103
48
94
101
112
71
113
95
68
84
121
110
87
91
77
98
75
106
117
60
90
108
93
83
109
86
102
111
118
99
114
124
116
115
92
125
128
127
123
120
126
122
130
129
3.81
4.12
3.79
4.43
4.35
3.70
3.95
3.44
3.96
3.54
3.51
3.64
3.44
4.17
3.75
3.43
3.75
3.53
3.31
4.05
3.45
4.23
3.59
3.51
3.39
3.85
3.38
3.55
3.88
3.71
3.25
3.39
3.67
3.60
3.76
3.52
3.78
3.43
3.33
4.02
3.62
3.43
3.60
3.74
3.39
3.69
3.47
3.39
3.32
3.51
3.37
3.16
3.36
3.36
3.60
3.11
2.97
3.01
3.19
3.25
3.07
3.20
2.61
2.69
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
11
1_part1.pag
12
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 12
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Libya
Lit0huania
T&T REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK
1. Policy rules
and regulations
2. Environmental
sustainability
3. Safety
and security
4. Health
and hygiene
5. Prioritization of
Travel & Tourism
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
81
99
65
57
30
4
62
68
129
16
21
115
122
98
82
84
50
121
128
116
125
23
130
45
103
95
48
39
27
20
10
54
101
58
85
18
126
5
12
67
46
6
17
76
104
77
2
19
3
107
108
11
32
41
51
34
36
61
100
38
105
90
35
124
75
31
4.20
4.01
4.44
4.56
5.23
5.86
4.49
4.36
2.94
5.46
5.36
3.63
3.45
4.02
4.20
4.11
4.75
3.56
3.15
3.61
3.39
5.31
2.74
4.86
3.91
4.03
4.76
5.02
5.24
5.38
5.61
4.64
3.99
4.54
4.09
5.41
3.20
5.74
5.57
4.38
4.84
5.67
5.46
4.25
3.88
4.25
5.91
5.40
5.86
3.78
3.78
5.57
5.12
4.99
4.74
5.11
5.06
4.50
4.00
5.02
3.88
4.07
5.10
3.39
4.26
5.21
104
83
91
63
27
22
72
62
114
29
16
117
127
109
74
95
85
107
125
126
112
8
130
18
89
60
54
66
69
38
4
47
111
70
45
26
96
7
24
93
68
6
61
41
120
44
2
35
17
102
121
3
30
57
13
32
78
77
101
33
97
105
42
116
122
50
3.69
4.00
3.95
4.28
5.04
5.16
4.14
4.35
3.31
5.02
5.28
3.23
2.88
3.47
4.13
3.81
3.98
3.62
2.92
2.89
3.31
5.43
2.46
5.25
3.96
4.36
4.48
4.26
4.20
4.77
5.59
4.57
3.43
4.18
4.63
5.06
3.76
5.45
5.15
3.90
4.22
5.46
4.35
4.72
3.19
4.64
5.95
4.82
5.25
3.71
3.07
5.64
5.02
4.42
5.34
4.96
4.12
4.12
3.72
4.87
3.76
3.64
4.68
3.30
3.06
4.55
93
102
107
112
53
8
101
125
121
26
11
30
104
113
68
37
73
64
88
92
109
36
124
62
110
87
32
41
47
21
3
108
82
81
55
43
114
7
5
59
54
4
40
95
76
61
60
25
20
71
126
12
67
39
99
48
38
120
19
50
130
91
16
116
118
18
4.08
3.99
3.94
3.88
4.63
5.57
4.01
3.49
3.71
5.05
5.49
4.97
3.98
3.87
4.42
4.90
4.35
4.47
4.14
4.09
3.92
4.90
3.64
4.53
3.92
4.17
4.96
4.84
4.73
5.10
5.88
3.93
4.24
4.25
4.60
4.82
3.83
5.62
5.75
4.57
4.62
5.82
4.85
4.07
4.30
4.56
4.56
5.05
5.14
4.39
3.48
5.48
4.43
4.87
4.02
4.73
4.87
3.73
5.25
4.69
2.97
4.09
5.34
3.82
3.79
5.32
71
83
98
45
21
3
43
39
129
27
29
77
92
57
50
128
90
82
96
95
86
32
116
36
121
118
66
41
23
44
4
89
97
84
109
26
111
1
54
38
37
17
31
110
112
87
7
28
2
117
108
19
60
81
102
74
15
73
120
67
18
100
40
91
24
46
4.93
4.72
4.45
5.43
5.85
6.41
5.46
5.58
2.83
5.74
5.71
4.86
4.53
5.13
5.26
3.15
4.56
4.76
4.49
4.50
4.63
5.68
3.88
5.60
3.60
3.75
4.99
5.52
5.82
5.45
6.40
4.57
4.48
4.66
4.05
5.75
4.03
6.70
5.18
5.58
5.60
5.88
5.69
4.03
4.01
4.58
6.27
5.73
6.54
3.86
4.06
5.87
5.09
4.80
4.36
4.89
5.98
4.90
3.69
4.99
5.88
4.43
5.57
4.54
5.81
5.43
59
81
40
39
37
4
49
76
117
31
14
121
102
55
97
69
12
124
116
128
114
45
129
63
99
78
67
28
43
6
34
65
73
86
94
20
130
18
7
107
42
4
16
83
92
95
1
11
3
110
111
24
8
19
82
23
58
33
118
38
77
71
25
112
50
2
4.76
4.12
5.62
5.65
5.72
6.77
5.22
4.25
2.11
5.91
6.51
1.74
3.09
4.88
3.24
4.46
6.56
1.46
2.19
1.13
2.42
5.48
1.05
4.53
3.21
4.22
4.49
5.99
5.53
6.77
5.82
4.52
4.39
3.94
3.36
6.27
1.00
6.37
6.76
2.68
5.58
6.77
6.42
4.00
3.62
3.36
7.00
6.57
6.86
2.56
2.53
6.17
6.69
6.28
4.01
6.25
4.84
5.85
2.08
5.67
4.22
4.43
6.16
2.49
5.20
6.98
104
118
70
105
32
19
101
75
122
13
91
112
121
124
82
68
65
108
130
17
126
26
127
58
36
99
35
51
3
39
62
14
110
12
89
23
111
49
29
22
72
57
1
53
66
76
9
37
15
59
11
40
61
46
2
41
16
83
20
34
129
97
95
120
109
94
3.55
3.20
4.23
3.55
4.92
5.41
3.63
4.12
2.77
5.60
3.81
3.35
2.79
2.72
3.95
4.24
4.28
3.50
2.00
5.47
2.69
5.05
2.68
4.39
4.86
3.68
4.86
4.48
5.93
4.79
4.35
5.59
3.42
5.66
3.83
5.14
3.40
4.55
5.00
5.19
4.19
4.40
5.99
4.45
4.27
4.11
5.78
4.80
5.53
4.38
5.75
4.70
4.37
4.58
5.96
4.70
5.50
3.90
5.29
4.90
2.56
3.74
3.77
2.82
3.43
3.80
(Contd.)
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 13
Table 2: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Regulatory framework (contd.)
PILLARS
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
T&T REGULATORY
FRAMEWORK
1. Policy rules
and regulations
2. Environmental
sustainability
3. Safety
and security
4. Health
and hygiene
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
24
93
111
37
109
13
117
29
71
66
78
53
55
119
92
120
22
15
96
127
8
88
114
52
112
86
83
60
14
40
43
72
80
106
94
73
7
33
42
70
28
79
110
9
1
74
69
102
89
63
87
25
56
113
59
44
26
49
47
64
123
97
91
118
5.28
4.05
3.73
5.04
3.77
5.56
3.60
5.23
4.30
4.39
4.25
4.66
4.59
3.59
4.05
3.58
5.35
5.48
4.03
3.15
5.66
4.07
3.65
4.66
3.72
4.08
4.14
4.51
5.50
4.99
4.90
4.29
4.21
3.83
4.04
4.27
5.67
5.11
4.97
4.31
5.24
4.24
3.75
5.62
5.94
4.26
4.32
3.95
4.07
4.46
4.08
5.28
4.57
3.66
4.53
4.87
5.28
4.75
4.84
4.45
3.44
4.02
4.06
3.60
14
75
84
12
106
51
113
28
49
94
80
37
40
90
88
123
9
11
92
99
20
76
71
34
119
64
58
65
21
15
86
48
110
82
118
59
1
31
87
36
56
53
129
10
23
115
39
108
79
52
46
25
43
103
100
81
5
19
73
67
124
98
55
128
5.32
4.13
4.00
5.34
3.63
4.53
3.31
5.03
4.56
3.89
4.06
4.78
4.73
3.95
3.96
2.98
5.42
5.36
3.94
3.73
5.20
4.12
4.17
4.83
3.19
4.28
4.37
4.28
5.19
5.31
3.97
4.57
3.46
4.02
3.20
4.37
6.19
5.00
3.97
4.80
4.44
4.50
2.77
5.37
5.15
3.30
4.77
3.56
4.07
4.50
4.59
5.10
4.67
3.69
3.72
4.05
5.54
5.22
4.14
4.23
2.92
3.75
4.47
2.83
22
84
74
44
65
42
86
46
85
70
119
105
31
57
34
79
9
24
49
56
6
103
96
45
123
77
80
58
15
14
69
51
117
127
52
128
27
23
17
35
33
115
106
1
2
98
75
97
29
78
129
13
90
28
83
122
10
100
63
111
72
94
66
89
5.10
4.20
4.35
4.79
4.46
4.82
4.19
4.73
4.20
4.40
3.76
3.95
4.96
4.59
4.93
4.27
5.56
5.07
4.72
4.60
5.69
3.99
4.03
4.77
3.65
4.28
4.27
4.58
5.36
5.36
4.41
4.69
3.79
3.44
4.65
3.31
4.98
5.07
5.34
4.92
4.95
3.83
3.95
6.12
5.90
4.02
4.34
4.02
4.97
4.27
3.28
5.41
4.11
4.98
4.23
3.65
5.56
4.02
4.51
3.91
4.36
4.07
4.46
4.13
9
80
99
42
64
12
47
33
122
70
78
53
61
103
72
124
34
11
51
130
5
35
126
56
101
106
113
88
16
55
10
75
127
59
52
76
8
30
20
123
58
104
68
13
6
22
49
63
105
115
107
25
79
114
93
14
65
119
48
69
125
94
62
85
6.17
4.82
4.43
5.51
5.02
6.13
5.33
5.66
3.59
4.94
4.86
5.19
5.07
4.35
4.92
3.54
5.65
6.15
5.24
2.67
6.37
5.65
3.26
5.14
4.43
4.12
3.99
4.58
5.94
5.15
6.16
4.87
3.16
5.09
5.20
4.86
6.23
5.70
5.85
3.55
5.10
4.35
4.95
6.13
6.35
5.84
5.29
5.04
4.31
3.95
4.08
5.80
4.85
3.99
4.53
6.07
5.01
3.75
5.32
4.94
3.47
4.50
5.04
4.65
22
68
126
70
123
10
125
57
79
47
64
52
98
127
108
113
26
27
109
122
29
106
96
80
87
93
91
54
30
60
48
89
9
105
104
46
53
13
36
84
32
85
72
21
15
74
101
88
119
66
61
75
62
120
17
51
41
44
35
56
90
100
115
103
6.26
4.48
1.32
4.43
1.59
6.59
1.38
4.85
4.21
5.38
4.52
5.12
3.22
1.19
2.62
2.47
6.15
6.01
2.59
1.68
5.98
2.76
3.28
4.17
3.79
3.37
3.63
4.96
5.96
4.67
5.28
3.75
6.65
2.88
2.91
5.47
5.05
6.52
5.79
3.96
5.88
3.96
4.40
6.26
6.48
4.34
3.20
3.78
2.07
4.49
4.66
4.32
4.61
1.79
6.40
5.13
5.58
5.50
5.82
4.85
3.72
3.21
2.24
3.06
103
128
48
24
74
10
93
4
31
113
78
67
30
85
86
44
81
38
100
119
28
90
107
55
106
60
54
73
27
52
42
102
80
98
69
114
5
117
84
63
6
50
125
71
7
88
79
116
33
25
92
8
45
87
96
18
43
21
56
64
123
47
77
115
3.57
2.63
4.56
5.12
4.17
5.75
3.80
5.91
4.94
3.35
4.05
4.26
4.95
3.86
3.86
4.61
3.96
4.80
3.67
3.08
5.03
3.82
3.53
4.42
3.54
4.37
4.43
4.18
5.04
4.45
4.69
3.58
3.98
3.72
4.24
3.35
5.87
3.29
3.89
4.32
5.84
4.54
2.69
4.20
5.80
3.83
4.02
3.33
4.92
5.07
3.80
5.78
4.60
3.84
3.76
5.45
4.69
5.26
4.41
4.32
2.72
4.56
4.06
3.34
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
5. Prioritization of
Travel & Tourism
1_part1.pag
13
1_part1.pag
14
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 14
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure
PILLARS
T&T BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Libya
Lithuania
6. Air transport
infrastructure
7. Ground transport
infrastructure
8. Tourism
infrastructure
9. ICT
infrastructure
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
105
93
64
108
11
8
79
28
103
32
31
121
101
91
76
67
52
123
127
116
129
4
130
54
70
83
56
38
17
37
10
63
95
69
73
18
110
23
7
87
94
3
30
77
114
85
16
41
9
59
86
20
36
24
48
21
60
96
102
34
53
128
43
125
115
45
2.75
2.97
3.57
2.73
5.18
5.27
3.24
4.64
2.79
4.58
4.61
2.58
2.84
2.99
3.31
3.55
3.84
2.56
2.39
2.65
2.31
5.40
1.99
3.82
3.45
3.20
3.76
4.32
5.04
4.37
5.20
3.61
2.94
3.47
3.36
4.91
2.72
4.80
5.28
3.11
2.95
5.43
4.63
3.30
2.67
3.16
5.04
4.18
5.21
3.70
3.16
4.90
4.39
4.77
3.87
4.88
3.64
2.94
2.82
4.52
3.82
2.37
4.17
2.46
2.66
4.00
112
99
67
97
3
29
79
28
116
30
38
122
108
124
77
45
101
126
127
100
125
1
130
50
36
63
43
66
25
52
12
46
84
62
75
55
89
18
6
90
105
7
20
76
110
64
13
65
16
35
61
24
47
26
53
21
60
85
73
39
59
119
56
129
103
82
2.20
2.40
2.94
2.47
5.85
4.25
2.69
4.30
2.12
4.25
3.97
2.00
2.25
1.97
2.72
3.59
2.38
1.95
1.83
2.39
1.96
6.65
1.67
3.44
3.98
3.06
3.75
2.96
4.50
3.39
4.98
3.54
2.65
3.06
2.80
3.26
2.56
4.85
5.50
2.56
2.33
5.47
4.62
2.75
2.24
3.04
4.96
2.98
4.85
4.00
3.07
4.54
3.52
4.43
3.28
4.61
3.08
2.63
2.83
3.92
3.13
2.08
3.22
1.68
2.37
2.66
116
89
90
100
43
10
52
18
69
21
7
128
114
115
72
95
77
102
92
99
124
26
129
53
61
101
113
54
17
22
6
80
119
75
62
25
106
20
4
64
76
3
46
81
108
88
2
32
35
39
98
45
31
40
38
9
65
91
107
15
48
121
41
127
130
27
2.55
3.06
3.05
2.82
4.49
6.03
4.15
5.47
3.56
5.21
6.36
2.31
2.59
2.55
3.50
2.89
3.40
2.80
2.95
2.83
2.40
5.01
2.26
4.13
3.80
2.81
2.62
4.05
5.47
5.09
6.48
3.33
2.49
3.43
3.79
5.01
2.74
5.27
6.56
3.77
3.42
6.57
4.39
3.30
2.72
3.09
6.57
4.81
4.68
4.51
2.87
4.45
4.86
4.51
4.53
6.33
3.74
3.04
2.73
5.57
4.36
2.43
4.50
2.33
2.25
4.97
86
96
53
118
12
1
92
37
122
40
41
87
99
59
78
47
22
94
123
125
114
17
121
64
119
81
29
10
3
25
23
45
89
79
83
11
117
30
15
102
90
18
9
82
127
85
67
27
7
80
109
5
36
4
55
46
56
100
98
70
57
129
33
113
110
58
2.53
2.29
3.91
1.56
6.35
7.00
2.37
4.45
1.29
4.33
4.30
2.53
2.21
3.61
2.80
4.17
5.42
2.30
1.29
1.22
1.73
6.12
1.29
3.37
1.53
2.77
4.86
6.63
6.95
5.04
5.31
4.23
2.49
2.79
2.72
6.36
1.57
4.82
6.19
2.09
2.44
5.99
6.67
2.76
1.08
2.59
3.32
4.89
6.71
2.78
1.87
6.78
4.51
6.88
3.81
4.18
3.77
2.19
2.27
3.23
3.77
1.06
4.77
1.74
1.84
3.72
86
95
54
101
14
20
84
43
122
29
24
114
106
62
92
58
44
121
129
123
126
12
130
47
66
70
60
37
34
31
5
75
81
87
78
17
127
16
19
107
90
15
39
74
80
93
8
35
1
97
94
27
22
25
45
18
65
77
108
6
53
112
38
120
91
33
2.16
2.00
3.03
1.90
5.22
4.88
2.27
3.41
1.52
4.30
4.64
1.64
1.81
2.70
2.05
2.82
3.40
1.52
1.29
1.52
1.45
5.25
1.28
3.28
2.62
2.59
2.76
3.72
3.99
4.21
5.78
2.44
2.30
2.15
2.40
5.14
1.43
5.15
4.91
1.81
2.10
5.19
3.61
2.45
2.31
2.05
5.48
3.82
5.93
1.98
2.04
4.47
4.75
4.57
3.38
4.98
2.63
2.40
1.80
5.72
3.05
1.67
3.72
1.52
2.09
4.06
90
27
41
42
111
104
62
4
10
48
122
81
14
107
6
92
69
101
74
15
110
114
126
45
17
55
50
98
95
108
128
76
53
2
32
60
16
117
130
18
78
113
120
23
36
33
46
79
119
20
1
99
91
124
85
94
37
80
75
106
51
70
67
34
57
73
4.33
5.09
4.94
4.92
4.01
4.17
4.72
5.59
5.44
4.84
3.76
4.42
5.32
4.13
5.49
4.31
4.62
4.22
4.57
5.32
4.01
3.94
3.46
4.87
5.30
4.78
4.82
4.26
4.28
4.12
3.43
4.49
4.80
5.89
5.06
4.75
5.31
3.90
3.26
5.29
4.47
3.95
3.84
5.22
4.99
5.04
4.87
4.43
3.86
5.23
5.96
4.24
4.32
3.49
4.38
4.28
4.99
4.42
4.50
4.15
4.81
4.62
4.65
5.03
4.77
4.58
(Contd.)
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 15
Table 3: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Business environment and infrastructure (contd.)
PILLARS
T&T BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
AND INFRASTRUCTURE
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
6. Air transport
infrastructure
7. Ground transport
infrastructure
8. Tourism
infrastructure
9. ICT
infrastructure
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
12
80
107
39
124
25
120
44
61
100
106
68
75
119
74
122
14
26
99
109
19
58
90
47
111
88
84
62
22
40
35
66
65
55
104
72
13
46
33
51
5
81
89
15
2
97
29
126
117
42
50
49
57
112
78
27
6
1
71
98
82
92
118
113
5.17
3.23
2.74
4.31
2.49
4.73
2.59
4.14
3.62
2.89
2.74
3.53
3.32
2.59
3.34
2.56
5.11
4.72
2.90
2.73
4.90
3.70
3.02
3.94
2.68
3.10
3.20
3.62
4.83
4.27
4.50
3.55
3.56
3.78
2.76
3.36
5.13
3.94
4.53
3.85
5.32
3.21
3.09
5.05
5.55
2.93
4.63
2.40
2.65
4.17
3.86
3.86
3.73
2.68
3.24
4.69
5.32
5.58
3.37
2.90
3.21
2.98
2.60
2.67
37
113
91
32
117
22
115
48
42
118
74
54
69
114
51
109
17
10
102
106
9
57
94
34
128
86
72
87
31
11
23
88
33
49
78
92
15
104
70
40
8
81
93
14
19
95
41
121
107
27
58
68
44
120
98
5
4
2
111
80
71
83
96
123
3.97
2.14
2.54
4.18
2.10
4.56
2.12
3.48
3.78
2.08
2.82
3.27
2.92
2.14
3.40
2.25
4.85
5.10
2.37
2.32
5.23
3.21
2.49
4.06
1.82
2.60
2.89
2.57
4.19
5.09
4.56
2.57
4.14
3.46
2.70
2.54
4.93
2.35
2.90
3.79
5.34
2.68
2.52
4.95
4.71
2.49
3.79
2.02
2.28
4.32
3.17
2.93
3.71
2.02
2.44
5.50
5.65
6.34
2.21
2.68
2.90
2.65
2.47
1.98
14
79
120
28
96
34
111
30
82
104
125
71
67
118
55
122
8
50
126
109
36
56
68
58
123
105
85
57
24
29
33
74
83
60
94
86
1
37
23
59
16
42
117
12
5
70
13
110
93
51
44
47
63
87
84
49
11
19
66
73
112
78
103
97
5.61
3.36
2.45
4.95
2.88
4.79
2.67
4.90
3.28
2.78
2.40
3.50
3.62
2.53
4.04
2.42
6.35
4.26
2.34
2.68
4.61
3.99
3.62
3.94
2.42
2.75
3.24
3.95
5.03
4.93
4.79
3.44
3.25
3.85
2.89
3.15
6.61
4.61
5.06
3.89
5.54
4.50
2.53
5.79
6.55
3.55
5.78
2.67
2.94
4.15
4.47
4.38
3.79
3.13
3.24
4.34
5.85
5.45
3.71
3.47
2.66
3.38
2.80
2.88
14
61
88
71
116
19
120
42
49
91
107
31
72
106
84
126
35
34
77
95
21
63
101
44
103
73
97
60
13
54
24
38
66
68
93
52
43
28
20
51
1
111
65
26
7
104
74
128
115
39
69
48
50
108
62
32
16
6
75
130
76
124
112
105
6.19
3.55
2.50
3.19
1.63
5.97
1.43
4.29
4.00
2.44
1.92
4.81
3.18
1.95
2.67
1.10
4.68
4.77
2.93
2.29
5.86
3.53
2.19
4.27
2.03
3.13
2.28
3.60
6.32
3.85
5.22
4.42
3.33
3.31
2.34
3.91
4.28
4.87
5.93
3.94
7.00
1.81
3.34
4.98
6.71
1.99
3.11
1.07
1.67
4.36
3.28
4.02
4.00
1.89
3.54
4.79
6.18
6.74
3.07
1.04
3.03
1.25
1.79
1.95
7
72
128
46
117
32
109
61
64
82
103
63
85
125
105
124
2
21
110
111
11
71
104
76
102
83
89
41
30
50
40
48
51
59
100
57
23
42
26
73
28
96
79
3
4
98
10
118
115
67
49
69
55
116
52
36
9
13
56
99
68
88
113
119
5.58
2.53
1.43
3.37
1.58
4.11
1.79
2.73
2.67
2.29
1.84
2.67
2.19
1.49
1.83
1.49
5.89
4.83
1.79
1.77
5.36
2.56
1.83
2.41
1.90
2.28
2.12
3.59
4.24
3.18
3.61
3.24
3.08
2.80
1.94
2.82
4.67
3.51
4.55
2.53
4.37
1.98
2.37
5.87
5.87
1.96
5.40
1.57
1.61
2.61
3.18
2.59
2.97
1.59
3.06
3.76
5.46
5.23
2.97
1.95
2.61
2.15
1.66
1.56
77
72
52
3
97
100
40
19
83
49
61
129
64
44
54
5
121
68
31
71
125
22
38
35
21
58
9
87
86
93
89
109
112
8
116
82
25
84
102
29
88
26
63
123
118
66
30
65
56
11
24
13
103
59
115
28
127
105
43
12
47
7
96
39
4.48
4.59
4.81
5.89
4.27
4.24
4.94
5.27
4.39
4.83
4.74
3.40
4.69
4.88
4.78
5.55
3.78
4.63
5.07
4.61
3.47
5.22
4.99
5.03
5.23
4.76
5.47
4.36
4.36
4.30
4.34
4.10
3.98
5.47
3.92
4.40
5.18
4.38
4.21
5.08
4.35
5.10
4.69
3.63
3.89
4.67
5.07
4.67
4.77
5.42
5.18
5.39
4.19
4.75
3.94
5.08
3.44
4.16
4.88
5.39
4.85
5.47
4.27
4.99
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
15
1_part1.pag
16
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 16
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources
PILLARS
T&T HUMAN, CULTURAL,
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Country/Economy
Albania
Algeria
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belgium
Benin
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Guyana
Honduras
Hong Kong SAR
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Latvia
Lesotho
Libya
Lithuania
11. Human
resources
13. Natural
resources
14. Cultural
resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
71
98
27
94
1
7
105
69
126
46
22
115
60
117
103
6
31
127
122
86
120
10
129
54
13
38
24
32
40
25
28
67
58
70
121
49
92
14
12
97
85
9
18
55
93
62
42
50
36
26
53
41
59
15
66
16
64
112
77
29
119
102
82
130
106
74
3.85
3.52
4.50
3.59
5.61
5.16
3.44
3.88
3.07
4.26
4.56
3.36
4.02
3.33
3.45
5.21
4.48
3.01
3.20
3.69
3.25
5.07
2.69
4.14
4.81
4.35
4.52
4.43
4.34
4.51
4.49
3.89
4.05
3.86
3.25
4.22
3.60
4.78
4.85
3.53
3.70
5.13
4.66
4.12
3.60
3.96
4.31
4.21
4.40
4.50
4.17
4.31
4.02
4.74
3.92
4.73
3.92
3.39
3.76
4.49
3.31
3.47
3.75
2.61
3.43
3.79
58
96
60
79
14
19
54
49
107
38
18
110
98
106
124
66
59
123
125
108
117
10
126
36
48
67
27
50
63
30
3
86
100
82
64
33
122
6
25
104
47
24
43
91
77
90
8
57
4
93
34
11
20
39
69
12
70
55
105
9
32
92
51
129
99
53
5.03
4.64
5.01
4.87
5.71
5.62
5.04
5.06
4.26
5.26
5.64
4.12
4.60
4.27
3.36
4.98
5.01
3.42
3.30
4.26
3.83
5.79
3.19
5.29
5.07
4.97
5.45
5.05
4.99
5.35
6.11
4.79
4.52
4.83
4.98
5.33
3.52
5.90
5.50
4.35
5.07
5.50
5.11
4.77
4.87
4.77
5.83
5.03
6.11
4.75
5.31
5.77
5.62
5.22
4.95
5.74
4.95
5.03
4.33
5.83
5.34
4.76
5.05
2.92
4.52
5.04
6
117
74
43
63
23
69
32
125
2
44
83
116
93
58
94
16
104
17
11
121
68
129
96
126
89
21
7
5
61
84
15
103
31
102
18
107
100
85
19
37
72
39
48
47
41
14
108
24
88
56
51
59
67
4
128
9
79
60
112
119
26
66
109
105
52
6.32
4.16
4.69
5.05
4.82
5.45
4.75
5.27
3.95
6.57
5.02
4.63
4.18
4.50
4.85
4.48
5.67
4.40
5.62
5.83
4.06
4.76
3.84
4.46
3.92
4.56
5.49
6.25
6.35
4.83
4.62
5.69
4.41
5.28
4.41
5.59
4.34
4.42
4.62
5.56
5.15
4.74
5.12
4.97
4.98
5.10
5.70
4.33
5.44
4.57
4.88
4.95
4.85
4.76
6.43
3.87
6.11
4.65
4.84
4.31
4.07
5.38
4.79
4.33
4.37
4.94
130
97
12
107
4
37
110
127
100
117
119
54
15
120
31
3
59
67
83
53
38
16
91
52
8
5
7
68
106
82
63
50
14
86
122
43
34
57
47
95
116
30
75
19
65
29
55
90
101
13
26
113
64
60
99
40
87
115
24
80
125
102
78
128
114
92
1.87
2.64
5.01
2.35
5.72
4.00
2.31
1.97
2.61
2.20
2.19
3.34
4.86
2.19
4.20
5.81
3.22
3.09
2.87
3.42
3.92
4.78
2.73
3.49
5.25
5.50
5.36
3.08
2.37
2.87
3.12
3.50
4.90
2.83
2.11
3.79
4.12
3.24
3.61
2.67
2.22
4.26
3.02
4.69
3.10
4.31
3.30
2.74
2.57
4.94
4.42
2.25
3.11
3.17
2.62
3.90
2.81
2.23
4.52
2.90
2.06
2.53
2.98
1.97
2.24
2.71
75
55
41
79
5
11
99
43
109
46
15
114
62
70
113
12
29
127
128
120
123
21
129
39
19
68
92
37
32
20
27
102
69
58
106
74
65
13
10
104
71
6
16
81
110
98
67
23
36
31
80
26
60
8
100
14
91
101
116
22
94
125
76
122
56
63
2.17
2.65
3.29
2.11
6.20
5.59
1.66
3.22
1.44
3.02
5.38
1.37
2.45
2.37
1.37
5.58
4.01
1.14
1.02
1.26
1.21
4.96
1.02
3.30
5.01
2.37
1.80
3.35
3.67
4.97
4.13
1.60
2.37
2.52
1.48
2.18
2.43
5.56
5.67
1.53
2.36
6.01
5.38
2.06
1.44
1.68
2.42
4.75
3.49
3.73
2.08
4.28
2.50
5.81
1.66
5.38
1.81
1.63
1.36
4.94
1.77
1.20
2.17
1.22
2.61
2.44
(Contd.)
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 17
Table 4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Human, cultural, and natural resources (contd.)
PILLARS
T&T HUMAN, CULTURAL,
AND NATURAL RESOURCES
Country/Economy
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Moldova
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
Taiwan, China
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
11. Human
resources
13. Natural
resources
14. Cultural
resources
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
Rank
Score
35
81
124
23
116
43
125
76
19
110
91
45
72
128
113
99
21
17
87
123
20
96
109
47
118
33
78
34
11
80
65
73
39
107
108
88
37
51
61
52
4
63
68
8
3
95
79
111
48
30
104
57
44
83
100
89
5
2
56
101
75
84
90
114
4.41
3.75
3.16
4.55
3.36
4.28
3.11
3.78
4.62
3.39
3.60
4.27
3.81
2.97
3.38
3.51
4.58
4.70
3.67
3.19
4.60
3.54
3.39
4.25
3.32
4.43
3.75
4.42
4.93
3.75
3.92
3.79
4.35
3.43
3.43
3.64
4.39
4.19
3.98
4.18
5.33
3.95
3.88
5.15
5.39
3.55
3.75
3.39
4.23
4.49
3.44
4.08
4.28
3.74
3.51
3.62
5.26
5.52
4.09
3.51
3.78
3.71
3.62
3.37
26
71
113
22
120
40
115
56
52
88
85
76
95
130
127
116
16
21
94
112
17
74
109
89
103
78
61
41
37
81
23
68
72
83
111
45
1
29
35
118
31
62
101
15
2
97
13
87
119
65
75
28
73
114
80
42
7
5
46
44
102
84
121
128
5.48
4.94
4.09
5.53
3.61
5.18
3.94
5.03
5.05
4.77
4.79
4.88
4.67
2.92
2.99
3.84
5.68
5.62
4.75
4.09
5.67
4.92
4.21
4.77
4.41
4.87
5.00
5.18
5.26
4.84
5.51
4.96
4.93
4.82
4.11
5.10
6.19
5.39
5.30
3.81
5.34
4.99
4.49
5.70
6.17
4.60
5.72
4.78
3.75
4.98
4.90
5.45
4.92
3.95
4.87
5.15
5.87
5.91
5.09
5.10
4.44
4.80
3.58
2.93
12
75
110
22
55
8
99
3
86
29
35
1
25
92
33
78
76
34
71
118
95
127
122
50
124
97
65
120
42
10
49
101
111
123
115
98
13
77
53
45
46
64
106
82
40
27
73
91
28
20
113
30
38
70
62
36
90
114
54
81
130
87
57
80
5.79
4.69
4.32
5.47
4.88
6.22
4.43
6.47
4.59
5.29
5.23
6.69
5.43
4.51
5.27
4.67
4.68
5.25
4.75
4.11
4.46
3.91
4.04
4.96
3.96
4.46
4.81
4.06
5.05
6.11
4.97
4.42
4.32
3.99
4.21
4.44
5.76
4.68
4.94
5.02
4.99
4.82
4.35
4.64
5.12
5.36
4.70
4.52
5.33
5.51
4.31
5.28
5.14
4.75
4.83
5.18
4.54
4.29
4.93
4.65
3.51
4.58
4.85
4.65
71
85
74
18
77
129
93
126
25
124
66
69
118
61
42
35
88
28
45
70
73
84
72
6
62
10
58
46
81
109
121
96
22
44
51
112
98
36
76
21
32
49
41
39
23
123
103
56
1
20
111
94
79
11
104
108
27
2
89
105
9
48
17
33
3.05
2.84
3.02
4.70
2.99
1.88
2.70
2.01
4.44
2.07
3.09
3.08
2.19
3.16
3.81
4.11
2.78
4.33
3.72
3.06
3.03
2.87
3.04
5.44
3.14
5.17
3.23
3.72
2.89
2.32
2.16
2.67
4.58
3.75
3.50
2.27
2.63
4.01
3.01
4.60
4.19
3.55
3.84
3.92
4.53
2.10
2.44
3.24
6.14
4.63
2.30
2.69
2.97
5.01
2.39
2.33
4.35
6.04
2.78
2.37
5.21
3.58
4.76
4.14
38
57
124
59
83
30
115
103
25
111
117
66
48
118
108
112
18
33
107
105
17
61
72
89
95
42
82
24
2
96
45
44
34
126
87
52
47
53
54
40
1
64
50
3
9
77
78
130
97
51
73
49
28
121
84
90
4
7
35
86
85
88
119
93
3.34
2.52
1.20
2.50
1.97
3.86
1.36
1.59
4.43
1.43
1.30
2.43
2.96
1.28
1.47
1.43
5.16
3.59
1.48
1.50
5.25
2.47
2.28
1.84
1.75
3.22
1.98
4.72
6.52
1.72
3.04
3.12
3.57
1.16
1.89
2.73
2.99
2.69
2.66
3.30
6.80
2.44
2.85
6.36
5.76
2.15
2.13
1.01
1.71
2.83
2.27
2.91
4.08
1.25
1.95
1.81
6.28
5.83
3.55
1.90
1.94
1.86
1.27
1.78
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
17
1_part1.pag
18
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 18
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 19
competitiveness is also buttressed by excellent air transport infrastructure (ranked 3rd), as well as good general
tourism infrastructure. Australia also benefits from the
relatively strong government prioritization of the
tourism sector and effective destination-marketing
campaigns.
Within the region, Australia is joined in the top 20
by Hong Kong (14th) and Singapore (16th).These
economies have excellent infrastructures: their ground
transport infrastructures are assessed as the top two in
the world, and their air transport infrastructures also get
high marks.They also benefit from well-qualified labor
to work in the sector, both ranked among the top four
in this area.With regard to the policy environment, they
hold the top two places out of all countries, with rules
and regulations that are extremely conducive to the
development of their T&T industries (policies facilitating
foreign ownership and FDI, well-protected property
rights, few visa restrictions). Further, they are among the
safest countries of all assessed with regard to crime and
security. Hong Kong is unsurpassed for the quality of
health and hygiene, and Singapore is ranked 5th in the
overall prioritization of Travel & Tourism.
Japan is ranked 23rd in the TTCI, with good
marks for its cultural resources (ranked 14th) attributable
to its many World Heritage cultural sites and the large
number of international fairs and exhibitions held in the
country.The ground transport infrastructure is among
the best in the world, especially railroads, and Japan continues to be a leader in the area of education and training.
However, Japan ranks third from the bottom for the
affinity of the county for Travel & Tourism (128th).
Further, the sector is not perceived to be a priority for
the government (ranked 87th).
Korea is ranked 31st, just ahead of Malaysia.
Koreas strengths lie in the quality of its human
resources (ranked 9th), its excellent ground transport
and ICT infrastructure (ranked 15th and 6th, respectively), and its rich cultural heritage. On the other hand, its
overall T&T competitiveness is held back by a weak
affinity for Travel & Tourism (ranked a low 112th), its
relative costliness as a destination (ranked 106th), and its
underdeveloped tourism infrastructure (ranked 70th).
Malaysia is ranked 32nd, with its rich natural
resources (ranked 18th) and good ground transport
infrastructure.The country also benefits from excellent
price competitiveness (ranked 3rd), with low comparative hotel and fuel prices, low ticket taxes and airport
charges, and a favorable tax regime. Malaysias policy
environment is measured as highly conducive to the
development of the sector (ranked 12th), and the government is prioritizing Travel & Tourism; it also has an
excellent evaluation for its destination-marketing campaigns (ranked 7th).With regard to weaknesses, health
and hygiene indicators lag behind those of many other
countries in the region, with, in particular, a low physician density (placing the country 93rd).
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
19
1_part1.pag
20
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 20
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 21
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
21
1_part1.pag
22
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 22
Mauritius is the highest-ranked country in the subSaharan African region at 41st overall, 19 places higher
than the second-ranked country, South Africa.The
Mauritian government is unsurpassed in terms of the
prioritization of the sector, with very high government
spending on the tourism industry (ranked 3rd), and
ensuring excellent destination-marketing campaigns to
attract tourists (ranked 8th). Along similar lines,
Mauritius is ranked 3rd for the countrys overall affinity
for Travel & Tourism, with the sector representing an
important part of the economy and the general attitude
of the population to foreign travelers being extremely
welcoming.The countrys tourism infrastructure is quite
well developed, particularly by regional standards, with a
high concentration of hotel rooms and many major car
rental companies operating in the country. Mauritius
also benefits from price competitiveness (ranked 19th),
with relatively low prices overall and taxation that is not
overly burdensome. Safety and security levels are also
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 23
Conclusions
This chapter has assessed the Travel &Tourism competitiveness of 130 economies, spanning all regions of the
world, based on the World Economic Forums Travel &
Tourism Competitiveness Index.The TTCI represents
our best efforts to capture the complex phenomenon of
T&T competitiveness, demonstrating that a whole array
of reforms and improvements in different areas are
required for improving the T&T competitiveness of
nations.This year we have improved upon the Index
released for the first time last year, with a particular
effort to better capture the importance of environmental
sustainability for the sectors development.
By highlighting success factors and obstacles to
T&T competitiveness in economies around the world,
the TTCI is a tool that can be used to identify the
competitive strengths of individual countries as well as
the barriers that impede the development of the sector.
It is our hope that it will be used as a platform for dialogue between the business community and national
policymakers working together to improve the T&T
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
23
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 24
References
Blanke, J. and T. Chiesa. 2007. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Index: Assessing Key Factors Driving the Sectors Development.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007. Geneva:
World Economic Forum. 325.
Gmez Gmez, C.M., J. Lozano Ibez, and J. Rey-Maquieira Palmer.
2004. Environmental and Tourism Policy in a Dynamic Model of
an Economy Specialized in Tourism. Working paper presented at
the Conference on Tourism Economics, Palma de Mallorca, May
2829, held by the Department of Applied Economics, University
of the Balearic Islands. Available at http://www.uib.es/depart/
deaweb/personal/profesores/personalpages/javierlozano/
articulos/env%20policy%20tourism%20economy.pdf.
Sustainable Tourism Development Center (STDC Mongolia). The
Sustainable Tourism: Sustainable Development of Tourism.
Available at http://www.stdc.mn/The%20Sustainable%20
Tourism.doc (accessed December 2007).
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). 2007a. Another Record Year
for World Tourism. UNWTO news release, January 29. Available
at http://www.unwto.org/newsroom/Releases/2007/january/
recordyear.htm.
. 2007b. Davos Declaration Climate Change and Tourism:
Responding to Global Challenges. Second International
Conference on Climate Change and Tourism. Davos, Switzerland,
October 3. Available at http://www.world-tourism.org/pdf/
pr071046.pdf.
24
Notes
1 UNWTO 2007a.
2 These figures include direct and indirect effects. See UNWTO
2007c.
3 WTTC 2007.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 25
1_part1.pag
Pillar 2:
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
Environmental sustainability
Stringency of environmental regulation
Enforcement of environmental regulation
Sustainability of T&T industry development
Carbon dioxide emissions (hard data)
Particulate matter concentration (hard data)
Threatened species (hard data)
Environmental treaty ratification (hard data)
Pillar 3:
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
Pillar 4:
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
Pillar 5:
5.01
5.02
5.03
25
Pillar 7:
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
Pillar 8:
8.01
8.02
8.03
Tourism infrastructure
Hotel rooms (hard data)
Presence of major car rental companies (hard data)
ATMs accepting Visa cards (hard data)
Pillar 9:
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
9.05
ICT infrastructure
Extent of business Internet use
Internet users (hard data)
Telephone lines (hard data)
Broadband Internet subscribers (hard data)
Mobile telephone subscribers (hard data)
Pillar 10:
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
26
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 26
Pillar 12:
12.01
12.02
12.03
Pillar 13:
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
Natural resources
Number of World Heritage natural sites (hard data)
Protected areas (hard data)
Quality of the natural environment
Total known species (hard data)
Pillar 14:
14.01
14.02
14.03
Cultural resources
Number of World Heritage cultural sites (hard data)
Sports stadiums (hard data)
Number of international fairs and exhibitions (hard
data)
Notes
1 The standard formula for converting each hard data variable to the
1-to-7 scale is
6 x
+ 1
The sample minimum and sample maximum are the lowest and
highest scores of the overall sample, respectively. For those hard
data variables for which a higher value indicates a worse outcome
(e.g., road traffic accidents, fuel price levels), we rely on a normalization formula that, in addition to converting the series to a 1-to-7
scale, reverses it, so that 1 and 7 still correspond to the worst
and best possible outcomes, respectively:
6 x
+ 7
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 27
CHAPTER 1.2
Environmental Sustainability as
a Driver for Competitiveness
JRGEN RINGBECK, Senior Partner, Booz Allen Hamilton
STEPHAN GROSS, Senior Associate, Booz Allen Hamilton
The authors would like to thank Dr Timm Pietsch and Andreas Adrion
for their excellent research assistance.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
27
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 28
Emissions
Resources
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxide
Hydro fluorocarbons
Per fluorocarbons
Sulfur hexafluoride
Environmental Impact
Areas of the T&T Sector
Reusable
Biodegradable
Recyclable
Hazardous
Inflammable
Waste
Decibels
Frequencies
Time (night/day)
Local noise footprint
Noise
28
been implemented across different countries and regions
to deal with these issues.With its strong growth to date
and its potential to continue that growth, the T&T sector
already attracts a lot of attention from environmental
groups and public regulators.The next stakeholders who
request the sector to cut down on its carbon footprint
and ask for cleaner ways to travel may be private investors
and consumers. Discussions about global warming and
the impact of the T&T industry in this area have just
startedand are not expected to cease in the years to
come.
The efficient use of natural resources also has
some relevance at the global levelfor instance, in considering the decreasing availability of fossil fuels and the
rising demand for oil and kerosene in transportation.
However, its impact is clearest at the local level (e.g.,
when expanding infrastructure) and the regional level,
such as when clean water is scarce and usage needs to
be split between the needs of the domestic population
and incoming tourists. Looking at islands, for example,
where natural resources are mostly composed of coral
reefs, nearby tourism resorts often poorly maintain their
septic tanks, which leads to sewage pollution of the
drinking water as well as to a deterioration of near-shore
water qualitydamaging and even destroying their
major tourism attractions. Considering that an average
hotel room in island resorts can create as much as 20 to
30 kilograms of waste and uses up to 700 liters of water
each day, the impact on natural resources can be
tremendous, if not managed sustainably.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
10:05 PM
Page 29
Global
Figure 2: Examples of environmental impacts of different players along the T&T value chain
Emissions
Resources
Distribution
Transportation
Accommodation
(e.g., airlines,
airports)
Heating/cooling
Company cars
In-flight (airlines)
On-ground (airports, roads)
Heating/cooling
Electricity usage
Energy consumption
Administration
Gasoline/kerosene
Land-area usage
Building materials
Energy consumption
Water usage
Land-area usage
Hard-copy advertising
Buildings
Food
Laundry
n/a
Construction
Entertainment
Waste
Noise
2/13/08
Local
1_part1.pag
29
private operators that see environmental sustainability as
an opportunity to gain competitive advantage rather
than as a threat may be able to create a new selling
proposition and thereby attract new customers. But how?
By looking at the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Index (TTCI) results and taking some country and
industry examples as case studies, we can shed some
light on this question.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 30
Figure 3: Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index score vs. environmental sustainability pillar results
6.0
Switzerland
Germany
Sweden
United States
5.0
United Arab Emirates
TTCI score
1_part1.pag
Tunisia
4.0
Kenya
3.0
Chad
2.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0
5.5
6.0
Source: World Economic Forum, TTCI 2008; Booz Allen Hamilton analysis.
30
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 31
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
31
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 32
Figure 4: Examples of public-sector initiatives to manage the balance of economic and ecological T&T development
Economic impact of
Travel & Tourism development
Positive
Positive
Ecological
impact of
Travel & Tourism
development
Negative
Win-win opportunities
Focused incentives
Negative
1_part1.pag
Not applicable
32
hand, innovative ways of using renewable energy production technologies might suddenly pay off, if the
environmental damage of traditional technologies is
considered. Apart from cost, the value addedboth for
incoming tourists and also for the domestic population
should be part of the equation.
In terms of the economic and ecological impacts
of development activities in the T&T sector, there are
basically three types of initiatives in which the public
sector can steer the industry (see Figure 4). First, governments need to identify and promote potential win-win
opportunities that not only provide a viable business case
for private investors and operators but that also have a
positive impact on cultural and/or natural assets and the
local population. One example of such a win-win
opportunity is the T&T strategy of the Tuscany region
in northern Italy, which implemented policies for tourism
infrastructure such as accommodation and hotels (the
so-called agricultural tourism strategy).To keep the
cultural heritage and the natural landscape, the region
prevents the build-up of large tourism resorts but provides
incentives for the restoration and transformation of old
farmhouses into little lodges.
Second, in cases where the return on investment is
positive for the private sector but the environmental
impact on nature and society is negative, the public sector
needs to step in to prevent long-term damage to its assets
and the destinations reputation. By adopting a smart
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 33
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
33
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 34
Figure 5: Greenhouse gas emissions across the Travel & Tourism value chain (in million tons CO2 equivalent)
1,400
In-flight: 83.5%
1,200
1_part1.pag
1,242
206
17%
On-ground, takeoff,
and landing: 12.5%
1,000
660
53%
Airports: 2.1%
Air traffic control: 1.9%
800
600
400
375
30%
200
0
Total industry
emissions
Distribution
Transportation Accommondation
34
cannot or will not reduce their emissions. In addition,
California also committed $3.2 billion to fund a drive to
install solar panels on a million rooftops by 2018. Now
Californias largest corporate solar-power installation is
in operation at Oakland International Airport, which fuels
80 percent of the hub facilitys energy needs, substituting
the sun for fossil fuel and other sources of electricity.
Any strategic plan for Travel & Tourism needs to
address all of these types of initiatives to define a effective regulatory framework, one that balances monetary
as well as ecological impacts of planned investments and
their implied coststaking into account the needs of
investors, operators, incoming and domestic tourists, the
countrys inhabitants, and the preservation of natural and
cultural assets. An effective mix of industry policies, standards, and incentives will drive economically and ecologically viable infrastructure investments. Only the
combination of a clear and well-thought-out strategy
with excellent execution will achieve the desired results
and economic benefit for a country to further develop
the T&T sector in a environmentally sustainable way.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 35
Because of rising kerosene prices, airlines have an intrinsic interest in reducing fuel burn per passenger kilometerdriving them to optimize utilization per flight.
Additionally, air carriers can invest in modern aircraft or
operate with larger planes that are more fuel-efficient
per passenger kilometer flown. Finally, air carriers can
give their pilots incentives to fly economically to reduce
fuel burn and emissions.
Aircraft manufacturers
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
35
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 36
Technology
Emissions optimization
Same travel with
less CO2
Production
Alternative fuels
Efficiency
Energy consumption
Asset utilization
Weight reduction
Operations
Air travel
Relocation of travel
Incentives
Taxes
Connectivty
Promotion of
alternative travel
Promotion of
green travel
Direct marketing
On fuel
On air tickets
On travel packages
For travelers
For operators
For manufacturers
Intermodal
Demand management
ATM systems
Holding patterns
Direct flight paths
Reduce
footprint
of CO2
emissions
Offsetting
Compensation of
emitted CO2
Voluntary
Mandatory
36
tainability, such as effective waste and recycling management, reduced water usage, and the promotion of local
conservation projects.
Public awareness of the need for environmentally
friendly behavior will continue to grow, becoming a
major factor in consumer decisions, and ensuring that
the demand for green tourism products will rise further
making environmentally friendly packages the preferred solution. But what can the players in the tourism
value chain do to develop a competitive advantage
through environmental initiatives and at the same time
not jeopardize their current cost structure? And are customers willing to pay a premium for greener products
and services?
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 37
Figure 7: Examples of airline mitigation options along the four sustainability dimensions
Procurement
Ground
operations
Flight
operations
Customer
service
Invest in fuel-efficient
technologies
Lighter material for A/C
interior
Single-engine taxiing
Hybrid or electrical
ground vehicles
Offsetting schemes
Use hybrid cars for
passenger transport
Build insulation
Energy-efficient lighting
systems and efficient toilet flushes
Waste
Purchase recyclable
materials for operations
and administration
Use of recyclable
packaging
Avoid paper-based
communication/tickets
Use fair trade products
Noise
Invest in quieter
aircrafts
Continuous-descent
approach
Emissions
Resources
1_part1.pag
37
and communicate green initiatives that span all four
dimensions of environmental sustainability along their
major value chain components in procurement, ground,
and flight operations, as well as customer service.
A lot of these green initiatives (as shown in Figure
7) are driven not solely by environmental sustainability
but rather by cost-cutting opportunitiessuch as reducing fuel burn or increasing aircraft utilization. For example, investments in new aircrafts do have the beneficial
side effect of reducing noise pollution and cutting down
on emissions per passenger kilometer, but the investments are mostly driven by the better economics of new
planes. However, this does not diminish the fact that
everywhere along the value chain, airlines are already
undergoing a multitude of initiatives that support environmental sustainability, such as the procurement of lighter
materials for aircraft interiors, single-engine taxiing on
the ground, the continuous-descent approach in the air,
or the offering of offsetting schemes to their customers.
Currently, most airlines offer these offsetting
schemes via external organizations that allow customers
to fly CO2 -neutral by paying extra money toward
measures that counteract the effects of global warming,
such as reforestation and investments in alternative energy sources. However, offsetting does not reduce any CO2
emissions from the travel industry, nor is the impact
measurable along a proven methodology, because of the
lack of generally accepted certificates. Offsetting also
presents another major problem: the customer does not
see any tangible effects as a result of an offset flight.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
38
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 38
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
10:05 PM
Page 39
Work steps
Baseline:
Determining the
eco-footprint
Activities
Identify areas of
pollution along
Emissions
Resources
Waste
Noise
Measure the degree
of pollution
Direct
Indirect
Identify main drivers
Estimate future
developments
Risk and
opportunity
analysis
Identify risks
Regulation &
legislation
Investors needs
Changing customer
behavior
Environmental
groups
Identify opportunities
New customer
demand
Competitor and
supplier
strategies
Government
subsidies and
grants
Prioritization of
environmental
initiatives (long list)
Evaluation
of strategic
options
Define corporate
targets
Qualitative
Quantitative
Formulate corporate
environment strategy
Strategic goals
Communication plan
Control mechanism
Implementation,
planning, and
execution
Ensure alignment
with overall corporate
strategy
Start communication
internal
external
Implementation plan
2/13/08
Output
1_part1.pag
Communication plan
Performance control
process
39
Source: Booz Allen Hamilton.
The defined high-level long list of potential environmental initiatives needs to be evaluated in more detail to
ensure a strategic fit with the companys culture and
overall business strategy.Those initiatives that would be
feasible need to be analyzed in terms of realization costs
and their impact on the market (both in terms of aware-
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
40
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 40
Conclusion
With the growing public concerns about environmental
sustainability, the T&T sector needs to rise to the challenge of effectively managing the tradeoffs between the
economic and ecological requirements of operators,
investors, travelers, and the local population of tourism
Note
1 UNWTO 2007, p. 17.
References
CEHI (Caribbean Environmental Health Institute). 1999. A Review of
Water Conservation Practices and Potential for Tourist Facilities in
Barbados and St. Lucia. Environmental Health Project, Activity
Report No. 67.
UNWTO (World Tourism Organization). 2007. Climate Change and
Tourism: Responding to Global Challenges. Available at
http://www.unwto.org/media/news/en/pdf/davos_rep_advan_sum
m_26_09.pdf.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 41
CHAPTER 1.3
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
41
1_part1.pag
42
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 42
US$ (millions)
United States
Japan
Germany
China
United Kingdom
France
Spain
Italy
Canada
Mexico
1,689,309.0
523,015.2
483,598.6
439,772.4
377,122.1
366,927.9
300,099.0
271,972.6
201,971.9
149,483.7
Maldives
Macau
Seychelles
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Aruba
Bahamas
British Virgin Islands
Guadeloupe
Vanuatu
31.1
30.9
29.2
24.5
21.1
19.1
18.5
17.5
16.7
16.4
Jobs (thousands)
China
India
United States
Japan
Brazil
Indonesia
Thailand
Spain
Egypt
Philippines
16,584.7
11,002.9
5,701.1
2,920.2
2,333.3
1,980.7
1,945.5
1,553.9
1,504.9
1,388.2
Croatia
China
Montenegro
Namibia
Kiribati
Zambia
Congo, Dem. Rep.
India
Vanuatu
Hong Kong SAR
8.9
8.3
8.2
8.1
7.6
7.4
7.3
7.3
7.2
7.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 43
Sustainable tourism
Emerging tourism destinations are exerting pressure on
their natural, cultural, and socioeconomic surroundings.
In line with expert predictions,WTTC research suggests
that demand for global Travel & Tourism will continue
to grow at a steady annual rate of 4.2 percent over the
next 10 years. Long-term negative externalities of this
forecasted growth could ultimately outweigh the economic gains.The new challenge is to manage this growth,
which generates income and employment, while limiting
the industrys impact on the environment and conserving
the cultural heritage and local ecosystems of a country.
The T&T industry acknowledges that it is part of
the problem, contributing to global carbon emissions;
equally, the industry players wish to be part of the solution. Major T&T companies are fully engaged, with inhouse sustainability programs. For example, the new
Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner uses 20 percent less fuel and
travels at speeds comparable to those of other similar
sized aircrafts. However, a significant part of the T&T
sector is generated by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs); the real challenge is how to create sustainability in the SME section of the industry. Finding a
way for governments and other organizations to assist
these small SMEs to develop sustainability programs
would be beneficial.
From the WTTCs perspective, much of sustainable
tourism begins with leadership. It is correct that tourism
ministers usually have complete authority over their
portfolio; however, their control does not stretch beyond
their allocated resources. Unless the top leaders are convinced, then sustainable tourism advantage is in jeopardy. Although the TTCI includes hard data on T&T
government expenditure as percentage of total budget, it
would be nave to assume that this alone is a strong
proxy for sustainable tourism. More important is how
the money is spent, not how much is spent. Government
expenditure on marketing and campaigning destinations
has potential short-term returns that are not necessarily
sustainable in the long run. Meanwhile, investing in
infrastructure, health and safety, and effective regulatory
policies are a more long-term investment. However, as
politicians are in power for short tenures, the WTTC
understands the difficulty inherent in enticing governments to focus on these sustainable investments.The
TTCI generally shows that sub-Saharan African countries
dominate the bottom of the Index rankings. Although
rich in cultural and natural resources, sub-Saharan
African countries often score low in infrastructure.This
underdevelopment in infrastructure, coupled with the
regions poor health and safety environment, deters the
development of Travel & Tourism. Policy reform is necessary; creating an environment that supports tourism is
essential and requires considerable planning and structured investment, and here it is most evident that the
manner of investment is more important than the quantity invested.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
43
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 44
44
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 45
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
45
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 46
Figure 1: Relationship between the TTCI and the importance of Travel & Tourism in the economy
30
TTCI rank
1_part1.pag
60
90
120
150
0
10
20
30
40
50
Source: World Economic Forum, TTCI 2008; World Travel & Tourism Council, Tourism Satellite Accounting Research, 2007.
46
World
Caribbean
North Africa
European Union
North America
Middle East
Northeast Asia
Southeast Asia
Latin America
South Asia
8.3
14.8
12.8
11.8
11.1
10.0
9.5
8.4
6.9
5.2
World
Middle East
Latin America
North Africa
Caribbean
Southeast Asia
South Asia
European Union
North America
Northeast Asia
1.3
3.0
2.7
2.4
2.3
1.9
1.4
1.3
1.2
0.7
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 47
Conclusion
This paper has tried to demonstrate the need to develop
a new form of dialogue between the private and the
public sectors.The importance of the T&T industry is
undoubtedly a powerful source of development and is
forecasted to continue growing at a remarkable pace.
The new mission is to manage this growth; our vision
of global sustainable tourism involves participation from
all stakeholders. Governments are increasingly aware of
the importance of Travel & Tourism.The time has come
to plan for the medium and long term accordingly.
Leaders should start by defining coherent and
streamlined management structures that can efficiently
drive New Tourism. Politicians should elevate Travel &
Tourism to a strategic national level with senior level
policymaking by factoring Travel & Tourism into all
policies and decision-making, to promote growth that
respects both business needs and the well-being of citizens. Simultaneously, the industry should adapt strategic
thinking in order to develop tourism with benefits for
everyone, while at the same time extending and diversifying the products offered, thus improving yields and
social value while maintaining a degree of corporate
social responsibility.
All stakeholders should cooperate in identifying
opportunities for growth and focus on building Travel &
Tourism that opens up prospects for peoplefrom
employment to development. Everyone involved should
work together to remove impediments to growthfrom
infrastructure shortcomings to pollution, and from outdated legislation to health and security concerns.The
research conducted by the World Economic Forum is an
important step in the right direction toward accomplishing the WTTCs vision of tourism for the future.
Note
1 Given the changes made to the TTCI last year, scores and rankings across the two years are not strictly comparable. This years
model has placed more weight on natural and cultural resources,
which has benefited many developing countries. Still, the potential improvements are striking.
References
WTTC (World Travel & Tourism Council). 2003. Blueprint for New
Tourism. London: WTTC.
. 2007. Tourism Satellite Accounting Research of the World
Travel & Tourism Council and Accenture.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
47
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 48
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 49
CHAPTER 1.4
2.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1.4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Leveling the Playing Field
1_part1.pag
49
1.4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Leveling the Playing Field
1_part1.pag
50
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 50
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 51
Note
1 The Rio and Johannesburg Earth Summits, the Monterrey Debt
Summit, the Millennium Development Goals, and the emerging
Doha Development Round.
1.4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Leveling the Playing Field
1_part1.pag
51
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1.4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Leveling the Playing Field
1_part1.pag
52
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 52
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 53
DAVOS DECLARATION
1.4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Leveling the Playing Field
1_part1.pag
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
53
1.4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Leveling the Playing Field
1_part1.pag
54
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 54
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 55
1.4: The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index: Leveling the Playing Field
1_part1.pag
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
55
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 56
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 57
CHAPTER 1.5
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1.5: Natural Capital Stewardship: A Basis for Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
1_part1.pag
57
1.5: Natural Capital Stewardship: A Basis for Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
1_part1.pag
58
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 58
2.
3.
4.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 59
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1.5: Natural Capital Stewardship: A Basis for Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
1_part1.pag
59
1.5: Natural Capital Stewardship: A Basis for Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
1_part1.pag
60
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 60
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 61
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1.5: Natural Capital Stewardship: A Basis for Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
1_part1.pag
61
1.5: Natural Capital Stewardship: A Basis for Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
1_part1.pag
62
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 62
References
Conclusion
Travel & Tourism increasingly depend on opportunities
to experience high-quality natural environments.
Consumers are becoming ever more sensitive to measures taken by the tourism industry, and by governments,
to minimize impacts on those destinations. Attaining a
competitive position requires that nations develop strategies that respond to concerns about the protection of
natural heritage.
Recognizing that tourism is one of the sectors that
directly rely on the quality of the host environment
(recreation is one of the ecosystem services underpinned
by biodiversity), it is clear that biodiversity conservation
should be an essential element of any strategy aimed at
raising and strengthening the competitiveness of the
tourism industry in any country.Thanks to its potential
to provide sustainable alternative livelihoods, tourism
can play a strategic role in poverty reduction strategies,
which are intimately linked to any countrys efforts
toward competitiveness.
However, it should be recognized that these efforts
could involve taking sometimes difficult and contentious
steps in conserving natural heritage and in restoring
species and landscapes in danger. It will require integrated approaches that involve people and habitats in ways
that both benefit, in ways that are effective, and in ways
that create a sense of ownership and pride among local
residents, who often feel they pay the price for conservation without receiving the benefits. But the price to
pay for inaction will be very high: both the tourism
industry and the society as a whole will pay a much
higher price in the long term if actions to conserve biodiversity are not adopted in a timely fashion.
Notes
1 IUCN and WCMC 2003.
2 CESD and INCAE 2004.
3 CESD and TIES 2005.
4 IPCC 1999.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 63
CHAPTER 1.6
Officer, Carlson
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
63
1_part1.pag
64
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 64
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 65
Nonfinancial
contributions
29
11
Fixing problems
created by company
10
10
Environmentally-friendly
practices
Financial contributions
No expectations
1_part1.pag
13
Dont know
6
0
10
15
20
25
30
Percent
Source: Fleishman-Hillard.
Note: The responses shown in the figure are only a truncated list of the complete set of responses offered by respondents.
65
corporate social responsibility and has suggested the way
in which corporationsand the worldneed to address
this new age of integrative thinking. He breaks down
the issue of business engagement into five key areas:
corporate governance, corporate philanthropy, corporate
social responsibility, corporate social entrepreneurship,
and global corporate citizenship.11
By looking beyond the board room in order to
contribute to global solutions, Carlson has discovered
that it is the integration of all five of these factors that
yields the greatest opportunity for impact and results for
employees, customers, partners, and the communities in
which business operations flourish. For its part, the
company has found a particularly unique mix of initiatives to make a meaningful contribution to business
engagement in what it calls integrative global citizenship.
Integrative global citizenship suggests that companies
must not only be engaged with their stakeholders, but
that they must also see themselves as stakeholders alongside governments and civil society.
With corporate leaders thinking across broad business sectors and developing public-private partnerships
to solve social problems, the T&T industry can help
provide for the stable development of democratic societies. A stable economywith employment opportunities and financial stabilitydecreases the risk of negative
choices such as gang activity, terrorism, and sex trafficking.
In looking at corporate social responsibility,
Michael Porter, a Harvard Business School professor, and
Mark Kramer, managing director of FSG Social Impact
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 66
Education
Inclusiveness
Integrative global
citizenship
Wellness
Environment
Source: Carlson.
66
For example, supporting industry-focused training
programs at the high school level such as that offered by
the United Statesbased Academy of Hospitality &
Tourism enables students to gain an understanding of
the connections that exist between their education and
the workplace. Academy teachers and industry mentors
provide students with the curriculum and guidance necessary for rewarding careers.With more than 500 travelrelated companies participating as business partners, the
academy fosters the personal, analytical, technical, and
communications skills needed for a career path in hospitality and tourism.17
Inclusiveness and social issues
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 67
Children
In pursuit of helping young people at risk, nonprofit
organizations such as the World Childhood Foundation
are dedicated to serving the most vulnerable children in
the world: street children, sexually abused and exploited
children, children trafficked for sexual purposes, and
institutionalized children, with a particular focus on girls
and young mothers.23 The World Childhood Foundation
supports more than 100 programs in 14 countries.
Prevention, intervention, and education are hallmarks of
these programs, which are found in urban, suburban, and
rural areas over the world.24
The growing clout of the ECPAT International
(End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and
Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) program to
combat child sex tourism is a testament to the impact
that industry-related social responsibility programs can
have on the lives of children around the world. Global
efforts to combat the commercial sexual exploitation of
children began more than a decade ago and continue to
focus the worlds attention on the problem. As a result,
there is greater awareness about the root causes of the
problem and work is being done to decrease the risk of
trafficking and child sex tourism involving the most
vulnerable among us.
The ECPAT Code of Conduct was initiated by
ECPAT Sweden in 1998 in cooperation with
Scandinavian tour operators and the UN World Tourism
Organization. Carlson was among the first and very
largest North American travel company to sign the
ECPAT Code, demonstrating its increasing awareness
and commitment to banning the exploitation of children
within the company, the industry, and the communities
in which Carlson operates.25
The Code encourages companies adopting it to
commit themselves to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1_part1.pag
67
Environment
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
68
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 68
Conclusion
In this increasingly complex and interrelated world, one
must find a way to develop and engage the opposable
mind in the problem solving of these challenges that
demands intense and thoughtful cross-sector collaboration. As Rajat Gupta, former senior managing director
of the global consulting firm McKinsey & Company
and now a member of the Foundation Board at the
World Economic Forum, has observed, The very best
solutions come when business, governments and civil
society work together.34
In the 21st century, a new vision of leadership is
needed more than ever. Leaders from every sector must
integrate knowledge and talent from individuals in the
private, not-for-profit, and government sectors to advance
the common good.
The importance of value-based leadership from the
boardroom on down, and from the farthest reaches in
the field and back up, is critical.The T&T industry has
the great opportunity to enter communities once
unknown and unappreciated and share them with the
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 69
Notes
1_part1.pag
1 WTTC 2007.
2 WTTC 2007.
3 Schwab 2008.
4 Schafer 2005.
5 NCL 2006.
6 Schwab 2008.
7 De Cleene and Sonnenberg 2004.
8 Quoted in B&T Magazine/Australia 2007.
9 B&T Magazine/Australia 2007.
10 Alexis de Tocqueville, quoted in Democracy in America, 1835.
Available at http://xroads.virginia.edu/~HYPER/DETOC/
toc_indx.html.
11 Schwab 2008.
12 Porter and Kramer 2006.
13 This model has been developed by Carlson and is the basis of the
companys daily operations.
14 Big Brothers Big Sisters is the oldest youth mentoring program in
the United States; KIPP is a nonprofit foundation with the mission
of building a network of public schools that prepares students to
succeed throughout their education and in the wider world.
15 Carlson is preparing young people for life, as well as preparing
young people for jobs in the hospitality industry. The company
also shares a commitment to teach the business leaders of
tomorrow how to effectively collaborate across sectors with
government and civil society for the common good.
16 Carlson, in this spirit, supports the following universities and institutions: Johnson & Wales University (US), Cornell University (US),
the Conrad Hilton College and the University of Houston (US),
Niagara Universitys College of Hospitality and Tourism
Management, and the Tourism Center at the University of
Minnesota. And in India, for example, Carlson is a major supporter
of RHW Schools, a training university for hospitality in Delhi and
Calcutta. The programin its sixth yearis operated in conjunction with Brooks University in Oxford, United Kingdom, and has
been named one of the top five programs in India. The nearly 300
students have a 100 percent placement record in the industry, 70
percent of which expands outside of India.
17 Carlson financially supports the US-based Academy of Hospitality
& Tourism.
26 Even within individual hospitality brands, one can see the impact
of an innovative perspective on wellness. Carlson Restaurants
Worldwide, for example, has found a way to be a part of the wellness/consumer choice discussion with the introduction of Right
Portion/Right Price. Through smaller portions with a value-added
price cut for customers, restaurants such as T.G.I. Fridays can
meet the needs of diners wishing to select healthier choices
while not limiting those who want a more traditional, casual dining experience. Expanding menu items to include healthier items
and smaller portions is part of a socially responsible and creative
business approach to restaurant dining and consumer health.
27 See the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) G8 To-yako Summit,
available at http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/economy/summit/
2008/index.html.
28 Carlson Wagonlit Tours (CWT) introduced a carbon calculator in
2007.
29 See Rezidor, available at www.rezidor.com.
30 See International Tourism Partnership, available at
www.tourismpartnership.org.
31 Booz Allen Hamilton 2007.
32 Martin 2007.
33 See the Center for Integrative Leadership, University of
Minnesota, available at www.umn.edu.
34 Rajat Gupta in a speech to the UN General Assembly, September
14, 2005.
References
Academy of Hospitality & Tourism. Available at http://www.naf.org/cps/
rde/xchg/naf-2006/hs.xsl/370.htm (accessed January 2, 2008).
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
69
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 70
70
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 71
CHAPTER 1.7
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
71
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
72
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 72
Transport subtotal
Percent
985
75
Air transport
517
40
Other transport
468
35
274
21
Accommodation
Activities
TOTAL
45
1,307
100
Total worldwide
26,400
Share (percent)
4.95
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
10:05 PM
Page 73
Degrees centigrade
10.5
10.0
9.5
9.0
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Year
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
2/13/08
73
Figure 2: Central England temperature variance by month, against a 1600s1800s base level
2.0
1900s
2000s
1.5
Degrees centigrade
1_part1.pag
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.5
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Month
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Nov
Dec
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
74
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 74
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 75
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
75
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
76
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 76
Destination protection
Since the natural beauty of many destinations is the reason tourists visit, it is essential that the hospitality industry does not disturb the flora and fauna while hotels are
being built and resorts developed.The building of the
InterContinental Thalasso Spa in Bora Bora, mentioned
earlier, is a good example of eco-friendly development.
All construction materials were shipped in at high tide
to keep disturbance to the coral reef to a minimum.
Across the world, there are many examples of hotels
using furniture that is locally sourced and made by local
craftsmanwhich is another way of preserving the status
quo. Using local art also supports the indigenous culture.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 77
Unconcerned: 17%
LOHAS: 19%
Conventionals: 19%
Naturalites: 19%
Drifters: 25%
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
77
guests energy consumption for stays in any of its 440
hotels worldwide. For every night a guest stays in one of
its properties, Leading Hotels will donate 50 US cents
of the average room rate to STI.26 This equates to 100
percent of one nights energy consumption at one of its
hotels.
Once guests know about a hotels environmental
initiatives, they are keen to join in, according to the JD
Power and Associates 2007 North America Hotel Guest
Satisfaction Survey.27 This survey found that 73 percent
of hotel guests are willing to participate in a hotels
green program, so PR and marketing activities that raise
awareness of environmental schemes are likely to bring
in more customers. An example of this happening is the
86-room Orchard Garden Hotel in San Francisco. It
opened in the late winter 2006 and incorporated environmental designs from day one.These included large
recycling cans, designed to look like furniture and created from sustainably grown and harvested maple.
Although consumers seem to be keen to stay in
environmentally friendly hotels, other research suggests
that almost 60 percent of frequent travelers admit to
dropping their green routines when away from home.
Recent research by STUDYLOGIC for Starwood Hotels
& Resorts confirmed that although 70 percent of people
try to conserve water at home, only 18 percent do the
same when they are in a hotel.28 Similarly, 63 percent of
people say they are more likely to leave a light on when
they leave the room, and 70 percent of travelers open a
new mini bottle of shampoo and conditioner each time
they shower. Encouraging guests to adopt an ecoetiquette when traveling is therefore essential for any
hotel that wants to reduce its carbon footprint.
Focus areas for environmentally aware hotels
include reminding guests to unplug electrical appliances,
such as mobile phone chargers and laptops, when not in
use and to keep an eye on heating or air-conditioning.
Most hotels already offer guests the opportunity not to
have linen and towels changed daily, and remind them
to turn off the lights when they leave the room, but
there is more that could be done.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
78
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 78
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:05 PM
Page 79
Conclusion
There is no doubt that the issue of climate change is one
that faces everyonenot just the world leaders in Bali,
and not just the green parties, and not just those in countries where water shortage is already a problem. It will
affect the hospitality industry on a number of different
levels, which can be summarized in the following list:
Direct impacts. Climate is the principal driver of
global, seasonal demand, and it directly influences
operating costs, including heating and cooling,
snowmaking, irrigation, food and water supplies,
and insurance costs.The weather influences the
attractiveness of different locations, adding to the
competition between destinations andultimately
profitability.
Indirect environmental change impacts. These
indirect impacts include changes in water availability,
biodiversity loss, reduced landscape aesthetic, altered
agricultural production, increased natural hazards,
coastal erosion, damage to infrastructure, and
increased incidence of vector-borne disease.
Indirect societal change impacts. The Stern
report concluded that unmitigated climate change
could reduce consumption per capita by 20 percent
by the late 21st century, which would reduce the
discretionary wealth available to consumers and
potentially affect their propensity to travel. Climate
change could cause political unrest, particularly in
countries where sources of food and water become
threatened.
Destination vulnerability hotspots. There will
be winners and losers as new tourism destinations
emerge in line with shifting weather patterns.
Destination-level adaptation. Tourists have the
most adaptive power in the relationship of tourist
and destination because they can choose not to
travel or to select another destination. Suppliers of
tourism services and operators at the destination
have less adaptive capability, although recent events
have shown how resilient the industry can be to
shattering events, such as terrorist bombings.
But what about the financial implications of climate
change? The industry seems to be divided among those
who believe green measures save them money, and
others who see the green approach as an expensive one.
The perception varies when the view taken is short or
long term, and at the micro or macro level. If we take
the macro level first, and look at the big issue of global
warming leading to extreme weather, insurance premiums
are bound to rise along with water levels.Volatile weather systems could throw umpteen problems at hotel
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
79
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
80
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 80
operators, including interrupted power supplies, IT systems failure, and the need to evacuate guests. All these
call for stringent emergency procedures to be put in
place and tested. Soaring temperatures will make airconditioning a necessity rather than a luxury, and golf
resorts will pay more for irrigation.
At the micro level, many environmental initiatives
cut the costs of running a business while lessening its
impact on the planet. Looking after the laundry is a
good example.Today, only 75 percent of hotel guests
expect to have their towels and linen changed daily, and
reduced washing loads need less water and detergent, as
well as less energy to run the washing machines. Fewer
staff will need to spend time in the laundry and, if room
attendants dont have to change the bed linen daily, they
can service more rooms. Green appliances may cost more
initially, but good design makes them less expensive to
run, as demonstrated by the Gaia Napa Valley hotels
earth-friendly ventilation system, mentioned earlier.
In a recent Deloitte study, Hospitality 2010, we
determined the five mega trends that would have the
most impact on shareholder valuebrands, emerging
markets, people, technology, and the business model.32 As
research already mentioned in this paper proves, a green
brand can be good for business, because environmentally
aware travelers want to stay at hotels that care about
their carbon emissions. Importantly, investors are
increasingly adding businesses with green credentials to
their share portfolios, while employees are keen to work
for eco-friendly companies.The brand, or image, of a
hotel operator can therefore influence guests, staff, and
investors, and companies that are seen to be good citizens will benefit from their green strategies.
This message was reinforced in Deloittes Travel
Industry Trends 2008, which notes that many hospitality
companies now understand the compelling financial,
regulatory, risk mitigation, and broader marketplace
opportunities of sustainability and are adapting their
business models accordingly.33 Environmental and social
responsibility is becoming a core business strategy, which
touches shareholders, consumers, retailers, suppliers,
employees, and government and nongovernment organizations, as well as scientific and academic institutions.
Everyone engaged in tourism is anxious to see the
industry grow and prosper.The number of international
travelers reached a record 842 million in 2006 according
to the UNWTO, thanks to strong global economies,
governments investing massively in tourism infrastructure,
and some excellent marketing campaigns; and theres no
sign of a slowdown. Peoples desire to travel and to share
new experiences is stronger than ever, but this has to be
balanced with the need to protect the environment and
reduce every travelers carbon footprint.
While politicians debate the outcome of the UN
summit and how best to match individual aspirations to
see the world with the thorny issue of aviation emissions,
the time is right for the hotel industry to make sure its
Notes
1 Stern 2006.
2 UNWTO et al. 2007.
3 The five major UNWTO regions are Africa, the Americas, Asia and
the Pacific, Europe, and the Middle East.
4 IPCC 2007, p. 4.
5 IPCC 2007, p. 2.
6 IPCC 2007, p. 9.
7 IPCC 2007, p. 10.
8 International Tourism Partnership 2007a.
9 Buildingtalk 2007.
10 Carbon Trust 2006.
11 Hotel News Resource 2007b.
12 Kirby 2007.
13 International Tourism Partnership 2007b.
14 Hotel News Resource 2007a.
15 Hotel News Resource 2007e.
16 Hotel News Resource 2007e.
17 Hotel News Resource 2007d.
18 Lee 2007.
19 Lee 2007.
20 Hotel News Resource 2007i.
21 Hotel News Resource 2007j.
22 Hotel News Resource 2007i.
23 PR Newswire 2007.
24 New York Times 2007.
25 Hotel News Resource 2007g.
26 Hotel News Resource 2007c.
27 Hotel News Resource 2007f.
28 Hotel News Resource 2007e.
29 Weinstein 2007.
30 Hotel News Resource 2007h.
31 Kirby 2007.
32 Deloitte & Touche 2006.
33 Deloitte & Touche 2007.
References
Buildingtalk. 2007. Hotels Energy Police Help Tackle Climate Change.
August 24. Available at http://www.buildingtalk.com/news/
loi/loi111.html.
Carbon Trust. 2006. UK Employees Set to Drive Greening of
Business. Press release. April 3. Available at http://www.
carbontrust.co.uk/about/presscentre/2006/uk_employees_
want_to_be_green.htm.
Deloitte & Touche LLP. 2006. Hospitality 2010. London: Deloitte.
. 2007. Travel Industry Trends 2008. New York: Deloitte.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 81
1.7: Too Hot to Handle? The Hospitality Industry Faces Up to Climate Change
1_part1.pag
The New York Times. 2007. Hotels Respond to Demand for Green
Stays. June 26.
PR Newswire. 2007. Starwood Capital and Barry Sternlicht Unveil
Groundbreaking New Hotel Concept 1 Hotel. October 18.
Stern, N. 2006. Summary of Conclusions. The Economics of Climate
Change: The Stern Review. Cambridge, UK: University Press.
UNWTO, UNEP, and WMO (World Tourism Organization, the United
Nations Environment Programme, and the World Meteorological
Organization). 2007. Climate Change and Tourism: Responding
to Global Challenges, Summary. October. Available at
http://www.unwto.org/frameset/frame_sustainable.html.
Weinstein, J. 2007. Taking Green Hotelkeeping Seriously. Hotels.
Editors Viewpoint blog. September 12. Available at
www.hotelsmag.com/blogs/viewpoint/20070912.asp.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
81
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 82
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 83
CHAPTER 1.8
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
83
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 84
Other expenses
Airfare
600
1_part1.pag
500
27%
400
300
73%
200
100
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
84
Box 1: Defining the sensitivity of travel demand to
changes in price and income
The term used by economists to measure the sensitivity of
demand to price and income is elasticity. The price elasticity
of demand is commonly expressed as a measure representing
the percentage change in demand for a given percentage
change in price. For instance, a price elasticity of air travel
for leisure of 1.5 implies that if prices rise 10 percent, then
demand for air travel for leisure would fall 15 percent. Likewise
an income elasticity of 1.8 implies that if incomes rise 10 percent, then demand for air travel will rise by 18 percent.
When demand is very sensitive to pricethat is, when
a 10 percent price rise causes a greater than 10 percent fall
in demand, economists say that demand is price elastic.
When demand is relatively insensitive with a price elasticity
of less than 1 (e.g., 0.7) demand is said to be inelastic. We
use the terms sensitivity and elasticity interchangeably within the text.
However, that is the price sensitivity of air passengers to the total cost of travel. If the airfare component
of that cost rose 15 percent from 150 to 173, that
would represent a rise in the total cost of a visit to
Europe of 4 percent. A 10 percent fall in passengers as a
result of a 15 percent rise in the airfare (but a 4 percent
rise in total travel cost) would therefore represent a travel demand price elasticity in respect of the total travel
cost of 2.5.This looks implausibly high.
Yet everyone in the Travel & Tourism industry knows
they are dealing with very price sensitive customers, and
that changing fares and prices does produce a large
demand response. How can this apparent paradox be
resolved?
Box 2 sets out a rather technical explanation of
why exactly the effect of airfares on passenger numbers
should be expected to be much less at an aggregate or
national level than at a route level.
Table 1 uses the same example to work through the
effects.
The effect of a 10 percent fare increase on both
routes (caused, for instance, by a rise in a national passenger tax) would be to reduce the total traffic in the
market by 8 percent (the weighted average of the route
net effects), which is exactly what is implied by the
aggregate market price elasticity of 0.8. Using the
weighted average price elasticity of 1.5, on the other
hand, would incorrectly imply a 15 percent decrease in
aggregate air travel.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 85
The relationship between the price sensitivity at the aggregate market level E and at destination-specific route levels
(own-price elasticity Eii and cross-price elasticity Eij ) was
very well described in a study carried out by the UK CAA,1
where Si is the traffic share of destination i :
Effect on route A
(percent)
Effect on route B
(percent)
15
+7
8
+7
15
8
E = i Si (j Eij )
A hypothetical example will help illustrate the implications
for policy. Assume there are just two routes for a national
market, A and B, with own-price elasticities EA = 1.5 and
EB = 1.5. Own-price elasticities indicate, for instance, that a
10 percent rise in airfares just on route A would lead to a 15
percent decline in passengers on that route. Cross-price
elasticities are, say, EAB = 0.7 and EBA = 0.7. This means that,
for example, the 10 percent rise in airfares just on route A
would, as well as causing a 15 percent decline in passengers
on route A, would boost passengers on route B by 7 percent.
The price rise does not only suppress demandit also
diverts it, which clearly affects the overall net impact. If both
routes have a market share Si of 50 percent, then the weighted average national own-price price elasticity is 1.5. This
might suggest that a policy that raises the cost of air travel
nationwide by 10 percent would reduce air travel volumes by
15 percent. However, that conclusion would be wrong. To
see why, using the expression for aggregate elasticity above:
Note
1 UK CAA 2005.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
85
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 86
86
Most of the studies also included income as an
explanatory variable of air travel demand. Clearly
the demand for air travel from individuals will
depend not just on its price, but also on the
individuals income.Virtually all of these studies
estimated income elasticities above 1, generally
between +1 and +2.This indicates that, even
without declining real airfares, air travel will
increase at a higher rate than incomes or GDP.
So, for example, with an income elasticity of 1.8,
air travel demand will increase 18 percent for every
10 percent rise in incomes.This has important
implications for climate change policies seeking to
manage air travel demand by raising the cost of
travel.
InterVISTAS then carried out an econometric
analysis using three different datasets.The first was the
US Department of Transportations air travel database
DB1A, which takes a 10 percent random sample of all
tickets purchases in the United States for travel on US
airlines. Data from 1994Q1 to 2005Q4 was used for the
top 1,000 city-pair routes.The second dataset was the
IATA PaxIS Plus database, which captures transactions
data through IATAs Billing and Settlement Plan (BSP)
and uses various estimates to address missing direct sales,
low-cost carriers, charter flight operations, underrepresented BSP markets, and non-BSP markets.This gives
traffic and fares for routes around the world but for a
relatively short time series, from 2005. Finally, the UK
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 87
Short-haul route
1.5
2.0
1.5
0.9
1.9
1.9
0.9
1.4
National level
Pan-national level
Long-haul route
Short-haul route
Long-haul route
Short-haul route
Long-haul route
1.4
2.0
1.3
0.8
1.8
1.7
0.8
1.3
0.9
1.2
0.8
0.5
1.1
1.1
0.5
0.8
0.8
1.1
0.8
0.5
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.7
0.4
0.5
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
87
1_part1.pag
88
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 88
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 89
United States
Developed economies
Developing economies
National level
Short-haul
route
Medium-haul
route
Long-haul
route
Short-haul
route
Medium-haul
route
Long-haul
route
1.8
1.5
2.0
1.9
1.6
2.0
2.0
1.7
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.7
1.6
1.3
1.8
1.7
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.2
2.5
budget-oriented than travel in Europe and other developed economies.There is also evidence that long-haul
journeys are seen by passengers as different, and more
desirable, than the more commoditized short-haul markets, and so income elasticities are higher for the former.
All together, the evidence on income elasticities
suggests that the expansion of economic activity and
incomes have been the principal drivers of air travel in
the past. During the past 20 years, global passenger traffic
has expanded 2.9 times, averaging an annual growth of
5.1 percent. During that same period, global GDP has
risen just over 2 times, averaging 3.7 percent economic
growth each year.That implies an average income elasticity of 1.4, which is close to the average estimated
above for the developed economies, where most of the
air travel growth has taken place.
The implication is that economic growth can
explain virtually all of the expansion in air travel seen in
the past 20 years.The fall in real airfares has played a
part, but mostly in diverting travel between airlines and
markets rather than significantly boosting overall travel
volumes. And economic growth increasingly is taking
place in developing economies where income elasticities
are higher. As a result, the underlying drivers for overall
air travel growth are likely to remain strong.
Policy implications
The strong implication from this research is that policies
that seek to reduce aviations climate impacts by trying
to manage demand, through raising the cost of travel,
are likely to fail. At a national and pan-national level, air
travel is relatively insensitive to the cost of travel. Falling
real airfares seem to have played a relatively minor role
in boosting air travel during the past two decades.
Economic growth, particularly in the developing
economies, will continue to be the major driver of
increase demand for air travel.
Climate policies will need to focus on creating
incentives where there can be effective investment in
emissions reductions.The major potential would appear
to be on decoupling emissions from travel growth
through supply-side innovations, rather than trying to
manage demand through raising the cost of travel.
IATAs four-pillar climate strategy,3 which was
endorsed by the Assembly of the International Civil
Player
Passenger tax
Emissions
trading
Technology
Manufacturer
Fuel company
No impact
No impact
No impact
No impact
Infrastructure
Government
ANSP
Airport
No impact
No impact
No impact
No impact
No impact
No impact
Operations/fleet
Airline
No impact
Impact
Reduced demand
Passenger
Minor impact
Minor impact
Cuts elsewhere
Other industry
No impact
Impact
1_part1.pag
Source: IATA.
Aviation Association this year, focuses action on emission reduction measures from technology, infrastructure,
operations and those brought about by well-designed
economic instruments (Table 4).
It is clear from the analysis in this paper that, to
provide effective incentives to the various players along
the air transport value chain who can invest in emissions
reduction, we must look beyond simple economic
instruments that seek to manage demand by raising the
cost of travel for the passenger.
The research described shows how ineffective
instruments such as passenger taxes are for reducing
CO2 emissions.This is not just because demand is relatively price insensitive at a national and pan-national
level. It is also because raising the cost of travel for the
passenger does nothing to provide incentives for the
manufacturer to produce new airframes or engines,
nothing to incentivize the fuel company to produce a
clean fuel, nothing to incentivize the EU to implement
a Single European Sky, nothing to incentivize air navigation service providers (ANSPs) to straighten routes
and reduce stacking, nothing to incentivize airports to
reduce taxiing emissions, and nothing to incentivize airlines to improve operations and renew their fleet.
Emissions trading can be more effective than passenger taxes or charges, if well designed. Because it is
linked directly to emissions, it incentivizes operational
and fleet improvements. If well designed to be open to
trading with other industries and global, it allows the
reduction of CO2 emissions to take place in industries
where reductions are most efficient. However, even
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
89
1_part1.pag
90
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 90
Notes
1 Gillen et al. 2003.
2 UK CAA 2006.
3 IATA 2007.
4 IATA 2007.
References
Alperovich, G. and Y. Machnes. 1994. The Role of Wealth in the
Demand for International Air Travel. Journal of Transport
Economics and Policy 28(2) 16373.
Gillen, D. W., W. G. Morrison, and C. Stewart. 2003. Air Travel Demand
Elasticities: Concepts, Issues and Measurement. Final Report.
Department of Finance, Canada. Available at http://www.fin.gc.ca/
consultresp/Airtravel/airtravStdy_e.html.
IATA. 2007. Building a Greener Future. Switzerland: IATA. Available at
http://www.iata.org/NR/rdonlyres/0B9EA28E-F311-4EFD-A24CCCDB3AA85A71/0/Building_greener_future.pdf.
Kincaid, I. and M. Trethaway. 2007. Estimating Air Travel Demand
Elasticities. InterVISTAS.
Njegovan, N. 2006. Elasticities of Demand for Leisure Air Travel: A
System Modelling Approach. Journal of Air Transport
Management 12(1): 339.
Oum, T.H., A. Zhang, and Y. Zhang. 1993. Inter-Firm Rivalry and Firm
Specific Price Elasticities in Deregulated Airline Markets. Journal
of Transport Economics and Policy 27 (2): 17192.
UK CAA (UK Civil Aviation Authority). 2005. Demand for Outbound
Leisure Air Travel and its Key Drivers. Report. December.
London: UK CAA. Available at http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/5/
Elasticity percent20Study.pdf.
. 2006. No Frills Carriers: Revolution or Evolution? A Study by
the Civil Aviation Authority. London: UK CAA.
UK ONS (UK Office for National Statistics). 2005. International
Passenger Survey.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 91
CHAPTER 1.9
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
91
1_part1.pag
92
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 92
The baseline
Governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs),
online travel sites such as Expedia and Orbitz, and many
other groups now make carbon calculators available to
help consumers figure out their carbon footprint and to
provide advice on how to reduce their emissions or
where to purchase carbon offsets.To make them easy to
use, the calculators understandably limit the number of
variables involved.
That approach may work for individuals and households, but companies need more sophisticated business
intelligence to accurately measure and report their emissionsnot only from air travel but also from the hotels
they book, the resorts they use for meetings and events,
and the cars they rent.
Aviation
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 93
1_part1.pag
Other transportation
There are no standards today for rating the carbon emissions of hotels. A wide variety of groupsfrom Audubon
International to hotel associations and online travel sites
such as Expedia and Orbitzare beginning to assess and
identify eco-friendly hotels. Orbitz, for example, is now
researching hotels with eco-friendly policies based on
whether they:
use a natural source of energy (i.e., wind, water,
solar, bio-fuel);
use environmentally friendly and safe products;
contribute money from each hotel reservation to
an environmental organization; and
use energy-conserving devices.
And Audubon Internationals Green Leaf Eco-Rating
Program takes into account energy efficiency, resource
conservation, pollution prevention, and environmental
management.
While many of these criteria affect carbon emissions
the use of recycled paper and plastic versus new
products, or local sourcing of foods and materials versus
long-distance sourcingthere is little information today
on the actual carbon emissions of hotels and resorts. If
you look at a major hotel group for example, they may
have 40 different environmental pledges, says Kimber,
but in many cases theyre aspirational because there are
no measurements or carbon values attached to them to
demonstrate achievement.
Companies and consumers need to have more confidence in these ratings, and that means more accurate
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
93
1_part1.pag
94
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 94
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 95
Business intelligence
Integrating carbon-reporting tools with booking information from the GDS is just one example of the kind
of business intelligence that is becoming more and more
important to the travel industry.Travelports Shepherd
Business Intelligence, for example, assists airlines and
travel agents around the world with data processing
and analytical tools that help them improve their fleet
Notes
1 UNWTO 2007a.
2 UNWTO 2007b.
3 Kimber 2007.
4 IPCC 1999.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
1_part1.pag
95
1_part1.pag
2/13/08
10:06 PM
Page 96
5 US EPA 200.
6 Defra 2007.
7 IPCC 2007.
8 Kimber 2007.
9 Kimber 2007.
References
Defra (UK Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). 2007.
Passenger Transport Emissions Factors. Methodology paper,
June. Available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/
envrp/pdf/passenger-transport.pdf.
IATA (International Air Transport Association). Climate Change. Available
at www.iata.org/whatwedo/environment/climate_change.htm
(accessed December 2007).
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 1999. Special
Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere. A Special Report
of Working Groups I and III of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change. Available at http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/
sres/aviation/index.htm.
Kahn Ribeiro, S., S. Kobayashi, M. Beuthe, J. Gasca, D. Greene, D. S.
Lee, Y. Muromachi, P. J. Newton, S. Plotkin, D. Sperling, R. Wit,
and P. J. Zhou. 2007. Transport and Its Infrastructure. Climate
Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of
Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. B. Metz, O.R.
Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, and L.A. Meyer. New York:
Cambridge University Press.
Lord Kelvin, W. T. Popular Lectures and Addresses [18911894]. In
Bartletts Familiar Quotations, 14th Edition, 1968, p. 723a.
96
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 97
Part 2
Country/Economy Profiles
and Data Presentation
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 98
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 99
2.1
Country/Economy Profiles
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 100
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 101
2_part2A.pag
Algeria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................33.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,381.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................113.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................7,747
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
Left-hand page
Key indicators
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................102
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................99
3.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.7
4.1
3.2
3.0
2.4
3.1
2.3
2.0
5.1
3.5
4.6
4.3
5.0
4.2
2.6
2.6
101
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 102
Algeria
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
5.01
5.02
5.03
5.04
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
Right-hand page
102
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 103
List of Countries/Economies
2_part2A.pag
List of Countries/Economies
Country/Economy
Page
Country/Economy
Page
Country/Economy
Page
Albania
104
Guyana
192
Pakistan
280
Algeria
106
Honduras
194
Panama
282
Argentina
108
196
Paraguay
284
Armenia
110
Hungary
198
Peru
286
Australia
112
Iceland
200
Philippines
288
Austria
114
India
202
Poland
290
Azerbaijan
116
Indonesia
204
Portugal
292
Bahrain
118
Ireland
206
Puerto Rico
294
Bangladesh
120
Israel
208
Qatar
296
Barbados
122
Italy
210
Romania
298
Belgium
124
Jamaica
212
Russian Federation
300
Benin
126
Japan
214
Saudi Arabia
302
Bolivia
128
Jordan
216
Senegal
304
130
Kazakhstan
218
Serbia
306
Botswana
132
Kenya
220
Singapore
308
Brazil
134
Korea, Rep.
222
Slovak Republic
310
Bulgaria
136
Kuwait
224
Slovenia
312
Burkina Faso
138
Kyrgyz Republic
226
South Africa
314
Burundi
140
Latvia
228
Spain
316
Cambodia
142
Lesotho
230
Sri Lanka
318
Cameroon
144
Libya
232
Suriname
320
Canada
146
Lithuania
234
Sweden
322
Chad
148
Luxembourg
236
Switzerland
324
Chile
150
Macedonia, FYR
238
Syria
326
China
152
Madagascar
240
Taiwan, China
328
Colombia
154
Malaysia
242
Tajikistan
330
Costa Rica
156
Mali
244
Tanzania
332
Croatia
158
Malta
246
Thailand
334
Cyprus
160
Mauritania
248
336
Czech Republic
162
Mauritius
250
Tunisia
338
Denmark
164
Mexico
252
Turkey
340
Dominican Republic
166
Moldova
254
Uganda
342
Ecuador
168
Mongolia
256
Ukraine
344
Egypt
170
Montenegro
258
346
El Salvador
172
Morocco
260
United Kingdom
348
Estonia
174
Mozambique
262
United States
350
Ethiopia
176
Namibia
264
Uruguay
352
Finland
178
Nepal
266
Uzbekistan
354
France
180
Netherlands
268
Venezuela
356
Gambia, The
182
New Zealand
270
Vietnam
358
Georgia
184
Nicaragua
272
Zambia
360
Germany
186
Nigeria
274
Zimbabwe
362
Greece
188
Norway
276
Guatemala
190
Oman
278
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
103
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 104
Albania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................3.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................28.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................9.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................5,727
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
104
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................92
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................81
3.6
4.2
3.7
4.1
4.9
4.8
3.6
2.8
2.2
2.5
2.5
2.2
4.3
3.8
5.0
4.2
5.9
6.3
1.9
2.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 105
Albania
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
105
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 106
Algeria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................33.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,381.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................113.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................7,747
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
106
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................102
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................99
3.5
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.7
4.1
3.2
3.0
2.4
3.1
2.3
2.0
5.1
3.5
4.6
4.3
5.0
4.2
2.6
2.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 107
Algeria
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
107
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 108
Argentina
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................39.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,780.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................212.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................16,080
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................8.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
108
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................58
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................65
4.2
4.4
3.9
3.9
4.4
5.6
4.2
3.6
2.9
3.0
3.9
3.0
4.9
4.5
5.0
4.7
5.3
4.7
5.0
3.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 109
Argentina
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
109
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 110
Armenia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................3.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................29.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................6.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................5,177
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................13.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
110
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................89
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................57
3.6
4.6
4.3
3.9
5.4
5.6
3.5
2.7
2.5
2.8
1.6
1.9
4.9
3.6
4.9
4.0
5.8
5.0
2.4
2.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 111
Armenia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
111
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 112
Australia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................20.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................7,741.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................755.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................33,037
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
112
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index........................................................................................................4
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................30
5.3
5.2
5.0
4.6
5.8
5.7
4.9
5.2
5.8
4.5
6.3
5.2
4.0
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.6
4.8
5.7
6.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 113
Australia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
113
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 114
Austria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................8.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................83.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................323.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................36,368
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
114
20,000
15,000
10,000
5000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index........................................................................................................2
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................4
5.4
5.9
5.2
5.6
6.4
6.8
5.4
5.3
4.2
6.0
7.0
4.9
4.2
5.2
5.6
6.0
5.3
5.4
4.0
5.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 115
Austria
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
115
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 116
Azerbaijan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................8.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................86.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................19.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................6,476
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................31.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
116
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................79
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................62
3.7
4.5
4.1
4.0
5.5
5.2
3.6
3.2
2.7
4.1
2.4
2.3
4.7
3.4
5.0
4.3
5.8
4.8
2.3
1.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 117
Azerbaijan
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
117
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 118
Bahrain
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................0.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................15.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................24,067
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
118
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................48
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................68
4.3
4.4
4.4
3.5
5.6
4.2
4.1
4.6
4.3
5.5
4.4
3.4
5.6
3.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
5.3
2.0
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 119
Bahrain
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
119
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 120
Bangladesh
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................144.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................144.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................64.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,130
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
120
250
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................127
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................129
2.9
2.9
3.3
3.7
2.8
2.1
2.8
2.8
2.1
3.6
1.3
1.5
5.4
3.1
4.3
3.5
5.0
4.0
2.6
1.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 121
Bangladesh
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
121
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 122
Barbados
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................0.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................3.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................19,274
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
122
800
600
400
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................29
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................16
4.8
5.5
5.0
5.1
5.7
5.9
5.6
4.6
4.2
5.2
4.3
4.3
4.8
4.3
5.3
5.3
5.2
6.6
2.2
3.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 123
Barbados
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
123
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 124
Belgium
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................10.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................32.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................394.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................34,749
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
124
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................27
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................21
4.8
5.4
5.3
5.5
5.7
6.5
3.8
4.6
4.0
6.4
4.3
4.6
3.8
4.6
5.6
6.1
5.1
5.0
2.2
5.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 125
Belgium
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
125
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 126
Benin
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................8.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................112.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................4.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,404
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
126
150
100
50
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................120
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................115
3.2
3.6
3.2
5.0
4.9
1.7
3.4
2.6
2.0
2.3
2.5
1.6
4.4
3.4
4.1
3.3
4.9
4.6
3.3
1.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 127
Benin
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
127
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 128
Bolivia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................9.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,098.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................11.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,931
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
128
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................106
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................122
3.4
3.5
2.9
4.0
4.5
3.1
2.8
2.8
2.3
2.6
2.2
1.8
5.3
4.0
4.6
4.1
5.1
4.2
4.9
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 129
Bolivia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
129
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 130
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
130
500
400
300
200
100
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................105
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................98
3.4
4.0
3.5
3.9
5.1
4.9
2.7
3.0
2.0
2.6
3.6
2.7
4.1
3.3
4.3
3.3
5.3
4.5
2.2
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 131
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
131
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 132
Botswana
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................1.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................581.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................10.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................15,692
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
132
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................87
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................82
3.7
4.2
4.1
4.4
5.3
3.2
4.0
3.3
2.7
3.5
2.8
2.0
5.5
3.4
3.4
4.3
2.4
4.9
4.2
1.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 133
Botswana
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
133
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 134
Brazil
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................188.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................8,514.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ..........................................1,067.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................10,073
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
134
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................49
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................84
4.3
4.1
3.8
4.9
3.1
4.5
4.2
3.6
3.6
2.9
4.2
2.8
4.3
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.5
5.8
5.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 135
Brazil
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
135
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 136
Bulgaria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................7.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................111.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................31.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................10,022
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
136
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................43
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................50
4.4
4.7
4.0
4.4
4.6
6.6
4.3
3.8
2.4
3.4
5.4
3.4
4.6
4.5
5.0
4.6
5.4
5.7
3.2
4.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 137
Bulgaria
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
137
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 138
Burkina Faso
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................13.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................274.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................6.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,406
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
138
250
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................124
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................121
3.0
3.6
3.6
4.5
4.8
1.5
3.5
2.6
1.9
2.8
2.3
1.5
4.2
3.0
3.4
2.3
4.5
4.4
3.1
1.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 139
Burkina Faso
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
139
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 140
Burundi
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................7.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................27.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................0.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ...................................677
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
140
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................128
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................128
2.9
3.1
2.9
4.1
4.5
2.2
2.0
2.4
1.8
2.9
1.3
1.3
4.6
3.2
3.3
2.3
4.3
5.6
2.9
1.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 141
Burundi
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
141
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 142
Cambodia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................14.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................181.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................7.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................3,374
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................10.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
142
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................112
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................116
3.3
3.6
2.9
4.1
4.5
1.1
5.5
2.7
2.4
2.8
1.2
1.5
5.3
3.7
4.3
3.7
4.8
5.8
3.4
1.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 143
Cambodia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
143
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 144
Cameroon
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................16.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................475.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................18.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,188
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
144
250
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................126
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................125
3.0
3.4
3.3
3.9
4.6
2.4
2.7
2.3
2.0
2.4
1.7
1.5
4.0
3.3
3.8
3.2
4.5
4.1
3.9
1.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 145
Cameroon
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
145
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 146
Canada
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................32.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................9,984.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ..........................................1,275.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................35,514
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
146
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index........................................................................................................9
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................23
5.3
5.3
5.4
4.9
5.7
5.5
5.0
5.4
6.6
5.0
6.1
5.3
3.9
5.1
5.8
6.0
5.6
4.8
4.8
5.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 147
Canada
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
147
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 148
Chad
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................10.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,284.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................6.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,749
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................0.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
148
50
40
30
20
10
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................130
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................130
2.5
2.7
2.5
3.6
3.9
1.0
2.7
2.0
1.7
2.3
1.3
1.3
3.5
2.7
3.2
2.3
4.1
3.8
2.7
1.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 149
Chad
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
149
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 150
Chile
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................16.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................756.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................145.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................12,811
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
150
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................51
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................45
4.3
4.9
5.2
4.5
5.6
4.5
4.4
3.8
3.4
4.1
3.4
3.3
4.9
4.1
5.3
4.9
5.7
4.5
3.5
3.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 151
Chile
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
151
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 152
China
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006.......................................................................1,323.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................9,598.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ..........................................2,644.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................7,722
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................11.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
152
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................62
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................103
4.1
3.9
4.0
3.9
3.6
3.2
4.9
3.4
4.0
3.8
1.5
2.6
5.3
4.8
5.1
4.7
5.5
3.9
5.3
5.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 153
China
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
153
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 154
Colombia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................46.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,138.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................135.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................8,260
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
154
1,500
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................71
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................95
3.9
4.0
4.4
4.2
3.8
4.2
3.7
3.2
3.1
2.8
2.8
2.6
4.8
4.4
5.0
4.5
5.5
4.6
5.5
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 155
Colombia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
155
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 156
Costa Rica
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................4.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................51.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................21.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................11,862
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................8.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
156
1,500
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................44
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................48
4.3
4.8
4.5
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.9
3.8
3.8
2.6
4.9
2.8
4.8
4.5
5.4
5.0
5.9
5.5
5.4
1.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 157
Costa Rica
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
157
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 158
Croatia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................4.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................56.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................42.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................14,523
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
158
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................34
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................39
4.6
5.0
4.3
4.8
5.5
6.0
4.5
4.3
3.0
4.0
6.6
3.7
4.3
4.4
5.0
4.8
5.3
6.2
3.1
3.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 159
Croatia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
159
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 160
Cyprus
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................9.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................18.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................29,870
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
160
2,500
2,000
1,500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................24
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................27
4.9
5.2
4.2
4.7
5.8
5.5
5.9
5.0
4.5
5.5
7.0
4.0
4.3
4.3
5.0
5.2
4.7
6.4
2.4
3.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 161
Cyprus
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
161
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 162
Czech Republic
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................10.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................78.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................142.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................23,399
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
162
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................30
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................20
4.8
5.4
4.8
5.1
5.5
6.8
4.8
4.4
3.4
5.1
5.0
4.2
4.1
4.5
5.4
5.3
5.4
4.8
2.9
5.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 163
Czech Republic
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
163
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 164
Denmark
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................5.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................43.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................276.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................36,920
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
164
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................13
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................10
5.1
5.6
5.6
5.9
6.4
5.8
4.4
5.2
5.0
6.5
5.3
5.8
3.4
4.5
6.1
6.2
6.0
4.6
3.1
4.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 165
Denmark
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
165
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 166
Dominican Republic
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................9.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................48.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................31.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................9,377
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................10.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
166
3,000
2,000
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................63
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................54
4.0
4.6
4.6
3.9
4.6
4.5
5.6
3.6
3.5
3.3
4.2
2.4
4.5
3.9
4.8
3.9
5.6
5.7
3.5
1.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 167
Dominican Republic
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
167
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 168
Ecuador
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................13.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................283.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................41.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................4,835
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
168
800
600
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................86
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................101
3.7
4.0
3.4
4.2
4.5
4.4
3.4
2.9
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
4.8
4.1
4.5
4.0
5.1
4.4
4.9
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 169
Ecuador
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
169
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 170
Egypt
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................75.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,001.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................107.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................4,895
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
170
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................66
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................58
4.0
4.5
4.2
4.2
4.7
3.9
5.7
3.5
3.1
3.4
2.8
2.2
5.9
3.9
4.8
4.4
5.2
5.3
2.8
2.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 171
Egypt
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
171
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 172
El Salvador
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................7.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................21.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................18.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................5,600
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
172
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................97
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................85
3.6
4.1
4.6
4.6
4.1
3.4
3.8
3.4
2.8
3.8
2.7
2.4
5.1
3.2
5.0
4.3
5.7
4.4
2.1
1.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 173
El Salvador
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
173
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 174
Estonia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................1.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................45.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................16.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................19,692
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................11.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
174
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................26
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................18
4.8
5.4
5.1
4.8
5.7
6.3
5.1
4.9
3.3
5.0
6.4
5.1
4.7
4.2
5.3
5.4
5.2
5.6
3.8
2.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 175
Estonia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
175
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 176
Ethiopia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................79.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,104.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................13.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,123
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................9.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
176
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................121
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................126
3.2
3.2
3.8
3.8
4.0
1.0
3.4
2.7
2.6
2.7
1.6
1.4
5.3
3.6
3.5
2.8
4.3
4.3
4.1
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 177
Ethiopia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
177
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 178
Finland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................5.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................338.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................209.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................35,559
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
178
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................12
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................5
5.1
5.7
5.5
5.6
6.7
6.4
4.5
4.8
4.8
5.3
4.8
5.1
3.9
4.8
5.9
6.2
5.6
4.4
3.2
5.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 179
Finland
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
179
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 180
France
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................60.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................551.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ..........................................2,252.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................31,825
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
180
60,000
40,000
20,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................10
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................12
5.2
5.6
5.2
5.7
5.2
6.8
5.0
5.3
5.5
6.6
6.2
4.9
3.3
4.8
5.5
5.8
5.2
4.6
3.6
5.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 181
France
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
181
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 182
Gambia, The
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................1.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................11.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................0.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,245
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
182
120
90
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................84
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................67
3.7
4.4
3.9
4.6
5.6
2.7
5.2
3.1
2.6
3.8
2.1
1.8
5.3
3.5
4.4
3.7
5.0
5.6
2.7
1.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 183
Gambia, The
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
183
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 184
Georgia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................4.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................69.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................7.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................3,642
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................9.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
184
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................72
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................46
3.8
4.8
4.2
4.6
5.6
5.6
4.2
3.0
2.3
3.4
2.4
2.1
4.5
3.7
5.1
4.3
5.9
5.1
2.2
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 185
Georgia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
185
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 186
Germany
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................82.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................357.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ..........................................2,915.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................31,390
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
186
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index........................................................................................................3
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................6
5.4
5.7
5.5
5.8
5.9
6.8
4.4
5.4
5.5
6.6
6.0
5.2
3.9
5.1
5.5
5.8
5.2
4.7
4.3
6.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 187
Germany
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
187
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 188
Greece
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................11.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................132.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................308.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................33,004
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
188
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................22
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................17
4.9
5.5
4.4
4.9
5.7
6.4
6.0
4.6
4.6
4.4
6.7
3.6
3.8
4.7
5.1
4.9
5.3
5.1
3.0
5.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 189
Greece
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
189
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 190
Guatemala
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................12.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................108.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................30.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................4,335
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
190
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................68
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................76
3.9
4.3
4.7
4.1
4.0
4.0
4.4
3.3
2.8
3.3
2.8
2.5
5.2
4.1
4.8
4.2
5.4
5.0
4.7
2.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 191
Guatemala
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
191
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 192
Guyana
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................215.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................0.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................5,004
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
192
120
90
60
30
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................109
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................104
3.4
3.9
3.2
4.3
4.0
3.6
4.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
2.3
5.0
3.6
4.9
4.5
5.3
5.0
3.1
1.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 193
Guyana
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
193
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 194
Honduras
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................7.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................112.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................9.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................3,199
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
194
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................75
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................77
3.8
4.2
4.6
4.6
4.6
3.4
4.1
3.2
3.0
3.1
2.6
2.0
5.0
4.0
4.8
4.2
5.4
5.1
4.3
1.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 195
Honduras
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
195
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 196
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
196
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................14
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................2
5.1
5.9
5.9
4.6
6.3
7.0
5.8
5.0
5.0
6.6
3.3
5.5
4.9
4.3
5.8
5.5
6.1
5.7
3.3
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:07 PM
Page 197
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
197
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 198
Hungary
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................10.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................93.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................112.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................20,047
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
198
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................33
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................19
4.6
5.4
4.8
5.1
5.7
6.6
4.8
4.2
3.0
4.8
4.9
3.8
4.4
4.2
5.0
4.8
5.3
4.3
2.7
4.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 199
Hungary
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
199
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 200
Iceland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................103.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................16.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................40,112
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
200
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................11
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................3
5.2
5.9
5.3
5.1
6.5
6.9
5.5
5.2
4.9
4.7
6.7
5.9
3.9
4.4
6.1
6.0
6.2
5.4
2.6
3.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 201
Iceland
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
201
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 202
India
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006.......................................................................1,119.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................3,287.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................873.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................3,802
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................9.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
202
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................65
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................107
4.0
3.8
3.7
4.4
3.9
2.6
4.4
3.7
4.0
4.5
2.8
2.0
5.2
4.5
4.8
4.7
4.8
4.6
4.9
3.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 203
India
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
203
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 204
Indonesia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................225.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,904.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................364.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................4,356
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
204
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................80
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................108
3.7
3.8
3.1
3.5
4.1
2.5
5.7
3.2
3.1
2.9
1.9
2.0
6.0
4.2
5.3
5.0
5.6
4.9
4.4
2.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 205
Indonesia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
205
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 206
Ireland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................4.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................70.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................219.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................44,676
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
206
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................21
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................11
4.9
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.9
6.2
4.7
4.9
4.5
4.5
6.8
4.5
4.2
4.3
5.8
5.9
5.7
4.9
2.3
4.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 207
Ireland
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
207
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 208
Israel
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................6.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................22.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................142.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................31,561
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
208
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................35
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................32
4.5
5.1
5.0
4.4
5.1
6.7
4.4
4.4
3.5
4.9
4.5
4.7
4.3
4.0
5.6
5.7
5.5
4.8
3.1
2.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 209
Israel
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
209
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 210
Italy
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................58.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................301.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ..........................................1,852.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................31,051
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................1.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
210
40,000
30,000
20,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................28
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................41
4.8
5.0
4.4
4.9
4.8
6.3
4.6
4.8
4.4
4.5
6.9
4.6
3.5
4.7
5.2
5.1
5.3
4.8
3.2
5.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 211
Italy
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
211
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 212
Jamaica
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................2.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................11.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................10.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................4,494
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
212
1,750
1,500
1,250
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................57
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................51
4.2
4.7
5.3
4.0
4.4
4.0
6.0
3.9
3.3
4.5
3.8
3.4
4.4
3.9
4.9
4.6
5.3
6.4
2.6
1.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 213
Jamaica
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
213
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 214
Japan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................128.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................377.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ..........................................4,366.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................32,530
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
214
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................23
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................34
4.9
5.1
5.0
4.7
4.9
6.2
4.7
4.9
4.6
6.3
4.2
5.0
4.3
4.7
5.7
6.0
5.5
3.9
3.9
5.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 215
Japan
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
215
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 216
Jordan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................5.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................88.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................14.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................5,611
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
216
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................53
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................36
4.2
5.1
4.1
4.9
6.0
4.8
5.5
3.6
3.1
3.7
3.8
2.6
5.0
3.9
4.9
4.8
5.1
6.1
2.8
1.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 217
Jordan
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
217
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 218
Kazakhstan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................14.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,724.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................81.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................9,568
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................10.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
218
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................91
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................61
3.6
4.5
4.1
3.7
4.9
5.8
3.9
2.9
2.6
3.0
2.2
2.4
4.4
3.4
5.0
4.7
5.4
4.6
2.2
1.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 219
Kazakhstan
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
219
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 220
Kenya
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................35.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................580.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................22.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,357
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
220
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................101
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................100
3.5
4.0
3.7
5.2
3.7
2.1
5.3
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.3
1.8
4.5
3.8
4.3
4.2
4.5
4.8
4.5
1.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 221
Kenya
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
221
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 222
Korea, Rep.
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................48.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................99.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................888.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................24,084
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
222
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................31
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................38
4.7
5.0
4.9
4.7
5.0
5.7
4.9
4.5
3.9
5.6
3.2
5.7
4.1
4.5
5.8
5.9
5.8
4.3
2.9
4.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 223
Korea, Rep.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
223
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 224
Kuwait
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................2.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................17.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................95.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................20,886
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
224
200
150
100
50
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................85
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................105
3.7
3.9
3.8
3.0
5.9
4.2
2.6
3.8
3.1
4.4
3.8
3.0
4.8
3.3
5.3
4.7
5.9
4.1
2.1
1.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 225
Kuwait
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
225
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 226
Kyrgyz Republic
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................5.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................199.9
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................2.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,121
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
226
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................113
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................90
3.3
4.1
3.6
4.1
4.4
4.4
3.7
2.4
2.1
2.4
1.1
1.7
4.6
3.5
4.8
4.1
5.4
5.4
2.5
1.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 227
Kyrgyz Republic
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
227
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 228
Latvia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................2.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................64.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................20.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................15,806
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................11.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
228
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................45
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................35
4.3
5.1
4.7
5.3
5.6
6.2
3.8
4.2
3.2
4.5
4.8
3.7
4.6
3.7
5.0
4.9
5.2
4.8
3.0
2.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 229
Latvia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
229
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 230
Lesotho
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................1.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................30.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................1.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,251
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
230
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................129
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................124
2.8
3.4
3.3
3.8
4.5
2.5
2.8
2.5
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.5
5.0
2.6
2.9
3.4
2.4
4.3
2.0
1.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 231
Lesotho
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
231
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 232
Libya
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................6.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,759.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................50.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................12,848
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
232
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................104
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................75
3.5
4.3
3.1
3.8
5.8
5.2
3.4
2.7
2.4
2.3
1.8
2.1
4.8
3.4
4.5
4.2
4.9
4.4
2.2
2.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 233
Libya
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
233
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 234
Lithuania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................3.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................65.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................29.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................16,373
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
234
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................47
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................31
4.3
5.2
4.5
5.3
5.4
7.0
3.8
4.0
2.7
5.0
3.7
4.1
4.6
3.8
5.0
5.1
5.0
4.9
2.7
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 235
Lithuania
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
235
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 236
Luxembourg
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................2.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................41.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................81,511
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
236
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................20
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................24
5.0
5.3
5.3
5.1
6.2
6.3
3.6
5.2
4.0
5.6
6.2
5.6
4.5
4.4
5.5
5.4
5.6
5.8
3.0
3.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 237
Luxembourg
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
237
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 238
Macedonia, FYR
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................2.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................25.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................6.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................7,680
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
238
200
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................83
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................93
3.7
4.1
4.1
4.2
4.8
4.5
2.6
3.2
2.1
3.4
3.6
2.5
4.6
3.7
4.9
4.5
5.3
4.7
2.8
2.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 239
Macedonia, FYR
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
239
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 240
Madagascar
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................19.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................587.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................5.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ...................................954
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
240
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................118
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................111
3.2
3.7
4.0
4.4
4.4
1.3
4.6
2.7
2.5
2.4
2.5
1.4
4.8
3.2
4.1
3.4
4.8
4.3
3.0
1.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 241
Madagascar
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
241
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 242
Malaysia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................25.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................329.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................148.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................11,957
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
242
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................32
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................37
4.6
5.0
5.3
4.8
5.5
4.4
5.1
4.3
4.2
4.9
3.2
3.4
5.9
4.6
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.5
4.7
2.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 243
Malaysia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
243
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 244
Mali
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................13.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,240.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................6.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,308
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
244
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................119
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................109
3.2
3.8
3.6
4.5
5.0
1.6
4.2
2.5
2.1
2.9
1.6
1.6
4.3
3.4
3.6
2.5
4.7
4.9
3.0
2.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 245
Mali
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
245
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 246
Malta
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................0.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................6.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................22,239
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
246
1,200
900
600
300
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................25
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................13
4.9
5.6
4.5
4.8
6.1
6.6
5.8
4.7
4.6
4.8
6.0
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.2
5.0
5.4
6.2
1.9
3.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 247
Malta
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
247
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 248
Mauritania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................3.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,025.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................2.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,504
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................11.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
248
25
20
15
10
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................122
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................117
3.1
3.6
3.3
4.2
5.3
1.4
3.8
2.6
2.1
2.7
1.4
1.8
4.9
3.1
3.9
2.8
5.1
4.4
2.7
1.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 249
Mauritania
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
249
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 250
Mauritius
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................1.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................2.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................6.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................13,281
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
250
1,000
800
600
400
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................41
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................29
4.4
5.2
5.0
4.7
5.7
4.8
5.9
4.1
3.5
4.9
4.3
2.7
5.3
3.8
5.0
4.9
5.1
6.5
2.0
1.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 251
Mauritius
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
251
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 252
Mexico
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................108.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,958.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................840.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................11,369
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
252
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................55
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................71
4.2
4.3
4.6
4.2
3.6
4.2
4.9
3.6
3.8
3.3
4.0
2.7
4.4
4.6
5.0
4.7
5.4
4.6
4.4
4.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 253
Mexico
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
253
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 254
Moldova
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................4.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................33.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................3.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,869
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
254
100
75
50
25
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................98
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................66
3.6
4.4
3.9
4.4
4.9
5.4
3.4
2.9
2.1
2.8
2.4
2.3
4.8
3.4
4.8
4.2
5.3
5.3
2.1
1.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 255
Moldova
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
255
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 256
Mongolia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................2.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,566.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................3.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,891
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................8.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
256
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................100
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................78
3.5
4.2
4.1
3.8
4.9
4.5
4.1
2.7
2.8
2.4
1.9
1.8
4.7
3.6
4.8
4.3
5.3
5.2
3.1
1.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 257
Mongolia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
257
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 258
Montenegro
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................13.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006..................................................n/a
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006.....................................n/a
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................n/a
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
258
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................59
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................53
4.2
4.7
4.8
4.0
5.2
5.1
4.3
3.5
3.3
3.5
4.8
2.7
3.4
4.3
4.9
4.5
5.3
6.7
3.1
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 259
Montenegro
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
259
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 260
Morocco
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................31.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................446.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................65.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................5,765
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................8.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
260
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................67
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................55
3.9
4.6
4.7
5.0
5.1
3.2
4.9
3.3
2.9
3.6
3.2
2.2
4.7
3.8
4.7
4.0
5.3
5.4
2.2
3.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 261
Morocco
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
261
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 262
Mozambique
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................20.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................801.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................7.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,494
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................8.5
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
262
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................123
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................119
3.1
3.6
4.0
4.6
4.4
1.2
3.9
2.6
2.1
2.5
2.0
1.5
4.9
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.9
4.5
3.2
1.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 263
Mozambique
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
263
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 264
Namibia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................2.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................824.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................6.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................8,577
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
264
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................93
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................92
3.6
4.1
4.0
4.9
4.9
2.6
3.9
3.3
3.4
4.0
2.7
1.8
4.8
3.4
3.0
3.4
2.5
5.3
3.8
1.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 265
Namibia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
265
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 266
Nepal
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................27.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................147.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................8.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,947
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
266
400
300
200
100
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................116
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................120
3.2
3.6
3.0
4.3
3.5
2.5
4.6
2.6
2.2
2.4
1.1
1.5
5.5
3.5
3.8
3.3
4.4
4.7
4.1
1.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 267
Nepal
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
267
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 268
Netherlands
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................16.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................41.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................670.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................36,937
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
268
10,000
8,000
6,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................18
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................22
5.0
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.7
6.1
4.0
5.1
4.8
6.4
4.7
5.9
3.8
4.6
5.7
6.1
5.3
4.7
2.8
5.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 269
Netherlands
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
269
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 270
New Zealand
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................4.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................270.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................104.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................25,874
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................1.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
270
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................19
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................15
5.0
5.5
5.4
5.1
6.1
6.0
4.8
4.7
5.1
4.3
4.8
4.8
4.6
4.7
5.6
5.7
5.5
5.3
4.3
3.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 271
New Zealand
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
271
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 272
Nicaragua
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................5.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................130.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................5.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................3,886
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
272
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................99
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................96
3.5
4.0
3.9
4.7
5.2
2.6
3.7
2.9
2.4
2.3
2.9
1.8
5.1
3.7
4.7
3.8
5.7
4.7
3.7
1.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 273
Nicaragua
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
273
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 274
Nigeria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................134.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................923.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................116.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,227
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
274
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................125
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................127
3.0
3.2
3.7
4.6
2.7
1.7
3.1
2.7
2.3
2.7
2.3
1.8
4.6
3.2
4.1
3.5
4.7
4.1
3.1
1.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 275
Nigeria
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
275
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 276
Norway
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................4.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................323.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................335.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................44,648
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
276
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................17
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................8
5.1
5.7
5.2
5.7
6.4
6.0
5.0
4.9
5.2
4.6
5.9
5.4
3.5
4.6
5.7
5.9
5.4
4.5
3.0
5.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 277
Norway
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
277
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 278
Oman
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................2.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................309.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................36.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................18,498
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
278
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................76
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................88
3.8
4.1
4.1
4.0
5.6
2.8
3.8
3.7
3.2
4.0
3.5
2.6
5.2
3.5
4.9
4.6
5.2
3.9
2.9
2.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 279
Oman
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
279
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 280
Pakistan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................161.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................796.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................127.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,744
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
280
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................111
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................114
3.4
3.7
4.2
4.0
3.3
3.3
3.5
3.0
2.5
3.6
2.2
1.8
5.0
3.4
4.2
3.0
5.4
4.0
3.0
2.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 281
Pakistan
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
281
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 282
Panama
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................3.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................75.5
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................17.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................8,593
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................8.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
282
800
600
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................50
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................52
4.3
4.7
4.8
4.8
5.1
4.2
4.4
3.9
4.1
3.9
4.3
2.4
5.0
4.3
4.8
4.5
5.0
5.0
5.4
1.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 283
Panama
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
283
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 284
Paraguay
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................6.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................406.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................9.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................5,339
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
284
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................115
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................112
3.2
3.7
3.2
3.7
4.4
3.8
3.5
2.7
1.8
2.4
2.0
1.9
5.2
3.3
4.4
3.6
5.2
4.0
3.1
1.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 285
Paraguay
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
285
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 286
Peru
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................28.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,285.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................93.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................6,856
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.6
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
286
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................70
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................86
3.9
4.1
4.3
4.3
4.1
3.4
4.4
3.1
2.6
2.7
3.1
2.3
4.8
4.4
4.9
4.5
5.3
4.5
5.2
3.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 287
Peru
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
287
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 288
Philippines
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................84.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................300.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................117.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................5,365
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
288
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................81
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................83
3.7
4.1
4.4
4.3
4.0
3.6
4.4
3.2
2.9
3.2
2.3
2.1
5.5
3.8
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.8
3.2
2.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 289
Philippines
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
289
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 290
Poland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................38.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................312.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................341.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................15,149
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
290
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................56
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................60
4.2
4.5
4.3
4.6
4.6
5.0
4.2
3.6
2.6
4.0
3.6
3.6
4.4
4.4
5.2
5.1
5.3
4.1
3.7
4.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 291
Poland
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
291
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 292
Portugal
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................10.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................92.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................194.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................22,937
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................1.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
292
12,000
9,000
6,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................15
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................14
5.1
5.5
5.2
5.4
5.9
6.0
5.0
4.8
4.2
5.0
6.3
4.2
4.4
4.9
5.3
5.1
5.4
5.1
2.9
6.5
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 293
Portugal
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
293
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 294
Puerto Rico
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................4.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................9.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................86.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006.....................................n/a
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................n/a
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
294
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................46
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................40
4.3
5.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.7
4.5
4.3
5.1
4.9
3.9
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.8
4.4
5.3
6.1
2.3
1.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 295
Puerto Rico
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
295
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 296
Qatar
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................11.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................52.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................36,632
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................10.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
296
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................37
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................43
4.4
4.9
4.0
4.4
6.2
5.3
4.7
4.5
4.6
4.8
5.2
3.6
4.3
3.9
5.5
5.3
5.7
5.0
2.2
3.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 297
Qatar
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
297
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 298
Romania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................21.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................238.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................121.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................10,125
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
298
1,200
900
600
300
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................69
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................72
3.9
4.3
4.6
4.7
4.9
3.8
3.6
3.6
2.6
3.4
4.4
3.2
4.1
3.8
5.0
4.7
5.2
4.4
2.7
3.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 299
Romania
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
299
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 300
Russian Federation
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................142.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) .................................................17,098.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................984.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................12,178
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
300
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................64
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................80
4.0
4.2
3.5
3.8
3.2
6.7
4.0
3.6
4.1
3.3
3.3
3.1
4.0
4.3
4.9
4.8
5.1
4.3
4.6
3.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 301
Russian Federation
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
301
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 302
Saudi Arabia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................25.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................2,149.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................349.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................16,505
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
302
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................82
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................106
3.7
3.8
4.0
3.4
5.1
2.9
3.7
3.8
3.5
3.8
3.3
2.8
5.5
3.4
4.8
4.3
5.3
4.0
3.7
1.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 303
Saudi Arabia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
303
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 304
Senegal
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................11.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................196.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................9.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,981
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
304
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................108
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................94
3.4
4.0
3.2
4.7
5.2
2.9
4.2
2.8
2.7
2.9
2.3
1.9
3.9
3.4
4.1
3.3
4.9
4.2
3.5
1.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 305
Senegal
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
305
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 306
Serbia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................7.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................88.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................32.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................6,702
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
306
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................78
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................73
3.8
4.3
4.4
3.3
4.9
5.5
3.3
3.4
2.5
3.1
3.9
2.8
4.4
3.6
5.1
4.6
5.6
4.4
2.3
2.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 307
Serbia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
307
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 308
Singapore
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................4.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ..........................................................0.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................132.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................33,471
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
308
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................16
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................7
5.1
5.7
6.2
5.0
6.2
5.1
5.9
5.1
4.9
6.6
4.3
4.7
5.2
4.4
6.2
6.1
6.3
5.8
2.6
3.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 309
Singapore
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
309
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 310
Slovak Republic
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................5.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................49.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................55.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................17,913
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................8.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
310
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................38
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................33
4.4
5.1
5.0
5.1
5.7
6.5
3.3
3.9
2.4
4.6
4.9
3.5
4.4
4.2
5.4
5.0
5.8
4.7
4.0
2.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 311
Slovak Republic
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
311
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 312
Slovenia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................2.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................20.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................38.2
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................24,571
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
312
1,500
1,000
500
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................36
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................42
4.5
5.0
4.0
5.3
5.9
5.8
3.9
4.5
2.9
5.1
5.9
4.5
4.2
4.0
5.3
5.4
5.2
4.9
3.0
2.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 313
Slovenia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
313
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 314
South Africa
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................47.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................1,219.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................255.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................13,018
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
314
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................60
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................70
4.1
4.3
4.8
4.9
3.6
4.0
4.3
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.9
2.5
5.1
4.2
3.8
4.9
2.7
5.0
4.6
3.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 315
South Africa
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
315
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 316
Spain
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................43.4
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................505.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ..........................................1,231.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................27,914
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
316
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index........................................................................................................5
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................28
5.3
5.2
4.4
5.0
5.1
5.9
5.8
5.3
5.3
5.5
7.0
4.4
4.3
5.3
5.3
5.2
5.5
5.0
4.2
6.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 317
Spain
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
317
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 318
Sri Lanka
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................20.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................65.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................27.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................5,387
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
318
500
400
300
200
100
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................73
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................79
3.8
4.2
4.5
3.8
4.4
4.0
4.5
3.2
2.7
4.5
1.8
2.0
5.1
4.0
5.0
4.9
5.1
4.8
3.6
2.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 319
Sri Lanka
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
319
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 320
Suriname
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................0.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................163.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................2.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................6,571
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
320
150
100
50
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................95
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................110
3.6
3.8
2.8
3.9
5.0
4.4
2.7
3.1
2.5
2.5
3.3
2.4
4.7
3.9
4.5
4.1
4.9
4.4
3.8
2.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 321
Suriname
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
321
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 322
Sweden
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................9.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................450.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................384.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................34,735
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
322
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index........................................................................................................8
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................9
5.3
5.6
5.4
6.1
6.1
6.3
4.2
5.0
5.0
5.8
5.0
5.9
3.6
5.2
5.7
6.1
5.3
4.6
3.9
6.4
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 323
Sweden
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
323
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 324
Switzerland
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................7.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................41.3
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................388.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................38,706
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................3.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
324
10,000
8,000
6,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index........................................................................................................1
T&T regulatory framework ................................................................................1
5.6
5.9
5.2
5.9
6.3
6.5
5.8
5.5
4.7
6.6
6.7
5.9
3.9
5.4
6.2
6.1
6.2
5.1
4.5
5.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 325
Switzerland
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
325
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 326
Syria
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................19.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................185.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................34.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................4,324
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
326
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................94
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................74
3.6
4.3
3.3
4.0
5.8
4.3
3.8
2.9
2.5
3.6
2.0
2.0
4.7
3.6
4.6
4.1
5.1
5.4
2.1
2.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 327
Syria
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
327
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 328
Taiwan, China
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................22.7
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ........................................................36.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................364.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................30,687
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................4.7
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
328
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................52
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................69
4.2
4.3
4.8
4.3
5.3
3.2
4.0
4.6
3.8
5.8
3.1
5.4
5.1
3.7
5.7
5.8
5.6
4.7
2.4
2.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 329
Taiwan, China
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
329
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 330
Tajikistan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................6.6
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................142.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................2.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,494
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
330
1
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................114
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................102
3.2
3.9
3.6
4.0
5.0
3.8
3.3
2.4
2.0
2.7
1.1
1.6
4.7
3.4
4.8
4.2
5.3
4.5
3.2
1.0
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 331
Tajikistan
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
331
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 332
Tanzania
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................39.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................945.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................12.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ...................................806
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
332
800
600
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................88
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................89
3.7
4.1
4.1
5.0
4.3
2.1
4.9
2.7
2.3
2.9
1.7
1.6
4.8
4.2
3.7
3.5
4.0
5.3
6.1
1.7
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 333
Tanzania
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
333
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 334
Thailand
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................64.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................513.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................206.3
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................9,193
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
334
12,000
9,000
6,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................42
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................63
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.3
4.0
4.5
5.1
4.2
4.3
4.2
4.4
2.6
5.4
4.5
5.0
4.7
5.3
5.5
4.6
2.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 335
Thailand
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
335
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 336
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
336
400
300
200
100
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................74
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................87
3.8
4.1
4.6
3.3
4.1
4.7
3.8
3.9
3.2
4.5
3.3
3.2
5.2
3.4
4.9
4.7
5.1
4.3
2.3
2.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 337
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
337
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 338
Tunisia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................10.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................163.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................30.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................8,975
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
338
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................39
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................25
4.4
5.3
5.1
5.4
5.8
4.3
5.8
3.9
2.9
4.4
4.0
2.6
5.4
4.1
5.4
5.4
5.5
5.3
2.7
2.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 339
Tunisia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
339
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 340
Turkey
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................74.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................783.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................401.8
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................9,240
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................6.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
340
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................54
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................56
4.2
4.6
4.7
4.1
4.8
4.6
4.6
3.7
3.7
3.8
4.0
3.0
4.2
4.3
4.9
4.7
5.2
5.1
3.0
4.1
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 341
Turkey
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
341
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 342
Uganda
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................29.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................241.0
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................9.4
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,643
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.4
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
342
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................110
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................113
3.4
3.7
3.7
5.0
4.0
1.8
3.8
2.7
2.0
3.1
1.9
1.6
4.8
3.7
4.0
3.1
4.8
4.7
5.0
1.2
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 343
Uganda
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
343
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 344
Ukraine
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................46.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................603.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................106.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................7,832
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.1
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
344
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................77
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................59
3.8
4.5
3.7
4.2
4.5
6.4
3.8
3.2
2.4
3.2
3.5
3.1
3.9
3.5
4.9
4.5
5.3
4.8
2.4
1.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 345
Ukraine
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
345
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 346
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
346
4,000
2,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................40
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................44
4.4
4.9
4.0
3.7
6.1
5.1
5.4
4.7
5.5
4.3
4.8
3.8
5.1
3.6
5.1
4.2
6.0
5.2
2.3
1.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 347
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
347
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 348
United Kingdom
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................59.8
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................243.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ..........................................2,399.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................35,486
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
348
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index........................................................................................................6
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................26
5.3
5.3
5.5
5.6
5.0
5.6
4.7
5.3
5.7
5.8
6.2
5.5
3.4
5.3
5.9
5.9
5.8
4.5
4.3
6.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 349
United Kingdom
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
349
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 350
United States
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..........................................................................301.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ...................................................9,629.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ........................................13,194.7
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................43,223
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................2.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
350
80,000
60,000
40,000
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index........................................................................................................7
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................49
5.3
4.7
5.2
4.0
3.7
5.5
5.3
5.6
6.3
5.5
6.7
5.2
4.2
5.5
5.9
5.9
6.0
4.3
6.0
5.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 351
United States
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
351
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 352
Uruguay
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006..............................................................................3.5
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................176.2
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................19.1
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ..............................11,969
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.0
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
352
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................61
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................47
4.1
4.8
4.1
4.5
5.3
5.8
4.4
3.4
2.2
3.7
3.1
3.0
4.9
4.1
5.1
4.8
5.4
4.9
2.8
3.6
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 353
Uruguay
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
353
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 354
Uzbekistan
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................27.0
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................447.4
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................17.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,304
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................7.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
354
800
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................90
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................64
3.6
4.4
4.2
3.9
4.9
4.9
4.3
2.9
2.7
3.5
1.0
1.9
5.4
3.5
5.1
4.7
5.5
4.6
2.4
1.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 355
Uzbekistan
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
355
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 356
Venezuela
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................27.2
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................912.1
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .............................................181.6
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................7,480
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................10.3
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
356
800
600
400
200
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................103
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................123
3.5
3.4
2.9
4.4
3.5
3.7
2.7
3.2
2.9
2.7
3.0
2.6
4.8
3.8
4.4
4.2
4.7
3.5
5.2
1.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 357
Venezuela
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
357
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 358
Vietnam
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................85.3
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................331.7
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................61.0
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................3,393
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................8.2
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
358
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index......................................................................................................96
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................97
3.6
4.0
3.8
4.1
4.5
3.2
4.6
3.0
2.6
3.4
1.2
2.1
5.5
3.7
4.8
4.2
5.4
4.6
3.6
1.9
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 359
Vietnam
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
359
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 360
Zambia
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................11.9
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................752.6
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 ...............................................10.9
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................1,088
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006...................................................................5.9
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
360
600
400
200
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................107
T&T regulatory framework ..............................................................................91
3.4
4.1
4.5
4.5
5.0
2.2
4.1
2.6
2.5
2.8
1.8
1.7
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.4
3.7
4.9
4.8
1.3
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 361
Zambia
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
361
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 362
Zimbabwe
Key indicators
Population (millions), 2006............................................................................13.1
Surface area (1,000 square kilometers) ......................................................390.8
Gross domestic product (US$ billions), 2006 .................................................5.5
Gross domestic product (PPP, US$) per capita, 2006 ................................2,488
Real GDP growth (percent), 2006.................................................................4.8
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators Online Database (December 2007); IMF, World Economic Outlook
Database (October 2007 edition); national sources
20082017
annual growth
(%, forecast)
Percent
of total
362
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Score
(17 scale)
2008 Index....................................................................................................117
T&T regulatory framework ............................................................................118
3.2
3.6
2.8
4.1
4.7
3.1
3.3
2.7
2.0
2.9
2.0
1.6
5.0
3.4
2.9
3.7
2.1
4.6
4.1
1.8
1
Note: For descriptions of variables and detailed sources, please refer to How to the Read Country/Economy Profiles.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 363
Zimbabwe
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index in detail
INDICATOR
RANK/130
INDICATOR
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
4.01
4.02
4.03
4.04
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
11.10
RANK/130
13.01
13.02
13.03
13.04
7.01
7.02
7.03
7.04
7.05
2_part2A.pag
* Hard data
Note: For further details and explanation, please refer to the section How to
Read the Country/Economy Profiles at the beginning of this chapter.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
363
2_part2A.pag
2/13/08
10:08 PM
Page 364
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 365
2.2
Data Tables
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 366
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 367
3_part2B.pag
The following pages present the data for all of the variables included in the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness
Index 2008 (TTCI) for all 130 economies covered by
the study.
The tables are organized in 14 sections, which
correspond to the 14 pillars of the TTCI.The number
preceding the title of each variable serves to identify
the pillar to which the variable belongs.
Two types of data are used in the TTCI: Survey
data and hard data.
Survey data: average responses in each economy
to questions included in the World Economic
Forums Executive Opinion Survey, conducted in
the early months of 2006 and 2007.
Hard data: indicators obtained from a variety of
sources.
1.01
Foreign ownership of companies in your country is (1 = rare, limited to minority stakes, and often prohibited in key sectors, 7 = prevalent and
encouraged)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 5.1
Ireland ................................6.5
Singapore ...........................6.4
Hong Kong SAR .................6.4
Slovak Republic..................6.4
Sweden..............................6.2
United Kingdom .................6.2
Germany ............................6.1
Belgium..............................6.1
Finland................................6.1
Indonesia............................6.1
New Zealand ......................6.0
Chile ...................................6.0
Hungary..............................6.0
Luxembourg.......................6.0
Costa Rica ..........................6.0
Uganda...............................5.9
Austria................................5.9
Zambia ...............................5.9
Israel ..................................5.9
Bahrain ...............................5.9
Jamaica ..............................5.8
Netherlands........................5.8
Denmark ............................5.8
Puerto Rico ........................5.8
Australia .............................5.8
Gambia, The.......................5.8
Switzerland ........................5.7
Canada ...............................5.7
Malta ..................................5.7
Czech Republic ..................5.7
Panama ..............................5.7
Mexico ...............................5.7
Estonia ...............................5.7
Dominican Republic ...........5.7
Peru....................................5.5
Norway...............................5.5
Latvia..................................5.5
Jordan ................................5.5
Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.5
Spain ..................................5.5
Guatemala..........................5.5
Botswana ...........................5.5
Uruguay..............................5.4
Barbados ............................5.4
Taiwan, China.....................5.4
United States .....................5.4
Senegal ..............................5.4
Nigeria................................5.4
France ................................5.4
Tanzania..............................5.3
Greece ...............................5.3
Turkey.................................5.3
Azerbaijan...........................5.3
Portugal..............................5.3
Malaysia .............................5.3
South Africa .......................5.3
El Salvador .........................5.3
Tunisia ................................5.3
Mongolia ............................5.2
Kenya .................................5.2
Korea, Rep. ........................5.2
Namibia ..............................5.2
India ...................................5.2
Pakistan..............................5.2
Burkina Faso ......................5.2
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Honduras............................5.1
Montenegro .......................5.1
Cameroon ..........................5.1
Morocco.............................5.1
Lesotho ..............................5.1
Sri Lanka ............................5.1
Mozambique ......................5.1
Mauritius ............................5.1
Bangladesh ........................5.1
Colombia ............................5.0
Armenia..............................5.0
Cyprus................................4.9
Nicaragua ...........................4.9
Georgia...............................4.9
Romania .............................4.9
Lithuania.............................4.9
Croatia................................4.9
Uzbekistan .........................4.9
Mali ....................................4.8
Cambodia ...........................4.8
United Arab Emirates.........4.8
Madagascar........................4.8
Argentina............................4.8
Benin..................................4.8
Japan..................................4.7
Poland ................................4.7
Guyana ...............................4.7
Egypt..................................4.6
Thailand..............................4.6
Brazil ..................................4.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.6
Kazakhstan .........................4.6
Oman .................................4.6
Philippines..........................4.5
Qatar ..................................4.5
Iceland................................4.4
Italy ....................................4.4
China ..................................4.4
Suriname............................4.4
Slovenia..............................4.3
Albania ...............................4.3
Algeria ................................4.3
Serbia .................................4.3
Bulgaria ..............................4.3
Macedonia, FYR.................4.3
Chad...................................4.2
Ecuador ..............................4.2
Kyrgyz Republic .................4.2
Vietnam..............................4.2
Paraguay ............................4.1
Mauritania ..........................4.0
Bolivia.................................4.0
Tajikistan.............................4.0
Moldova .............................4.0
Venezuela...........................4.0
Saudi Arabia .......................4.0
Burundi...............................3.9
Ukraine...............................3.8
Ethiopia ..............................3.7
Zimbabwe ..........................3.7
Nepal..................................3.6
Syria ...................................3.3
Russian Federation ............3.3
Kuwait ................................3.2
Libya...................................2.7
SCORE
MEAN: 5.1
Survey data
Data yielded from the World Economic Forums
Executive Opinion Survey are presented in blue-colored
bar graphs. Questions from the Survey asked for responses
on a scale of 1 to 7, where an answer of 1 corresponds
to the lowest possible score and an answer of 7 corresponds to the highest possible score. For each Survey
variable, the original question and the two extreme
answers are shown.
We report the average score for each economy
that is, the arithmetic mean of responses from each
economy.Variable 5.01, for example, asks about the
governments prioritization of the T&T industry in the
respondents economy. On this particular variable,
Mauritius with a score of 6.7 ranks first, and therefore
appears at the top; it is followed by Barbados, second
with a score of 6.6.We report responses rounded to one
decimal point, but use the exact figures to determine
rankings. For example, for the same variable 5.01,
Montenegros average score is 6.444, the United Arab
Emirates average score is 6.357, and Singapores average
score is 6.356.These economies are therefore ranked
3rd, 4th, and 5th, respectively, although they are all listed
with the same rounded score of 6.4.
A dotted line on the graph indicates the mean
score across the sample of 130 economies.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
367
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Hard data
1.04
Number of countries requiring visas to enter the country for tourism and/or business trips as a percentage of UN countries | 2007
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
13
16
16
16
19
20
21
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
45
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
55
56
57
58
58
60
60
60
63
63
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
Singapore ............................15.2
Malaysia ..............................16.2
Philippines ...........................23.9
Hong Kong SAR ..................24.9
Barbados .............................42.6
United Kingdom ..................45.7
Romania ..............................49.2
Peru.....................................51.3
Costa Rica ...........................53.3
Ireland .................................54.8
Jamaica ...............................57.4
Tunisia .................................59.4
Chile ....................................60.4
El Salvador ..........................60.4
Mauritius .............................60.4
Guatemala ...........................60.9
Honduras.............................60.9
Nicaragua ............................60.9
Sri Lanka .............................61.4
Argentina.............................61.9
Botswana ............................62.9
Israel ...................................62.9
South Africa ........................64.0
Uruguay...............................64.5
Lesotho ...............................65.0
Croatia .................................65.5
Morocco ..............................66.0
Colombia .............................66.5
Germany .............................66.5
Austria .................................67.0
Belgium ...............................67.0
Finland.................................67.0
France .................................67.0
Greece ................................67.0
Iceland.................................67.0
Italy .....................................67.0
Korea, Rep. .........................67.0
Luxembourg ........................67.0
Netherlands.........................67.0
Norway................................67.0
Portugal ...............................67.0
Slovenia...............................67.0
Spain ...................................67.0
Sweden ...............................67.0
Denmark .............................67.5
Cyprus .................................68.0
Czech Republic ...................68.0
Estonia ................................68.0
Hungary...............................68.0
Latvia...................................68.0
Lithuania..............................68.0
Malta ...................................68.0
Poland .................................68.0
Slovak Republic...................68.0
Japan...................................68.5
Bulgaria ...............................69.0
Ecuador ...............................69.5
Brazil ...................................70.1
Venezuela ............................70.1
New Zealand .......................71.1
Serbia ..................................71.1
Trinidad and Tobago ............71.1
Montenegro ........................72.6
Namibia ...............................72.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....73.6
66
67
68
68
70
71
72
73
74
74
76
76
76
76
80
81
81
83
83
85
86
87
88
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
95
97
97
99
99
101
101
103
104
104
106
107
107
107
110
110
112
113
113
113
116
117
117
119
120
120
120
120
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
Canada ................................74.1
Tanzania...............................74.6
Macedonia, FYR..................75.1
Panama ...............................75.1
Georgia................................76.1
Thailand ...............................76.6
Zambia ................................77.2
Turkey..................................77.7
Gambia, The........................78.2
Paraguay .............................78.2
Albania ................................78.7
Bolivia..................................78.7
Mexico ................................78.7
Moldova ..............................78.7
Kenya ..................................79.2
Guyana ................................80.2
Ukraine ................................80.2
United Arab Emirates..........81.7
Zimbabwe ...........................81.7
Switzerland .........................82.2
Uganda ................................83.8
Taiwan, China ......................84.3
Puerto Rico .........................85.3
United States ......................85.3
Mauritania ...........................86.8
Suriname .............................87.3
Senegal ...............................87.8
Mali .....................................88.3
Benin ...................................90.4
Bangladesh .........................90.9
Libya....................................90.9
Burkina Faso .......................91.9
Kazakhstan ..........................91.9
Kyrgyz Republic...................92.4
Nigeria .................................92.4
Armenia...............................92.9
Egypt ...................................92.9
Vietnam ...............................93.4
Indonesia.............................93.9
Tajikistan..............................93.9
Azerbaijan............................94.4
Algeria .................................94.9
Mongolia .............................94.9
Russian Federation .............94.9
Dominican Republic ............95.4
Uzbekistan ..........................95.4
Saudi Arabia ........................96.4
Bahrain ................................97.0
Cameroon ...........................97.0
Kuwait .................................97.0
Cambodia ............................97.5
Burundi................................98.0
Mozambique .......................98.0
Ethiopia ...............................98.5
Australia ..............................99.0
China ...................................99.0
Nepal ...................................99.0
Qatar ...................................99.0
Chad ....................................99.5
India ....................................99.5
Jordan .................................99.5
Madagascar.........................99.5
Oman ..................................99.5
Pakistan...............................99.5
Syria ....................................99.5
368
Page 368
HARD DATA
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 369
3_part2B.pag
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
Quality of roads.............................................................416
Quality of railroad infrastructure....................................417
Quality of port infrastructure.........................................418
Quality of domestic transport network .........................419
Road density .................................................................420
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
(Contd.)
369
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 370
Tourism openness.........................................................450
Attitude of population toward foreign visitors ..............451
Extension of business trips recommended ..................452
370
14.01
14.02
14.03
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 371
1st pillar
Policy rules and regulations
371
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
372
2/13/08
1.01
10:16 PM
Page 372
Foreign ownership of companies in your country is (1 = rare, limited to minority stakes, and often prohibited in key sectors, 7 = prevalent and
encouraged)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 5.1
Ireland ................................6.5
Singapore ...........................6.4
Hong Kong SAR .................6.4
Slovak Republic..................6.4
Sweden..............................6.2
United Kingdom .................6.2
Germany ............................6.1
Belgium..............................6.1
Finland................................6.1
Indonesia............................6.1
New Zealand ......................6.0
Chile ...................................6.0
Hungary..............................6.0
Luxembourg.......................6.0
Costa Rica ..........................6.0
Uganda...............................5.9
Austria................................5.9
Zambia ...............................5.9
Israel ..................................5.9
Bahrain ...............................5.9
Jamaica ..............................5.8
Netherlands........................5.8
Denmark ............................5.8
Puerto Rico ........................5.8
Australia .............................5.8
Gambia, The.......................5.8
Switzerland ........................5.7
Canada ...............................5.7
Malta ..................................5.7
Czech Republic ..................5.7
Panama ..............................5.7
Mexico ...............................5.7
Estonia ...............................5.7
Dominican Republic ...........5.7
Peru....................................5.5
Norway...............................5.5
Latvia..................................5.5
Jordan ................................5.5
Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.5
Spain ..................................5.5
Guatemala..........................5.5
Botswana ...........................5.5
Uruguay..............................5.4
Barbados ............................5.4
Taiwan, China.....................5.4
United States .....................5.4
Senegal ..............................5.4
Nigeria................................5.4
France ................................5.4
Tanzania..............................5.3
Greece ...............................5.3
Turkey.................................5.3
Azerbaijan...........................5.3
Portugal..............................5.3
Malaysia .............................5.3
South Africa .......................5.3
El Salvador .........................5.3
Tunisia ................................5.3
Mongolia ............................5.2
Kenya .................................5.2
Korea, Rep. ........................5.2
Namibia ..............................5.2
India ...................................5.2
Pakistan..............................5.2
Burkina Faso ......................5.2
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Honduras............................5.1
Montenegro .......................5.1
Cameroon ..........................5.1
Morocco.............................5.1
Lesotho ..............................5.1
Sri Lanka ............................5.1
Mozambique ......................5.1
Mauritius ............................5.1
Bangladesh ........................5.1
Colombia ............................5.0
Armenia..............................5.0
Cyprus................................4.9
Nicaragua ...........................4.9
Georgia...............................4.9
Romania .............................4.9
Lithuania.............................4.9
Croatia................................4.9
Uzbekistan .........................4.9
Mali ....................................4.8
Cambodia ...........................4.8
United Arab Emirates.........4.8
Madagascar........................4.8
Argentina............................4.8
Benin..................................4.8
Japan..................................4.7
Poland ................................4.7
Guyana ...............................4.7
Egypt..................................4.6
Thailand..............................4.6
Brazil ..................................4.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.6
Kazakhstan .........................4.6
Oman .................................4.6
Philippines..........................4.5
Qatar ..................................4.5
Iceland................................4.4
Italy ....................................4.4
China ..................................4.4
Suriname............................4.4
Slovenia..............................4.3
Albania ...............................4.3
Algeria ................................4.3
Serbia .................................4.3
Bulgaria ..............................4.3
Macedonia, FYR.................4.3
Chad...................................4.2
Ecuador ..............................4.2
Kyrgyz Republic .................4.2
Vietnam..............................4.2
Paraguay ............................4.1
Mauritania ..........................4.0
Bolivia.................................4.0
Tajikistan.............................4.0
Moldova .............................4.0
Venezuela...........................4.0
Saudi Arabia .......................4.0
Burundi...............................3.9
Ukraine...............................3.8
Ethiopia ..............................3.7
Zimbabwe ..........................3.7
Nepal..................................3.6
Syria ...................................3.3
Russian Federation ............3.3
Kuwait ................................3.2
Libya...................................2.7
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 5.1
2/13/08
1.02
10:16 PM
Page 373
Property rights
Property rights, including over financial assets (1 = are poorly defined and not protected by law, 7 = are clearly defined and well protected by law)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.7
Germany ............................6.7
Denmark ............................6.6
Switzerland ........................6.6
Austria................................6.5
Singapore ...........................6.4
Netherlands........................6.4
Finland................................6.4
Australia .............................6.3
Sweden..............................6.3
Iceland................................6.3
Ireland ................................6.3
Norway...............................6.3
Hong Kong SAR .................6.3
Japan..................................6.2
Canada ...............................6.1
New Zealand ......................6.1
France ................................6.1
United Kingdom .................6.1
Belgium..............................6.0
Luxembourg.......................6.0
Puerto Rico ........................5.9
South Africa .......................5.8
Malaysia .............................5.7
Korea, Rep. ........................5.7
Israel ..................................5.7
Estonia ...............................5.6
Mauritius ............................5.6
Portugal..............................5.6
Jordan ................................5.6
United States .....................5.5
Syria ...................................5.5
Spain ..................................5.5
Barbados ............................5.5
Tunisia ................................5.5
Bahrain ...............................5.5
Cyprus................................5.4
Hungary..............................5.4
Qatar ..................................5.4
Taiwan, China.....................5.4
Chile ...................................5.4
Namibia ..............................5.4
Kuwait ................................5.4
Malta ..................................5.3
India ...................................5.3
United Arab Emirates.........5.2
Greece ...............................5.2
Saudi Arabia .......................5.2
Lithuania.............................5.1
Panama ..............................5.1
Thailand..............................5.1
Egypt..................................5.1
Slovak Republic..................5.0
Italy ....................................5.0
Latvia..................................5.0
Jamaica ..............................5.0
Slovenia..............................4.9
Botswana ...........................4.9
Turkey.................................4.8
Oman .................................4.8
Sri Lanka ............................4.7
Uruguay..............................4.7
Montenegro .......................4.7
Morocco.............................4.7
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.7
Costa Rica ..........................4.6
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.7
3_part2B.pag
373
3_part2B.pag
374
2/13/08
1.03
10:16 PM
Page 374
In your country, rules governing foreign direct investment are (1 = damaging and discourage foreign direct investment, 7 = beneficial and
encourage foreign direct investment)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Ireland ................................6.5
Singapore ...........................6.5
Hong Kong SAR .................6.4
Slovak Republic..................6.3
Luxembourg.......................6.2
United Kingdom .................6.0
Estonia ...............................6.0
Bahrain ...............................6.0
Sweden..............................6.0
Puerto Rico ........................5.9
Indonesia............................5.9
Netherlands........................5.8
Malta ..................................5.8
Zambia ...............................5.8
Finland................................5.8
Chile ...................................5.8
Switzerland ........................5.8
Portugal..............................5.8
Austria................................5.8
Germany ............................5.8
Belgium..............................5.8
Malaysia .............................5.7
Uganda...............................5.7
Pakistan..............................5.7
Israel ..................................5.7
Czech Republic ..................5.7
Denmark ............................5.7
Trinidad and Tobago ...........5.7
Gambia, The.......................5.6
Costa Rica ..........................5.6
Hungary..............................5.6
El Salvador .........................5.6
New Zealand ......................5.6
Bangladesh ........................5.5
Panama ..............................5.5
Barbados ............................5.5
Tunisia ................................5.5
Mauritius ............................5.5
Sri Lanka ............................5.5
Nigeria................................5.5
Jordan ................................5.4
Tanzania..............................5.4
Jamaica ..............................5.4
Peru....................................5.4
Dominican Republic ...........5.4
Mexico ...............................5.4
United Arab Emirates.........5.4
Taiwan, China.....................5.4
India ...................................5.4
Canada ...............................5.4
United States .....................5.3
France ................................5.3
Korea, Rep. ........................5.3
Australia .............................5.3
Turkey.................................5.3
Cyprus................................5.3
Montenegro .......................5.3
Qatar ..................................5.3
Spain ..................................5.3
China ..................................5.3
Mali ....................................5.3
Norway...............................5.2
Botswana ...........................5.2
Honduras............................5.2
Guatemala..........................5.2
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 5.0
2/13/08
1.04
10:16 PM
Page 375
Number of countries requiring visas to enter the country for tourism and/or business trips as a percentage of UN countries | 2007
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
13
16
16
16
19
20
21
21
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
45
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
55
56
57
58
58
60
60
60
63
63
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Singapore ............................15.2
Malaysia ..............................16.2
Philippines ...........................23.9
Hong Kong SAR ..................24.9
Barbados .............................42.6
United Kingdom ..................45.7
Romania ..............................49.2
Peru.....................................51.3
Costa Rica ...........................53.3
Ireland .................................54.8
Jamaica ...............................57.4
Tunisia .................................59.4
Chile ....................................60.4
El Salvador ..........................60.4
Mauritius .............................60.4
Guatemala ...........................60.9
Honduras.............................60.9
Nicaragua ............................60.9
Sri Lanka .............................61.4
Argentina.............................61.9
Botswana ............................62.9
Israel ...................................62.9
South Africa ........................64.0
Uruguay...............................64.5
Lesotho ...............................65.0
Croatia .................................65.5
Morocco ..............................66.0
Colombia .............................66.5
Germany .............................66.5
Austria .................................67.0
Belgium ...............................67.0
Finland.................................67.0
France .................................67.0
Greece ................................67.0
Iceland.................................67.0
Italy .....................................67.0
Korea, Rep. .........................67.0
Luxembourg ........................67.0
Netherlands.........................67.0
Norway................................67.0
Portugal ...............................67.0
Slovenia...............................67.0
Spain ...................................67.0
Sweden ...............................67.0
Denmark .............................67.5
Cyprus .................................68.0
Czech Republic ...................68.0
Estonia ................................68.0
Hungary...............................68.0
Latvia...................................68.0
Lithuania..............................68.0
Malta ...................................68.0
Poland .................................68.0
Slovak Republic...................68.0
Japan...................................68.5
Bulgaria ...............................69.0
Ecuador ...............................69.5
Brazil ...................................70.1
Venezuela ............................70.1
New Zealand .......................71.1
Serbia ..................................71.1
Trinidad and Tobago ............71.1
Montenegro ........................72.6
Namibia ...............................72.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....73.6
66
67
68
68
70
71
72
73
74
74
76
76
76
76
80
81
81
83
83
85
86
87
88
88
90
91
92
93
94
95
95
97
97
99
99
101
101
103
104
104
106
107
107
107
110
110
112
113
113
113
116
117
117
119
120
120
120
120
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
Canada ................................74.1
Tanzania...............................74.6
Macedonia, FYR..................75.1
Panama ...............................75.1
Georgia................................76.1
Thailand ...............................76.6
Zambia ................................77.2
Turkey..................................77.7
Gambia, The........................78.2
Paraguay .............................78.2
Albania ................................78.7
Bolivia..................................78.7
Mexico ................................78.7
Moldova ..............................78.7
Kenya ..................................79.2
Guyana ................................80.2
Ukraine ................................80.2
United Arab Emirates..........81.7
Zimbabwe ...........................81.7
Switzerland .........................82.2
Uganda ................................83.8
Taiwan, China ......................84.3
Puerto Rico .........................85.3
United States ......................85.3
Mauritania ...........................86.8
Suriname .............................87.3
Senegal ...............................87.8
Mali .....................................88.3
Benin ...................................90.4
Bangladesh .........................90.9
Libya....................................90.9
Burkina Faso .......................91.9
Kazakhstan ..........................91.9
Kyrgyz Republic...................92.4
Nigeria .................................92.4
Armenia...............................92.9
Egypt ...................................92.9
Vietnam ...............................93.4
Indonesia.............................93.9
Tajikistan..............................93.9
Azerbaijan............................94.4
Algeria .................................94.9
Mongolia .............................94.9
Russian Federation .............94.9
Dominican Republic ............95.4
Uzbekistan ..........................95.4
Saudi Arabia ........................96.4
Bahrain ................................97.0
Cameroon ...........................97.0
Kuwait .................................97.0
Cambodia ............................97.5
Burundi................................98.0
Mozambique .......................98.0
Ethiopia ...............................98.5
Australia ..............................99.0
China ...................................99.0
Nepal ...................................99.0
Qatar ...................................99.0
Chad ....................................99.5
India ....................................99.5
Jordan .................................99.5
Madagascar.........................99.5
Oman ..................................99.5
Pakistan...............................99.5
Syria ....................................99.5
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
375
3_part2B.pag
376
2/13/08
1.05
10:16 PM
Page 376
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
14
15
16
17
18
19
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
36
38
39
40
41
42
42
44
45
45
45
48
49
50
51
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
64
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
El Salvador ..........................33.7
Honduras.............................32.7
Guatemala ...........................31.9
Dominican Republic ............28.9
Nicaragua ............................26.5
Jamaica ...............................24.7
Peru.....................................22.7
United States ......................22.6
Costa Rica ...........................22.0
Canada ................................20.2
Panama ...............................19.2
Chile ....................................18.9
Poland .................................18.9
Luxembourg ........................16.5
Germany .............................16.4
Iceland.................................15.6
Denmark .............................15.3
Portugal ...............................15.1
Japan...................................14.8
Netherlands.........................14.8
Mexico ................................14.6
Barbados .............................14.1
Suriname .............................13.6
Hong Kong SAR ..................13.5
New Zealand .......................13.4
Ireland .................................13.3
Philippines ...........................13.1
Italy .....................................13.0
Singapore ............................13.0
Indonesia.............................12.9
Czech Republic ...................12.8
Belgium ...............................12.6
Ecuador ...............................12.5
Finland.................................12.4
Paraguay .............................12.2
Brazil ...................................12.1
Jordan .................................12.1
United Kingdom ..................12.0
Israel ...................................11.9
Colombia .............................11.8
Korea, Rep. .........................11.7
Trinidad and Tobago ............11.5
Turkey..................................11.5
United Arab Emirates..........11.3
Croatia .................................11.2
Hungary...............................11.2
Uruguay...............................11.2
Azerbaijan............................11.1
Namibia ...............................10.9
Greece ................................10.8
Malaysia ..............................10.7
Qatar ...................................10.7
Austria .................................10.6
Morocco ..............................10.5
Ethiopia ...............................10.4
Libya....................................10.3
Bahrain ................................10.2
Tunisia ...................................9.9
Thailand .................................9.9
South Africa ..........................9.9
Uzbekistan ............................9.8
Cameroon .............................9.8
Switzerland ...........................9.8
Pakistan.................................9.6
Zambia ..................................9.6
66
66
68
69
70
71
72
72
74
75
75
75
78
78
78
81
82
83
84
85
85
85
88
88
88
88
92
93
94
94
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
102
102
105
106
106
108
109
110
110
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
119
121
121
123
124
125
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Bolivia....................................9.5
Egypt .....................................9.5
Albania ..................................9.5
Chad ......................................9.4
Norway..................................9.4
France ...................................9.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......9.3
Malta .....................................9.3
Saudi Arabia ..........................9.2
Australia ................................9.0
Gambia, The..........................9.0
Sweden .................................9.0
Argentina...............................8.8
Mozambique .........................8.8
Slovak Republic.....................8.8
Sri Lanka ...............................8.6
Romania ................................8.5
Spain .....................................8.3
Mauritania .............................8.2
Cambodia ..............................8.1
Senegal .................................8.1
Syria ......................................8.1
Armenia.................................8.0
Lithuania................................8.0
Venezuela ..............................8.0
Vietnam .................................8.0
India ......................................7.9
Madagascar...........................7.7
Nigeria ...................................7.5
Zimbabwe .............................7.5
Oman ....................................7.3
Bulgaria .................................7.0
Kazakhstan ............................6.9
Uganda ..................................6.7
Botswana ..............................6.5
Mauritius ...............................6.2
Algeria ...................................6.1
Mali .......................................6.1
Ukraine ..................................6.1
Guyana ..................................6.0
Bangladesh ...........................5.8
Tanzania.................................5.8
Mongolia ...............................5.7
China .....................................5.5
Burundi..................................5.4
Latvia.....................................5.4
Kenya ....................................5.2
Macedonia, FYR....................5.1
Georgia..................................4.9
Cyprus ...................................4.6
Kyrgyz Republic.....................4.5
Moldova ................................4.4
Russian Federation ...............4.2
Benin .....................................3.9
Slovenia.................................3.9
Estonia ..................................3.0
Nepal .....................................3.0
Kuwait ...................................2.3
Burkina Faso .........................1.9
Lesotho .................................0.1
Montenegro ..........................n/a
Puerto Rico............................n/a
Serbia ....................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
Tajikistan................................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
1.06
10:16 PM
Page 377
Are firms in your country usually informed clearly by the government on changes in policies and regulations affecting your industry? (1 = never
informed; 7 = always informed)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.1
Singapore ...........................6.1
Denmark ............................5.9
Finland................................5.8
Switzerland ........................5.7
Hong Kong SAR .................5.7
Iceland................................5.6
Sweden..............................5.6
New Zealand ......................5.6
Germany ............................5.5
Netherlands........................5.4
Norway...............................5.3
Australia .............................5.3
Tunisia ................................5.3
Japan..................................5.2
Austria................................5.2
Malaysia .............................5.2
Luxembourg.......................5.2
Barbados ............................5.1
Chile ...................................5.1
United Arab Emirates.........5.1
Ireland ................................5.1
Israel ..................................5.0
Canada ...............................5.0
United Kingdom .................5.0
Taiwan, China.....................4.9
France ................................4.9
Mauritius ............................4.9
Estonia ...............................4.9
Zambia ...............................4.9
South Africa .......................4.9
United States .....................4.8
Mali ....................................4.8
Bahrain ...............................4.8
Korea, Rep. ........................4.7
Oman .................................4.7
Qatar ..................................4.7
Tanzania..............................4.6
Gambia, The.......................4.6
Thailand..............................4.6
Burkina Faso ......................4.6
Slovak Republic..................4.5
Botswana ...........................4.5
Portugal..............................4.5
Cyprus................................4.4
India ...................................4.4
Malta ..................................4.4
Slovenia..............................4.4
El Salvador .........................4.3
Morocco.............................4.3
Belgium..............................4.3
Colombia ............................4.3
Kuwait ................................4.2
Jamaica ..............................4.2
Saudi Arabia .......................4.2
Mauritania ..........................4.2
Lithuania.............................4.2
Jordan ................................4.2
Cambodia ...........................4.1
Turkey.................................4.1
Panama ..............................4.1
Namibia ..............................4.1
Nigeria................................4.1
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.1
Puerto Rico ........................4.0
Honduras............................4.0
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Uganda...............................4.0
Spain ..................................4.0
Uruguay..............................4.0
Philippines..........................4.0
Sri Lanka ............................4.0
Guatemala..........................4.0
Mozambique ......................4.0
Serbia .................................4.0
Greece ...............................3.9
Kazakhstan .........................3.9
Mexico ...............................3.9
Kenya .................................3.9
Latvia..................................3.9
Madagascar........................3.9
Croatia................................3.9
Benin..................................3.9
Burundi...............................3.8
Costa Rica ..........................3.8
Cameroon ..........................3.8
Macedonia, FYR.................3.8
Peru....................................3.8
Vietnam..............................3.8
China ..................................3.8
Uzbekistan .........................3.8
Algeria ................................3.8
Dominican Republic ...........3.8
Egypt..................................3.7
Ethiopia ..............................3.7
Hungary..............................3.7
Czech Republic ..................3.7
Georgia...............................3.6
Azerbaijan...........................3.6
Montenegro .......................3.6
Tajikistan.............................3.6
Moldova .............................3.6
Pakistan..............................3.5
Bangladesh ........................3.5
Guyana ...............................3.5
Armenia..............................3.5
Zimbabwe ..........................3.3
Senegal ..............................3.3
Brazil ..................................3.3
Italy ....................................3.3
Nicaragua ...........................3.3
Bulgaria ..............................3.3
Lesotho ..............................3.3
Syria ...................................3.2
Poland ................................3.2
Chad...................................3.2
Libya...................................3.2
Nepal..................................3.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.1
Russian Federation ............3.1
Ukraine...............................3.1
Bolivia.................................3.0
Suriname............................3.0
Albania ...............................2.9
Mongolia ............................2.9
Paraguay ............................2.9
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.8
Romania .............................2.8
Argentina............................2.8
Ecuador ..............................2.7
Venezuela...........................2.6
Indonesia............................2.5
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.1
3_part2B.pag
377
3_part2B.pag
378
2/13/08
1.07
10:16 PM
Page 378
RANK
1
2
3
4
4
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
9
15
16
17
17
19
19
19
22
22
24
24
24
24
28
28
28
31
31
31
34
34
34
37
37
39
39
39
42
43
43
45
45
45
48
49
49
49
52
52
52
52
56
57
57
57
57
57
62
62
62
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Australia ................................2.0
Canada ..................................3.0
Belgium .................................4.0
Iceland...................................5.0
Singapore ..............................5.0
Denmark ...............................6.0
Turkey....................................6.0
United States ........................6.0
Estonia ..................................7.0
France ...................................7.0
Madagascar...........................7.0
Mauritius ...............................7.0
Portugal .................................7.0
Puerto Rico ...........................7.0
Jamaica .................................8.0
Egypt .....................................9.0
Netherlands.........................10.0
Norway................................10.0
Georgia................................11.0
Hong Kong SAR ..................11.0
Tunisia .................................11.0
Morocco ..............................12.0
New Zealand .......................12.0
Ireland .................................13.0
Italy .....................................13.0
United Kingdom ..................13.0
Uzbekistan ..........................13.0
Finland.................................14.0
Jordan .................................14.0
Romania ..............................14.0
Macedonia, FYR..................15.0
Saudi Arabia ........................15.0
Sweden ...............................15.0
Ethiopia ...............................16.0
Hungary...............................16.0
Latvia...................................16.0
Czech Republic ...................17.0
Korea, Rep. .........................17.0
Armenia...............................18.0
Burkina Faso .......................18.0
Germany .............................18.0
Panama ...............................19.0
Mongolia .............................20.0
Switzerland .........................20.0
Honduras.............................21.0
Kazakhstan ..........................21.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................21.0
Dominican Republic ............22.0
Japan...................................23.0
Moldova ..............................23.0
Serbia ..................................23.0
Algeria .................................24.0
Malaysia ..............................24.0
Montenegro ........................24.0
Pakistan...............................24.0
Slovak Republic...................25.0
El Salvador ..........................26.0
Guatemala ...........................26.0
Lithuania..............................26.0
Luxembourg ........................26.0
Mali .....................................26.0
Chile ....................................27.0
Mexico ................................27.0
Ukraine ................................27.0
Austria .................................28.0
65
67
67
67
70
71
71
71
71
71
76
76
78
78
78
81
81
81
84
84
84
87
88
89
90
90
92
93
94
94
94
97
97
97
100
101
102
103
103
105
106
106
108
109
110
110
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Uganda ................................28.0
Mozambique .......................29.0
Russian Federation .............29.0
Tanzania...............................29.0
Azerbaijan............................30.0
Argentina.............................31.0
Benin ...................................31.0
Nepal ...................................31.0
Poland .................................31.0
South Africa ........................31.0
Bulgaria ...............................32.0
Gambia, The........................32.0
India ....................................33.0
Thailand ...............................33.0
Zambia ................................33.0
Israel ...................................34.0
Nigeria .................................34.0
Oman ..................................34.0
China ...................................35.0
Kuwait .................................35.0
Paraguay .............................35.0
Albania ................................36.0
Cameroon ...........................37.0
Greece ................................38.0
Nicaragua ............................39.0
Sri Lanka .............................39.0
Croatia .................................40.0
Colombia .............................42.0
Burundi................................43.0
Syria ....................................43.0
Trinidad and Tobago ............43.0
Guyana ................................44.0
Kenya ..................................44.0
Uruguay...............................44.0
Spain ...................................47.0
Taiwan, China ......................48.0
Tajikistan..............................49.0
Bolivia..................................50.0
Vietnam ...............................50.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....54.0
Philippines ...........................58.0
Senegal ...............................58.0
Slovenia...............................60.0
United Arab Emirates..........62.0
Ecuador ...............................65.0
Mauritania ...........................65.0
Peru.....................................72.0
Lesotho ...............................73.0
Bangladesh .........................74.0
Chad ....................................75.0
Costa Rica ...........................77.0
Cambodia ............................86.0
Zimbabwe ...........................96.0
Namibia ...............................99.0
Indonesia...........................105.0
Botswana ..........................108.0
Venezuela ..........................141.0
Brazil .................................152.0
Suriname ...........................694.0
Bahrain ..................................n/a
Barbados ...............................n/a
Cyprus ...................................n/a
Libya ......................................n/a
Malta .....................................n/a
Qatar .....................................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
1.08
10:16 PM
Page 379
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
6
6
10
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
19
20
20
22
23
24
25
26
27
27
29
30
31
32
32
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
48
48
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
59
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Denmark ...............................0.0
New Zealand .........................0.1
Ireland ...................................0.3
Sweden .................................0.6
United States ........................0.7
Australia ................................0.8
Puerto Rico ...........................0.8
Singapore ..............................0.8
United Kingdom ....................0.8
Canada ..................................0.9
Trinidad and Tobago ..............0.9
Finland...................................1.0
France ...................................1.1
Kuwait ...................................1.6
Estonia ..................................2.0
Switzerland ...........................2.1
Luxembourg ..........................2.3
Norway..................................2.3
Iceland...................................2.7
Latvia.....................................3.0
Lithuania................................3.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................3.1
Portugal .................................3.4
Russian Federation ...............3.7
Taiwan, China ........................4.1
Slovak Republic.....................4.2
Mongolia ...............................4.3
Oman ....................................4.3
Israel .....................................4.4
Romania ................................4.7
Armenia.................................4.8
Belgium .................................5.3
Mauritius ...............................5.3
Austria ...................................5.4
Thailand .................................5.6
Germany ...............................5.7
Netherlands...........................6.0
Montenegro ..........................6.2
Macedonia, FYR....................6.6
Azerbaijan..............................6.9
South Africa ..........................7.1
Japan.....................................7.5
Kazakhstan ............................7.6
Ukraine ..................................7.8
Tunisia ...................................8.3
Bulgaria .................................8.4
China .....................................8.4
Slovenia.................................8.5
Sri Lanka ...............................8.5
Chile ......................................8.6
Jamaica .................................8.7
Kyrgyz Republic.....................8.8
Serbia ....................................8.9
Georgia..................................9.5
Argentina...............................9.7
Botswana ..............................9.9
Brazil ...................................10.4
Czech Republic ...................10.6
Moldova ..............................11.5
Morocco ..............................11.5
Croatia .................................11.7
Algeria .................................13.2
Mexico ................................13.3
Pakistan...............................14.0
Uzbekistan ..........................14.2
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
76
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Spain ...................................15.1
Korea, Rep. .........................16.9
Hungary...............................17.7
Malaysia ..............................18.1
Italy .....................................18.7
Colombia .............................19.3
Vietnam ...............................20.0
Turkey..................................20.7
Albania ................................20.9
Poland .................................21.2
Costa Rica ...........................21.3
Zimbabwe ...........................21.3
Mozambique .......................21.6
Panama ...............................22.0
Namibia ...............................22.3
Madagascar.........................22.7
Greece ................................23.3
Philippines ...........................26.8
Venezuela ............................28.2
Egypt ...................................28.6
Ecuador ...............................29.2
Peru.....................................29.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....30.1
Zambia ................................30.5
Dominican Republic ............31.1
Saudi Arabia ........................32.3
United Arab Emirates..........36.9
Lesotho ...............................37.4
Tajikistan..............................39.6
Ethiopia ...............................41.3
Uruguay...............................46.0
Kenya ..................................46.1
Bangladesh .........................46.2
Tanzania...............................47.1
Guatemala ...........................47.3
Syria ....................................55.7
Mauritania ...........................56.2
Nigeria .................................56.6
Honduras.............................59.9
Jordan .................................66.2
El Salvador ..........................73.1
Nepal ...................................73.9
India ....................................74.6
Paraguay .............................77.6
Indonesia.............................80.0
Burkina Faso .......................82.1
Guyana ................................87.2
Uganda ................................92.0
Senegal .............................107.0
Nicaragua ..........................119.1
Cameroon .........................129.2
Mali ...................................132.1
Bolivia................................134.1
Suriname ...........................141.8
Chad ..................................188.8
Cambodia ..........................190.3
Benin .................................195.0
Burundi..............................251.0
Gambia, The......................279.0
Bahrain ..................................n/a
Barbados ...............................n/a
Cyprus ...................................n/a
Libya ......................................n/a
Malta .....................................n/a
Qatar .....................................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
379
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 380
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 381
2nd pillar
Environmental sustainability
381
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
382
2/13/08
2.01
10:16 PM
Page 382
How stringent is your countrys environmental regulation? (1 = lax compared to most countries, among the worlds most stringent)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.0
Germany ............................6.4
Denmark ............................6.4
Sweden..............................6.3
Finland................................6.0
Netherlands........................6.0
Luxembourg.......................6.0
Switzerland ........................5.9
Norway...............................5.9
Belgium..............................5.9
Austria................................5.8
New Zealand ......................5.8
Japan..................................5.7
Singapore ...........................5.6
United Kingdom .................5.5
France ................................5.5
Australia .............................5.5
Canada ...............................5.4
Czech Republic ..................5.3
Malaysia .............................5.2
Taiwan, China.....................5.1
Iceland................................5.1
Slovenia..............................5.1
Ireland ................................5.0
Slovak Republic..................5.0
Korea, Rep. ........................5.0
Tunisia ................................5.0
United States .....................5.0
Qatar ..................................4.9
Portugal..............................4.9
Oman .................................4.8
Hungary..............................4.8
Estonia ...............................4.7
Italy ....................................4.7
Puerto Rico ........................4.7
United Arab Emirates.........4.6
Israel ..................................4.6
Costa Rica ..........................4.6
Lithuania.............................4.5
Hong Kong SAR .................4.5
Chile ...................................4.5
South Africa .......................4.5
Spain ..................................4.4
India ...................................4.3
Thailand..............................4.3
Latvia..................................4.3
Brazil ..................................4.3
Uruguay..............................4.3
Poland ................................4.1
Croatia................................4.1
Mauritius ............................4.0
Greece ...............................4.0
Colombia ............................4.0
Uzbekistan .........................3.9
Mexico ...............................3.9
Gambia, The.......................3.9
Sri Lanka ............................3.9
Turkey.................................3.9
Jordan ................................3.9
Georgia...............................3.9
Barbados ............................3.8
Cyprus................................3.8
Malta ..................................3.8
Tanzania..............................3.7
Bahrain ...............................3.7
Kenya .................................3.7
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Madagascar........................3.7
Philippines..........................3.7
Pakistan..............................3.7
Benin..................................3.7
Honduras............................3.7
Namibia ..............................3.7
Romania .............................3.6
Mali ....................................3.6
Algeria ................................3.5
Burkina Faso ......................3.5
Botswana ...........................3.5
El Salvador .........................3.5
Panama ..............................3.5
Peru....................................3.5
Morocco.............................3.5
Montenegro .......................3.4
Uganda...............................3.4
Jamaica ..............................3.4
Venezuela...........................3.3
Egypt..................................3.3
Dominican Republic ...........3.3
China ..................................3.3
Bolivia.................................3.3
Kuwait ................................3.3
Guatemala..........................3.3
Russian Federation ............3.2
Mozambique ......................3.2
Azerbaijan...........................3.2
Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.2
Kazakhstan .........................3.2
Bulgaria ..............................3.2
Nicaragua ...........................3.1
Zimbabwe ..........................3.1
Cambodia ...........................3.1
Syria ...................................3.1
Guyana ...............................3.1
Vietnam..............................3.1
Libya...................................3.1
Ecuador ..............................3.1
Tajikistan.............................3.1
Saudi Arabia .......................3.1
Nigeria................................3.0
Ethiopia ..............................3.0
Moldova .............................3.0
Zambia ...............................3.0
Argentina............................3.0
Macedonia, FYR.................3.0
Mauritania ..........................2.9
Ukraine...............................2.9
Senegal ..............................2.9
Armenia..............................2.9
Indonesia............................2.8
Bangladesh ........................2.8
Serbia .................................2.8
Cameroon ..........................2.8
Paraguay ............................2.8
Nepal..................................2.7
Burundi...............................2.7
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.6
Lesotho ..............................2.4
Chad...................................2.4
Albania ...............................2.4
Suriname............................2.3
Mongolia ............................2.3
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.0
2/13/08
2.02
10:16 PM
Page 383
Environmental regulations in your country are (1 = confusing and enforced erratically, 7 = stable and enforced consistently and fairly)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 3.8
Denmark ............................6.2
Germany ............................6.1
Sweden..............................6.0
Switzerland ........................6.0
Austria................................5.8
Singapore ...........................5.8
Norway...............................5.7
Finland................................5.7
Luxembourg.......................5.6
Netherlands........................5.5
Japan..................................5.4
New Zealand ......................5.4
Australia .............................5.4
United Kingdom .................5.3
Belgium..............................5.2
France ................................5.1
Iceland................................5.0
Canada ...............................5.0
Tunisia ................................5.0
Qatar ..................................5.0
Korea, Rep. ........................5.0
Malaysia .............................4.9
Taiwan, China.....................4.9
Slovenia..............................4.9
United States .....................4.8
Puerto Rico ........................4.8
Oman .................................4.7
Hong Kong SAR .................4.6
Czech Republic ..................4.6
Estonia ...............................4.6
Ireland ................................4.6
Israel ..................................4.6
Portugal..............................4.6
United Arab Emirates.........4.6
Chile ...................................4.5
Slovak Republic..................4.4
Latvia..................................4.4
Lithuania.............................4.3
Costa Rica ..........................4.2
Thailand..............................4.1
South Africa .......................4.1
Gambia, The.......................4.1
Spain ..................................4.1
Uruguay..............................4.1
Mauritius ............................4.0
Italy ....................................4.0
Uzbekistan .........................4.0
Hungary..............................4.0
Tanzania..............................4.0
India ...................................4.0
Jordan ................................3.9
Sri Lanka ............................3.9
Croatia................................3.9
Brazil ..................................3.8
Cyprus................................3.8
Georgia...............................3.7
Barbados ............................3.7
Namibia ..............................3.7
Poland ................................3.7
Kenya .................................3.7
Madagascar........................3.6
Greece ...............................3.6
Mali ....................................3.6
Mexico ...............................3.6
Honduras............................3.6
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Bahrain ...............................3.6
Turkey.................................3.5
Colombia ............................3.5
Tajikistan.............................3.5
Burkina Faso ......................3.5
Botswana ...........................3.5
Malta ..................................3.5
China ..................................3.5
Algeria ................................3.5
Uganda...............................3.5
Romania .............................3.4
Kazakhstan .........................3.4
Morocco.............................3.4
Panama ..............................3.4
Benin..................................3.3
Azerbaijan...........................3.3
Moldova .............................3.3
Pakistan..............................3.3
Saudi Arabia .......................3.2
Kuwait ................................3.2
Nigeria................................3.2
Syria ...................................3.1
Peru....................................3.1
Venezuela...........................3.1
Mauritania ..........................3.1
Philippines..........................3.1
Vietnam..............................3.1
Bulgaria ..............................3.1
Russian Federation ............3.1
Indonesia............................3.1
Ethiopia ..............................3.0
Jamaica ..............................3.0
El Salvador .........................3.0
Mozambique ......................3.0
Guyana ...............................3.0
Guatemala..........................3.0
Egypt..................................3.0
Cambodia ...........................3.0
Libya...................................3.0
Dominican Republic ...........3.0
Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.9
Nicaragua ...........................2.9
Zimbabwe ..........................2.9
Zambia ...............................2.9
Ukraine...............................2.9
Nepal..................................2.8
Macedonia, FYR.................2.8
Bolivia.................................2.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.8
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.8
Ecuador ..............................2.8
Montenegro .......................2.8
Senegal ..............................2.7
Lesotho ..............................2.7
Argentina............................2.7
Burundi...............................2.7
Cameroon ..........................2.7
Bangladesh ........................2.6
Armenia..............................2.5
Chad...................................2.4
Paraguay ............................2.4
Serbia .................................2.4
Albania ...............................2.4
Suriname............................2.3
Mongolia ............................2.3
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 3.8
3_part2B.pag
383
3_part2B.pag
384
2/13/08
2.03
10:16 PM
Page 384
Is your countrys government taking the necessary steps to ensure that the Travel and Tourism sector is being developed in a sustainable way?
(1 = no, development of the sector does not take into account issues related to environmental protection and sustainable development, 7 = yes,
sustainable development issues are at the core of the governments strategy with regard to the industrys development)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.7
Singapore ...........................6.3
United Arab Emirates.........6.2
Austria................................6.0
Tunisia ................................6.0
Hong Kong SAR .................6.0
Malaysia .............................5.9
New Zealand ......................5.9
Barbados ............................5.9
Mauritius ............................5.8
Morocco.............................5.7
Gambia, The.......................5.7
Australia .............................5.6
Mali ....................................5.6
South Africa .......................5.6
Qatar ..................................5.6
Switzerland ........................5.6
Tanzania..............................5.5
Portugal..............................5.5
Kenya .................................5.5
France ................................5.4
Ireland ................................5.4
Puerto Rico ........................5.4
Zambia ...............................5.4
Thailand..............................5.4
Canada ...............................5.4
Denmark ............................5.4
Iceland................................5.4
Finland................................5.3
Germany ............................5.3
Botswana ...........................5.3
Sweden..............................5.3
Indonesia............................5.3
Netherlands........................5.2
Uzbekistan .........................5.2
Greece ...............................5.2
Burkina Faso ......................5.2
Luxembourg.......................5.2
Egypt..................................5.2
United States .....................5.2
Jordan ................................5.1
Korea, Rep. ........................5.1
Uganda...............................5.1
Belgium..............................5.1
Vietnam..............................5.1
Norway...............................5.1
Israel ..................................5.1
Cyprus................................5.1
Mexico ...............................5.1
United Kingdom .................5.0
Costa Rica ..........................5.0
Taiwan, China.....................5.0
Estonia ...............................5.0
Sri Lanka ............................5.0
Madagascar........................5.0
Spain ..................................5.0
Turkey.................................5.0
Namibia ..............................5.0
Oman .................................5.0
Panama ..............................4.9
Jamaica ..............................4.9
Cambodia ...........................4.9
Nigeria................................4.9
India ...................................4.9
Montenegro .......................4.9
Uruguay..............................4.9
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Honduras............................4.9
Croatia................................4.8
Senegal ..............................4.8
Malta ..................................4.8
Saudi Arabia .......................4.8
Colombia ............................4.8
Syria ...................................4.7
Tajikistan.............................4.7
Dominican Republic ...........4.7
Slovenia..............................4.6
Guatemala..........................4.6
Benin..................................4.6
El Salvador .........................4.6
Japan..................................4.6
China ..................................4.6
Czech Republic ..................4.6
Bahrain ...............................4.6
Mozambique ......................4.6
Hungary..............................4.5
Peru....................................4.5
Georgia...............................4.5
Nepal..................................4.5
Guyana ...............................4.4
Philippines..........................4.4
Chile ...................................4.4
Algeria ................................4.3
Latvia..................................4.3
Nicaragua ...........................4.3
Azerbaijan...........................4.3
Lesotho ..............................4.2
Kazakhstan .........................4.2
Armenia..............................4.2
Lithuania.............................4.2
Argentina............................4.1
Brazil ..................................4.1
Mauritania ..........................4.1
Ethiopia ..............................4.1
Pakistan..............................4.0
Bulgaria ..............................4.0
Slovak Republic..................3.9
Kyrgyz Republic .................3.8
Ecuador ..............................3.8
Serbia .................................3.7
Moldova .............................3.7
Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.7
Mongolia ............................3.7
Chad...................................3.7
Italy ....................................3.7
Poland ................................3.7
Libya...................................3.6
Cameroon ..........................3.6
Suriname............................3.5
Zimbabwe ..........................3.5
Macedonia, FYR.................3.4
Ukraine...............................3.4
Burundi...............................3.4
Romania .............................3.4
Albania ...............................3.3
Bangladesh ........................3.3
Russian Federation ............3.3
Kuwait ................................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.9
Bolivia.................................2.7
Venezuela...........................2.7
Paraguay ............................2.7
SCORE
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.7
2/13/08
2.04
10:16 PM
Page 385
RANK
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
12
12
12
15
15
15
18
18
20
20
22
22
24
24
24
27
27
27
27
27
27
33
33
33
33
37
37
39
39
41
41
41
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
59
61
62
63
64
64
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Burundi..................................0.0
Cambodia ..............................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Mali .......................................0.0
Burkina Faso .........................0.1
Ethiopia .................................0.1
Madagascar...........................0.1
Mozambique .........................0.1
Nepal .....................................0.1
Tanzania.................................0.1
Uganda ..................................0.1
Cameroon .............................0.2
Gambia, The..........................0.2
Zambia ..................................0.2
Bangladesh ...........................0.3
Benin .....................................0.3
Kenya ....................................0.3
Nigeria ...................................0.4
Senegal .................................0.4
Puerto Rico ...........................0.5
Sri Lanka ...............................0.5
Paraguay ...............................0.7
Tajikistan................................0.7
Georgia..................................0.8
Nicaragua ..............................0.8
Pakistan.................................0.8
Bolivia....................................0.9
Guatemala .............................0.9
Honduras...............................0.9
Mauritania .............................0.9
Vietnam .................................0.9
Zimbabwe .............................0.9
Albania ..................................1.0
El Salvador ............................1.0
Peru.......................................1.0
Philippines .............................1.0
Armenia.................................1.1
Kyrgyz Republic.....................1.1
India ......................................1.2
Namibia .................................1.2
Colombia ...............................1.3
Morocco ................................1.3
Uruguay.................................1.3
Indonesia...............................1.4
Costa Rica .............................1.5
Brazil .....................................1.6
Moldova ................................1.7
Ecuador .................................1.8
Panama .................................1.9
Egypt .....................................2.0
Tunisia ...................................2.1
Guyana ..................................2.2
Botswana ..............................2.3
Dominican Republic ..............2.5
Mauritius ...............................2.6
Syria ......................................2.7
Latvia.....................................2.9
Turkey....................................3.1
China .....................................3.2
Mongolia ...............................3.2
Jordan ...................................3.3
Argentina...............................3.4
Azerbaijan..............................3.5
Chile ......................................3.7
Lithuania................................3.7
66
67
67
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
77
79
79
79
82
83
84
84
86
87
88
89
90
91
91
93
94
95
95
95
95
99
100
101
102
103
104
104
106
106
108
109
110
111
112
112
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
121
123
124
125
126
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Thailand .................................3.9
Jamaica .................................4.1
Mexico ..................................4.1
Romania ................................4.2
Barbados ...............................4.4
Uzbekistan ............................4.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......4.9
Suriname ...............................5.0
Algeria ...................................5.1
Macedonia, FYR....................5.2
Croatia ...................................5.4
Portugal .................................5.5
Switzerland ...........................5.5
Bulgaria .................................5.6
Hong Kong SAR ....................5.6
Venezuela ..............................5.6
Hungary.................................5.7
Sweden .................................5.9
France ...................................6.2
Malta .....................................6.2
Malaysia ................................6.4
Ukraine ..................................6.6
Slovak Republic.....................7.0
Spain .....................................7.4
Iceland...................................7.6
Italy .......................................7.7
Slovenia.................................7.7
South Africa ..........................7.9
Poland ...................................8.0
Austria ...................................8.7
Greece ..................................8.7
Netherlands...........................8.7
New Zealand .........................8.7
Libya......................................8.9
United Kingdom ....................9.4
Korea, Rep. ...........................9.5
Japan.....................................9.6
Germany ...............................9.8
Belgium .................................9.9
Norway..................................9.9
Cyprus .................................10.1
Denmark .............................10.1
Israel ...................................10.2
Russian Federation .............10.3
Ireland .................................10.4
Kazakhstan ..........................10.7
Czech Republic ...................11.4
Singapore ............................11.4
Oman ..................................12.8
Finland.................................13.0
Estonia ................................13.5
Saudi Arabia ........................13.7
Australia ..............................17.8
Canada ................................17.9
United States ......................19.9
Luxembourg ........................22.1
Trinidad and Tobago ............22.1
Bahrain ................................31.0
Kuwait .................................32.7
United Arab Emirates..........33.4
Qatar ...................................63.0
Lesotho .................................n/a
Montenegro ..........................n/a
Serbia ....................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
385
3_part2B.pag
386
2/13/08
2.05
10:16 PM
Page 386
RANK
1
2
3
3
5
6
6
8
8
8
8
8
8
14
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
22
22
22
22
22
27
27
27
30
30
32
32
34
34
36
36
38
38
38
41
42
42
44
44
44
47
48
48
50
51
51
53
54
54
54
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Venezuela ..............................7.0
Lithuania..............................10.0
Norway................................12.0
Sweden ...............................12.0
France .................................14.0
New Zealand .......................15.0
United Kingdom ..................15.0
Australia ..............................16.0
Estonia ................................16.0
Latvia...................................16.0
Mauritius .............................16.0
Romania ..............................16.0
Slovak Republic...................16.0
Uganda ................................17.0
Hungary...............................18.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....19.0
Canada ................................19.0
Finland.................................19.0
Germany .............................19.0
Ireland .................................19.0
Kazakhstan ..........................19.0
Denmark .............................20.0
Macedonia, FYR..................20.0
Morocco ..............................20.0
Puerto Rico .........................20.0
Russian Federation .............20.0
Colombia .............................23.0
Czech Republic ...................23.0
United States ......................23.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................24.0
Switzerland .........................24.0
Belgium ...............................25.0
Ecuador ...............................25.0
Portugal ...............................26.0
South Africa ........................26.0
Italy .....................................27.0
Ukraine ................................27.0
Brazil ...................................28.0
Tanzania...............................28.0
Zimbabwe ...........................28.0
Malaysia ..............................29.0
Dominican Republic ............30.0
Slovenia...............................30.0
Croatia .................................31.0
Japan...................................31.0
Nicaragua ............................31.0
Philippines ...........................32.0
Spain ...................................33.0
Tunisia .................................33.0
Netherlands.........................34.0
Austria .................................35.0
El Salvador ..........................35.0
Panama ...............................37.0
Israel ...................................38.0
Korea, Rep. .........................38.0
Poland .................................38.0
Burundi................................39.0
Costa Rica ...........................39.0
Kenya ..................................39.0
Mexico ................................39.0
Moldova ..............................39.0
Mozambique .......................39.0
Nepal ...................................39.0
Greece ................................41.0
Jamaica ...............................42.0
66
66
68
69
69
71
72
73
74
74
76
76
78
79
80
81
81
83
83
85
85
87
88
88
90
90
90
90
94
95
95
95
98
99
99
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Benin ...................................43.0
Namibia ...............................43.0
Singapore ............................44.0
Georgia................................45.0
Madagascar.........................45.0
Honduras.............................47.0
Turkey..................................48.0
Jordan .................................50.0
Chile ....................................54.0
Lesotho ...............................54.0
Bulgaria ...............................55.0
Tajikistan..............................55.0
Albania ................................56.0
Zambia ................................58.0
Azerbaijan............................59.0
Cambodia ............................64.0
Cameroon ...........................64.0
Peru.....................................65.0
Vietnam ...............................65.0
Guatemala ...........................67.0
Nigeria .................................67.0
Mongolia .............................68.0
Armenia...............................69.0
Botswana ............................69.0
China ...................................72.0
Hong Kong SAR ..................72.0
India ....................................72.0
Taiwan, China ......................72.0
Thailand ...............................73.0
Ethiopia ...............................76.0
Senegal ...............................76.0
Uzbekistan ..........................76.0
Argentina.............................78.0
Bolivia..................................86.0
Syria ....................................86.0
Algeria .................................88.0
Burkina Faso .......................94.0
Gambia, The........................95.0
Libya....................................98.0
Paraguay ...........................101.0
Indonesia...........................102.0
Mauritania .........................103.0
Sri Lanka ...........................104.0
Kuwait ...............................108.0
Trinidad and Tobago ..........114.0
Oman ................................120.0
United Arab Emirates........126.0
Chad ..................................127.0
Pakistan.............................128.0
Saudi Arabia ......................133.0
Uruguay.............................134.0
Egypt .................................135.0
Bangladesh .......................140.0
Mali ...................................165.0
Bahrain ..................................n/a
Barbados ...............................n/a
Cyprus ...................................n/a
Guyana ..................................n/a
Iceland ...................................n/a
Luxembourg ..........................n/a
Malta .....................................n/a
Montenegro ..........................n/a
Qatar .....................................n/a
Serbia ....................................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
2.06
10:16 PM
Page 387
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Barbados ...............................0.8
Luxembourg ..........................1.3
Suriname ...............................1.3
Ireland ...................................1.6
Denmark ...............................1.7
Malta .....................................1.8
Guyana ..................................1.8
Switzerland ...........................1.9
Burkina Faso .........................2.0
Trinidad and Tobago ..............2.1
Finland...................................2.1
Zambia ..................................2.2
Botswana ..............................2.2
Sweden .................................2.2
Benin .....................................2.3
El Salvador ............................2.4
Gambia, The..........................2.4
Lesotho .................................2.5
Mali .......................................2.6
Belgium .................................2.6
Nicaragua ..............................2.6
Estonia ..................................2.6
Latvia.....................................2.7
Albania ..................................2.7
Cyprus ...................................2.7
Austria ...................................2.8
Senegal .................................2.8
Chad ......................................2.9
Czech Republic .....................3.1
Germany ...............................3.1
Netherlands...........................3.1
Zimbabwe .............................3.1
Slovenia.................................3.1
United Kingdom ....................3.3
Burundi..................................3.3
Mauritania .............................3.4
Lithuania................................3.4
Norway..................................3.5
Libya......................................3.6
Uganda ..................................3.7
Qatar .....................................3.7
Slovak Republic.....................3.7
Namibia .................................3.8
Bahrain ..................................3.8
Mozambique .........................3.9
Bolivia....................................4.0
Singapore ..............................4.0
Paraguay ...............................4.0
Canada ..................................4.3
Kenya ....................................4.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......4.3
France ...................................4.3
Iceland...................................4.4
Nigeria ...................................4.4
Kuwait ...................................4.4
Montenegro ..........................4.5
Poland ...................................4.6
Hungary.................................4.7
Macedonia, FYR....................4.8
Egypt .....................................4.9
Serbia ....................................4.9
Italy .......................................5.0
Tajikistan................................5.1
Moldova ................................5.2
Croatia ...................................5.3
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Oman ....................................5.3
Tunisia ...................................5.5
Israel .....................................5.6
Portugal .................................5.6
Saudi Arabia ..........................5.7
Bulgaria .................................5.7
Greece ..................................5.7
Jordan ...................................5.7
Syria ......................................5.9
Ethiopia .................................6.0
Venezuela ..............................6.0
Pakistan.................................6.1
Romania ................................6.2
Georgia..................................6.2
Morocco ................................6.2
Uruguay.................................6.3
Uzbekistan ............................6.4
Nepal .....................................6.4
Algeria ...................................6.4
Thailand .................................6.4
Armenia.................................6.4
Ukraine ..................................6.7
Panama .................................6.7
United Arab Emirates............6.8
Kyrgyz Republic.....................6.8
Honduras...............................6.9
Azerbaijan..............................7.0
Kazakhstan ............................7.0
Argentina...............................7.2
Costa Rica .............................7.2
Mongolia ...............................7.2
Puerto Rico ...........................7.3
Tanzania.................................7.3
South Africa ..........................7.3
Brazil .....................................7.4
Spain .....................................7.5
Bangladesh ...........................7.5
Hong Kong SAR ....................7.5
Turkey....................................7.7
Cameroon .............................8.0
Cambodia ..............................8.0
Vietnam .................................8.0
Korea, Rep. ...........................8.1
Taiwan, China ........................8.3
Peru.......................................8.4
Guatemala .............................9.0
Russian Federation .............10.0
United States ......................10.6
Malaysia ..............................11.2
Ecuador ...............................11.2
Colombia .............................11.6
Chile ....................................11.6
Indonesia.............................11.7
China ...................................12.5
India ....................................12.6
Australia ..............................13.2
Jamaica ...............................13.6
Japan...................................14.4
Sri Lanka .............................15.4
Dominican Republic ............15.8
Mexico ................................16.8
Philippines ...........................19.8
Madagascar.........................22.5
Mauritius .............................22.7
New Zealand .......................32.4
SOURCE: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Red List of Threatened Species 2007
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
387
3_part2B.pag
388
2/13/08
2.07
10:16 PM
Page 388
RANK
1
1
1
1
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
63
63
63
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
France .................................23.0
Greece ................................23.0
Spain ...................................23.0
Sweden ...............................23.0
Denmark .............................22.0
Finland.................................22.0
Germany .............................22.0
Ireland .................................22.0
Japan...................................22.0
Kenya ..................................22.0
Netherlands.........................22.0
New Zealand .......................22.0
Norway................................22.0
Portugal ...............................22.0
Senegal ...............................22.0
Slovenia...............................22.0
United Kingdom ..................22.0
Australia ..............................21.0
Belgium ...............................21.0
Bulgaria ...............................21.0
Chile ....................................21.0
India ....................................21.0
Italy .....................................21.0
Jordan .................................21.0
Luxembourg ........................21.0
Switzerland .........................21.0
Uruguay...............................21.0
Austria .................................20.0
Brazil ...................................20.0
Cyprus .................................20.0
Czech Republic ...................20.0
Egypt ...................................20.0
Latvia...................................20.0
Libya....................................20.0
Lithuania..............................20.0
Madagascar.........................20.0
Mauritania ...........................20.0
Mauritius .............................20.0
Nigeria .................................20.0
Panama ...............................20.0
Philippines ...........................20.0
Poland .................................20.0
Romania ..............................20.0
South Africa ........................20.0
Argentina.............................19.0
Bangladesh .........................19.0
Benin ...................................19.0
Canada ................................19.0
China ...................................19.0
Costa Rica ...........................19.0
Croatia .................................19.0
Ecuador ...............................19.0
Hungary...............................19.0
Iceland.................................19.0
Malta ...................................19.0
Mexico ................................19.0
Namibia ...............................19.0
Peru.....................................19.0
Slovak Republic...................19.0
Sri Lanka .............................19.0
Tunisia .................................19.0
Ukraine ................................19.0
Algeria .................................18.0
Bolivia..................................18.0
Jamaica ...............................18.0
63
63
63
63
63
63
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
72
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
88
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
97
109
109
109
109
109
109
115
115
115
115
115
115
121
121
123
123
125
125
125
n/a
n/a
n/a
SOURCE: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Environmental Law Centre ELIS Treaty Database
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 389
3rd pillar
Safety and security
389
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
390
2/13/08
3.01
10:16 PM
Page 390
The threat of terrorism in your country (1 = imposes significant costs on business, 7 = does not impose significant costs on business)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 5.3
Finland................................6.6
Libya...................................6.6
Syria ...................................6.4
Uruguay..............................6.4
Slovak Republic..................6.3
Mauritius ............................6.3
Montenegro .......................6.3
Austria................................6.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....6.2
Brazil ..................................6.2
Hungary..............................6.2
Argentina............................6.2
Hong Kong SAR .................6.1
Iceland................................6.1
Slovenia..............................6.1
Czech Republic ..................6.1
New Zealand ......................6.1
Sweden..............................6.1
Croatia................................6.0
Zimbabwe ..........................6.0
Luxembourg.......................6.0
Puerto Rico ........................6.0
Portugal..............................6.0
Zambia ...............................6.0
Malta ..................................6.0
Lithuania.............................6.0
Estonia ...............................6.0
Chile ...................................6.0
Norway...............................5.9
Indonesia............................5.9
Gambia, The.......................5.9
Namibia ..............................5.9
Botswana ...........................5.9
Dominican Republic ...........5.8
Ireland ................................5.8
Greece ...............................5.8
Costa Rica ..........................5.8
Switzerland ........................5.8
Tunisia ................................5.8
Armenia..............................5.8
Georgia...............................5.8
Mongolia ............................5.8
South Africa .......................5.8
Latvia..................................5.7
Cameroon ..........................5.7
Qatar ..................................5.7
Germany ............................5.7
Senegal ..............................5.7
Mauritania ..........................5.6
Cyprus................................5.6
Denmark ............................5.6
Serbia .................................5.6
Mexico ...............................5.6
Romania .............................5.6
United Arab Emirates.........5.6
Paraguay ............................5.5
Jamaica ..............................5.5
Moldova .............................5.5
Malaysia .............................5.5
Mali ....................................5.5
Ecuador ..............................5.5
Barbados ............................5.5
Taiwan, China.....................5.5
Bolivia.................................5.5
Nicaragua ...........................5.5
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Ukraine...............................5.4
Honduras............................5.4
Ethiopia ..............................5.4
Kuwait ................................5.4
Panama ..............................5.4
Tanzania..............................5.4
Belgium..............................5.4
Azerbaijan...........................5.4
France ................................5.4
Jordan ................................5.3
Oman .................................5.3
Benin..................................5.3
Korea, Rep. ........................5.3
Australia .............................5.3
Burkina Faso ......................5.3
Mozambique ......................5.2
Kazakhstan .........................5.2
Saudi Arabia .......................5.2
Vietnam..............................5.2
Singapore ...........................5.2
Italy ....................................5.2
Canada ...............................5.1
Bahrain ...............................5.1
Suriname............................5.1
Madagascar........................5.1
Netherlands........................5.0
Morocco.............................5.0
India ...................................4.9
Cambodia ...........................4.9
Lesotho ..............................4.9
Poland ................................4.9
Peru....................................4.9
Guatemala..........................4.8
Albania ...............................4.8
Turkey.................................4.8
Venezuela...........................4.8
Thailand..............................4.8
Bulgaria ..............................4.7
Japan..................................4.7
Tajikistan.............................4.7
Egypt..................................4.7
Spain ..................................4.7
Russian Federation ............4.7
China ..................................4.6
Kyrgyz Republic .................4.6
Macedonia, FYR.................4.5
Uzbekistan .........................4.5
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.5
Guyana ...............................4.4
Chad...................................4.4
El Salvador .........................4.3
Algeria ................................4.3
Burundi...............................4.2
Bangladesh ........................4.2
United Kingdom .................4.1
Nigeria................................4.1
Pakistan..............................3.9
United States .....................3.9
Kenya .................................3.8
Uganda...............................3.7
Philippines..........................3.7
Israel ..................................3.5
Colombia ............................3.1
Sri Lanka ............................3.0
Nepal..................................2.1
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 5.3
2/13/08
3.02
10:16 PM
Page 391
Police services (1 = cannot be relied upon to protect businesses from criminals, 7 = can be relied upon to protect businesses from criminals)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.3
Finland................................6.7
Denmark ............................6.6
Germany ............................6.6
Singapore ...........................6.5
Switzerland ........................6.5
Iceland................................6.4
Hong Kong SAR .................6.3
Norway...............................6.2
Austria................................6.2
United Arab Emirates.........6.1
Canada ...............................6.1
Australia .............................6.0
Netherlands........................5.9
Jordan ................................5.9
Luxembourg.......................5.8
France ................................5.8
Qatar ..................................5.8
New Zealand ......................5.8
Japan..................................5.7
United States .....................5.7
Sweden..............................5.7
Spain ..................................5.6
Tunisia ................................5.6
Barbados ............................5.6
Ireland ................................5.6
Chile ...................................5.6
Korea, Rep. ........................5.5
Malta ..................................5.5
United Kingdom .................5.4
Belgium..............................5.4
Malaysia .............................5.4
Portugal..............................5.4
Kuwait ................................5.4
Oman .................................5.1
Cyprus................................5.0
Morocco.............................5.0
Puerto Rico ........................4.9
Taiwan, China.....................4.9
Algeria ................................4.8
Bahrain ...............................4.8
Hungary..............................4.8
Italy ....................................4.8
Greece ...............................4.7
Estonia ...............................4.7
Georgia...............................4.6
Saudi Arabia .......................4.6
Slovenia..............................4.6
Senegal ..............................4.6
Mali ....................................4.6
Vietnam..............................4.6
Thailand..............................4.6
Turkey.................................4.6
Israel ..................................4.5
Burkina Faso ......................4.5
Uzbekistan .........................4.5
Nicaragua ...........................4.5
Egypt..................................4.4
Gambia, The.......................4.4
China ..................................4.4
India ...................................4.4
Latvia..................................4.3
Suriname............................4.3
Croatia................................4.3
Mauritius ............................4.3
Botswana ...........................4.3
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Benin..................................4.2
Tajikistan.............................4.2
Ethiopia ..............................4.2
Colombia ............................4.1
Serbia .................................4.1
Azerbaijan...........................4.1
Slovak Republic..................4.1
Zambia ...............................4.1
Panama ..............................4.0
Albania ...............................4.0
Mauritania ..........................4.0
Poland ................................4.0
Macedonia, FYR.................4.0
Costa Rica ..........................4.0
Lithuania.............................4.0
Montenegro .......................3.9
Romania .............................3.9
Tanzania..............................3.9
Syria ...................................3.9
Madagascar........................3.9
Uruguay..............................3.8
Czech Republic ..................3.8
Cameroon ..........................3.7
Sri Lanka ............................3.7
Uganda...............................3.6
Kazakhstan .........................3.6
Armenia..............................3.6
Indonesia............................3.6
Burundi...............................3.6
Pakistan..............................3.6
Kenya .................................3.5
El Salvador .........................3.5
Philippines..........................3.5
Libya...................................3.5
Lesotho ..............................3.4
Namibia ..............................3.4
Honduras............................3.3
South Africa .......................3.2
Ukraine...............................3.1
Bulgaria ..............................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.1
Nepal..................................3.0
Cambodia ...........................3.0
Moldova .............................3.0
Russian Federation ............3.0
Mozambique ......................2.9
Jamaica ..............................2.9
Mongolia ............................2.8
Nigeria................................2.8
Peru....................................2.8
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.7
Dominican Republic ...........2.7
Mexico ...............................2.6
Brazil ..................................2.6
Ecuador ..............................2.5
Guyana ...............................2.5
Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.5
Zimbabwe ..........................2.5
Argentina............................2.5
Bangladesh ........................2.4
Guatemala..........................2.4
Paraguay ............................2.3
Bolivia.................................2.3
Chad...................................2.2
Venezuela...........................2.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.3
3_part2B.pag
391
3_part2B.pag
392
2/13/08
3.03
10:16 PM
Page 392
The incidence of common crime and violence (e.g., street muggings, firms being looted) (1 = imposes significant costs on businesses, 7 = does not
impose significant costs on businesses)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
Syria ...................................6.7
Finland................................6.7
Iceland................................6.6
Libya...................................6.5
Denmark ............................6.5
Norway...............................6.4
Germany ............................6.4
Austria................................6.4
Hong Kong SAR .................6.4
Singapore ...........................6.3
Switzerland ........................6.3
Qatar ..................................6.2
Jordan ................................6.2
United Arab Emirates.........6.1
Malta ..................................6.0
Sweden..............................5.9
New Zealand ......................5.9
Kuwait ................................5.9
Luxembourg.......................5.9
Greece ...............................5.9
Portugal..............................5.9
Slovenia..............................5.8
Cyprus................................5.7
Indonesia............................5.7
Tunisia ................................5.7
Australia .............................5.6
Azerbaijan...........................5.5
Taiwan, China.....................5.5
Israel ..................................5.5
Belgium..............................5.5
Hungary..............................5.5
Japan..................................5.4
Bahrain ...............................5.4
Slovak Republic..................5.4
Armenia..............................5.4
Estonia ...............................5.4
Latvia..................................5.4
Montenegro .......................5.4
Canada ...............................5.3
Korea, Rep. ........................5.3
Oman .................................5.3
Czech Republic ..................5.3
Ireland ................................5.2
Saudi Arabia .......................5.2
India ...................................5.2
Malaysia .............................5.2
Gambia, The.......................5.1
Mauritius ............................5.1
Egypt..................................5.1
Thailand..............................5.1
Georgia...............................5.1
France ................................5.1
Morocco.............................5.0
Spain ..................................5.0
Mauritania ..........................5.0
Lithuania.............................5.0
Netherlands........................5.0
Turkey.................................4.9
Ethiopia ..............................4.9
Vietnam..............................4.9
Barbados ............................4.9
Croatia................................4.9
Serbia .................................4.9
United Kingdom .................4.7
Chile ...................................4.6
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Italy ....................................4.6
Puerto Rico ........................4.5
Kazakhstan .........................4.5
Moldova .............................4.4
Senegal ..............................4.4
Uzbekistan .........................4.4
Ukraine...............................4.4
China ..................................4.4
United States .....................4.4
Mali ....................................4.4
Tajikistan.............................4.3
Algeria ................................4.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.3
Nicaragua ...........................4.3
Panama ..............................4.3
Poland ................................4.2
Mongolia ............................4.2
Sri Lanka ............................4.2
Philippines..........................4.2
Uruguay..............................4.2
Russian Federation ............4.0
Botswana ...........................4.0
Tanzania..............................4.0
Albania ...............................3.9
Cambodia ...........................3.9
Pakistan..............................3.9
Macedonia, FYR.................3.8
Burkina Faso ......................3.8
Romania .............................3.8
Bolivia.................................3.8
Burundi...............................3.7
Bulgaria ..............................3.7
Zimbabwe ..........................3.7
Cameroon ..........................3.6
Uganda...............................3.6
Kyrgyz Republic .................3.6
Namibia ..............................3.6
Benin..................................3.6
Zambia ...............................3.5
Bangladesh ........................3.5
Argentina............................3.5
Ecuador ..............................3.4
Costa Rica ..........................3.4
Suriname............................3.4
Dominican Republic ...........3.4
Madagascar........................3.3
Colombia ............................3.2
Nepal..................................3.1
Peru....................................3.1
Mozambique ......................3.0
Paraguay ............................3.0
Lesotho ..............................2.9
Honduras............................2.9
Mexico ...............................2.9
Nigeria................................2.9
Brazil ..................................2.8
Chad...................................2.8
Kenya .................................2.5
Trinidad and Tobago ...........2.4
South Africa .......................2.3
Venezuela...........................2.2
Guatemala..........................2.1
Guyana ...............................2.1
Jamaica ..............................2.0
El Salvador .........................2.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.6
2/13/08
3.04
10:16 PM
Page 393
Estimated deaths per 100,000 population due to road traffic accidents | 2002
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Malta .....................................0.0
Barbados ...............................0.0
Iceland...................................0.0
Jamaica .................................0.1
Slovak Republic.....................0.1
Luxembourg ..........................0.1
Albania ..................................0.1
Guyana ..................................0.1
Bahrain ..................................0.1
Suriname ...............................0.1
Macedonia, FYR....................0.1
Qatar .....................................0.1
Trinidad and Tobago ..............0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......0.2
Mauritius ...............................0.2
Estonia ..................................0.2
Cyprus ...................................0.2
Singapore ..............................0.2
Tajikistan................................0.3
Slovenia.................................0.3
Botswana ..............................0.3
Georgia..................................0.3
Armenia.................................0.3
Norway..................................0.3
Oman ....................................0.3
Uruguay.................................0.4
Kuwait ...................................0.4
Ireland ...................................0.4
Gambia, The..........................0.4
Lesotho .................................0.4
Switzerland ...........................0.4
Panama .................................0.4
Finland...................................0.4
Azerbaijan..............................0.4
Namibia .................................0.4
Denmark ...............................0.5
New Zealand .........................0.5
Israel .....................................0.5
Paraguay ...............................0.5
Sweden .................................0.6
Croatia ...................................0.6
Latvia.....................................0.6
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.6
Moldova ................................0.7
Lithuania................................0.7
Costa Rica .............................0.7
Guatemala .............................0.8
Austria ...................................0.8
Nicaragua ..............................0.9
Libya......................................1.0
Bulgaria .................................1.0
Honduras...............................1.0
Czech Republic .....................1.0
Netherlands...........................1.0
Mauritania .............................1.1
Mongolia ...............................1.1
Belgium .................................1.4
Zambia ..................................1.4
United Arab Emirates............1.5
Jordan ...................................1.5
Bolivia....................................1.5
Hungary.................................1.6
Sri Lanka ...............................1.6
Australia ................................1.7
Portugal .................................1.7
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Burundi..................................1.8
Ecuador .................................1.9
El Salvador ............................1.9
Zimbabwe .............................1.9
Benin .....................................2.1
Dominican Republic ..............2.1
Greece ..................................2.2
Uzbekistan ............................2.2
Syria ......................................2.3
Chile ......................................2.3
Kazakhstan ............................2.5
Mozambique .........................2.6
Canada ..................................2.7
Cambodia ..............................2.8
Romania ................................2.8
Chad ......................................2.9
Tunisia ...................................3.0
Senegal .................................3.1
Malaysia ................................3.5
Nepal .....................................3.8
United Kingdom ....................3.9
Peru.......................................4.2
Argentina...............................4.4
Mali .......................................4.9
Burkina Faso .........................5.1
Madagascar...........................5.1
Cameroon .............................5.2
Algeria ...................................5.4
Saudi Arabia ..........................5.6
Morocco ................................5.7
Poland ...................................6.0
Turkey....................................6.2
Ukraine ..................................6.3
Spain .....................................6.5
Uganda ..................................6.9
Venezuela ..............................6.9
Kenya ....................................7.1
Germany ...............................7.1
Italy .......................................7.6
Philippines .............................7.9
Colombia ...............................8.1
France ...................................8.3
Egypt .....................................8.7
Tanzania...............................10.1
Korea, Rep. .........................10.6
Japan...................................11.1
Mexico ................................12.3
Vietnam ...............................12.4
South Africa ........................13.6
Pakistan...............................17.7
Ethiopia ...............................18.0
Thailand ...............................18.7
Bangladesh .........................19.3
Nigeria .................................32.3
Brazil ...................................34.9
Russian Federation .............44.6
United States ......................45.1
Indonesia.............................51.9
India ..................................189.0
China .................................250.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................n/a
Montenegro ..........................n/a
Puerto Rico............................n/a
Serbia ....................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
393
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 394
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 395
4th pillar
Health and hygiene
395
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
396
2/13/08
4.01
10:16 PM
Page 396
Physician density per 1,000 people | 2004 or most recent year available
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
16
18
19
19
21
21
23
24
25
25
25
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
38
38
41
42
43
44
45
46
46
48
49
49
51
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Greece ..................................4.4
Russian Federation ...............4.3
Italy .......................................4.2
Georgia..................................4.1
Lithuania................................4.0
Belgium .................................3.9
Israel .....................................3.8
Uruguay.................................3.7
Iceland...................................3.6
Switzerland ...........................3.6
Armenia.................................3.6
Bulgaria .................................3.6
Azerbaijan..............................3.5
Kazakhstan ............................3.5
Czech Republic .....................3.5
Austria ...................................3.4
Germany ...............................3.4
France ...................................3.4
Portugal .................................3.3
Sweden .................................3.3
Hungary.................................3.2
Spain .....................................3.2
Malta .....................................3.2
Estonia ..................................3.2
Netherlands...........................3.1
Norway..................................3.1
Slovak Republic.....................3.1
Latvia.....................................3.0
Argentina...............................3.0
Ukraine ..................................3.0
Denmark ...............................2.9
Ireland ...................................2.8
Uzbekistan ............................2.7
Luxembourg ..........................2.7
Moldova ................................2.6
Mongolia ...............................2.6
Finland...................................2.6
Australia ................................2.5
Kyrgyz Republic.....................2.5
Poland ...................................2.5
Croatia ...................................2.4
Cyprus ...................................2.3
United States ........................2.3
Slovenia.................................2.3
Qatar .....................................2.2
New Zealand .........................2.2
United Kingdom ....................2.2
Macedonia, FYR....................2.2
Canada ..................................2.1
Puerto Rico ...........................2.1
Montenegro ..........................2.1
Serbia ....................................2.1
Brazil .....................................2.1
Tajikistan................................2.0
Jordan ...................................2.0
United Arab Emirates............2.0
Japan.....................................2.0
Venezuela ..............................1.9
Romania ................................1.9
Dominican Republic ..............1.9
China .....................................1.6
Korea, Rep. ...........................1.6
Kuwait ...................................1.5
Panama .................................1.5
Mexico ..................................1.5
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
n/a
n/a
SOURCE: World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2007, national sources
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
4.02
10:16 PM
Page 397
RANK
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
37
37
37
40
40
42
42
44
45
45
47
47
47
47
51
52
52
54
54
54
54
58
59
60
61
61
61
64
64
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Australia ............................100.0
Austria ...............................100.0
Bahrain ..............................100.0
Barbados ...........................100.0
Belgium .............................100.0
Canada ..............................100.0
Croatia ...............................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Denmark ...........................100.0
Finland...............................100.0
France ...............................100.0
Germany ...........................100.0
Greece ..............................100.0
Hong Kong SAR ................100.0
Iceland...............................100.0
Ireland ...............................100.0
Israel .................................100.0
Italy ...................................100.0
Japan.................................100.0
Korea, Rep. .......................100.0
Kuwait ...............................100.0
Luxembourg ......................100.0
Netherlands.......................100.0
New Zealand .....................100.0
Norway..............................100.0
Portugal .............................100.0
Qatar .................................100.0
Singapore ..........................100.0
Slovenia.............................100.0
Spain .................................100.0
Sweden .............................100.0
Switzerland .......................100.0
Trinidad and Tobago ..........100.0
United Kingdom ................100.0
United States ....................100.0
Uruguay.............................100.0
Bulgaria ...............................99.0
Slovak Republic...................99.0
Thailand ...............................99.0
Czech Republic ...................98.0
United Arab Emirates..........98.0
Estonia ................................97.0
Libya....................................97.0
Ukraine ................................96.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....95.0
Hungary...............................95.0
Georgia................................94.0
Malaysia ..............................94.0
Mauritius .............................94.0
Suriname .............................94.0
Jordan .................................93.0
Algeria .................................92.0
Costa Rica ...........................92.0
Albania ................................91.0
Argentina.............................91.0
Chile ....................................91.0
Sri Lanka .............................91.0
Syria ....................................90.0
Ecuador ...............................89.0
Turkey..................................88.0
Montenegro ........................87.0
Russian Federation .............87.0
Serbia ..................................87.0
Colombia .............................86.0
Guatemala ...........................86.0
66
67
68
68
70
71
71
73
74
74
76
76
78
78
80
81
81
83
84
85
86
87
88
88
88
91
92
92
94
95
95
97
97
97
100
100
102
102
104
104
106
106
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
114
116
116
118
119
120
120
122
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Tunisia .................................85.0
Armenia...............................83.0
Jamaica ...............................80.0
Paraguay .............................80.0
Mexico ................................79.0
Dominican Republic ............78.0
Latvia...................................78.0
Brazil ...................................75.0
Morocco ..............................73.0
Panama ...............................73.0
Kazakhstan ..........................72.0
Philippines ...........................72.0
Egypt ...................................70.0
Guyana ................................70.0
Honduras.............................69.0
Moldova ..............................68.0
Venezuela ............................68.0
Uzbekistan ..........................67.0
South Africa ........................65.0
Peru.....................................63.0
El Salvador ..........................62.0
Vietnam ...............................61.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................59.0
Mongolia .............................59.0
Pakistan...............................59.0
Senegal ...............................57.0
Indonesia.............................55.0
Zambia ................................55.0
Azerbaijan............................54.0
Gambia, The........................53.0
Zimbabwe ...........................53.0
Cameroon ...........................51.0
Romania ..............................51.0
Tajikistan..............................51.0
Nicaragua ............................47.0
Tanzania...............................47.0
Bolivia..................................46.0
Mali .....................................46.0
China ...................................44.0
Nigeria .................................44.0
Kenya ..................................43.0
Uganda ................................43.0
Botswana ............................42.0
Bangladesh .........................39.0
Lesotho ...............................37.0
Burundi................................36.0
Nepal ...................................35.0
Mauritania ...........................34.0
Benin ...................................33.0
India ....................................33.0
Madagascar.........................32.0
Mozambique .......................32.0
Namibia ...............................25.0
Cambodia ............................17.0
Burkina Faso .......................13.0
Ethiopia ...............................13.0
Chad ......................................9.0
Lithuania ................................n/a
Macedonia, FYR ....................n/a
Malta .....................................n/a
Oman ....................................n/a
Poland ...................................n/a
Puerto Rico............................n/a
Saudi Arabia ..........................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
397
3_part2B.pag
398
2/13/08
4.03
10:16 PM
Page 398
RANK
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
39
39
39
39
39
44
45
45
45
45
45
45
51
51
51
51
55
55
55
55
59
60
60
60
60
60
60
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Australia ............................100.0
Austria ...............................100.0
Barbados ...........................100.0
Belgium .............................100.0
Canada ..............................100.0
Croatia ...............................100.0
Cyprus ...............................100.0
Czech Republic .................100.0
Denmark ...........................100.0
Estonia ..............................100.0
Finland...............................100.0
France ...............................100.0
Germany ...........................100.0
Greece ..............................100.0
Hong Kong SAR ................100.0
Iceland...............................100.0
Ireland ...............................100.0
Israel .................................100.0
Italy ...................................100.0
Japan.................................100.0
Luxembourg ......................100.0
Malta .................................100.0
Mauritius ...........................100.0
Netherlands.......................100.0
New Zealand .....................100.0
Norway..............................100.0
Portugal .............................100.0
Qatar .................................100.0
Singapore ..........................100.0
Slovak Republic.................100.0
Slovenia.............................100.0
Spain .................................100.0
Sweden .............................100.0
Switzerland .......................100.0
United Arab Emirates........100.0
United Kingdom ................100.0
United States ....................100.0
Uruguay.............................100.0
Bulgaria ...............................99.0
Hungary...............................99.0
Latvia...................................99.0
Malaysia ..............................99.0
Thailand ...............................99.0
Egypt ...................................98.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....97.0
Costa Rica ...........................97.0
Jordan .................................97.0
Mexico ................................97.0
Puerto Rico .........................97.0
Russian Federation .............97.0
Albania ................................96.0
Argentina.............................96.0
Turkey..................................96.0
Ukraine ................................96.0
Botswana ............................95.0
Chile ....................................95.0
Dominican Republic ............95.0
Guatemala ...........................95.0
Ecuador ...............................94.0
Colombia .............................93.0
Jamaica ...............................93.0
Montenegro ........................93.0
Serbia ..................................93.0
Syria ....................................93.0
Tunisia .................................93.0
66
66
66
66
70
70
72
72
72
75
76
76
78
78
78
81
81
81
81
85
86
86
86
89
89
89
92
92
94
94
94
94
98
98
98
98
102
103
104
105
106
106
108
108
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Armenia...............................92.0
Korea, Rep. .........................92.0
Moldova ..............................92.0
Suriname .............................92.0
Pakistan...............................91.0
Trinidad and Tobago ............91.0
Brazil ...................................90.0
Nepal ...................................90.0
Panama ...............................90.0
South Africa ........................88.0
Honduras.............................87.0
Namibia ...............................87.0
India ....................................86.0
Kazakhstan ..........................86.0
Paraguay .............................86.0
Algeria .................................85.0
Bolivia..................................85.0
Philippines ...........................85.0
Vietnam ...............................85.0
El Salvador ..........................84.0
Guyana ................................83.0
Peru.....................................83.0
Venezuela ............................83.0
Gambia, The........................82.0
Georgia................................82.0
Uzbekistan ..........................82.0
Morocco ..............................81.0
Zimbabwe ...........................81.0
Burundi................................79.0
Lesotho ...............................79.0
Nicaragua ............................79.0
Sri Lanka .............................79.0
Azerbaijan............................77.0
China ...................................77.0
Indonesia.............................77.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................77.0
Senegal ...............................76.0
Bangladesh .........................74.0
Benin ...................................67.0
Cameroon ...........................66.0
Mongolia .............................62.0
Tanzania...............................62.0
Burkina Faso .......................61.0
Kenya ..................................61.0
Uganda ................................60.0
Tajikistan..............................59.0
Zambia ................................58.0
Romania ..............................57.0
Mauritania ...........................53.0
Mali .....................................50.0
Nigeria .................................48.0
Madagascar.........................46.0
Mozambique .......................43.0
Chad ....................................42.0
Cambodia ............................41.0
Ethiopia ...............................22.0
Bahrain ..................................n/a
Kuwait ...................................n/a
Libya ......................................n/a
Lithuania ................................n/a
Macedonia, FYR ....................n/a
Oman ....................................n/a
Poland ...................................n/a
Saudi Arabia ..........................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
4.04
10:16 PM
Page 399
Hospital beds per 10,000 population | 2005 or most recent year available
RANK
1
2
3
4
4
6
7
8
9
10
10
12
12
12
12
16
17
18
19
19
21
21
23
23
25
26
27
28
29
29
31
32
32
34
34
36
37
38
39
39
41
42
42
44
45
45
47
48
48
50
51
52
53
53
55
55
57
58
58
58
58
62
63
64
64
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Japan.................................129.0
Russian Federation .............97.0
Ukraine ................................87.0
Czech Republic ...................84.0
Germany .............................84.0
Azerbaijan............................82.0
Lithuania..............................81.0
Hungary...............................79.0
Kazakhstan ..........................78.0
Austria .................................77.0
Latvia...................................77.0
France .................................75.0
Iceland.................................75.0
Malta ...................................75.0
Mongolia .............................75.0
Barbados .............................73.0
Finland.................................70.0
Slovak Republic...................69.0
Korea, Rep. .........................66.0
Romania ..............................66.0
Bulgaria ...............................64.0
Moldova ..............................64.0
Israel ...................................63.0
Luxembourg ........................63.0
Tajikistan..............................62.0
New Zealand .......................60.0
Serbia ..................................59.0
Estonia ................................58.0
Ireland .................................57.0
Switzerland .........................57.0
Croatia .................................55.0
Belgium ...............................53.0
Poland .................................53.0
Sweden ...............................52.0
Uzbekistan ..........................52.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................51.0
Netherlands.........................50.0
Slovenia...............................48.0
Greece ................................47.0
Macedonia, FYR..................47.0
Armenia...............................45.0
Montenegro ........................42.0
Norway................................42.0
Argentina.............................41.0
Australia ..............................40.0
Italy .....................................40.0
United Kingdom ..................39.0
Denmark .............................38.0
Georgia................................38.0
Portugal ...............................37.0
Canada ................................36.0
Spain ...................................35.0
Cyprus .................................34.0
Libya....................................34.0
Trinidad and Tobago ............33.0
United States ......................33.0
Suriname .............................31.0
Albania ................................30.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....30.0
Mauritius .............................30.0
Sri Lanka .............................30.0
Puerto Rico .........................29.3
Guyana ................................29.0
Bahrain ................................28.0
Singapore ............................28.0
66
66
68
68
68
68
72
73
73
73
73
73
73
79
80
81
81
83
83
85
85
85
88
88
88
91
92
92
92
92
96
97
97
97
100
100
100
100
104
105
105
105
105
105
110
110
110
113
114
115
116
116
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Brazil ...................................26.0
Turkey..................................26.0
Chile ....................................24.0
Panama ...............................24.0
Qatar ...................................24.0
Uruguay...............................24.0
Saudi Arabia ........................23.0
Botswana ............................22.0
China ...................................22.0
Dominican Republic ............22.0
Egypt ...................................22.0
Thailand ...............................22.0
United Arab Emirates..........22.0
Oman ..................................21.0
Zambia ................................20.0
Kenya ..................................19.0
Kuwait .................................19.0
Malaysia ..............................18.0
Tunisia .................................18.0
Algeria .................................17.0
Jamaica ...............................17.0
Jordan .................................17.0
Costa Rica ...........................14.0
Ecuador ...............................14.0
Vietnam ...............................14.0
Syria ....................................13.0
Colombia .............................12.0
Nigeria .................................12.0
Paraguay .............................12.0
Philippines ...........................12.0
Peru.....................................11.0
Bolivia..................................10.0
Honduras.............................10.0
Mexico ................................10.0
El Salvador ............................9.0
Morocco ................................9.0
Nicaragua ..............................9.0
Venezuela ..............................9.0
Gambia, The..........................8.0
Burundi..................................7.0
Guatemala .............................7.0
India ......................................7.0
Pakistan.................................7.0
Uganda ..................................7.0
Cambodia ..............................6.0
Indonesia...............................6.0
Mauritania .............................6.0
Benin .....................................5.0
Chad ......................................4.0
Bangladesh ...........................3.0
Ethiopia .................................2.0
Nepal .....................................2.0
Burkina Faso..........................n/a
Cameroon..............................n/a
Hong Kong SAR ....................n/a
Lesotho .................................n/a
Madagascar ...........................n/a
Mali .......................................n/a
Mozambique .........................n/a
Namibia .................................n/a
Senegal .................................n/a
South Africa...........................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
Tanzania.................................n/a
Zimbabwe .............................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
399
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 400
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 401
5th pillar
Prioritization of Travel & Tourism
401
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
402
2/13/08
5.01
10:16 PM
Page 402
Is the Travel and Tourism industry given due consideration/priority compared with other sectors when your government sets policy on investment
and development? (1 = no, the Travel and Tourism industry is not a priority for the government, 7 = yes, nurturing and developing the Travel and
Tourism industry is a top priority for the government)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 5.1
Mauritius ............................6.7
Barbados ............................6.6
Montenegro .......................6.4
United Arab Emirates.........6.4
Singapore ...........................6.4
Hong Kong SAR .................6.3
Tunisia ................................6.2
New Zealand ......................6.2
Malaysia .............................6.2
Gambia, The.......................6.2
Cyprus................................6.1
Thailand..............................6.1
Portugal..............................6.1
Puerto Rico ........................6.1
Ireland ................................6.0
Zambia ...............................6.0
Malta ..................................6.0
Austria................................6.0
Greece ...............................6.0
Jamaica ..............................6.0
South Africa .......................5.9
Cambodia ...........................5.9
Morocco.............................5.9
Uzbekistan .........................5.9
Spain ..................................5.9
Australia .............................5.8
Kenya .................................5.7
Sri Lanka ............................5.7
Botswana ...........................5.7
Qatar ..................................5.7
Egypt..................................5.7
Indonesia............................5.7
Tanzania..............................5.7
Mali ....................................5.7
Dominican Republic ...........5.6
Costa Rica ..........................5.6
Senegal ..............................5.6
Mexico ...............................5.6
Madagascar........................5.6
Honduras............................5.5
Croatia................................5.5
Switzerland ........................5.5
France ................................5.5
Nepal..................................5.5
Jordan ................................5.4
Syria ...................................5.4
Vietnam..............................5.4
Uruguay..............................5.4
Iceland................................5.4
El Salvador .........................5.4
India ...................................5.4
Burkina Faso ......................5.4
Namibia ..............................5.4
Guatemala..........................5.4
Panama ..............................5.3
Canada ...............................5.3
Hungary..............................5.3
Turkey.................................5.3
Mozambique ......................5.3
Georgia...............................5.3
Uganda...............................5.3
Bahrain ...............................5.3
Denmark ............................5.3
Israel ..................................5.2
Armenia..............................5.2
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
China ..................................5.2
United Kingdom .................5.1
Estonia ...............................5.1
Kyrgyz Republic .................5.1
Korea, Rep. ........................5.1
Nicaragua ...........................5.1
Mauritania ..........................5.1
Tajikistan.............................5.1
Guyana ...............................5.1
Philippines..........................5.1
Saudi Arabia .......................5.1
Norway...............................5.0
Colombia ............................5.0
Serbia .................................5.0
Taiwan, China.....................5.0
Oman .................................5.0
Peru....................................4.9
Argentina............................4.9
United States .....................4.8
Bulgaria ..............................4.8
Mongolia ............................4.8
Japan..................................4.8
Sweden..............................4.8
Netherlands........................4.7
Albania ...............................4.7
Slovenia..............................4.7
Czech Republic ..................4.7
Benin..................................4.7
Nigeria................................4.7
Azerbaijan...........................4.6
Belgium..............................4.5
Italy ....................................4.5
Luxembourg.......................4.5
Finland................................4.5
Kazakhstan .........................4.4
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.4
Libya...................................4.4
Pakistan..............................4.3
Germany ............................4.3
Lesotho ..............................4.3
Chile ...................................4.3
Latvia..................................4.3
Algeria ................................4.3
Zimbabwe ..........................4.2
Ethiopia ..............................4.1
Lithuania.............................4.1
Moldova .............................4.1
Brazil ..................................4.1
Macedonia, FYR.................3.9
Slovak Republic..................3.9
Ecuador ..............................3.9
Bangladesh ........................3.8
Suriname............................3.7
Romania .............................3.7
Ukraine...............................3.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.6
Poland ................................3.6
Cameroon ..........................3.5
Chad...................................3.5
Russian Federation ............3.4
Burundi...............................3.2
Venezuela...........................3.1
Bolivia.................................3.1
Kuwait ................................3.0
Paraguay ............................2.9
SCORE
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 5.1
2/13/08
5.02
10:16 PM
Page 403
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Syria ......................................3.1
Azerbaijan..............................3.1
Benin .....................................3.0
Latvia.....................................3.0
Lithuania................................3.0
France ...................................3.0
Finland...................................3.0
Namibia .................................2.9
Brazil .....................................2.8
United Kingdom ....................2.7
Thailand .................................2.7
Peru.......................................2.7
Poland ...................................2.7
Libya......................................2.7
Russian Federation ...............2.7
El Salvador ............................2.6
Korea, Rep. ...........................2.5
Luxembourg ..........................2.5
Argentina...............................2.4
Denmark ...............................2.4
Zimbabwe .............................2.4
Ethiopia .................................2.4
Botswana ..............................2.3
Uganda ..................................2.3
Sweden .................................2.2
Netherlands...........................2.2
Slovak Republic.....................2.1
Bangladesh ...........................2.1
Nicaragua ..............................2.1
Zambia ..................................2.1
Israel .....................................2.1
Germany ...............................2.0
Colombia ...............................2.0
United Arab Emirates............2.0
Pakistan.................................2.0
Burkina Faso .........................1.9
Cameroon .............................1.7
Malaysia ................................1.7
Suriname ...............................1.7
Taiwan, China ........................1.7
Mali .......................................1.7
Vietnam .................................1.4
Croatia ...................................1.4
Macedonia, FYR....................1.2
Oman ....................................1.2
Lesotho .................................1.2
Kuwait ...................................1.2
Algeria ...................................1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......1.1
India ......................................1.0
Saudi Arabia ..........................0.9
Serbia ....................................0.8
Turkey....................................0.7
Burundi..................................0.7
South Africa ..........................0.5
Nigeria ...................................0.3
Georgia ..................................n/a
Kazakhstan ............................n/a
Kyrgyz Republic.....................n/a
Mauritania .............................n/a
Moldova ................................n/a
Mongolia ...............................n/a
Mozambique .........................n/a
Tajikistan................................n/a
Uzbekistan.............................n/a
SOURCE: World Travel & Tourism Council, Tourism Satellite Accounting Research 2007
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
403
3_part2B.pag
404
2/13/08
5.03
10:16 PM
Page 404
Does your country carry out effective marketing and branding to attract inbound tourists? (1 = no, tourism marketing is nonexistent or completely
ineffective, 7 = yes, tourism marketing is excellent, and is very effective in attracting tourists)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Vietnam..............................4.7
El Salvador .........................4.7
Mauritania ..........................4.7
China ..................................4.7
Oman .................................4.7
Finland................................4.7
Nicaragua ...........................4.7
Luxembourg.......................4.7
Sweden..............................4.6
Taiwan, China.....................4.6
Belgium..............................4.6
Nigeria................................4.5
Argentina............................4.5
Nepal..................................4.4
Benin..................................4.4
Saudi Arabia .......................4.4
Philippines..........................4.4
Czech Republic ..................4.4
Syria ...................................4.4
Bulgaria ..............................4.3
Japan..................................4.3
Guyana ...............................4.1
Latvia..................................4.1
Chile ...................................4.1
Hungary..............................4.1
Mozambique ......................4.1
Slovenia..............................4.0
Bahrain ...............................4.0
Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.9
Brazil ..................................3.9
Tajikistan.............................3.9
Kyrgyz Republic .................3.9
Kazakhstan .........................3.9
Georgia...............................3.9
Ecuador ..............................3.8
Lithuania.............................3.8
Lesotho ..............................3.8
Italy ....................................3.8
Azerbaijan...........................3.8
Ethiopia ..............................3.8
Pakistan..............................3.7
Armenia..............................3.7
Serbia .................................3.7
Poland ................................3.6
Algeria ................................3.6
Suriname............................3.6
Ukraine...............................3.5
Zimbabwe ..........................3.5
Libya...................................3.5
Macedonia, FYR.................3.4
Mongolia ............................3.3
Moldova .............................3.2
Romania .............................3.1
Cameroon ..........................3.1
Russian Federation ............3.1
Slovak Republic..................3.1
Chad...................................3.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.0
Albania ...............................2.9
Bangladesh ........................2.9
Kuwait ................................2.9
Paraguay ............................2.7
Venezuela...........................2.7
Burundi...............................2.6
Bolivia.................................2.6
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.6
2/13/08
5.04
10:16 PM
Page 405
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
1
1
3
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
45
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
HARD DATA
Egypt ...................................12.0
Spain ...................................12.0
Czech Republic ...................11.0
Italy .....................................11.0
Greece ................................10.0
Korea, Rep. .........................10.0
Poland .................................10.0
Russian Federation .............10.0
Switzerland .........................10.0
Turkey..................................10.0
United Arab Emirates..........10.0
United States ......................10.0
Brazil .....................................9.0
Canada ..................................9.0
China .....................................9.0
Finland...................................9.0
France ...................................9.0
Germany ...............................9.0
Japan.....................................9.0
Malaysia ................................9.0
Vietnam .................................9.0
Austria ...................................8.0
Chile ......................................8.0
Croatia ...................................8.0
Cyprus ...................................8.0
Hungary.................................8.0
India ......................................8.0
Norway..................................8.0
Thailand .................................8.0
Tunisia ...................................8.0
United Kingdom ....................8.0
Argentina...............................7.0
Australia ................................7.0
Bulgaria .................................7.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................7.0
Indonesia...............................7.0
Israel .....................................7.0
Jamaica .................................7.0
Malta .....................................7.0
Mexico ..................................7.0
Morocco ................................7.0
Peru.......................................7.0
Philippines .............................7.0
Sweden .................................7.0
Cambodia ..............................6.0
Denmark ...............................6.0
Dominican Republic ..............6.0
Estonia ..................................6.0
Jordan ...................................6.0
Kenya ....................................6.0
Lithuania................................6.0
Nepal .....................................6.0
South Africa ..........................6.0
Taiwan, China ........................6.0
Tanzania.................................6.0
Bahrain ..................................5.0
Costa Rica .............................5.0
Guatemala .............................5.0
Iceland...................................5.0
Ireland ...................................5.0
Latvia.....................................5.0
Mauritius ...............................5.0
Mongolia ...............................5.0
Netherlands...........................5.0
New Zealand .........................5.0
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
93
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
111
122
122
122
122
122
122
128
128
128
HARD DATA
Oman ....................................5.0
Pakistan.................................5.0
Portugal .................................5.0
Qatar .....................................5.0
Romania ................................5.0
Saudi Arabia ..........................5.0
Singapore ..............................5.0
Slovak Republic.....................5.0
Sri Lanka ...............................5.0
Ukraine ..................................5.0
Albania ..................................4.0
Algeria ...................................4.0
Azerbaijan..............................4.0
Belgium .................................4.0
Ethiopia .................................4.0
Georgia..................................4.0
Guyana ..................................4.0
Kazakhstan ............................4.0
Libya......................................4.0
Madagascar...........................4.0
Mali .......................................4.0
Panama .................................4.0
Senegal .................................4.0
Serbia ....................................4.0
Slovenia.................................4.0
Uruguay.................................4.0
Zimbabwe .............................4.0
Barbados ...............................3.0
Bolivia....................................3.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......3.0
Botswana ..............................3.0
Colombia ...............................3.0
Ecuador .................................3.0
El Salvador ............................3.0
Honduras...............................3.0
Kuwait ...................................3.0
Luxembourg ..........................3.0
Moldova ................................3.0
Nicaragua ..............................3.0
Paraguay ...............................3.0
Puerto Rico ...........................3.0
Syria ......................................3.0
Trinidad and Tobago ..............3.0
Uganda ..................................3.0
Zambia ..................................3.0
Armenia.................................2.0
Bangladesh ...........................2.0
Cameroon .............................2.0
Gambia, The..........................2.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................2.0
Montenegro ..........................2.0
Mozambique .........................2.0
Namibia .................................2.0
Nigeria ...................................2.0
Uzbekistan ............................2.0
Venezuela ..............................2.0
Benin .....................................1.0
Burkina Faso .........................1.0
Lesotho .................................1.0
Macedonia, FYR....................1.0
Mauritania .............................1.0
Suriname ...............................1.0
Burundi..................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Tajikistan................................0.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
405
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 406
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 407
6th pillar
Air transport infrastructure
407
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
408
2/13/08
6.01
10:16 PM
Page 408
Passenger air transport in your country is (1 = infrequent, limited, and inefficient, 7 = as frequent, extensive, and efficient as the worlds best)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
Singapore ...........................6.9
Hong Kong SAR .................6.7
Germany ............................6.7
United Arab Emirates.........6.5
France ................................6.5
Denmark ............................6.5
Netherlands........................6.4
Finland................................6.3
United States .....................6.3
United Kingdom .................6.2
Iceland................................6.2
Switzerland ........................6.2
Norway...............................6.1
Australia .............................6.1
Malaysia .............................6.0
Canada ...............................6.0
Sweden..............................6.0
Barbados ............................6.0
Puerto Rico ........................6.0
Belgium..............................6.0
Austria................................5.9
South Africa .......................5.9
Israel ..................................5.9
New Zealand ......................5.9
Spain ..................................5.7
Korea, Rep. ........................5.7
Bahrain ...............................5.7
Thailand..............................5.7
Qatar ..................................5.7
Taiwan, China.....................5.7
Chile ...................................5.7
Japan..................................5.6
Portugal..............................5.6
El Salvador .........................5.6
Greece ...............................5.5
Jordan ................................5.5
Dominican Republic ...........5.4
Panama ..............................5.4
Mauritius ............................5.4
Jamaica ..............................5.4
Malta ..................................5.4
Latvia..................................5.4
Tunisia ................................5.4
Uzbekistan .........................5.3
Ireland ................................5.3
Saudi Arabia .......................5.3
Luxembourg.......................5.2
Czech Republic ..................5.2
Turkey.................................5.1
Azerbaijan...........................5.1
Kenya .................................5.1
Kuwait ................................5.1
Estonia ...............................5.0
Oman .................................5.0
Cyprus................................4.9
Senegal ..............................4.9
Ethiopia ..............................4.9
Namibia ..............................4.9
Egypt..................................4.9
Mexico ...............................4.8
India ...................................4.8
Colombia ............................4.7
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.7
Slovenia..............................4.7
Morocco.............................4.7
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.6
2/13/08
6.02
10:16 PM
Page 409
Scheduled available seat kilometers per week originating in country (in millions) | January 2007 and July 2007 average
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Panama .............................127.6
Cyprus ...............................120.1
Jamaica .............................117.9
Ethiopia .............................116.6
Romania ............................115.9
Costa Rica .........................115.8
Senegal .............................111.6
Oman ................................102.7
Algeria .................................99.3
Tunisia .................................93.1
Barbados .............................81.5
Iceland.................................79.3
Uzbekistan ..........................79.2
Libya....................................75.5
Syria ....................................74.4
El Salvador ..........................68.6
Bulgaria ...............................62.7
Bolivia..................................59.7
Latvia...................................52.8
Tanzania...............................51.3
Guatemala ...........................51.1
Malta ...................................45.5
Cambodia ............................44.6
Trinidad and Tobago ............44.0
Croatia .................................43.0
Azerbaijan............................42.1
Nepal ...................................37.1
Madagascar.........................36.5
Serbia ..................................35.9
Slovak Republic...................34.5
Uganda ................................34.4
Uruguay...............................32.9
Armenia...............................32.5
Cameroon ...........................31.4
Lithuania..............................31.2
Mozambique .......................30.4
Zambia ................................29.3
Namibia ...............................29.1
Honduras.............................24.4
Zimbabwe ...........................22.0
Mali .....................................21.9
Nicaragua ............................20.2
Tajikistan..............................19.9
Kyrgyz Republic...................19.8
Estonia ................................19.7
Suriname .............................19.0
Luxembourg ........................18.6
Georgia................................17.1
Albania ................................16.4
Slovenia...............................15.8
Mongolia .............................14.2
Benin ...................................12.4
Paraguay .............................11.8
Guyana ..................................8.3
Mauritania .............................8.2
Burkina Faso .........................8.0
Moldova ................................8.0
Macedonia, FYR....................7.8
Chad ......................................6.5
Montenegro ..........................6.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......4.4
Gambia, The..........................3.9
Botswana ..............................2.9
Burundi..................................1.2
Lesotho .................................0.2
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
409
3_part2B.pag
410
2/13/08
6.03
10:16 PM
Page 410
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY................HARD DATA
Luxembourg ........................92.6
Ireland .................................73.0
Qatar ...................................56.5
New Zealand .......................51.1
Norway................................50.6
Iceland.................................39.8
Bahrain ................................37.4
Malta ...................................36.6
Puerto Rico .........................35.7
United States ......................33.6
Canada ................................31.5
Denmark .............................29.6
Cyprus .................................23.0
United Arab Emirates..........21.1
Finland.................................20.4
Switzerland .........................18.1
Singapore ............................17.8
Hong Kong SAR ..................17.7
Austria .................................17.2
United Kingdom ..................16.9
Australia ..............................16.8
Sweden ...............................16.2
Netherlands.........................14.8
Belgium ...............................14.5
Portugal ...............................14.1
Spain ...................................13.5
Germany .............................12.4
Oman ..................................12.1
France .................................12.0
Mauritius .............................11.9
Greece ................................11.8
Trinidad and Tobago ............11.0
Suriname .............................10.8
Latvia...................................10.0
Panama .................................9.4
Slovenia.................................9.0
Costa Rica .............................8.3
Jamaica .................................8.2
Italy .......................................7.6
Kuwait ...................................7.5
Czech Republic .....................7.4
Malaysia ................................6.9
Estonia ..................................6.2
Chile ......................................5.7
Japan.....................................5.1
Venezuela ..............................5.1
Saudi Arabia ..........................5.0
Croatia ...................................5.0
Israel .....................................4.9
Hungary.................................4.7
Botswana ..............................4.6
Korea, Rep. ...........................4.6
Jordan ...................................3.6
Colombia ...............................3.6
Lithuania................................3.5
El Salvador ............................3.5
Mexico ..................................3.2
South Africa ..........................3.2
Namibia .................................3.1
Bolivia....................................2.8
Brazil .....................................2.8
Russian Federation ...............2.7
Slovak Republic.....................2.6
Uruguay.................................2.6
Ecuador .................................2.3
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Peru.......................................2.2
Tunisia ...................................2.1
Argentina...............................2.1
Mongolia ...............................2.1
Poland ...................................2.1
Turkey....................................2.0
Armenia.................................2.0
Thailand .................................1.9
Romania ................................1.8
Paraguay ...............................1.7
Morocco ................................1.6
Sri Lanka ...............................1.5
Azerbaijan..............................1.5
Indonesia...............................1.5
Libya......................................1.4
Algeria ...................................1.4
Albania ..................................1.4
Bulgaria .................................1.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......1.2
Kazakhstan ............................1.1
Macedonia, FYR....................1.1
Tajikistan................................1.1
Georgia..................................1.0
Moldova ................................1.0
China .....................................1.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................1.0
Madagascar...........................1.0
Ukraine ..................................0.9
Syria ......................................0.9
Uzbekistan ............................0.8
Kenya ....................................0.8
Philippines .............................0.7
Cameroon .............................0.7
Vietnam .................................0.7
Egypt .....................................0.6
Mauritania .............................0.6
Senegal .................................0.6
Zambia ..................................0.5
Mozambique .........................0.5
Ethiopia .................................0.4
Guyana ..................................0.4
Zimbabwe .............................0.3
Pakistan.................................0.3
India ......................................0.3
Nepal .....................................0.2
Cambodia ..............................0.2
Tanzania.................................0.2
Burkina Faso .........................0.1
Nicaragua ..............................0.1
Benin .....................................0.1
Chad ......................................0.1
Nigeria ...................................0.1
Mali .......................................0.1
Bangladesh ...........................0.1
Uganda ..................................0.0
Barbados ...............................n/a
Burundi ..................................n/a
Dominican Republic ..............n/a
Gambia, The ..........................n/a
Guatemala .............................n/a
Honduras ...............................n/a
Lesotho .................................n/a
Montenegro ..........................n/a
Serbia ....................................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
6.04
10:16 PM
Page 411
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
20
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
47
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
59
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Iceland.................................30.0
Norway................................10.9
Canada ..................................7.8
Australia ................................7.4
Panama .................................7.3
New Zealand .........................6.6
Mongolia ...............................5.2
Malta .....................................5.0
Sweden .................................4.5
Puerto Rico ...........................4.3
Finland...................................4.2
Namibia .................................3.8
Cyprus ...................................3.8
Costa Rica .............................3.6
Barbados ...............................3.6
Greece ..................................3.4
Montenegro ..........................3.2
United States ........................2.4
Estonia ..................................2.3
Botswana ..............................2.2
Qatar .....................................2.2
Suriname ...............................2.2
Ireland ...................................2.1
Luxembourg ..........................2.0
Denmark ...............................1.9
Croatia ...................................1.7
Madagascar...........................1.7
Mauritius ...............................1.5
Trinidad and Tobago ..............1.5
Portugal .................................1.5
United Arab Emirates............1.5
Honduras...............................1.5
Malaysia ................................1.4
Guyana ..................................1.4
Bolivia....................................1.4
Bahrain ..................................1.4
Argentina...............................1.3
Libya......................................1.2
Oman ....................................1.2
United Kingdom ....................1.1
Colombia ...............................1.1
Chile ......................................1.1
Kazakhstan ............................1.1
Venezuela ..............................1.1
Saudi Arabia ..........................1.0
France ...................................1.0
Macedonia, FYR....................1.0
Slovenia.................................1.0
Ecuador .................................1.0
Spain .....................................0.9
Lithuania................................0.9
Latvia.....................................0.9
Algeria ...................................0.8
Switzerland ...........................0.8
Nepal .....................................0.8
Taiwan, China ........................0.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......0.8
Zambia ..................................0.8
Jamaica .................................0.7
Slovak Republic.....................0.7
Israel .....................................0.7
Austria ...................................0.7
Nicaragua ..............................0.7
Georgia..................................0.7
Italy .......................................0.7
66
66
68
69
70
71
72
72
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
90
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Armenia.................................0.7
Dominican Republic ..............0.7
Russian Federation ...............0.7
Romania ................................0.6
Mozambique .........................0.6
Peru.......................................0.6
Gambia, The..........................0.6
Mauritania .............................0.6
Tunisia ...................................0.6
Mexico ..................................0.6
Uruguay.................................0.6
Japan.....................................0.6
Lesotho .................................0.6
Philippines .............................0.5
Jordan ...................................0.5
Brazil .....................................0.5
Morocco ................................0.5
Czech Republic .....................0.5
Paraguay ...............................0.5
Turkey....................................0.5
Germany ...............................0.5
Singapore ..............................0.5
Thailand .................................0.4
Uzbekistan ............................0.4
Senegal .................................0.4
South Africa ..........................0.4
Serbia ....................................0.4
Hungary.................................0.4
Bulgaria .................................0.4
Belgium .................................0.4
Sri Lanka ...............................0.4
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.4
Cameroon .............................0.4
Kuwait ...................................0.4
Azerbaijan..............................0.4
Ukraine ..................................0.3
Kenya ....................................0.3
Tanzania.................................0.3
Albania ..................................0.3
Korea, Rep. ...........................0.3
Netherlands...........................0.3
Tajikistan................................0.3
Ethiopia .................................0.3
Poland ...................................0.3
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.3
Cambodia ..............................0.3
Indonesia...............................0.3
Syria ......................................0.3
Moldova ................................0.2
Zimbabwe .............................0.2
Vietnam .................................0.2
Egypt .....................................0.2
Guatemala .............................0.2
Pakistan.................................0.1
Burkina Faso .........................0.1
El Salvador ............................0.1
Uganda ..................................0.1
Burundi..................................0.1
Benin .....................................0.1
China .....................................0.1
Chad ......................................0.1
Nigeria ...................................0.1
Mali .......................................0.1
India ......................................0.1
Bangladesh ...........................0.1
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
411
3_part2B.pag
412
2/13/08
6.05
10:16 PM
Page 412
Number of airlines with scheduled flights originating in country | January 2007 and July 2007 average
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
11
13
14
15
16
16
18
19
19
21
22
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
29
32
33
34
35
36
36
36
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
55
57
57
59
60
60
62
62
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
65
65
68
68
68
71
72
72
74
74
74
77
78
79
80
80
82
83
83
85
85
85
88
88
88
91
91
93
93
95
95
95
98
98
100
100
102
103
103
103
106
106
108
108
110
111
112
112
114
114
114
117
117
119
120
120
120
123
124
124
126
127
128
129
130
Kazakhstan ..........................23.5
Oman ..................................23.5
Jamaica ...............................22.0
Libya....................................22.0
Senegal ...............................22.0
Cambodia ............................21.5
New Zealand .......................21.0
Peru.....................................21.0
Chile ....................................20.0
Serbia ..................................20.0
Sri Lanka .............................20.0
Uzbekistan ..........................19.5
Bangladesh .........................19.0
Tanzania...............................18.5
Costa Rica ...........................17.5
Ecuador ...............................17.5
Tajikistan..............................16.5
Algeria .................................16.0
Latvia...................................16.0
Georgia................................15.0
Nepal ...................................15.0
Trinidad and Tobago ............15.0
Estonia ................................14.0
Guatemala ...........................14.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................14.0
Albania ................................13.5
Uganda ................................13.5
Barbados .............................13.0
Mali .....................................13.0
Cameroon ...........................12.5
Mauritius .............................12.5
Panama ...............................12.5
Ethiopia ...............................12.0
Zambia ................................12.0
Lithuania..............................11.5
Malta ...................................11.5
Slovenia...............................11.0
Benin ...................................10.5
Honduras.............................10.5
Uruguay...............................10.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....10.0
Macedonia, FYR..................10.0
Luxembourg ..........................9.5
Zimbabwe .............................9.5
Bolivia....................................9.0
Nicaragua ..............................8.5
Burkina Faso .........................8.0
El Salvador ............................8.0
Iceland...................................7.5
Madagascar...........................7.5
Slovak Republic.....................7.5
Montenegro ..........................7.0
Mozambique .........................7.0
Mauritania .............................6.5
Gambia, The..........................6.0
Moldova ................................6.0
Mongolia ...............................6.0
Namibia .................................5.0
Burundi..................................4.5
Guyana ..................................4.5
Suriname ...............................4.0
Botswana ..............................3.5
Chad ......................................3.0
Paraguay ...............................2.5
Lesotho .................................1.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
6.06
10:16 PM
Page 413
Does the air transport network in your country offer you good connections to the overseas markets that offer your business greatest potential?
(1 = no, not at all, 7 = yes, to all of my key business markets)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.9
Germany ............................6.9
Singapore ...........................6.8
Hong Kong SAR .................6.8
Netherlands........................6.7
United Arab Emirates.........6.6
France ................................6.6
United Kingdom .................6.5
Denmark ............................6.5
Finland................................6.4
Iceland................................6.3
South Africa .......................6.3
Canada ...............................6.3
Switzerland ........................6.3
United States .....................6.3
Israel ..................................6.2
Spain ..................................6.1
Sweden..............................6.1
Japan..................................6.1
Chile ...................................6.1
Austria................................6.1
Australia .............................6.0
Norway...............................6.0
Bahrain ...............................6.0
New Zealand ......................6.0
Malaysia .............................6.0
Panama ..............................6.0
Korea, Rep. ........................6.0
Jamaica ..............................6.0
Qatar ..................................6.0
Barbados ............................5.9
Belgium..............................5.9
Thailand..............................5.8
Dominican Republic ...........5.8
Puerto Rico ........................5.8
Jordan ................................5.8
El Salvador .........................5.8
Portugal..............................5.7
Czech Republic ..................5.7
Mauritius ............................5.7
Mexico ...............................5.6
Latvia..................................5.6
India ...................................5.5
Turkey.................................5.5
Costa Rica ..........................5.5
Greece ...............................5.5
Taiwan, China.....................5.4
Ireland ................................5.4
Tunisia ................................5.4
Kuwait ................................5.3
Sri Lanka ............................5.2
Hungary..............................5.2
Indonesia............................5.2
Malta ..................................5.2
Cyprus................................5.2
Guatemala..........................5.2
Luxembourg.......................5.2
Colombia ............................5.2
Kenya .................................5.1
Saudi Arabia .......................5.1
Ethiopia ..............................5.1
Senegal ..............................5.1
Estonia ...............................5.0
Egypt..................................5.0
Brazil ..................................5.0
Philippines..........................4.9
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Honduras............................4.9
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.9
Namibia ..............................4.9
Lithuania.............................4.8
Morocco.............................4.8
Zambia ...............................4.8
Azerbaijan...........................4.8
Italy ....................................4.8
Slovenia..............................4.8
Uzbekistan .........................4.7
Peru....................................4.7
Venezuela...........................4.7
Argentina............................4.6
Russian Federation ............4.6
Nicaragua ...........................4.6
Oman .................................4.5
China ..................................4.5
Cambodia ...........................4.5
Vietnam..............................4.5
Kazakhstan .........................4.4
Tanzania..............................4.4
Ecuador ..............................4.4
Slovak Republic..................4.4
Poland ................................4.3
Nigeria................................4.3
Romania .............................4.3
Croatia................................4.3
Bangladesh ........................4.3
Georgia...............................4.3
Gambia, The.......................4.3
Mauritania ..........................4.3
Syria ...................................4.2
Pakistan..............................4.2
Botswana ...........................4.2
Mali ....................................4.2
Madagascar........................4.1
Bulgaria ..............................4.1
Albania ...............................4.1
Algeria ................................4.1
Uruguay..............................4.0
Nepal..................................4.0
Mozambique ......................4.0
Armenia..............................3.9
Uganda...............................3.9
Serbia .................................3.9
Libya...................................3.8
Guyana ...............................3.8
Zimbabwe ..........................3.8
Benin..................................3.8
Moldova .............................3.7
Burkina Faso ......................3.7
Montenegro .......................3.7
Cameroon ..........................3.7
Kyrgyz Republic .................3.6
Ukraine...............................3.6
Macedonia, FYR.................3.6
Tajikistan.............................3.5
Mongolia ............................3.3
Paraguay ............................3.2
Bolivia.................................3.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.2
Chad...................................3.0
Burundi...............................2.9
Suriname............................2.7
Lesotho ..............................2.5
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.9
3_part2B.pag
413
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 414
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 415
7th pillar
Ground transport infrastructure
415
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
416
2/13/08
7.01
10:16 PM
Page 416
Quality of roads
Roads in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = extensive and efficient by international standards)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 3.8
France ................................6.7
Singapore ...........................6.6
Switzerland ........................6.6
Germany ............................6.6
Denmark ............................6.4
Hong Kong SAR .................6.3
Austria................................6.2
United States .....................6.2
United Arab Emirates.........6.1
Belgium..............................6.0
Canada ...............................5.9
Luxembourg.......................5.8
Japan..................................5.8
Malaysia .............................5.8
Taiwan, China.....................5.7
Netherlands........................5.7
Sweden..............................5.7
Finland................................5.6
Portugal..............................5.6
Korea, Rep. ........................5.6
United Kingdom .................5.5
Chile ...................................5.4
Cyprus................................5.4
Spain ..................................5.3
Australia .............................5.3
Thailand..............................5.2
Kuwait ................................5.1
Oman .................................5.0
Puerto Rico ........................5.0
Israel ..................................5.0
El Salvador .........................5.0
Lithuania.............................5.0
Bahrain ...............................4.9
Tunisia ................................4.9
Namibia ..............................4.9
Croatia................................4.9
Jordan ................................4.8
South Africa .......................4.7
Saudi Arabia .......................4.7
Iceland................................4.7
Barbados ............................4.7
Slovenia..............................4.5
Mauritius ............................4.4
Norway...............................4.4
Qatar ..................................4.3
Greece ...............................4.2
Botswana ...........................4.2
New Zealand ......................4.2
Uruguay..............................4.1
Turkey.................................4.0
Italy ....................................4.0
Panama ..............................4.0
China ..................................3.9
Uzbekistan .........................3.9
Estonia ...............................3.8
Guatemala..........................3.8
Dominican Republic ...........3.7
Jamaica ..............................3.6
Mexico ...............................3.6
Ireland ................................3.6
Pakistan..............................3.6
Honduras............................3.5
Gambia, The.......................3.5
Hungary..............................3.5
Slovak Republic..................3.5
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Azerbaijan...........................3.5
Morocco.............................3.5
Czech Republic ..................3.4
Zimbabwe ..........................3.3
Syria ...................................3.3
Egypt..................................3.3
Macedonia, FYR.................3.2
Malta ..................................3.2
Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.2
Armenia..............................3.1
Georgia...............................3.1
Sri Lanka ............................3.1
Guyana ...............................3.1
Latvia..................................3.1
Cambodia ...........................3.1
Algeria ................................3.1
India ...................................3.1
Bangladesh ........................3.1
Argentina............................2.9
Ecuador ..............................2.9
Suriname............................2.8
Tanzania..............................2.8
Libya...................................2.8
Madagascar........................2.7
Mali ....................................2.7
Philippines..........................2.7
Venezuela...........................2.7
Benin..................................2.7
Colombia ............................2.6
Peru....................................2.6
Senegal ..............................2.6
Vietnam..............................2.6
Poland ................................2.6
Serbia .................................2.6
Kenya .................................2.5
Uganda...............................2.5
Nicaragua ...........................2.5
Ethiopia ..............................2.5
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.4
Bulgaria ..............................2.4
Russian Federation ............2.4
Montenegro .......................2.4
Burkina Faso ......................2.4
Kazakhstan .........................2.3
Brazil ..................................2.3
Zambia ...............................2.3
Tajikistan.............................2.3
Indonesia............................2.3
Albania ...............................2.2
Nigeria................................2.2
Ukraine...............................2.2
Nepal..................................2.1
Mauritania ..........................2.1
Lesotho ..............................2.1
Cameroon ..........................2.0
Costa Rica ..........................2.0
Burundi...............................2.0
Romania .............................2.0
Mozambique ......................2.0
Bolivia.................................1.9
Paraguay ............................1.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.7
Moldova .............................1.7
Mongolia ............................1.6
Chad...................................1.5
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 3.8
2/13/08
7.02
10:16 PM
Page 417
Railroads in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = as extensive and efficient as the worlds best)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 3.0
Switzerland ........................6.8
Japan..................................6.5
France ................................6.5
Germany ............................6.4
Hong Kong SAR .................6.2
Belgium..............................5.8
Finland................................5.8
Denmark ............................5.8
Singapore ...........................5.7
Sweden..............................5.7
Netherlands........................5.7
Korea, Rep. ........................5.6
Taiwan, China.....................5.5
United States .....................5.2
Canada ...............................5.2
Austria................................5.2
Malaysia .............................5.1
Luxembourg.......................5.0
Spain ..................................5.0
United Kingdom .................4.8
Tunisia ................................4.6
Australia .............................4.5
India ...................................4.5
Uzbekistan .........................4.4
Czech Republic ..................4.4
Norway...............................4.3
Slovak Republic..................4.3
Portugal..............................4.3
Russian Federation ............4.1
Lithuania.............................4.0
Ukraine...............................4.0
Azerbaijan...........................3.9
China ..................................3.9
Namibia ..............................3.8
Latvia..................................3.8
Israel ..................................3.7
Estonia ...............................3.5
Thailand..............................3.5
Kazakhstan .........................3.5
Slovenia..............................3.5
South Africa .......................3.4
Hungary..............................3.4
Botswana ...........................3.4
New Zealand ......................3.4
Pakistan..............................3.2
Bulgaria ..............................3.2
Georgia...............................3.2
Greece ...............................3.1
Poland ................................3.1
Croatia................................3.1
Morocco.............................3.0
Italy ....................................3.0
Saudi Arabia .......................3.0
Ireland ................................3.0
Tajikistan.............................2.9
Egypt..................................2.9
Romania .............................2.9
Zimbabwe ..........................2.9
Sri Lanka ............................2.8
Syria ...................................2.8
Indonesia............................2.7
Panama ..............................2.6
Moldova .............................2.5
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.5
Chile ...................................2.5
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Turkey.................................2.4
Mongolia ............................2.4
Algeria ................................2.4
Tanzania..............................2.4
Bangladesh ........................2.3
Vietnam..............................2.3
Mexico ...............................2.2
Macedonia, FYR.................2.2
Kenya .................................2.1
Puerto Rico ........................2.1
Argentina............................2.1
United Arab Emirates.........2.1
Montenegro .......................2.0
Cameroon ..........................1.9
Armenia..............................1.9
Burkina Faso ......................1.9
Serbia .................................1.9
Mauritania ..........................1.9
Mozambique ......................1.8
Jordan ................................1.8
Philippines..........................1.7
Brazil ..................................1.7
Zambia ...............................1.7
Peru....................................1.7
Nigeria................................1.7
Mali ....................................1.7
Cambodia ...........................1.6
Guyana ...............................1.6
Madagascar........................1.6
Uruguay..............................1.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.6
Bolivia.................................1.5
Benin..................................1.5
Uganda...............................1.5
Lesotho ..............................1.5
Iceland................................1.5
Senegal ..............................1.5
Venezuela...........................1.4
Honduras............................1.4
Costa Rica ..........................1.4
Suriname............................1.4
El Salvador .........................1.4
Colombia ............................1.4
Ethiopia ..............................1.4
Guatemala..........................1.3
Albania ...............................1.3
Nepal..................................1.3
Jamaica ..............................1.2
Dominican Republic ...........1.2
Ecuador ..............................1.1
Libya...................................1.1
Nicaragua ...........................1.1
Paraguay ............................1.0
Bahrain ...............................n/a
Barbados ............................n/a
Burundi...............................n/a
Chad ...................................n/a
Cyprus ................................n/a
Gambia, The .......................n/a
Kuwait ................................n/a
Malta ..................................n/a
Mauritius ............................n/a
Oman .................................n/a
Qatar ..................................n/a
Trinidad and Tobago ...........n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 3.0
3_part2B.pag
417
3_part2B.pag
418
2/13/08
7.03
10:16 PM
Page 418
Port facilities and inland waterways in your country are (1 = underdeveloped, 7 = as developed as the worlds best)*
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.0
Singapore ...........................6.8
Netherlands........................6.7
Hong Kong SAR .................6.5
Germany ............................6.5
Denmark ............................6.4
Belgium..............................6.4
Finland................................6.2
United Arab Emirates.........6.0
Sweden..............................5.9
France ................................5.9
United States .....................5.8
Iceland................................5.7
Malaysia .............................5.7
Canada ...............................5.7
Panama ..............................5.7
Norway...............................5.6
Japan..................................5.5
Switzerland1 .......................5.5
Taiwan, China.....................5.5
Korea, Rep. ........................5.5
United Kingdom .................5.4
New Zealand ......................5.4
Barbados ............................5.4
Luxembourg1 .....................5.4
Spain ..................................5.3
Estonia ...............................5.3
Bahrain ...............................5.3
Jamaica ..............................5.2
Australia .............................5.1
Namibia ..............................5.0
Austria1 ..............................5.0
Puerto Rico ........................4.9
Malta ..................................4.9
Chile ...................................4.8
Oman .................................4.8
Tunisia ................................4.8
Israel ..................................4.8
Portugal..............................4.8
Cyprus................................4.8
Honduras............................4.7
Mauritius ............................4.7
Thailand..............................4.7
Saudi Arabia .......................4.5
Slovak Republic1 ................4.5
Latvia..................................4.5
Slovenia..............................4.5
Azerbaijan1 .........................4.4
South Africa .......................4.4
Greece ...............................4.4
Qatar ..................................4.4
Uruguay..............................4.3
Montenegro .......................4.3
Czech Republic1.................4.3
Jordan ................................4.3
Kuwait ................................4.2
Ethiopia1 ............................4.1
Botswana1 .........................4.1
Gambia, The.......................4.1
Paraguay1 ...........................4.1
Zimbabwe1 ........................4.1
Lithuania.............................4.1
Sri Lanka ............................4.1
Morocco.............................4.1
Ireland ................................4.0
Uganda1 .............................4.0
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
China ..................................4.0
Burkina Faso1.....................3.9
Pakistan..............................3.7
Mali1 ..................................3.7
Zambia1 ..............................3.7
Hungary1 ............................3.7
Russian Federation ............3.7
Guatemala..........................3.7
Dominican Republic ...........3.6
Senegal ..............................3.6
Bulgaria ..............................3.6
Georgia...............................3.6
Serbia1 ...............................3.5
Egypt..................................3.5
India ...................................3.5
El Salvador .........................3.5
Macedonia, FYR1 ...............3.5
Turkey.................................3.4
Cambodia ...........................3.4
Kenya .................................3.4
Ukraine...............................3.4
Bolivia1 ...............................3.3
Kazakhstan1 .......................3.3
Croatia................................3.3
Algeria ................................3.3
Mexico ...............................3.3
Tanzania..............................3.2
Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.2
Argentina............................3.2
Poland ................................3.2
Syria ...................................3.1
Italy ....................................3.1
Burundi1 .............................3.0
Romania .............................3.0
Nepal1 ................................3.0
Benin..................................2.9
Philippines..........................2.8
Ecuador ..............................2.8
Armenia1 ............................2.8
Chad1 .................................2.8
Vietnam..............................2.8
Lesotho1 ............................2.8
Colombia ............................2.7
Mozambique ......................2.7
Guyana ...............................2.7
Nigeria................................2.7
Suriname............................2.7
Indonesia............................2.7
Libya...................................2.7
Mauritania ..........................2.6
Brazil ..................................2.6
Venezuela...........................2.6
Cameroon ..........................2.6
Mongolia1 ..........................2.5
Madagascar........................2.4
Bangladesh ........................2.4
Peru....................................2.4
Uzbekistan1 ........................2.3
Nicaragua ...........................2.3
Costa Rica ..........................2.2
Albania ...............................2.1
Moldova1 ...........................2.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....1.6
Kyrgyz Republic1 ................1.5
Tajikistan1 ...........................1.4
*For landlocked countries, this measures the ease of access to port facilities and inland waterways.
1 landlocked
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.0
2/13/08
7.04
10:16 PM
Page 419
Does your countrys national transport network (domestic flights, buses, trains, taxis, etc.) offer efficient, accessible transportation to a wide range
of travelers to key business centers and tourist attractions within your country? (1 = no, not at all, 7 = yes, it is equal to the best in the world)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 5.5
Switzerland ........................6.9
Finland................................6.8
Germany ............................6.8
Denmark ............................6.8
Iceland................................6.8
Singapore ...........................6.8
Sweden..............................6.8
Japan..................................6.8
Hong Kong SAR .................6.8
France ................................6.8
Austria................................6.8
Norway...............................6.7
Netherlands........................6.7
Israel ..................................6.7
Canada ...............................6.7
Belgium..............................6.6
United Arab Emirates.........6.6
Jordan ................................6.6
United Kingdom .................6.5
Chile ...................................6.5
Slovak Republic..................6.5
United States .....................6.4
Hungary..............................6.4
Estonia ...............................6.4
El Salvador .........................6.4
Korea, Rep. ........................6.4
Czech Republic ..................6.3
Guatemala..........................6.3
Malta ..................................6.3
Taiwan, China.....................6.3
Portugal..............................6.3
Uruguay..............................6.3
India ...................................6.3
Cyprus................................6.2
Tunisia ................................6.2
Dominican Republic ...........6.2
Egypt..................................6.2
Luxembourg.......................6.2
Australia .............................6.2
Bahrain ...............................6.2
Croatia................................6.2
Morocco.............................6.1
Malaysia .............................6.1
Thailand..............................6.0
Spain ..................................6.0
Turkey.................................6.0
New Zealand ......................6.0
Lithuania.............................6.0
Colombia ............................6.0
Brazil ..................................6.0
Kuwait ................................6.0
Slovenia..............................6.0
Latvia..................................5.9
Panama ..............................5.9
Peru....................................5.9
Greece ...............................5.9
Mauritius ............................5.9
Sri Lanka ............................5.8
Saudi Arabia .......................5.8
Mauritania ..........................5.7
Mexico ...............................5.7
Qatar ..................................5.7
Macedonia, FYR.................5.7
Puerto Rico ........................5.7
Vietnam..............................5.6
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Senegal ..............................5.6
Jamaica ..............................5.6
Syria ...................................5.5
Barbados ............................5.5
Italy ....................................5.5
China ..................................5.5
Argentina............................5.5
Ireland ................................5.5
Philippines..........................5.5
Algeria ................................5.4
Montenegro .......................5.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....5.3
Namibia ..............................5.3
Pakistan..............................5.3
Mali ....................................5.3
Bulgaria ..............................5.3
Moldova .............................5.3
Azerbaijan...........................5.3
Uganda...............................5.2
Venezuela...........................5.2
Georgia...............................5.1
Romania .............................5.1
Gambia, The.......................5.1
Nigeria................................5.1
Mozambique ......................5.1
Tajikistan.............................5.0
Indonesia............................5.0
Kazakhstan .........................5.0
Uzbekistan .........................5.0
Tanzania..............................5.0
Russian Federation ............5.0
Bolivia.................................5.0
Zambia ...............................4.8
South Africa .......................4.8
Oman .................................4.7
Poland ................................4.7
Botswana ...........................4.7
Ukraine...............................4.7
Serbia .................................4.6
Burkina Faso ......................4.6
Ethiopia ..............................4.6
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.5
Mongolia ............................4.4
Honduras............................4.4
Kyrgyz Republic .................4.4
Nepal..................................4.3
Nicaragua ...........................4.3
Cambodia ...........................4.2
Armenia..............................4.2
Madagascar........................4.2
Kenya .................................4.2
Cameroon ..........................4.1
Ecuador ..............................4.1
Burundi...............................3.9
Costa Rica ..........................3.9
Paraguay ............................3.8
Chad...................................3.7
Albania ...............................3.7
Lesotho ..............................3.6
Libya...................................3.6
Guyana ...............................3.4
Suriname............................3.2
Bangladesh ........................3.0
Benin..................................2.8
Zimbabwe ..........................2.2
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 5.5
3_part2B.pag
419
3_part2B.pag
420
2/13/08
7.05
10:16 PM
Page 420
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
10
12
13
14
14
16
16
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
30
32
32
34
35
35
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
44
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
52
55
56
56
56
59
59
61
62
62
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Belgium .............................498.0
Singapore ..........................463.0
Netherlands.......................372.0
Japan.................................323.0
Puerto Rico .......................289.0
Jamaica .............................194.0
Slovenia.............................191.0
Hong Kong SAR ................186.0
Bangladesh .......................184.0
Hungary.............................178.0
Switzerland .......................178.0
France ...............................173.0
Denmark ...........................169.0
Czech Republic .................165.0
Italy ...................................165.0
Austria ...............................162.0
Trinidad and Tobago ..........162.0
United Kingdom ................160.0
Sri Lanka ...........................151.0
Ireland ...............................140.0
Poland ...............................138.0
Estonia ..............................134.0
Spain .................................133.0
Lithuania............................127.0
India ..................................114.0
Latvia.................................112.0
Sweden .............................104.0
Korea, Rep. .......................102.0
Mauritius .............................99.0
Greece ................................89.0
Slovak Republic...................89.0
Portugal ...............................86.0
Romania ..............................86.0
Israel ...................................81.0
Azerbaijan............................72.0
Vietnam ...............................72.0
United States ......................70.0
Costa Rica ...........................69.0
Philippines ...........................67.0
Albania ................................66.0
Turkey..................................55.0
Syria ....................................52.0
Croatia .................................51.0
Burundi................................48.0
El Salvador ..........................48.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....43.0
Bulgaria ...............................40.0
Moldova ..............................39.0
Gambia, The........................37.0
Uganda ................................36.0
New Zealand .......................35.0
Macedonia, FYR..................34.0
Pakistan...............................34.0
Uruguay...............................34.0
Kuwait .................................32.0
Malaysia ..............................30.0
Norway................................30.0
South Africa ........................30.0
Georgia................................29.0
Ukraine ................................29.0
Armenia...............................27.0
Dominican Republic ............26.0
Finland.................................26.0
Zimbabwe ...........................25.0
Cambodia ............................22.0
66
66
68
68
68
68
72
73
74
75
75
77
77
77
80
80
82
82
82
82
86
86
86
86
86
86
86
93
93
95
95
95
98
98
100
100
102
102
102
105
105
105
108
108
108
111
111
111
111
115
116
116
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Brazil ...................................21.0
Nigeria .................................21.0
China ...................................20.0
Indonesia.............................20.0
Lesotho ...............................20.0
Tajikistan..............................20.0
Uzbekistan ..........................19.0
Mexico ................................18.0
Benin ...................................17.0
Ecuador ...............................16.0
Panama ...............................16.0
Argentina.............................15.0
Canada ................................15.0
Nicaragua ............................15.0
Guatemala ...........................13.0
Morocco ..............................13.0
Honduras.............................12.0
Nepal ...................................12.0
Tunisia .................................12.0
Zambia ................................12.0
Australia ..............................11.0
Cameroon ...........................11.0
Chile ....................................11.0
Kenya ..................................11.0
Oman ..................................11.0
Thailand ...............................11.0
Venezuela ............................11.0
Colombia .............................10.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................10.0
Egypt .....................................9.0
Madagascar...........................9.0
Tanzania.................................9.0
Jordan ...................................8.0
Saudi Arabia ..........................8.0
Paraguay ...............................7.0
Senegal .................................7.0
Bolivia....................................6.0
Burkina Faso .........................6.0
Peru.......................................6.0
Algeria ...................................5.0
Libya......................................5.0
Namibia .................................5.0
Botswana ..............................4.0
Ethiopia .................................4.0
Mozambique .........................4.0
Chad ......................................3.0
Kazakhstan ............................3.0
Mongolia ...............................3.0
Russian Federation ...............3.0
Mali .......................................2.0
Mauritania .............................1.0
United Arab Emirates............1.0
Bahrain ..................................n/a
Barbados ...............................n/a
Cyprus ...................................n/a
Germany................................n/a
Guyana ..................................n/a
Iceland ...................................n/a
Luxembourg ..........................n/a
Malta .....................................n/a
Montenegro ..........................n/a
Qatar .....................................n/a
Serbia ....................................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
Taiwan, China ........................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 421
8th pillar
Tourism infrastructure
421
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
422
2/13/08
8.01
10:16 PM
Page 422
Number of hotel rooms per 100 population | 2006 or most recent year available
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Cyprus ...................................5.6
Malta .....................................4.9
Austria ...................................3.4
Greece ..................................3.3
Montenegro ..........................2.9
Iceland...................................2.7
Barbados ...............................2.4
Spain .....................................1.9
Italy .......................................1.8
Switzerland ...........................1.7
Croatia ...................................1.7
Norway..................................1.5
Ireland ...................................1.5
Luxembourg ..........................1.5
United States ........................1.5
Estonia ..................................1.4
Japan.....................................1.2
Canada ..................................1.2
Australia ................................1.1
Tunisia ...................................1.1
Portugal .................................1.1
Sweden .................................1.1
Germany ...............................1.1
Finland...................................1.0
Suriname ...............................1.0
France ...................................1.0
United Kingdom ....................1.0
Czech Republic .....................1.0
United Arab Emirates............1.0
Bahrain ..................................0.9
Costa Rica .............................0.9
Singapore ..............................0.8
Jamaica .................................0.8
Mauritius ...............................0.8
Denmark ...............................0.8
Slovenia.................................0.8
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.7
Dominican Republic ..............0.7
Israel .....................................0.7
Slovak Republic.....................0.7
Hungary.................................0.7
Belgium .................................0.7
Malaysia ................................0.6
Netherlands...........................0.6
Qatar .....................................0.6
Thailand .................................0.6
New Zealand .........................0.5
Mexico ..................................0.5
Argentina...............................0.5
Peru.......................................0.5
Romania ................................0.5
Panama .................................0.5
Trinidad and Tobago ..............0.5
Saudi Arabia ..........................0.5
Latvia.....................................0.4
Puerto Rico ...........................0.4
Uruguay.................................0.4
Jordan ...................................0.4
Macedonia, FYR....................0.4
Ecuador .................................0.3
Chile ......................................0.3
Lithuania................................0.3
Turkey....................................0.3
Serbia ....................................0.3
Honduras...............................0.3
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Oman ....................................0.3
Venezuela ..............................0.3
Egypt .....................................0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......0.2
Poland ...................................0.2
Botswana ..............................0.2
Georgia..................................0.2
Bolivia....................................0.2
Libya......................................0.2
Gambia, The..........................0.2
Morocco ................................0.2
Cambodia ..............................0.2
Vietnam .................................0.2
Kuwait ...................................0.2
Colombia ...............................0.2
Guatemala .............................0.2
Russian Federation ...............0.1
Namibia .................................0.1
Albania ..................................0.1
Senegal .................................0.1
Cameroon .............................0.1
Azerbaijan..............................0.1
Indonesia...............................0.1
Korea, Rep. ...........................0.1
South Africa ..........................0.1
Nicaragua ..............................0.1
Kazakhstan ............................0.1
Armenia.................................0.1
Syria ......................................0.1
China .....................................0.1
Lesotho .................................0.1
Taiwan, China ........................0.1
El Salvador ............................0.1
Sri Lanka ...............................0.1
Paraguay ...............................0.1
Tanzania.................................0.1
Benin .....................................0.1
Nepal .....................................0.1
Ukraine ..................................0.1
Moldova ................................0.1
Kenya ....................................0.1
Madagascar...........................0.1
Zambia ..................................0.0
Zimbabwe .............................0.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.0
Mali .......................................0.0
Mozambique .........................0.0
Philippines .............................0.0
Uzbekistan ............................0.0
Pakistan.................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
India ......................................0.0
Ethiopia .................................0.0
Bangladesh ...........................0.0
Burundi..................................0.0
Algeria ...................................n/a
Brazil......................................n/a
Bulgaria .................................n/a
Burkina Faso..........................n/a
Guyana ..................................n/a
Mauritania .............................n/a
Mongolia ...............................n/a
Nigeria ...................................n/a
Tajikistan................................n/a
Uganda ..................................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
8.02
10:16 PM
Page 423
RANK
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Australia ................................7.0
Austria ...................................7.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......7.0
Canada ..................................7.0
Costa Rica .............................7.0
Croatia ...................................7.0
Cyprus ...................................7.0
Czech Republic .....................7.0
Dominican Republic ..............7.0
Estonia ..................................7.0
France ...................................7.0
Germany ...............................7.0
Greece ..................................7.0
Hungary.................................7.0
Ireland ...................................7.0
Israel .....................................7.0
Italy .......................................7.0
Jordan ...................................7.0
Kuwait ...................................7.0
Latvia.....................................7.0
Malta .....................................7.0
Portugal .................................7.0
Qatar .....................................7.0
Romania ................................7.0
Serbia ....................................7.0
Slovak Republic.....................7.0
Slovenia.................................7.0
South Africa ..........................7.0
Spain .....................................7.0
Turkey....................................7.0
United Kingdom ....................7.0
United States ........................7.0
Argentina...............................6.0
Bahrain ..................................6.0
Belgium .................................6.0
Brazil .....................................6.0
Bulgaria .................................6.0
Denmark ...............................6.0
Finland...................................6.0
Iceland...................................6.0
India ......................................6.0
Macedonia, FYR....................6.0
Mauritius ...............................6.0
Mexico ..................................6.0
Morocco ................................6.0
Netherlands...........................6.0
New Zealand .........................6.0
Nicaragua ..............................6.0
Norway..................................6.0
Oman ....................................6.0
Poland ...................................6.0
Sweden .................................6.0
Switzerland ...........................6.0
Thailand .................................6.0
United Arab Emirates............6.0
Benin .....................................5.0
Chile ......................................5.0
Egypt .....................................5.0
El Salvador ............................5.0
Guatemala .............................5.0
Jamaica .................................5.0
Lithuania................................5.0
Luxembourg ..........................5.0
Madagascar...........................5.0
Montenegro ..........................5.0
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
74
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
89
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
103
117
117
117
117
117
117
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
123
Panama .................................5.0
Peru.......................................5.0
Puerto Rico ...........................5.0
Russian Federation ...............5.0
Tunisia ...................................5.0
Ukraine ..................................5.0
Uruguay.................................5.0
Venezuela ..............................5.0
Albania ..................................4.0
Botswana ..............................4.0
Colombia ...............................4.0
Honduras...............................4.0
Japan.....................................4.0
Kenya ....................................4.0
Moldova ................................4.0
Namibia .................................4.0
Pakistan.................................4.0
Philippines .............................4.0
Saudi Arabia ..........................4.0
Senegal .................................4.0
Singapore ..............................4.0
Suriname ...............................4.0
Trinidad and Tobago ..............4.0
Algeria ...................................3.0
Azerbaijan..............................3.0
Bolivia....................................3.0
Burkina Faso .........................3.0
Ecuador .................................3.0
Gambia, The..........................3.0
Georgia..................................3.0
Korea, Rep. ...........................3.0
Malaysia ................................3.0
Mozambique .........................3.0
Nigeria ...................................3.0
Paraguay ...............................3.0
Syria ......................................3.0
Zimbabwe .............................3.0
Barbados ...............................2.0
Cameroon .............................2.0
Ethiopia .................................2.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................2.0
Indonesia...............................2.0
Kazakhstan ............................2.0
Lesotho .................................2.0
Libya......................................2.0
Mali .......................................2.0
Mongolia ...............................2.0
Sri Lanka ...............................2.0
Tanzania.................................2.0
Uganda ..................................2.0
Zambia ..................................2.0
Armenia.................................1.0
Bangladesh ...........................1.0
Burundi..................................1.0
Chad ......................................1.0
China .....................................1.0
Mauritania .............................1.0
Cambodia ..............................0.0
Guyana ..................................0.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.0
Nepal .....................................0.0
Taiwan, China ........................0.0
Tajikistan................................0.0
Uzbekistan ............................0.0
Vietnam .................................0.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
423
3_part2B.pag
424
2/13/08
8.03
10:16 PM
Page 424
Number of automated teller machines (ATMs) accepting Visa credit cards per million population | 2007
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Spain ..............................1,355.6
United States .................1,314.6
Portugal ..........................1,101.5
Austria ............................1,063.3
Switzerland .......................929.5
Luxembourg ......................880.0
Slovenia.............................826.5
Iceland...............................816.7
France ...............................793.6
Australia ............................792.4
Ireland ...............................771.6
Taiwan, China ....................727.8
United Kingdom ................721.8
Cyprus ...............................683.8
Italy ...................................656.9
Estonia ..............................613.1
Canada ..............................607.1
Germany ...........................598.8
Croatia ...............................591.5
Greece ..............................584.3
Denmark ...........................581.1
Qatar .................................545.6
New Zealand .....................497.3
Norway..............................478.1
Netherlands.......................452.6
Panama .............................446.7
Latvia.................................445.7
Bulgaria .............................432.4
Korea, Rep. .......................429.1
Singapore ..........................406.4
Hungary.............................389.0
Slovak Republic.................380.4
Ukraine ..............................358.5
Thailand .............................343.7
Malta .................................340.0
Sweden .............................334.7
United Arab Emirates........334.0
Puerto Rico .......................327.8
Lithuania............................320.3
Finland...............................314.5
Hong Kong SAR ................309.2
Czech Republic .................305.8
Romania ............................296.7
Belgium .............................287.4
South Africa ......................283.5
Costa Rica .........................278.9
Barbados ...........................266.7
Russian Federation ...........254.3
Israel .................................245.3
Mexico ..............................239.5
Saudi Arabia ......................225.3
Turkey................................219.3
Poland ...............................217.3
Bahrain ..............................217.1
Malaysia ............................216.0
Mauritius ...........................214.6
Japan.................................213.9
Argentina...........................210.9
Trinidad and Tobago ..........209.2
Kuwait ...............................203.6
Serbia ................................194.7
Chile ..................................194.4
Kazakhstan ........................174.7
Oman ................................169.6
Colombia ...........................155.2
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
124
124
124
124
124
124
Macedonia, FYR................148.5
Dominican Republic ..........143.0
Brazil .................................140.5
Jamaica .............................139.3
Botswana ..........................136.1
Montenegro ......................133.3
Namibia .............................125.2
Azerbaijan..........................123.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ...119.5
Jordan ...............................116.7
Georgia..............................111.8
Venezuela ..........................104.5
Tunisia .................................88.5
Ecuador ...............................86.8
Morocco ..............................83.8
Moldova ..............................81.2
Albania ................................79.7
El Salvador ..........................63.5
Zambia ................................57.5
Uruguay...............................55.7
Guatemala ...........................53.7
Armenia...............................53.7
Indonesia.............................53.5
Sri Lanka .............................47.2
China ...................................45.9
Honduras.............................40.9
Peru.....................................39.7
Philippines ...........................35.1
Nicaragua ............................33.0
Bolivia..................................31.9
Egypt ...................................29.4
Paraguay .............................24.7
Kenya ..................................21.3
India ....................................20.9
Lesotho ...............................19.4
Guyana ................................18.6
Mozambique .......................18.4
Vietnam ...............................17.8
Tajikistan..............................17.0
Zimbabwe ...........................16.0
Senegal ...............................14.8
Mongolia .............................14.8
Uganda ..................................7.0
Syria ......................................5.6
Pakistan.................................5.1
Cambodia ..............................4.7
Kyrgyz Republic.....................4.5
Burkina Faso .........................3.9
Libya......................................3.3
Nepal .....................................3.2
Benin .....................................2.3
Madagascar...........................1.7
Mali .......................................1.7
Bangladesh ...........................1.5
Uzbekistan ............................1.5
Cameroon .............................1.4
Nigeria ...................................0.2
Ethiopia .................................0.1
Algeria ...................................0.0
Burundi..................................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Gambia, The..........................0.0
Mauritania .............................0.0
Suriname ...............................0.0
Tanzania.................................0.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 425
9th pillar
ICT infrastructure
425
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
426
2/13/08
9.01
10:16 PM
Page 426
In your country, companies use the Internet extensively for buying/selling goods and services and for interaction with customers
(1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree)
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.0
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Croatia................................3.9
Barbados ............................3.9
Philippines..........................3.9
El Salvador .........................3.9
Uruguay..............................3.8
Peru....................................3.8
Costa Rica ..........................3.8
Dominican Republic ...........3.7
Argentina............................3.7
Colombia ............................3.7
Kenya .................................3.7
Ukraine...............................3.7
Kazakhstan .........................3.7
Romania .............................3.7
Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.7
Venezuela...........................3.6
Nigeria................................3.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.6
Bahrain ...............................3.6
Uganda...............................3.6
Pakistan..............................3.6
Gambia, The.......................3.5
Bulgaria ..............................3.5
Mauritius ............................3.5
Mali ....................................3.4
Tanzania..............................3.4
Zambia ...............................3.4
Serbia .................................3.4
Namibia ..............................3.4
Mauritania ..........................3.4
Guyana ...............................3.4
Georgia...............................3.4
Tajikistan.............................3.4
Greece ...............................3.3
Burkina Faso ......................3.3
Cambodia ...........................3.3
Mongolia ............................3.2
Vietnam..............................3.2
Botswana ...........................3.2
Nepal..................................3.1
Benin..................................3.1
Morocco.............................3.1
Ethiopia ..............................3.1
Ecuador ..............................3.1
Nicaragua ...........................3.1
Armenia..............................3.1
Bangladesh ........................3.1
Syria ...................................3.0
Suriname............................3.0
Mozambique ......................2.9
Bolivia.................................2.9
Albania ...............................2.9
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.9
Libya...................................2.9
Madagascar........................2.9
Moldova .............................2.9
Zimbabwe ..........................2.8
Paraguay ............................2.7
Lesotho ..............................2.7
Macedonia, FYR.................2.6
Cameroon ..........................2.6
Montenegro .......................2.4
Burundi...............................2.4
Algeria ................................2.2
Chad...................................2.2
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.0
2/13/08
9.02
10:16 PM
Page 427
Internet users per 100 population | 2006 or most recent year available
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Netherlands.........................88.9
New Zealand .......................78.8
Sweden ...............................77.0
Australia ..............................75.1
Luxembourg ........................72.0
Korea, Rep. .........................71.1
United States ......................69.1
Japan...................................68.3
Canada ................................67.9
Iceland.................................65.3
Taiwan, China ......................63.7
Slovenia...............................63.6
Switzerland .........................60.0
Barbados .............................59.5
Norway................................58.5
Denmark .............................58.2
Estonia ................................57.4
United Kingdom ..................56.0
Finland.................................53.3
Hong Kong SAR ..................53.0
Austria .................................51.2
Italy .....................................49.6
France .................................49.6
Germany .............................46.7
Latvia...................................46.6
Jamaica ...............................46.5
Belgium ...............................45.7
Malaysia ..............................43.8
Spain ...................................42.8
Cyprus .................................42.2
Slovak Republic...................41.8
Singapore ............................39.2
United Arab Emirates..........36.7
Hungary...............................34.8
Czech Republic ...................34.7
Croatia .................................34.6
Qatar ...................................34.5
Ireland .................................34.1
Romania ..............................32.4
Malta ...................................31.7
Lithuania..............................31.7
Portugal ...............................30.5
Kuwait .................................29.5
Poland .................................28.6
Costa Rica ...........................27.6
Chile ....................................25.2
Israel ...................................24.4
Bulgaria ...............................24.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....24.3
Dominican Republic ............22.2
Peru.....................................21.5
Bahrain ................................21.3
Guyana ................................21.3
Argentina.............................20.9
Uruguay...............................20.6
Morocco ..............................19.8
Saudi Arabia ........................18.7
Serbia ..................................18.5
Russian Federation .............18.0
Greece ................................18.0
Puerto Rico .........................17.6
Moldova ..............................17.3
Brazil ...................................17.2
Vietnam ...............................17.2
Mexico ................................16.9
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Turkey..................................16.6
Venezuela ............................15.2
Albania ................................15.0
Mauritius .............................14.5
Colombia .............................14.5
Jordan .................................13.7
Macedonia, FYR..................13.2
Thailand ...............................13.1
Tunisia .................................12.7
Trinidad and Tobago ............12.5
Montenegro ........................12.3
Oman ..................................12.2
Ukraine ................................12.1
Ecuador ...............................11.5
South Africa ........................10.8
China ...................................10.4
Guatemala ...........................10.2
Mongolia .............................10.1
Azerbaijan..............................9.8
Zimbabwe .............................9.3
El Salvador ............................9.3
Kazakhstan ............................8.4
Benin .....................................8.0
Egypt .....................................8.0
Kenya ....................................7.9
Syria ......................................7.7
Pakistan.................................7.6
Georgia..................................7.5
Algeria ...................................7.4
Indonesia...............................7.2
Suriname ...............................7.1
Panama .................................6.7
Uzbekistan ............................6.3
Bolivia....................................6.2
Armenia.................................5.7
Kyrgyz Republic.....................5.6
Philippines .............................5.5
Senegal .................................5.4
India ......................................5.4
Honduras...............................4.6
Zambia ..................................4.2
Paraguay ...............................4.1
Namibia .................................4.0
Libya......................................4.0
Gambia, The..........................3.8
Nigeria ...................................3.8
Botswana ..............................3.4
Mauritania .............................3.2
Lesotho .................................2.9
Nicaragua ..............................2.8
Uganda ..................................2.5
Cameroon .............................2.2
Sri Lanka ...............................2.0
Tanzania.................................1.0
Nepal .....................................0.9
Mozambique .........................0.9
Burundi..................................0.8
Chad ......................................0.6
Burkina Faso .........................0.6
Madagascar...........................0.5
Mali .......................................0.5
Cambodia ..............................0.3
Bangladesh ...........................0.3
Tajikistan................................0.3
Ethiopia .................................0.2
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
427
3_part2B.pag
428
2/13/08
9.03
10:16 PM
Page 428
Telephone lines per 100 inhabitants | 2006 or most recent year available
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Switzerland .........................69.4
Germany .............................65.5
Iceland.................................65.2
Canada ................................64.1
Taiwan, China ......................63.6
Sweden ...............................59.5
United States ......................57.1
Denmark .............................56.9
United Kingdom ..................56.1
Korea, Rep. .........................56.0
France .................................55.8
Greece ................................55.5
Hong Kong SAR ..................54.1
Luxembourg ........................52.4
Malta ...................................50.2
Barbados .............................50.1
Ireland .................................49.8
Australia ..............................48.8
Cyprus .................................48.3
Netherlands.........................46.6
Belgium ...............................45.2
Norway................................44.3
Israel ...................................43.9
Austria .................................43.4
Italy .....................................43.1
Japan...................................43.0
New Zealand .......................42.9
Slovenia...............................42.6
Spain ...................................42.4
Singapore ............................42.3
Estonia ................................40.9
Croatia .................................40.2
Portugal ...............................40.1
Finland.................................36.5
Hungary...............................33.3
Czech Republic ...................31.5
Bulgaria ...............................31.3
Costa Rica ...........................30.7
Poland .................................29.8
Latvia...................................28.6
Mauritius .............................28.5
Uruguay...............................28.3
United Arab Emirates..........28.1
Russian Federation .............27.9
China ...................................27.8
Montenegro ........................27.6
Qatar ...................................27.2
Ukraine ................................26.8
Puerto Rico .........................26.2
Bahrain ................................26.2
Turkey..................................25.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....25.3
Trinidad and Tobago ............24.9
Moldova ..............................24.3
Argentina.............................24.2
Macedonia, FYR..................24.1
Lithuania..............................23.2
Slovak Republic...................21.6
Brazil ...................................21.4
Chile ....................................20.2
Kazakhstan ..........................19.8
Armenia...............................19.7
Romania ..............................19.4
Kuwait .................................19.0
Vietnam ...............................18.8
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
n/a
Mexico ................................18.3
Suriname .............................18.0
Colombia .............................17.0
Malaysia ..............................16.8
Syria ....................................16.6
Saudi Arabia ........................15.7
Venezuela ............................15.5
El Salvador ..........................14.8
Guyana ................................14.7
Egypt ...................................14.3
Azerbaijan............................14.0
Panama ...............................13.2
Ecuador ...............................13.1
Georgia................................12.5
Tunisia .................................12.4
Jamaica ...............................12.0
Albania ................................11.3
Thailand ...............................10.9
Oman ..................................10.7
Jordan .................................10.5
Guatemala ...........................10.5
South Africa ........................10.0
Dominican Republic ..............9.9
Honduras...............................9.6
Sri Lanka ...............................9.0
Algeria ...................................8.5
Kyrgyz Republic.....................8.4
Peru.......................................8.2
Libya......................................8.1
Botswana ..............................7.8
Bolivia....................................7.1
Namibia .................................6.8
Uzbekistan ............................6.7
Indonesia...............................6.6
Mongolia ...............................5.9
Paraguay ...............................5.3
India ......................................4.5
Nicaragua ..............................4.4
Tajikistan................................4.3
Philippines .............................4.3
Morocco ................................4.1
Gambia, The..........................3.4
Pakistan.................................3.3
Lesotho .................................2.7
Zimbabwe .............................2.5
Senegal .................................2.4
Nepal .....................................2.2
Nigeria ...................................1.3
Mauritania .............................1.1
Ethiopia .................................0.9
Benin .....................................0.9
Kenya ....................................0.8
Zambia ..................................0.8
Bangladesh ...........................0.8
Burkina Faso .........................0.7
Madagascar...........................0.7
Cameroon .............................0.6
Mali .......................................0.6
Burundi..................................0.4
Tanzania.................................0.4
Uganda ..................................0.4
Mozambique .........................0.3
Cambodia ..............................0.2
Chad ......................................0.1
Serbia ....................................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
9.04
10:16 PM
Page 429
Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 population | 2006 or most recent year available
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Denmark .............................31.7
Netherlands.........................31.7
Iceland.................................29.5
Switzerland .........................29.5
Korea, Rep. .........................29.3
Norway................................27.5
Finland.................................27.1
Sweden ...............................25.9
Hong Kong SAR ..................25.2
Canada ................................23.6
United Kingdom ..................21.7
France .................................20.9
Israel ...................................20.8
Japan...................................20.1
Luxembourg ........................19.8
Taiwan, China ......................19.8
United States ......................19.3
Australia ..............................19.1
Belgium ...............................19.1
Singapore ............................18.2
Austria .................................17.4
Estonia ................................17.2
Germany .............................17.0
Spain ...................................15.3
Italy .....................................14.9
New Zealand .......................14.2
Portugal ...............................13.8
Slovenia...............................13.4
Ireland .................................12.3
Barbados .............................11.9
Lithuania..............................10.8
Czech Republic ...................10.6
Malta ...................................10.4
Hungary.................................9.7
Romania ................................8.2
Poland ...................................6.9
Chile ......................................5.9
Cyprus ...................................5.9
Slovak Republic.....................5.9
Qatar .....................................5.6
Croatia ...................................5.5
Bahrain ..................................5.2
United Arab Emirates............5.2
Bulgaria .................................5.0
Latvia.....................................4.8
Serbia ....................................4.6
Greece ..................................4.4
Argentina...............................4.0
China .....................................3.8
Turkey....................................3.7
Malaysia ................................3.5
Mexico ..................................3.4
Uruguay.................................3.1
Puerto Rico ...........................3.0
Brazil .....................................2.4
Russian Federation ...............2.0
Venezuela ..............................2.0
Macedonia, FYR....................1.8
Mauritius ...............................1.7
Peru.......................................1.7
Jamaica .................................1.7
Trinidad and Tobago ..............1.6
Ukraine ..................................1.4
Colombia ...............................1.4
Costa Rica .............................1.3
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
120
n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
429
3_part2B.pag
430
2/13/08
9.05
10:16 PM
Page 430
Mobile telephone subscribers per 100 population | 2006 or most recent year available
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Luxembourg ......................151.6
Lithuania............................138.1
Hong Kong SAR ................131.5
Trinidad and Tobago ..........126.4
Estonia ..............................125.2
Italy ...................................123.1
Israel .................................122.7
Bahrain ..............................121.7
Czech Republic .................119.0
United Arab Emirates........118.5
United Kingdom ................116.4
Portugal .............................116.0
Austria ...............................112.8
Ireland ...............................111.4
Iceland...............................110.6
Qatar .................................109.6
Singapore ..........................109.3
Norway..............................108.6
Finland...............................107.8
Bulgaria .............................107.6
Denmark ...........................107.3
Ukraine ..............................106.7
Spain .................................106.4
Sweden .............................105.9
Jamaica .............................105.8
Switzerland .......................102.1
Taiwan, China ....................102.0
Germany ...........................101.9
Greece ................................99.6
Hungary...............................98.9
Croatia .................................98.1
Netherlands.........................97.1
Australia ..............................97.0
Poland .................................95.4
Latvia...................................95.1
Slovenia...............................92.6
Belgium ...............................92.6
Cyprus .................................92.1
Slovak Republic...................90.6
Kuwait .................................88.6
New Zealand .......................87.6
Malta ...................................86.0
France .................................85.1
Korea, Rep. .........................83.8
Russian Federation .............83.6
Argentina.............................80.5
Romania ..............................80.4
Japan...................................79.3
Saudi Arabia ........................78.0
United States ......................77.4
Barbados .............................76.7
Chile ....................................75.6
Malaysia ..............................75.5
Jordan .................................74.4
Tunisia .................................71.9
South Africa ........................71.6
Turkey..................................71.0
Suriname .............................70.8
Serbia ..................................70.0
Oman ..................................69.6
Macedonia, FYR..................69.6
Venezuela ............................69.0
Puerto Rico .........................68.8
Uruguay...............................66.8
Libya....................................65.8
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Colombia .............................64.3
Ecuador ...............................63.2
Thailand ...............................63.0
Algeria .................................63.0
Mauritius .............................61.5
Botswana ............................55.7
Guatemala ...........................55.6
El Salvador ..........................55.0
Montenegro ........................54.3
Kazakhstan ..........................52.9
Mexico ................................52.6
Canada ................................52.5
Panama ...............................52.5
Morocco ..............................52.1
Paraguay .............................51.3
Dominican Republic ............51.1
Philippines ...........................50.7
Albania ................................48.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....48.3
Brazil ...................................46.2
Azerbaijan............................39.2
Georgia................................38.4
Guyana ................................37.5
China ...................................34.8
Mauritania ...........................33.6
Costa Rica ...........................32.8
Nicaragua ............................32.7
Moldova ..............................32.4
Honduras.............................30.4
Peru.....................................30.0
Bolivia..................................28.8
Indonesia.............................28.3
Gambia, The........................26.0
Sri Lanka .............................25.9
Senegal ...............................25.0
Namibia ...............................24.4
Nigeria .................................24.1
Syria ....................................24.0
Egypt ...................................23.9
Pakistan...............................22.0
Mongolia .............................21.1
Kenya ..................................18.5
Vietnam ...............................18.2
India ....................................14.8
Tanzania...............................14.8
Zambia ................................14.0
Lesotho ...............................13.9
Cameroon ...........................13.8
Bangladesh .........................13.2
Benin ...................................12.1
Mozambique .......................11.6
Mali .....................................10.9
Armenia...............................10.5
Kyrgyz Republic...................10.3
Cambodia ..............................7.9
Burkina Faso .........................7.5
Uganda ..................................6.7
Zimbabwe .............................6.4
Madagascar...........................5.5
Chad ......................................4.6
Tajikistan................................4.1
Nepal .....................................3.8
Uzbekistan ............................2.7
Burundi..................................2.0
Ethiopia .................................1.1
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 431
10th pillar
Price competitiveness
in the T&T industry
431
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2.2: Data Tables | 10th pillar: Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
3_part2B.pag
432
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 432
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Libya..................................100.0
Luxembourg ........................97.0
Lesotho ...............................97.0
Kuwait .................................96.9
Puerto Rico .........................96.5
United Arab Emirates..........96.3
Bahrain ................................96.3
India ....................................95.2
Qatar ...................................94.6
Oman ..................................93.9
Malaysia ..............................93.7
Indonesia.............................93.4
Taiwan, China ......................92.7
Botswana ............................92.4
Saudi Arabia ........................91.2
Panama ...............................89.6
Philippines ...........................89.2
Vietnam ...............................89.1
Bulgaria ...............................88.5
China ...................................88.0
Turkey..................................87.7
Mozambique .......................87.7
Guyana ................................87.6
Spain ...................................87.5
Norway................................87.2
Ethiopia ...............................87.0
Thailand ...............................86.4
Sweden ...............................86.2
Italy .....................................85.6
Mongolia .............................85.5
Korea, Rep. .........................85.2
Egypt ...................................85.2
Singapore ............................84.8
Estonia ................................84.7
Uruguay...............................84.6
Zambia ................................84.5
Nepal ...................................84.3
Ireland .................................84.2
Finland.................................84.1
Hong Kong SAR ..................83.9
Latvia...................................83.8
Syria ....................................83.5
Uzbekistan ..........................83.1
Hungary...............................82.8
Guatemala ...........................82.6
Barbados .............................82.3
Germany .............................81.7
Belgium ...............................81.7
Chile ....................................81.5
Burundi................................81.4
Poland .................................81.1
Paraguay .............................80.5
Armenia...............................80.5
Croatia .................................80.4
Serbia ..................................79.9
Trinidad and Tobago ............79.5
Japan...................................79.4
Israel ...................................79.3
Russian Federation .............79.2
Algeria .................................79.1
Mauritius .............................78.9
Costa Rica ...........................78.8
Nicaragua ............................78.6
Argentina.............................78.6
Zimbabwe ...........................78.5
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
n/a
n/a
Portugal ...............................78.4
Iceland.................................78.2
Honduras.............................78.2
Lithuania..............................77.9
Cambodia ............................77.6
South Africa ........................77.4
Switzerland .........................77.1
Macedonia, FYR..................77.0
Austria .................................76.9
Tanzania...............................76.8
Morocco ..............................76.3
New Zealand .......................76.3
Nigeria .................................75.8
Czech Republic ...................75.6
Uganda ................................75.4
Kyrgyz Republic...................75.3
Romania ..............................74.7
Denmark .............................74.7
Pakistan...............................74.7
Suriname .............................74.3
Jamaica ...............................73.1
Ukraine ................................73.0
Madagascar.........................72.9
Peru.....................................72.6
Bangladesh .........................72.3
Namibia ...............................72.0
Brazil ...................................71.9
Bolivia..................................71.7
Albania ................................71.4
Slovenia...............................70.7
Netherlands.........................70.6
Georgia................................70.5
Greece ................................70.0
Cyprus .................................69.6
Slovak Republic...................68.8
Moldova ..............................68.5
Gambia, The........................68.4
France .................................68.4
United Kingdom ..................67.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....67.8
Malta ...................................66.7
Benin ...................................66.6
Tunisia .................................66.4
Jordan .................................66.1
Mauritania ...........................65.2
El Salvador ..........................65.1
Tajikistan..............................64.0
Azerbaijan............................63.8
Kenya ..................................63.6
Venezuela ............................61.6
Australia ..............................61.1
Colombia .............................56.3
Sri Lanka .............................55.0
United States ......................54.1
Burkina Faso .......................51.9
Cameroon ...........................51.8
Canada ................................50.7
Ecuador ...............................50.7
Mexico ................................49.0
Dominican Republic ............48.3
Mali .....................................46.6
Senegal ...............................24.9
Chad ......................................0.0
Kazakhstan ............................n/a
Montenegro ..........................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 433
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Zimbabwe .............................0.1
Gambia, The..........................0.1
Cambodia ..............................0.2
Ethiopia .................................0.2
Burundi..................................0.2
Nepal .....................................0.2
Uganda ..................................0.2
Bangladesh ...........................0.2
India ......................................0.2
Vietnam .................................0.2
Nicaragua ..............................0.2
Mozambique .........................0.2
Guyana ..................................0.2
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.2
Philippines .............................0.2
Sri Lanka ...............................0.3
Uzbekistan ............................0.3
China .....................................0.3
Tajikistan................................0.3
Paraguay ...............................0.3
Lesotho .................................0.3
Ukraine ..................................0.3
Madagascar...........................0.3
Pakistan.................................0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......0.3
Egypt .....................................0.3
Burkina Faso .........................0.3
Tunisia ...................................0.3
Moldova ................................0.3
Argentina...............................0.3
Thailand .................................0.3
Colombia ...............................0.4
Mali .......................................0.4
Mauritania .............................0.4
Namibia .................................0.4
Mauritius ...............................0.4
Azerbaijan..............................0.4
Indonesia...............................0.4
Morocco ................................0.4
Senegal .................................0.4
Bolivia....................................0.4
Armenia.................................0.4
Suriname ...............................0.4
Macedonia, FYR....................0.4
Honduras...............................0.4
Chad ......................................0.4
Botswana ..............................0.4
Bulgaria .................................0.4
Dominican Republic ..............0.4
Tanzania.................................0.4
South Africa ..........................0.4
Costa Rica .............................0.4
Algeria ...................................0.4
Benin .....................................0.4
Mongolia ...............................0.4
Cameroon .............................0.4
Jordan ...................................0.5
El Salvador ............................0.5
Malaysia ................................0.5
Georgia..................................0.5
Peru.......................................0.5
Kenya ....................................0.5
Albania ..................................0.5
Taiwan, China ........................0.5
Uruguay.................................0.5
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
105
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
n/a
Lithuania................................0.5
Kazakhstan ............................0.5
Latvia.....................................0.5
Russian Federation ...............0.6
Romania ................................0.6
Slovak Republic.....................0.6
Hungary.................................0.6
Guatemala .............................0.6
Turkey....................................0.6
Poland ...................................0.6
Czech Republic .....................0.6
Serbia ....................................0.6
Panama .................................0.6
Ecuador .................................0.6
Brazil .....................................0.6
Nigeria ...................................0.6
Barbados ...............................0.6
Croatia ...................................0.7
Israel .....................................0.7
Estonia ..................................0.7
Chile ......................................0.7
Libya......................................0.7
Mexico ..................................0.7
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.7
Oman ....................................0.7
Malta .....................................0.7
Korea, Rep. ...........................0.8
Slovenia.................................0.8
Cyprus ...................................0.8
Portugal .................................0.8
Zambia ..................................0.8
Trinidad and Tobago ..............0.9
Saudi Arabia ..........................0.9
Jamaica .................................0.9
Bahrain ..................................0.9
Singapore ..............................0.9
Venezuela ..............................0.9
New Zealand .........................1.0
Spain .....................................1.0
Puerto Rico ...........................1.0
United States ........................1.0
Italy .......................................1.0
Japan.....................................1.0
Greece ..................................1.0
Belgium .................................1.1
Austria ...................................1.1
Luxembourg ..........................1.1
Canada ..................................1.1
Australia ................................1.1
United Kingdom ....................1.1
Germany ...............................1.1
United Arab Emirates............1.1
France ...................................1.1
Finland...................................1.1
Netherlands...........................1.1
Ireland ...................................1.2
Sweden .................................1.2
Iceland...................................1.3
Switzerland ...........................1.4
Denmark ...............................1.4
Kuwait ...................................1.5
Norway..................................1.6
Syria ......................................1.8
Qatar .....................................1.9
Montenegro ..........................n/a
SOURCE: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook (April 2007), International Financial Statistics Online; World Bank, World Development
Indicators 2007
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2.2: Data Tables | 10th pillar: Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
3_part2B.pag
433
2.2: Data Tables | 10th pillar: Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
3_part2B.pag
434
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 434
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 3.6
Bahrain ...............................6.3
United Arab Emirates.........6.2
Qatar ..................................5.9
Hong Kong SAR .................5.8
Kuwait ................................5.8
Singapore ...........................5.7
Saudi Arabia .......................5.5
Indonesia............................5.4
Iceland................................5.4
Slovak Republic..................5.4
Ireland ................................5.1
Estonia ...............................5.1
Luxembourg.......................5.1
Switzerland ........................5.0
Malaysia .............................5.0
Oman .................................4.9
Botswana ...........................4.8
Mauritius ............................4.8
Cyprus................................4.7
Tunisia ................................4.5
Thailand..............................4.5
Mauritania ..........................4.5
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.4
Taiwan, China.....................4.4
El Salvador .........................4.4
South Africa .......................4.3
Nigeria................................4.3
Paraguay ............................4.3
India ...................................4.2
Korea, Rep. ........................4.2
Georgia...............................4.2
Pakistan..............................4.2
Egypt..................................4.1
Cambodia ...........................4.1
Montenegro .......................4.1
Chile ...................................4.0
Austria................................3.9
Bangladesh ........................3.9
Gambia, The.......................3.8
Serbia .................................3.8
Barbados ............................3.8
Syria ...................................3.8
Algeria ................................3.8
Guatemala..........................3.8
United Kingdom .................3.8
Libya...................................3.8
China ..................................3.7
United States .....................3.7
Costa Rica ..........................3.7
Ethiopia ..............................3.7
Netherlands........................3.7
Nepal..................................3.7
Latvia..................................3.6
Sri Lanka ............................3.6
Honduras............................3.6
Azerbaijan...........................3.6
Philippines..........................3.6
Mali ....................................3.6
Namibia ..............................3.6
Vietnam..............................3.6
Morocco.............................3.5
Tanzania..............................3.5
Bolivia.................................3.5
Norway...............................3.4
Malta ..................................3.4
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Japan..................................3.4
New Zealand ......................3.4
Israel ..................................3.3
Macedonia, FYR.................3.3
Lithuania.............................3.3
Spain ..................................3.3
Armenia..............................3.3
Jordan ................................3.3
Greece ...............................3.3
Australia .............................3.3
Ecuador ..............................3.3
Madagascar........................3.3
Burkina Faso ......................3.2
Canada ...............................3.2
Mexico ...............................3.2
Kazakhstan .........................3.1
Albania ...............................3.1
Portugal..............................3.1
Uzbekistan .........................3.1
Germany ............................3.1
Croatia................................3.0
Panama ..............................3.0
Czech Republic ..................3.0
Venezuela...........................3.0
Bulgaria ..............................3.0
Mozambique ......................3.0
Peru....................................3.0
Senegal ..............................2.9
Puerto Rico ........................2.9
France ................................2.9
Tajikistan.............................2.9
Russian Federation ............2.9
Lesotho ..............................2.9
Mongolia ............................2.8
Nicaragua ...........................2.8
Poland ................................2.8
Jamaica ..............................2.8
Turkey.................................2.8
Slovenia..............................2.7
Burundi...............................2.7
Moldova .............................2.7
Uruguay..............................2.7
Romania .............................2.6
Colombia ............................2.6
Denmark ............................2.6
Uganda...............................2.6
Chad...................................2.6
Kenya .................................2.6
Suriname............................2.5
Finland................................2.5
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.5
Hungary..............................2.5
Zambia ...............................2.5
Dominican Republic ...........2.5
Benin..................................2.5
Guyana ...............................2.4
Ukraine...............................2.4
Cameroon ..........................2.4
Zimbabwe ..........................2.4
Sweden..............................2.4
Italy ....................................2.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....2.3
Argentina............................2.3
Belgium..............................2.1
Brazil ..................................1.5
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 3.6
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 435
RANK
1
2
3
4
4
4
7
7
9
10
11
11
13
14
15
16
16
16
19
20
21
22
22
24
24
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
32
34
35
36
36
38
38
40
40
42
42
44
45
46
47
47
49
49
51
51
51
54
54
56
56
56
59
60
61
62
62
62
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Venezuela ..............................2.0
Saudi Arabia ..........................7.0
Egypt ...................................12.0
Bahrain ................................13.0
Libya....................................13.0
Syria ....................................13.0
Algeria .................................19.0
Qatar ...................................19.0
Kuwait .................................21.0
Trinidad and Tobago ............24.0
Ecuador ...............................39.0
Oman ..................................39.0
Malaysia ..............................40.0
Azerbaijan............................41.0
Indonesia.............................44.0
Bangladesh .........................45.0
Jordan .................................45.0
Kazakhstan ..........................45.0
Bolivia..................................47.0
Argentina.............................48.0
Mexico ................................52.0
United Arab Emirates..........53.0
Vietnam ...............................53.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................54.0
Uzbekistan ..........................54.0
Sri Lanka .............................55.0
Mauritius .............................56.0
Colombia .............................57.0
Tunisia .................................57.0
Nicaragua ............................58.0
Panama ...............................60.0
China ...................................61.0
Guyana ................................61.0
Ethiopia ...............................62.0
Singapore ............................63.0
Guatemala ...........................64.0
Pakistan...............................64.0
Thailand ...............................65.0
Zimbabwe ...........................65.0
Nigeria .................................66.0
Russian Federation .............66.0
Costa Rica ...........................67.0
Philippines ...........................67.0
United States ......................69.0
New Zealand .......................70.0
Taiwan, China ......................71.0
Honduras.............................73.0
Nepal ...................................73.0
Botswana ............................74.0
Tajikistan..............................74.0
Dominican Republic ............75.0
India ....................................75.0
Jamaica ...............................75.0
Armenia...............................77.0
Paraguay .............................77.0
Cambodia ............................78.0
Canada ................................78.0
Puerto Rico .........................78.0
Barbados .............................79.0
El Salvador ..........................80.0
Benin ...................................81.0
Brazil ...................................84.0
Mauritania ...........................84.0
South Africa ........................84.0
Chile ....................................86.0
65
65
68
68
68
68
72
73
74
75
75
77
78
79
80
80
82
83
83
85
86
87
87
87
90
90
92
93
94
95
95
97
98
98
98
98
102
102
104
104
104
107
107
109
109
111
112
113
114
114
116
117
118
118
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
n/a
n/a
Moldova ..............................86.0
Peru.....................................86.0
Mongolia .............................87.0
Morocco ..............................87.0
Namibia ...............................87.0
Ukraine ................................87.0
Lesotho ...............................88.0
Georgia................................89.0
Japan...................................90.0
Australia ..............................94.0
Uruguay...............................94.0
Kenya ..................................98.0
Tanzania...............................99.0
Madagascar.......................100.0
Gambia, The......................101.0
Uganda ..............................101.0
Mali ...................................104.0
Hong Kong SAR ................106.0
Mozambique .....................106.0
Cameroon .........................107.0
Bulgaria .............................108.0
Lithuania............................109.0
Macedonia, FYR................109.0
Senegal .............................109.0
Portugal .............................110.0
Spain .................................110.0
Burkina Faso .....................112.0
Latvia.................................115.0
Greece ..............................119.0
Chad ..................................120.0
Cyprus ...............................120.0
Slovenia.............................121.0
Burundi..............................122.0
Croatia ...............................122.0
Estonia ..............................122.0
Zambia ..............................122.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ...124.0
Romania ............................124.0
Austria ...............................126.0
Finland...............................126.0
Malta .................................126.0
Israel .................................127.0
Montenegro ......................127.0
Albania ..............................129.0
Czech Republic .................129.0
Poland ...............................130.0
Hungary.............................131.0
Netherlands.......................132.0
France ...............................133.0
Korea, Rep. .......................133.0
Belgium .............................134.0
Ireland ...............................135.0
Luxembourg ......................136.0
Switzerland .......................136.0
Germany ...........................138.0
Slovak Republic.................143.0
Sweden .............................144.0
Denmark ...........................145.0
Italy ...................................149.0
Turkey................................162.0
Norway..............................166.0
United Kingdom ................173.0
Iceland...............................178.0
Serbia ....................................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2.2: Data Tables | 10th pillar: Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
3_part2B.pag
435
2.2: Data Tables | 10th pillar: Price competitiveness in the T&T industry
3_part2B.pag
436
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 436
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
30
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Gambia, The........................30.0
Nepal ...................................44.4
Malaysia ..............................58.8
Bolivia..................................60.0
Egypt ...................................61.2
Uruguay...............................66.6
Uzbekistan ..........................68.1
Indonesia.............................68.7
Philippines ...........................69.3
Tunisia .................................70.8
Guatemala ...........................71.5
Moldova ..............................73.1
El Salvador ..........................75.5
Sri Lanka .............................78.0
Kenya ..................................84.1
Bangladesh .........................85.2
Ecuador ...............................85.8
Syria ....................................86.5
Peru.....................................87.5
Hungary...............................88.5
Cambodia ............................88.5
Colombia .............................88.8
Dominican Republic ............91.0
Vietnam ...............................91.1
Panama ...............................96.4
New Zealand .......................97.5
Madagascar.........................98.9
Slovenia...............................99.5
Zambia ..............................100.2
Jordan ...............................100.5
Thailand .............................100.5
Uganda ..............................100.7
Venezuela ..........................102.0
Honduras...........................102.7
South Africa ......................104.0
Chile ..................................104.1
Paraguay ...........................105.0
Brazil .................................105.6
Malta .................................108.5
Mozambique .....................109.9
Nicaragua ..........................110.1
Argentina...........................111.3
Poland ...............................111.5
Tanzania.............................111.9
Trinidad and Tobago ..........112.5
Portugal .............................113.1
China .................................113.8
Turkey................................114.0
Lithuania............................114.1
Armenia.............................116.8
Latvia.................................118.3
Albania ..............................118.9
Singapore ..........................118.9
Ethiopia .............................120.2
Spain .................................120.5
Germany ...........................124.2
Austria ...............................124.5
Chad ..................................125.0
Jamaica .............................125.3
Senegal .............................125.5
Guyana ..............................126.5
Israel .................................129.3
Finland...............................129.4
Australia ............................131.5
Mauritius ...........................131.6
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
Belgium .............................134.0
Mexico ..............................134.1
Estonia ..............................135.2
Norway..............................138.5
Iceland...............................139.8
Bulgaria .............................140.0
Canada ..............................141.1
Luxembourg ......................141.6
Croatia ...............................142.1
Japan.................................142.2
Cameroon .........................144.2
Denmark ...........................146.4
Ireland ...............................148.5
Sweden .............................149.4
Saudi Arabia ......................149.9
Morocco ............................150.3
United States ....................150.9
Romania ............................151.4
Taiwan, China ....................151.9
Pakistan.............................154.0
Hong Kong SAR ................154.1
Czech Republic .................156.3
India ..................................156.9
Costa Rica .........................158.8
Greece ..............................160.3
Bahrain ..............................160.8
Netherlands.......................161.2
Oman ................................161.8
Cyprus ...............................162.9
Slovak Republic.................165.6
Switzerland .......................172.1
United Arab Emirates........172.6
Algeria ...............................174.1
United Kingdom ................175.9
Kazakhstan ........................177.8
Puerto Rico .......................181.4
Azerbaijan..........................182.8
Kyrgyz Republic.................187.1
Georgia..............................192.5
Nigeria ...............................193.3
Italy ...................................194.0
Korea, Rep. .......................197.3
Kuwait ...............................203.0
Serbia ................................212.5
France ...............................230.3
Qatar .................................254.0
Ukraine ..............................266.6
Libya..................................267.7
Russian Federation ...........283.2
Barbados ...............................n/a
Benin .....................................n/a
Bosnia and Herzegovina........n/a
Botswana ..............................n/a
Burkina Faso..........................n/a
Burundi ..................................n/a
Lesotho .................................n/a
Macedonia, FYR ....................n/a
Mali .......................................n/a
Mauritania .............................n/a
Mongolia ...............................n/a
Montenegro ..........................n/a
Namibia .................................n/a
Suriname ...............................n/a
Tajikistan................................n/a
Zimbabwe .............................n/a
SOURCE: Deloitte
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 437
11th pillar
Human resources
437
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
438
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 438
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Japan...................................99.8
Canada ................................99.6
Taiwan, China ......................99.5
Korea, Rep. .........................99.4
Cyprus .................................99.3
Spain ...................................99.3
New Zealand .......................99.2
Greece ................................98.9
Cambodia ............................98.9
Argentina.............................98.8
United Kingdom ..................98.8
Belgium ...............................98.7
Italy .....................................98.6
France .................................98.6
Iceland.................................98.6
Netherlands.........................98.5
Panama ...............................98.5
Guyana ................................98.4
Portugal ...............................98.2
Slovenia...............................98.2
Finland.................................98.2
Norway................................98.1
Mexico ................................98.0
Ecuador ...............................97.7
Barbados .............................97.6
Tajikistan..............................97.4
Israel ...................................97.4
Sri Lanka .............................97.1
Bahrain ................................97.1
Austria .................................96.9
Tunisia .................................96.8
Algeria .................................96.6
Australia ..............................96.6
Peru.....................................96.5
Poland .................................96.4
Singapore ............................96.4
Ireland .................................96.3
Sweden ...............................96.3
Qatar ...................................95.9
Serbia ..................................95.8
Indonesia.............................95.5
Malaysia ..............................95.4
Denmark .............................95.4
Brazil ...................................95.3
Estonia ................................95.1
Mauritius .............................95.1
Luxembourg ........................95.0
Bolivia..................................95.0
China ...................................94.6
Syria ....................................94.5
Suriname .............................94.2
Bangladesh .........................94.1
Guatemala ...........................94.1
Albania ................................94.0
Philippines ...........................94.0
Egypt ...................................93.7
Bulgaria ...............................93.1
Switzerland .........................93.0
Georgia................................92.8
Uruguay...............................92.7
El Salvador ..........................92.7
Hong Kong SAR ..................92.7
Romania ..............................92.6
Madagascar.........................92.5
Montenegro ........................92.3
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 439
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Australia ............................148.6
Denmark ...........................124.2
Spain .................................119.1
Netherlands.......................118.8
New Zealand .....................117.8
Norway..............................115.6
Barbados ...........................113.3
Ireland ...............................111.6
France ...............................110.6
Finland...............................109.4
Belgium .............................108.9
Canada ..............................108.5
Uruguay.............................108.0
Iceland...............................107.9
Malta .................................105.3
United Kingdom ................104.5
Libya..................................103.9
Sweden .............................102.6
Bulgaria .............................102.1
Lithuania............................102.1
Brazil .................................102.0
Japan.................................101.6
Austria ...............................100.9
Germany ...........................100.3
Qatar .................................100.0
Slovenia...............................99.8
Taiwan, China ......................99.2
Italy .....................................99.1
Bahrain ................................98.6
Kazakhstan ..........................98.6
Estonia ................................98.1
Singapore ............................98.0
Cyprus .................................97.7
Poland .................................96.7
Portugal ...............................96.7
Latvia...................................96.6
Hungary...............................96.5
Greece ................................96.3
Czech Republic ...................95.7
Kuwait .................................94.9
Luxembourg ........................94.9
United States ......................94.7
Uzbekistan ..........................94.6
Slovak Republic...................94.2
Mongolia .............................94.0
Switzerland .........................93.4
Russian Federation .............92.9
Korea, Rep. .........................92.9
Israel ...................................92.7
Peru.....................................91.6
South Africa ........................90.5
Guyana ................................89.9
Chile ....................................89.1
Ukraine ................................88.7
Bolivia..................................88.5
Mauritius .............................88.4
Croatia .................................88.2
Jamaica ...............................88.1
Armenia...............................88.0
Trinidad and Tobago ............87.8
Saudi Arabia ........................87.6
Jordan .................................87.4
Hong Kong SAR ..................87.2
Suriname .............................87.1
Egypt ...................................87.1
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
n/a
Oman ..................................87.1
Argentina.............................86.4
Kyrgyz Republic...................86.4
Philippines ...........................85.9
Romania ..............................85.1
Macedonia, FYR..................84.1
Azerbaijan............................83.8
Montenegro ........................83.7
Algeria .................................83.1
Sri Lanka .............................82.5
Georgia................................82.3
Tajikistan..............................81.8
Moldova ..............................81.7
Tunisia .................................81.3
Mexico ................................79.7
Turkey..................................79.2
Costa Rica ...........................79.2
Colombia .............................78.6
Albania ................................78.0
Serbia ..................................76.4
Malaysia ..............................75.8
Vietnam ...............................75.8
Botswana ............................75.1
Venezuela ............................74.5
Thailand ...............................73.2
China ...................................72.5
Dominican Republic ............70.7
Panama ...............................70.2
Syria ....................................67.6
Honduras.............................65.5
Indonesia.............................64.1
United Arab Emirates..........63.8
Nicaragua ............................63.7
Paraguay .............................62.9
El Salvador ..........................62.8
Ecuador ...............................61.0
Namibia ...............................60.6
India ....................................53.5
Guatemala ...........................51.3
Morocco ..............................49.9
Kenya ..................................48.9
Gambia, The........................46.9
Nepal ...................................45.7
Bangladesh .........................45.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....45.0
Cameroon ...........................44.3
Lesotho ...............................38.7
Zimbabwe ...........................36.4
Nigeria .................................34.2
Benin ...................................32.5
Ethiopia ...............................30.9
Cambodia ............................29.4
Zambia ................................28.3
Pakistan...............................26.9
Senegal ...............................26.4
Mali .....................................23.9
Mauritania ...........................20.5
Uganda ................................16.0
Chad ....................................15.5
Madagascar.........................14.1
Burkina Faso .......................14.0
Mozambique .......................13.5
Burundi................................13.5
Tanzania.................................5.9
Puerto Rico............................n/a
SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics; The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2007; national sources
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
439
3_part2B.pag
440
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 440
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 3.7
Singapore ...........................6.0
Finland................................6.0
Switzerland ........................5.8
Denmark ............................5.8
Belgium..............................5.7
Iceland................................5.7
Ireland ................................5.6
Australia .............................5.3
Hong Kong SAR .................5.3
Norway...............................5.3
Canada ...............................5.3
Tunisia ................................5.2
Netherlands........................5.2
Austria................................5.2
Malaysia .............................5.2
Sweden..............................5.2
United States .....................5.1
Taiwan, China.....................5.1
Korea, Rep. ........................5.0
Barbados ............................5.0
New Zealand ......................4.9
Germany ............................4.9
Cyprus................................4.9
Qatar ..................................4.9
Israel ..................................4.8
Malta ..................................4.8
France ................................4.8
Japan..................................4.7
Indonesia............................4.6
United Kingdom .................4.6
India ...................................4.5
Uzbekistan .........................4.5
Czech Republic ..................4.4
Kenya .................................4.4
Estonia ...............................4.3
Costa Rica ..........................4.3
Jordan ................................4.3
Luxembourg.......................4.2
United Arab Emirates.........4.2
Zimbabwe ..........................4.2
Thailand..............................4.1
Latvia..................................4.1
Slovenia..............................4.1
Lithuania.............................4.1
Serbia .................................4.0
Russian Federation ............4.0
Ukraine...............................4.0
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.0
Poland ................................4.0
Oman .................................3.9
Gambia, The.......................3.9
Spain ..................................3.8
Mauritius ............................3.8
Philippines..........................3.8
Sri Lanka ............................3.8
Botswana ...........................3.8
Macedonia, FYR.................3.7
Romania .............................3.7
Colombia ............................3.7
Puerto Rico ........................3.7
Croatia................................3.7
Zambia ...............................3.7
Slovak Republic..................3.7
Kazakhstan .........................3.7
Hungary..............................3.6
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Montenegro .......................3.6
Bahrain ...............................3.6
Portugal..............................3.5
Uruguay..............................3.5
Turkey.................................3.5
Nigeria................................3.5
Kyrgyz Republic .................3.5
China ..................................3.4
Uganda...............................3.4
Moldova .............................3.4
Bulgaria ..............................3.4
Italy ....................................3.4
Chile ...................................3.4
Saudi Arabia .......................3.4
Kuwait ................................3.3
Senegal ..............................3.3
Guyana ...............................3.3
Greece ...............................3.3
Cameroon ..........................3.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.2
Tanzania..............................3.2
El Salvador .........................3.2
Pakistan..............................3.2
Albania ...............................3.2
Morocco.............................3.1
Jamaica ..............................3.1
Mexico ...............................3.0
Georgia...............................3.0
Armenia..............................3.0
Cambodia ...........................3.0
Benin..................................3.0
Ethiopia ..............................3.0
Azerbaijan...........................2.9
Nepal..................................2.9
Lesotho ..............................2.9
Madagascar........................2.9
Syria ...................................2.9
Algeria ................................2.9
South Africa .......................2.8
Argentina............................2.8
Panama ..............................2.8
Bangladesh ........................2.8
Mali ....................................2.8
Tajikistan.............................2.7
Burundi...............................2.7
Mongolia ............................2.7
Vietnam..............................2.7
Burkina Faso ......................2.7
Guatemala..........................2.6
Mozambique ......................2.6
Venezuela...........................2.6
Honduras............................2.6
Namibia ..............................2.6
Egypt..................................2.5
Brazil ..................................2.5
Suriname............................2.5
Ecuador ..............................2.4
Nicaragua ...........................2.4
Libya...................................2.3
Bolivia.................................2.3
Mauritania ..........................2.3
Dominican Republic ...........2.2
Chad...................................2.2
Peru....................................2.1
Paraguay ............................2.1
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 3.7
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 441
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.0
Switzerland ........................6.0
United States .....................6.0
Germany ............................6.0
Sweden..............................5.9
United Kingdom .................5.9
Japan..................................5.8
Netherlands........................5.8
Belgium..............................5.7
Finland................................5.7
Canada ...............................5.7
Denmark ............................5.6
France ................................5.6
Israel ..................................5.5
Korea, Rep. ........................5.3
Austria................................5.3
Australia .............................5.2
Singapore ...........................5.2
Norway...............................5.1
Hong Kong SAR .................5.1
Taiwan, China.....................5.0
Malaysia .............................5.0
Iceland................................5.0
Ireland ................................5.0
New Zealand ......................4.9
Czech Republic ..................4.8
Tunisia ................................4.8
Estonia ...............................4.8
Italy ....................................4.8
Indonesia............................4.7
Puerto Rico ........................4.7
India ...................................4.7
Brazil ..................................4.7
South Africa .......................4.6
Chile ...................................4.6
Slovenia..............................4.6
Costa Rica ..........................4.5
Portugal..............................4.4
Croatia................................4.4
China ..................................4.4
Spain ..................................4.4
Poland ................................4.4
Kenya .................................4.3
Turkey.................................4.3
Luxembourg.......................4.3
Argentina............................4.3
Senegal ..............................4.2
Slovak Republic..................4.2
Lithuania.............................4.2
Romania .............................4.1
United Arab Emirates.........4.1
Kuwait ................................4.1
Mexico ...............................4.1
Guatemala..........................4.1
Oman .................................4.1
Qatar ..................................4.1
Nigeria................................4.1
Morocco.............................4.0
Uzbekistan .........................4.0
Jordan ................................4.0
Jamaica ..............................4.0
Hungary..............................4.0
Thailand..............................4.0
Serbia .................................4.0
Philippines..........................3.9
Uganda...............................3.9
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Latvia..................................3.9
Sri Lanka ............................3.9
Saudi Arabia .......................3.9
Panama ..............................3.9
Cyprus................................3.9
Colombia ............................3.8
Honduras............................3.8
Uruguay..............................3.8
Vietnam..............................3.8
Greece ...............................3.8
Bulgaria ..............................3.8
Azerbaijan...........................3.7
Peru....................................3.7
Russian Federation ............3.7
Barbados ............................3.7
Tanzania..............................3.7
Kazakhstan .........................3.6
Egypt..................................3.6
El Salvador .........................3.6
Ukraine...............................3.6
Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.5
Mali ....................................3.5
Burkina Faso ......................3.5
Mauritius ............................3.5
Mongolia ............................3.5
Bahrain ...............................3.4
Benin..................................3.4
Montenegro .......................3.4
Malta ..................................3.4
Pakistan..............................3.3
Macedonia, FYR.................3.3
Dominican Republic ...........3.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.3
Syria ...................................3.3
Nicaragua ...........................3.3
Ecuador ..............................3.3
Venezuela...........................3.2
Cameroon ..........................3.2
Moldova .............................3.2
Algeria ................................3.1
Botswana ...........................3.1
Cambodia ...........................3.1
Madagascar........................3.1
Gambia, The.......................3.0
Bolivia.................................3.0
Armenia..............................2.9
Ethiopia ..............................2.9
Chad...................................2.9
Libya...................................2.9
Mozambique ......................2.9
Georgia...............................2.8
Paraguay ............................2.8
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.8
Zambia ...............................2.8
Zimbabwe ..........................2.8
Tajikistan.............................2.6
Suriname............................2.6
Nepal..................................2.6
Guyana ...............................2.5
Lesotho ..............................2.5
Albania ...............................2.5
Mauritania ..........................2.5
Bangladesh ........................2.4
Namibia ..............................2.4
Burundi...............................2.2
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.0
3_part2B.pag
441
3_part2B.pag
442
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 442
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Denmark ............................5.9
Switzerland ........................5.9
Sweden..............................5.8
Japan..................................5.6
Korea, Rep. ........................5.6
Austria................................5.6
Singapore ...........................5.6
Netherlands........................5.5
Germany ............................5.5
Norway...............................5.4
United States .....................5.4
Belgium..............................5.4
Finland................................5.3
Iceland................................5.3
Ireland ................................5.2
Malaysia .............................5.2
United Kingdom .................5.2
Luxembourg.......................5.1
Taiwan, China.....................5.1
Australia .............................5.0
South Africa .......................5.0
New Zealand ......................5.0
Israel ..................................5.0
France ................................5.0
Canada ...............................4.9
Puerto Rico ........................4.8
Costa Rica ..........................4.8
Hong Kong SAR .................4.7
Mauritius ............................4.7
Estonia ...............................4.7
Philippines..........................4.6
Tunisia ................................4.6
India ...................................4.6
Indonesia............................4.5
Czech Republic ..................4.5
Thailand..............................4.4
Slovenia..............................4.4
Oman .................................4.4
United Arab Emirates.........4.4
Chile ...................................4.3
Lithuania.............................4.3
Barbados ............................4.2
Malta ..................................4.2
Slovak Republic..................4.2
Brazil ..................................4.2
Qatar ..................................4.2
Turkey.................................4.0
Kuwait ................................4.0
Latvia..................................4.0
Spain ..................................4.0
Sri Lanka ............................3.9
Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.9
Portugal..............................3.9
Kenya .................................3.9
Greece ...............................3.9
Panama ..............................3.9
Jordan ................................3.9
Namibia ..............................3.9
Bahrain ...............................3.8
Croatia................................3.8
China ..................................3.8
Guatemala..........................3.8
Zimbabwe ..........................3.8
Botswana ...........................3.8
Mexico ...............................3.8
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Poland ................................3.7
Jamaica ..............................3.7
El Salvador .........................3.7
Colombia ............................3.7
Uzbekistan .........................3.7
Honduras............................3.7
Cyprus................................3.6
Morocco.............................3.6
Hungary..............................3.6
Argentina............................3.6
Nigeria................................3.6
Saudi Arabia .......................3.6
Gambia, The.......................3.6
Macedonia, FYR.................3.5
Italy ....................................3.5
Egypt..................................3.5
Uganda...............................3.5
Vietnam..............................3.5
Romania .............................3.5
Azerbaijan...........................3.5
Peru....................................3.5
Venezuela...........................3.5
Georgia...............................3.4
Uruguay..............................3.4
Mozambique ......................3.4
Dominican Republic ...........3.4
Tanzania..............................3.3
Kazakhstan .........................3.3
Mongolia ............................3.3
Guyana ...............................3.3
Russian Federation ............3.3
Montenegro .......................3.3
Ukraine...............................3.3
Cambodia ...........................3.2
Albania ...............................3.2
Syria ...................................3.2
Tajikistan.............................3.2
Moldova .............................3.2
Mauritania ..........................3.1
Lesotho ..............................3.1
Libya...................................3.1
Madagascar........................3.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.0
Nicaragua ...........................3.0
Senegal ..............................3.0
Suriname............................3.0
Algeria ................................2.9
Armenia..............................2.9
Cameroon ..........................2.9
Ecuador ..............................2.9
Benin..................................2.9
Pakistan..............................2.8
Bulgaria ..............................2.8
Burkina Faso ......................2.8
Paraguay ............................2.8
Serbia .................................2.8
Ethiopia ..............................2.7
Bolivia.................................2.7
Kyrgyz Republic .................2.6
Mali ....................................2.6
Bangladesh ........................2.6
Nepal..................................2.6
Zambia ...............................2.5
Burundi...............................2.3
Chad...................................2.2
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 3.9
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 443
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 3.9
Singapore ...........................5.8
Switzerland ........................5.7
Denmark ............................5.6
Kazakhstan .........................5.5
Iceland................................5.4
Azerbaijan...........................5.3
Hong Kong SAR .................5.3
Zambia ...............................5.3
United States .....................5.3
Kyrgyz Republic .................5.2
Uganda...............................5.1
Uzbekistan .........................5.1
Nigeria................................5.0
Georgia...............................5.0
Russian Federation ............5.0
Ukraine...............................4.9
Mauritania ..........................4.9
Mongolia ............................4.9
United Arab Emirates.........4.8
Israel ..................................4.8
Tajikistan.............................4.8
Kenya .................................4.8
Korea, Rep. ........................4.7
Dominican Republic ...........4.7
Serbia .................................4.7
Pakistan..............................4.7
Slovak Republic..................4.7
El Salvador .........................4.6
Costa Rica ..........................4.6
Taiwan, China.....................4.6
Albania ...............................4.6
Nicaragua ...........................4.6
Bangladesh ........................4.5
Indonesia............................4.5
Moldova .............................4.5
Guyana ...............................4.5
Tunisia ................................4.4
Cameroon ..........................4.4
Gambia, The.......................4.4
Armenia..............................4.4
China ..................................4.3
Guatemala..........................4.3
Canada ...............................4.3
Malaysia .............................4.3
Benin..................................4.3
Mali ....................................4.2
Thailand..............................4.2
United Kingdom .................4.2
Vietnam..............................4.2
Bulgaria ..............................4.2
Qatar ..................................4.1
Honduras............................4.1
Kuwait ................................4.1
Senegal ..............................4.1
Estonia ...............................4.1
Madagascar........................4.1
Burundi...............................4.0
Morocco.............................4.0
Jamaica ..............................4.0
Saudi Arabia .......................4.0
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.0
Chile ...................................3.9
Australia .............................3.9
Colombia ............................3.9
Barbados ............................3.9
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Ethiopia ..............................3.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....3.9
Oman .................................3.8
Cambodia ...........................3.8
Burkina Faso ......................3.8
Hungary..............................3.8
Poland ................................3.8
Macedonia, FYR.................3.8
Croatia................................3.8
Mexico ...............................3.7
Latvia..................................3.7
Tanzania..............................3.7
Chad...................................3.7
Austria................................3.7
Romania .............................3.6
Lesotho ..............................3.6
Bolivia.................................3.5
Philippines..........................3.5
Japan..................................3.5
Puerto Rico ........................3.5
Botswana ...........................3.5
Turkey.................................3.5
Algeria ................................3.5
New Zealand ......................3.5
Sri Lanka ............................3.3
Luxembourg.......................3.3
Montenegro .......................3.3
Syria ...................................3.3
Finland................................3.3
Cyprus................................3.3
Bahrain ...............................3.2
Peru....................................3.2
Malta ..................................3.2
Panama ..............................3.2
Ireland ................................3.2
India ...................................3.1
Jordan ................................3.1
Czech Republic ..................3.1
Nepal..................................3.1
Egypt..................................3.1
Lithuania.............................3.1
Uruguay..............................3.1
Paraguay ............................3.0
Mozambique ......................2.9
Slovenia..............................2.9
Mauritius ............................2.9
Netherlands........................2.9
Ecuador ..............................2.9
Spain ..................................2.9
Libya...................................2.8
Greece ...............................2.8
Namibia ..............................2.7
Sweden..............................2.7
Argentina............................2.7
Brazil ..................................2.7
Norway...............................2.6
Portugal..............................2.6
Zimbabwe ..........................2.5
Belgium..............................2.4
Germany ............................2.4
France ................................2.4
Italy ....................................2.4
South Africa .......................2.3
Suriname............................2.3
Venezuela...........................2.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 3.9
3_part2B.pag
443
3_part2B.pag
444
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 444
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.8
Kuwait ................................6.2
Armenia..............................5.9
Ireland ................................5.9
Albania ...............................5.9
Georgia...............................5.9
Nicaragua ...........................5.8
Singapore ...........................5.8
Dominican Republic ...........5.8
United Arab Emirates.........5.8
Iceland................................5.7
Portugal..............................5.7
Slovak Republic..................5.7
Indonesia............................5.7
El Salvador .........................5.6
Finland................................5.6
Qatar ..................................5.6
United Kingdom .................5.6
Uganda...............................5.5
Guyana ...............................5.5
Luxembourg.......................5.5
Paraguay ............................5.4
Uruguay..............................5.4
Switzerland ........................5.4
Argentina............................5.3
Nigeria................................5.3
Hong Kong SAR .................5.3
Chile ...................................5.3
Peru....................................5.3
Italy ....................................5.3
Mauritania ..........................5.3
Norway...............................5.3
Honduras............................5.3
Costa Rica ..........................5.2
Egypt..................................5.2
Benin..................................5.2
United States .....................5.2
Czech Republic ..................5.2
Spain ..................................5.2
Senegal ..............................5.1
Malaysia .............................5.1
Colombia ............................5.1
Azerbaijan...........................5.1
Gambia, The.......................5.1
Zambia ...............................5.1
Denmark ............................5.1
Burkina Faso ......................5.1
Pakistan..............................5.1
Guatemala..........................5.1
Mali ....................................5.1
Cameroon ..........................5.0
Serbia .................................5.0
Suriname............................5.0
Jamaica ..............................5.0
Montenegro .......................5.0
Bolivia.................................4.9
Morocco.............................4.9
Germany ............................4.9
Uzbekistan .........................4.9
Tajikistan.............................4.9
China ..................................4.9
Korea, Rep. ........................4.9
Mauritius ............................4.9
New Zealand ......................4.8
Greece ...............................4.8
Moldova .............................4.8
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Mexico ...............................4.8
Vietnam..............................4.8
Cambodia ...........................4.7
Brazil ..................................4.7
Netherlands........................4.7
Sweden..............................4.6
Macedonia, FYR.................4.6
Burundi...............................4.6
Tunisia ................................4.6
Madagascar........................4.6
Hungary..............................4.6
Turkey.................................4.6
Malta ..................................4.6
Bahrain ...............................4.6
Tanzania..............................4.6
Latvia..................................4.5
Australia .............................4.5
France ................................4.5
Bulgaria ..............................4.5
Belgium..............................4.5
India ...................................4.5
Kenya .................................4.5
Trinidad and Tobago ...........4.5
Slovenia..............................4.5
Saudi Arabia .......................4.4
Taiwan, China.....................4.4
Thailand..............................4.4
Lithuania.............................4.4
Jordan ................................4.4
Croatia................................4.4
Romania .............................4.4
Canada ...............................4.4
Ecuador ..............................4.4
Ethiopia ..............................4.4
Mongolia ............................4.3
Cyprus................................4.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.3
Japan..................................4.3
Puerto Rico ........................4.2
Chad...................................4.2
Estonia ...............................4.2
Ukraine...............................4.2
Poland ................................4.2
Kyrgyz Republic .................4.2
Sri Lanka ............................4.1
Barbados ............................4.1
Philippines..........................4.1
Venezuela...........................4.1
Oman .................................4.0
Lesotho ..............................4.0
Kazakhstan .........................4.0
Syria ...................................4.0
Panama ..............................3.9
Botswana ...........................3.9
Austria................................3.9
Algeria ................................3.7
Russian Federation ............3.7
Libya...................................3.7
Bangladesh ........................3.7
Mozambique ......................3.5
Israel ..................................3.5
South Africa .......................3.5
Nepal..................................3.0
Zimbabwe ..........................2.6
Namibia ..............................2.5
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.8
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 445
RANK
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
63
63
63
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Bangladesh .........................<0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina .....<0.1
Bulgaria ...............................<0.1
Croatia.................................<0.1
Egypt...................................<0.1
Hong Kong SAR..................<0.1
Japan ..................................<0.1
Jordan .................................<0.1
Korea, Rep. .........................<0.1
Kuwait.................................<0.1
Macedonia, FYR .................<0.1
Mongolia .............................<0.1
Montenegro ........................<0.1
Philippines...........................<0.1
Qatar ...................................<0.1
Romania..............................<0.1
Saudi Arabia........................<0.1
Serbia..................................<0.1
Slovak Republic ..................<0.1
Slovenia ..............................<0.1
Sri Lanka .............................<0.1
Syria ....................................<0.1
Turkey .................................<0.1
Albania ..................................0.1
Algeria ...................................0.1
Armenia.................................0.1
Australia ................................0.1
Azerbaijan..............................0.1
Bolivia....................................0.1
China .....................................0.1
Czech Republic .....................0.1
Finland...................................0.1
Germany ...............................0.1
Hungary.................................0.1
Indonesia...............................0.1
Israel .....................................0.1
Kazakhstan ............................0.1
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.1
Malta .....................................0.1
Morocco ................................0.1
New Zealand .........................0.1
Norway..................................0.1
Oman ....................................0.1
Pakistan.................................0.1
Poland ...................................0.1
Tajikistan................................0.1
Tunisia ...................................0.1
Taiwan, China ........................0.1
Bahrain ..................................0.2
Denmark ...............................0.2
Georgia..................................0.2
Greece ..................................0.2
Iceland...................................0.2
Ireland ...................................0.2
Lithuania................................0.2
Luxembourg ..........................0.2
Netherlands...........................0.2
Nicaragua ..............................0.2
Sweden .................................0.2
United Arab Emirates............0.2
United Kingdom ....................0.2
Uzbekistan ............................0.2
Austria ...................................0.3
Belgium .................................0.3
Canada ..................................0.3
63
63
63
63
63
63
72
72
72
72
76
76
76
76
76
76
76
83
83
83
83
83
83
89
89
91
92
93
93
93
93
93
98
99
99
99
102
103
103
105
105
105
108
109
110
111
112
113
113
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
n/a
Chile ......................................0.3
Costa Rica .............................0.3
Ecuador .................................0.3
Libya......................................0.3
Mexico ..................................0.3
Singapore ..............................0.3
France ...................................0.4
Paraguay ...............................0.4
Portugal .................................0.4
Switzerland ...........................0.4
Brazil .....................................0.5
Italy .......................................0.5
Madagascar...........................0.5
Malaysia ................................0.5
Nepal .....................................0.5
Uruguay.................................0.5
Vietnam .................................0.5
Argentina...............................0.6
Colombia ...............................0.6
Mauritius ...............................0.6
Peru.......................................0.6
Spain .....................................0.6
United States ........................0.6
Mauritania .............................0.7
Venezuela ..............................0.7
Puerto Rico ...........................0.8
Latvia.....................................0.8
El Salvador ............................0.9
Guatemala .............................0.9
India ......................................0.9
Panama .................................0.9
Senegal .................................0.9
Ethiopia .................................1.0
Dominican Republic ..............1.1
Moldova ................................1.1
Russian Federation ...............1.1
Estonia ..................................1.3
Thailand .................................1.4
Ukraine ..................................1.4
Barbados ...............................1.5
Honduras...............................1.5
Jamaica .................................1.5
Cambodia ..............................1.6
Mali .......................................1.7
Benin .....................................1.8
Suriname ...............................1.9
Burkina Faso .........................2.0
Gambia, The..........................2.4
Guyana ..................................2.4
Trinidad and Tobago ..............2.6
Burundi..................................3.3
Chad ......................................3.5
Nigeria ...................................3.9
Cameroon .............................5.4
Kenya ....................................6.1
Tanzania.................................6.5
Uganda ..................................6.7
Mozambique .......................16.1
Zambia ................................17.0
South Africa ........................18.8
Namibia ...............................19.6
Zimbabwe ...........................20.1
Lesotho ...............................23.2
Botswana ............................24.1
Cyprus ...................................n/a
SOURCE: UNAIDS, 2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic; UNDP, Human Development Report 2006; national sources
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
445
3_part2B.pag
446
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 446
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 5.0
Iceland................................6.6
Norway...............................6.5
Austria................................6.5
Denmark ............................6.4
Sweden..............................6.4
Finland................................6.4
Tunisia ................................6.4
Israel ..................................6.4
Montenegro .......................6.4
Syria ...................................6.3
Germany ............................6.3
Slovak Republic..................6.2
Jordan ................................6.1
Greece ...............................6.1
Hungary..............................6.1
Turkey.................................6.1
Qatar ..................................6.1
New Zealand ......................6.1
Croatia................................6.1
Hong Kong SAR .................6.1
Italy ....................................6.1
Kuwait ................................6.1
Slovenia..............................6.1
Cyprus................................6.1
Belgium..............................6.0
Portugal..............................6.0
Switzerland ........................6.0
Indonesia............................6.0
Netherlands........................6.0
Bahrain ...............................6.0
Luxembourg.......................5.9
Spain ..................................5.9
Ireland ................................5.9
Lithuania.............................5.9
Singapore ...........................5.9
Malta ..................................5.8
Australia .............................5.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....5.8
Russian Federation ............5.8
Georgia...............................5.8
Egypt..................................5.7
United Arab Emirates.........5.7
Chile ...................................5.7
Czech Republic ..................5.7
Serbia .................................5.7
Uruguay..............................5.6
Canada ...............................5.6
United Kingdom .................5.6
Romania .............................5.6
Japan..................................5.6
France ................................5.5
Latvia..................................5.5
Algeria ................................5.5
Argentina............................5.5
Taiwan, China.....................5.4
China ..................................5.4
Mexico ...............................5.4
Sri Lanka ............................5.3
Armenia..............................5.3
Malaysia .............................5.3
Brazil ..................................5.3
Bulgaria ..............................5.3
Mauritius ............................5.3
Vietnam..............................5.3
Azerbaijan...........................5.2
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 5.0
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 447
RANK
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
36
37
37
37
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
58
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
58
58
68
68
68
68
68
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
73
86
86
86
86
90
91
91
91
91
91
91
97
97
99
100
100
100
103
103
103
103
107
108
108
110
110
112
113
114
115
115
117
117
119
120
120
122
123
123
125
126
127
128
129
129
Serbia ..................................73.0
Tunisia .................................73.0
Algeria .................................72.0
Azerbaijan............................72.0
China ...................................72.0
Jordan .................................72.0
Romania ..............................72.0
Brazil ...................................71.0
Egypt ...................................71.0
El Salvador ..........................71.0
Georgia................................71.0
Jamaica ...............................71.0
Latvia...................................71.0
Lithuania..............................71.0
Paraguay .............................71.0
Peru.....................................71.0
Philippines ...........................71.0
Thailand ...............................71.0
Turkey..................................71.0
Vietnam ...............................71.0
Morocco ..............................70.0
Nicaragua ............................70.0
Suriname .............................70.0
Trinidad and Tobago ............70.0
Honduras.............................69.0
Dominican Republic ............68.0
Guatemala ...........................68.0
Indonesia.............................68.0
Kyrgyz Republic...................68.0
Moldova ..............................68.0
Ukraine ................................68.0
Mongolia .............................67.0
Uzbekistan ..........................67.0
Kazakhstan ..........................66.0
Bolivia..................................65.0
Pakistan...............................65.0
Russian Federation .............65.0
Bangladesh .........................64.0
Guyana ................................64.0
India ....................................64.0
Tajikistan..............................64.0
Nepal ...................................63.0
Cambodia ............................57.0
Gambia, The........................57.0
Madagascar.........................56.0
Senegal ...............................56.0
Benin ...................................55.0
Mauritania ...........................54.0
Uganda ................................50.0
Kenya ..................................49.0
Mali .....................................49.0
Burkina Faso .......................48.0
South Africa ........................48.0
Namibia ...............................47.0
Cameroon ...........................46.0
Tanzania...............................46.0
Burundi................................45.0
Chad ....................................44.0
Nigeria .................................44.0
Ethiopia ...............................43.0
Mozambique .......................42.0
Zambia ................................38.0
Zimbabwe ...........................37.0
Botswana ............................35.0
Lesotho ...............................35.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
447
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 448
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 449
12th pillar
Affinity for Travel & Tourism
449
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2.2: Data Tables | 12th pillar: Affinity for Travel & Tourism
3_part2B.pag
450
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 450
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Barbados .............................32.1
Albania ................................23.6
Jamaica ...............................23.0
Croatia .................................22.2
Mauritius .............................21.8
Cyprus .................................19.9
Luxembourg ........................18.4
Malta ...................................18.2
Jordan .................................18.0
Cambodia ............................17.2
Burundi................................15.8
Singapore ............................14.9
Bulgaria ...............................14.9
Gambia, The........................14.6
Mongolia .............................14.4
Hong Kong SAR ..................14.4
Dominican Republic ............14.2
Estonia ................................11.6
Tanzania...............................11.5
Morocco ..............................11.3
Bahrain ................................11.2
Costa Rica ...........................10.5
Kyrgyz Republic...................10.5
Egypt ...................................10.4
Moldova ..............................10.3
Qatar ...................................10.3
Malaysia ..............................10.2
Thailand .................................9.7
Iceland...................................9.5
Syria ......................................9.4
Honduras...............................9.3
Guyana ..................................9.2
Tunisia ...................................9.0
Austria ...................................8.5
Slovenia.................................8.4
Namibia .................................8.3
Panama .................................8.0
Belgium .................................7.7
Botswana ..............................7.7
Lithuania................................7.6
Latvia.....................................7.6
Georgia..................................7.5
Zimbabwe .............................7.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......7.4
Ukraine ..................................7.3
Kuwait ...................................6.8
Nicaragua ..............................6.7
Guatemala .............................6.6
New Zealand .........................6.5
Hungary.................................6.5
Portugal .................................6.3
Czech Republic .....................6.2
Greece ..................................6.1
Vietnam .................................6.0
Ireland ...................................6.0
Spain .....................................6.0
Switzerland ...........................5.9
Sweden .................................5.7
United Arab Emirates............5.7
Slovak Republic.....................5.4
Turkey....................................5.4
Norway..................................5.3
Uganda ..................................5.3
Armenia.................................5.2
El Salvador ............................5.2
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
122
122
122
122
122
122
n/a
n/a
Uruguay.................................4.8
Denmark ...............................4.7
Mozambique .........................4.7
South Africa ..........................4.7
Kenya ....................................4.5
Bolivia....................................4.5
Netherlands...........................4.5
Israel .....................................4.4
United Kingdom ....................4.3
Poland ...................................4.3
Trinidad and Tobago ..............4.2
Mali .......................................4.2
Australia ................................4.1
Taiwan, China ........................4.0
Germany ...............................3.8
Philippines .............................3.8
Nepal .....................................3.8
Oman ....................................3.7
Argentina...............................3.6
Zambia ..................................3.5
France ...................................3.5
Suriname ...............................3.5
Macedonia, FYR....................3.5
Italy .......................................3.5
Russian Federation ...............3.4
Sri Lanka ...............................3.3
Lesotho .................................3.3
Canada ..................................3.1
Korea, Rep. ...........................3.0
Finland...................................3.0
Benin .....................................3.0
Kazakhstan ............................2.9
Indonesia...............................2.8
Peru.......................................2.7
Mexico ..................................2.6
Romania ................................2.6
China .....................................2.6
Ecuador .................................2.6
Azerbaijan..............................2.4
Paraguay ...............................2.4
Colombia ...............................2.3
Ethiopia .................................2.3
Libya......................................2.2
Saudi Arabia ..........................2.1
India ......................................2.1
Chile ......................................2.1
Madagascar...........................1.7
Pakistan.................................1.6
Venezuela ..............................1.3
United States ........................1.3
Nigeria ...................................1.1
Brazil .....................................1.1
Japan.....................................0.8
Algeria ...................................0.5
Bangladesh ...........................0.4
Tajikistan................................0.3
Burkina Faso .........................0.0
Cameroon .............................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Mauritania .............................0.0
Senegal .................................0.0
Serbia ....................................0.0
Uzbekistan ............................0.0
Montenegro ..........................n/a
Puerto Rico............................n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 451
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 6.3
Montenegro .......................6.8
New Zealand ......................6.8
Austria................................6.8
Singapore ...........................6.8
Malta ..................................6.8
United Arab Emirates.........6.8
Burkina Faso ......................6.8
Iceland................................6.8
Ireland ................................6.8
Thailand..............................6.8
Mali ....................................6.8
Canada ...............................6.7
Mauritius ............................6.7
Uganda...............................6.7
Barbados ............................6.7
Zambia ...............................6.7
Greece ...............................6.7
Cyprus................................6.7
Australia .............................6.7
Sweden..............................6.7
Jamaica ..............................6.7
Senegal ..............................6.7
Belgium..............................6.7
Hong Kong SAR .................6.7
Portugal..............................6.7
Kenya .................................6.6
Macedonia, FYR.................6.6
Dominican Republic ...........6.6
Philippines..........................6.6
Serbia .................................6.6
Uruguay..............................6.6
Netherlands........................6.6
Croatia................................6.6
Gambia, The.......................6.6
Norway...............................6.6
Malaysia .............................6.6
Switzerland ........................6.6
Costa Rica ..........................6.6
Turkey.................................6.6
Mexico ...............................6.6
Germany ............................6.6
Indonesia............................6.6
South Africa .......................6.6
Nepal..................................6.5
Estonia ...............................6.5
Sri Lanka ............................6.5
Spain ..................................6.5
Finland................................6.5
Puerto Rico ........................6.5
Armenia..............................6.5
Denmark ............................6.5
India ...................................6.5
Albania ...............................6.5
Azerbaijan...........................6.5
Syria ...................................6.5
Bahrain ...............................6.5
Benin..................................6.5
Nicaragua ...........................6.5
Colombia ............................6.5
Mauritania ..........................6.5
Tajikistan.............................6.5
Georgia...............................6.5
Taiwan, China.....................6.5
Tunisia ................................6.4
Jordan ................................6.4
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 6.3
2.2: Data Tables | 12th pillar: Affinity for Travel & Tourism
3_part2B.pag
451
2.2: Data Tables | 12th pillar: Affinity for Travel & Tourism
3_part2B.pag
452
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 452
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 5.5
Montenegro .......................6.6
Uzbekistan .........................6.5
Turkey.................................6.4
Indonesia............................6.3
South Africa .......................6.2
Austria................................6.2
Namibia ..............................6.2
Armenia..............................6.2
United Arab Emirates.........6.2
New Zealand ......................6.2
Switzerland ........................6.2
France ................................6.1
Thailand..............................6.1
Azerbaijan...........................6.1
Kyrgyz Republic .................6.1
Estonia ...............................6.1
Malaysia .............................6.0
Syria ...................................6.0
Sri Lanka ............................6.0
Italy ....................................6.0
Tajikistan.............................6.0
Costa Rica ..........................6.0
Barbados ............................6.0
Jordan ................................6.0
Greece ...............................6.0
Iceland................................6.0
Argentina............................6.0
Georgia...............................6.0
Kazakhstan .........................6.0
Tunisia ................................5.9
Israel ..................................5.9
Cyprus................................5.9
Malta ..................................5.9
Guatemala..........................5.9
Zambia ...............................5.9
Uruguay..............................5.8
Morocco.............................5.8
Mauritania ..........................5.8
Spain ..................................5.8
Portugal..............................5.8
Egypt..................................5.8
Philippines..........................5.8
Moldova .............................5.8
Bulgaria ..............................5.8
Lithuania.............................5.7
Mali ....................................5.7
Brazil ..................................5.7
Mauritius ............................5.7
Serbia .................................5.7
Puerto Rico ........................5.7
Russian Federation ............5.7
Canada ...............................5.7
Kenya .................................5.7
Czech Republic ..................5.6
India ...................................5.6
Slovak Republic..................5.6
Australia .............................5.6
Ukraine...............................5.6
Jamaica ..............................5.6
Benin..................................5.6
Panama ..............................5.6
Germany ............................5.6
Colombia ............................5.6
Dominican Republic ...........5.6
Taiwan, China.....................5.5
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 5.5
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 453
13th pillar
Natural resources
453
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
454
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 454
RANK
1
2
3
4
4
6
7
7
7
10
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
15
15
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
Australia ..............................15.0
United States ......................12.0
China ...................................10.0
Canada ..................................8.0
Russian Federation ...............8.0
Brazil .....................................7.0
India ......................................5.0
Spain .....................................5.0
United Kingdom ....................5.0
Argentina...............................4.0
Indonesia...............................4.0
Peru.......................................4.0
South Africa ..........................4.0
Tanzania.................................4.0
Costa Rica .............................3.0
Japan.....................................3.0
Mexico ..................................3.0
New Zealand .........................3.0
Panama .................................3.0
Sweden .................................3.0
Bulgaria .................................2.0
Colombia ...............................2.0
Ecuador .................................2.0
France ...................................2.0
Greece ..................................2.0
Kenya ....................................2.0
Madagascar...........................2.0
Malaysia ................................2.0
Nepal .....................................2.0
Philippines .............................2.0
Senegal .................................2.0
Slovak Republic.....................2.0
Switzerland ...........................2.0
Thailand .................................2.0
Turkey....................................2.0
Uganda ..................................2.0
Vietnam .................................2.0
Zimbabwe .............................2.0
Algeria ...................................1.0
Bangladesh ...........................1.0
Bolivia....................................1.0
Cameroon .............................1.0
Croatia ...................................1.0
Denmark ...............................1.0
Egypt .....................................1.0
Ethiopia .................................1.0
Finland...................................1.0
Germany ...............................1.0
Guatemala .............................1.0
Honduras...............................1.0
Hungary.................................1.0
Italy .......................................1.0
Korea, Rep. ...........................1.0
Macedonia, FYR....................1.0
Mali .......................................1.0
Mauritania .............................1.0
Mongolia ...............................1.0
Montenegro ..........................1.0
Norway..................................1.0
Poland ...................................1.0
Portugal .................................1.0
Romania ................................1.0
Slovenia.................................1.0
Sri Lanka ...............................1.0
Suriname ...............................1.0
39
39
39
39
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Tunisia ...................................1.0
Ukraine ..................................1.0
Venezuela ..............................1.0
Zambia ..................................1.0
Albania ..................................0.0
Armenia.................................0.0
Austria ...................................0.0
Azerbaijan..............................0.0
Bahrain ..................................0.0
Barbados ...............................0.0
Belgium .................................0.0
Benin .....................................0.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......0.0
Botswana ..............................0.0
Burkina Faso .........................0.0
Burundi..................................0.0
Cambodia ..............................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Chile ......................................0.0
Cyprus ...................................0.0
Czech Republic .....................0.0
Dominican Republic ..............0.0
El Salvador ............................0.0
Estonia ..................................0.0
Gambia, The..........................0.0
Georgia..................................0.0
Guyana ..................................0.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.0
Iceland...................................0.0
Ireland ...................................0.0
Israel .....................................0.0
Jamaica .................................0.0
Jordan ...................................0.0
Kazakhstan ............................0.0
Kuwait ...................................0.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.0
Latvia.....................................0.0
Lesotho .................................0.0
Libya......................................0.0
Lithuania................................0.0
Luxembourg ..........................0.0
Malta .....................................0.0
Mauritius ...............................0.0
Moldova ................................0.0
Morocco ................................0.0
Mozambique .........................0.0
Namibia .................................0.0
Netherlands...........................0.0
Nicaragua ..............................0.0
Nigeria ...................................0.0
Oman ....................................0.0
Pakistan.................................0.0
Paraguay ...............................0.0
Puerto Rico ...........................0.0
Qatar .....................................0.0
Saudi Arabia ..........................0.0
Serbia ....................................0.0
Singapore ..............................0.0
Syria ......................................0.0
Taiwan, China ........................0.0
Tajikistan................................0.0
Trinidad and Tobago ..............0.0
United Arab Emirates............0.0
Uruguay.................................0.0
Uzbekistan ............................0.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 455
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
29
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Venezuela ............................63.0
Hong Kong SAR ..................51.5
Zambia ................................41.5
Tanzania...............................38.4
Saudi Arabia ........................37.1
Dominican Republic ............32.6
Colombia .............................31.6
Estonia ................................31.0
Guatemala ...........................30.8
Botswana ............................30.2
Germany .............................30.0
Switzerland .........................28.7
Austria .................................28.0
Poland .................................27.1
Uganda ................................26.3
Slovak Republic...................25.2
Panama ...............................24.6
Costa Rica ...........................23.3
United States ......................23.2
Benin ...................................23.0
Cambodia ............................21.6
Chile ....................................20.8
Honduras.............................20.0
Bolivia..................................19.8
New Zealand .......................19.6
Ecuador ...............................19.4
Thailand ...............................19.0
Brazil ...................................18.7
Nicaragua ............................18.2
Tajikistan..............................18.2
Malaysia ..............................17.3
Sri Lanka .............................17.2
Luxembourg ........................17.1
Ethiopia ...............................16.9
Australia ..............................16.7
Nepal ...................................16.3
Israel ...................................16.2
Czech Republic ...................15.8
Burkina Faso .......................15.4
China ...................................14.8
Zimbabwe ...........................14.7
Namibia ...............................14.6
Netherlands.........................14.3
Mongolia .............................13.9
Latvia...................................13.9
Jamaica ...............................13.5
Peru.....................................13.3
Egypt ...................................13.3
Kenya ..................................12.7
Italy .....................................12.5
United Kingdom ..................12.5
France .................................11.7
Suriname .............................11.5
Oman ..................................11.3
Jordan .................................10.9
Senegal ...............................10.8
Lithuania..............................10.6
Armenia...............................10.0
Bulgaria .................................9.5
Chad ......................................9.3
Sweden .................................9.2
Indonesia...............................9.1
Pakistan.................................9.1
Cameroon .............................8.9
Hungary.................................8.9
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
93
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
n/a
n/a
SOURCE: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre World Database on Protected
Areas
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
455
3_part2B.pag
456
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 456
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
MEAN: 4.6
Finland................................6.3
New Zealand ......................6.3
Namibia ..............................6.3
Austria................................6.3
Sweden..............................6.3
Uruguay..............................6.2
Iceland................................6.2
Norway...............................6.1
Denmark ............................5.9
Switzerland ........................5.9
Kyrgyz Republic .................5.9
Singapore ...........................5.8
Australia .............................5.8
Croatia................................5.8
Canada ...............................5.6
Germany ............................5.6
Qatar ..................................5.5
Estonia ...............................5.4
Ireland ................................5.3
Luxembourg.......................5.3
Slovenia..............................5.3
Tajikistan.............................5.3
Bolivia.................................5.3
Latvia..................................5.3
Costa Rica ..........................5.3
Barbados ............................5.2
Malaysia .............................5.2
Botswana ...........................5.2
United Arab Emirates.........5.2
Tunisia ................................5.2
Portugal..............................5.2
Korea, Rep. ........................5.2
Suriname............................5.1
Honduras............................5.1
Jordan ................................5.1
Montenegro .......................5.1
France ................................5.1
Oman .................................5.1
Argentina............................5.1
Lithuania.............................5.0
Cyprus................................5.0
Japan..................................5.0
Puerto Rico ........................4.9
Paraguay ............................4.9
Gambia, The.......................4.9
Libya...................................4.9
Panama ..............................4.9
United Kingdom .................4.9
Zimbabwe ..........................4.9
Mauritius ............................4.9
Nicaragua ...........................4.8
Zambia ...............................4.8
South Africa .......................4.8
Tanzania..............................4.7
Greece ...............................4.7
Mali ....................................4.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....4.7
Guyana ...............................4.7
Sri Lanka ............................4.7
Israel ..................................4.7
Burundi...............................4.7
Venezuela...........................4.7
Colombia ............................4.6
Chile ...................................4.6
Guatemala..........................4.6
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
SCORE
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Macedonia, FYR.................4.6
Saudi Arabia .......................4.6
Bahrain ...............................4.5
Ethiopia ..............................4.5
United States .....................4.5
Brazil ..................................4.5
Spain ..................................4.5
Uzbekistan .........................4.5
Moldova .............................4.4
Slovak Republic..................4.4
Italy ....................................4.4
Mauritania ..........................4.4
Pakistan..............................4.4
Jamaica ..............................4.4
Ecuador ..............................4.3
Netherlands........................4.3
Burkina Faso ......................4.3
Mozambique ......................4.3
Bulgaria ..............................4.2
Peru....................................4.2
Cameroon ..........................4.2
Dominican Republic ...........4.2
Czech Republic ..................4.2
Belgium..............................4.2
Thailand..............................4.2
Romania .............................4.1
Kenya .................................4.1
Kuwait ................................4.1
Poland ................................4.1
Madagascar........................4.1
Morocco.............................4.1
Georgia...............................4.1
Algeria ................................4.1
Syria ...................................4.1
Lesotho ..............................4.0
Cambodia ...........................4.0
Taiwan, China.....................4.0
Trinidad and Tobago ...........3.9
Russian Federation ............3.9
Uganda...............................3.9
Turkey.................................3.9
Hungary..............................3.9
Mongolia ............................3.9
Azerbaijan...........................3.9
Malta ..................................3.8
Nepal..................................3.8
Serbia .................................3.8
Chad...................................3.7
Senegal ..............................3.7
India ...................................3.7
Hong Kong SAR .................3.7
Vietnam..............................3.6
Kazakhstan .........................3.5
Benin..................................3.4
Armenia..............................3.4
Ukraine...............................3.4
Mexico ...............................3.4
Bangladesh ........................3.3
Nigeria................................3.2
Philippines..........................3.1
China ..................................3.1
El Salvador .........................2.9
Egypt..................................2.9
Albania ...............................2.9
Indonesia............................2.1
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
MEAN: 4.6
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 457
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
44
46
47
48
49
49
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Brazil ..............................2,993.0
Colombia ........................2,887.0
Peru................................2,606.0
Indonesia........................2,513.0
Ecuador ..........................2,358.0
China ..............................2,034.0
Venezuela .......................1,977.0
Mexico ...........................1,956.0
Bolivia.............................1,938.0
India ...............................1,803.0
United States .................1,587.0
Tanzania..........................1,571.0
Kenya .............................1,518.0
Argentina........................1,492.0
Cameroon ......................1,383.0
Uganda ...........................1,382.0
Panama ..........................1,349.0
Thailand ..........................1,312.0
Costa Rica ......................1,258.0
Nigeria ............................1,231.0
Australia .........................1,222.0
Malaysia .........................1,218.0
Vietnam ..........................1,194.0
South Africa ...................1,184.0
Ethiopia ..........................1,135.0
Guyana ...........................1,105.0
Zambia ...........................1,057.0
Guatemala ......................1,039.0
Nepal ..............................1,035.0
Honduras........................1,026.0
Suriname ...........................988.0
Mozambique .....................966.0
Russian Federation ...........959.0
Paraguay ...........................923.0
Nicaragua ..........................916.0
Zimbabwe .........................892.0
Canada ..............................842.0
Philippines .........................837.0
Namibia .............................833.0
Pakistan.............................807.0
Senegal .............................752.0
Burundi..............................747.0
Bangladesh .......................744.0
Botswana ..........................733.0
Mali ...................................733.0
Cambodia ..........................675.0
El Salvador ........................669.0
Japan.................................667.0
Benin .................................659.0
Chad ..................................659.0
Chile ..................................646.0
Madagascar.......................608.0
Burkina Faso .....................593.0
Gambia, The......................579.0
Trinidad and Tobago ..........574.0
Kazakhstan ........................568.0
Mauritania .........................565.0
Sri Lanka ...........................560.0
Uruguay.............................559.0
Turkey................................543.0
Spain .................................536.0
France ...............................510.0
Taiwan, China ....................506.0
Italy ...................................497.0
Egypt .................................494.0
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
73
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
84
86
87
87
89
90
91
91
91
94
95
95
97
98
98
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
Israel .................................485.0
Korea, Rep. .......................472.0
Mongolia ...........................469.0
Morocco ............................465.0
Saudi Arabia ......................458.0
Greece ..............................455.0
Bulgaria .............................439.0
Algeria ...............................438.0
Romania ............................438.0
Singapore ..........................425.0
Germany ...........................423.0
Ukraine ..............................419.0
Portugal .............................412.0
Slovak Republic.................403.0
Tunisia ...............................402.0
Macedonia, FYR................398.0
Oman ................................397.0
Austria ...............................396.0
Poland ...............................393.0
Uzbekistan ........................393.0
Czech Republic .................391.0
Hungary.............................382.0
Slovenia.............................382.0
Croatia ...............................380.0
Switzerland .......................377.0
Albania ..............................370.0
Serbia ................................370.0
Tajikistan............................370.0
Libya..................................363.0
Sweden .............................361.0
United Kingdom ................361.0
Armenia.............................359.0
Georgia..............................356.0
Netherlands.......................356.0
Montenegro ......................355.0
Syria ..................................354.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina ...349.0
Jordan ...............................348.0
Belgium .............................346.0
Azerbaijan..........................344.0
Denmark ...........................343.0
Norway..............................341.0
Latvia.................................338.0
Finland...............................332.0
Puerto Rico .......................331.0
Lesotho .............................320.0
Dominican Republic ..........316.0
Estonia ..............................304.0
Lithuania............................296.0
Cyprus ...............................295.0
Kuwait ...............................273.0
Moldova ............................270.0
Barbados ...........................262.0
Ireland ...............................257.0
New Zealand .....................253.0
Hong Kong SAR ................252.0
Kyrgyz Republic.................249.0
Luxembourg ......................240.0
Jamaica .............................235.0
Malta .................................226.0
United Arab Emirates........221.0
Bahrain ..............................156.0
Iceland...............................137.0
Qatar .................................135.0
Mauritius .............................66.0
SOURCE: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Red List of Threatened Species 2007
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
457
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 458
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 459
14th pillar
Cultural resources
459
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
460
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 460
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12
12
15
16
17
17
19
19
19
19
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Italy .....................................40.0
Spain ...................................37.0
Germany .............................31.0
France .................................30.0
China ...................................29.0
Mexico ................................24.0
United Kingdom ..................23.0
India ....................................22.0
Greece ................................17.0
Russian Federation .............15.0
Sweden ...............................14.0
Czech Republic ...................12.0
Poland .................................12.0
Portugal ...............................12.0
Japan...................................11.0
Brazil ...................................10.0
Belgium .................................9.0
Turkey....................................9.0
Austria ...................................8.0
Morocco ................................8.0
Peru.......................................8.0
United States ........................8.0
Algeria ...................................7.0
Bulgaria .................................7.0
Ethiopia .................................7.0
Hungary.................................7.0
Korea, Rep. ...........................7.0
Netherlands...........................7.0
Tunisia ...................................7.0
Australia ................................6.0
Canada ..................................6.0
Egypt .....................................6.0
Finland...................................6.0
Norway..................................6.0
Pakistan.................................6.0
Romania ................................6.0
Sri Lanka ...............................6.0
Bolivia....................................5.0
Chile ......................................5.0
Croatia ...................................5.0
Israel .....................................5.0
Libya......................................5.0
South Africa ..........................5.0
Switzerland ...........................5.0
Syria ......................................5.0
Argentina...............................4.0
Colombia ...............................4.0
Lithuania................................4.0
Mali .......................................4.0
Oman ....................................4.0
Serbia ....................................4.0
Slovak Republic.....................4.0
Uzbekistan ............................4.0
Armenia.................................3.0
Cyprus ...................................3.0
Denmark ...............................3.0
Georgia..................................3.0
Guatemala .............................3.0
Indonesia...............................3.0
Jordan ...................................3.0
Malta .....................................3.0
Philippines .............................3.0
Senegal .................................3.0
Tanzania.................................3.0
Thailand .................................3.0
54
54
54
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
83
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
108
Ukraine ..................................3.0
Vietnam .................................3.0
Zimbabwe .............................3.0
Albania ..................................2.0
Azerbaijan..............................2.0
Bangladesh ...........................2.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina .......2.0
Ecuador .................................2.0
Estonia ..................................2.0
Gambia, The..........................2.0
Ireland ...................................2.0
Kazakhstan ............................2.0
Latvia.....................................2.0
Nepal .....................................2.0
Nigeria ...................................2.0
Panama .................................2.0
Venezuela ..............................2.0
Bahrain ..................................1.0
Benin .....................................1.0
Botswana ..............................1.0
Cambodia ..............................1.0
Dominican Republic ..............1.0
El Salvador ............................1.0
Honduras...............................1.0
Iceland...................................1.0
Kenya ....................................1.0
Luxembourg ..........................1.0
Macedonia, FYR....................1.0
Madagascar...........................1.0
Mauritania .............................1.0
Mauritius ...............................1.0
Moldova ................................1.0
Mongolia ...............................1.0
Montenegro ..........................1.0
Mozambique .........................1.0
Namibia .................................1.0
New Zealand .........................1.0
Nicaragua ..............................1.0
Paraguay ...............................1.0
Suriname ...............................1.0
Uganda ..................................1.0
Uruguay.................................1.0
Barbados ...............................0.0
Burkina Faso .........................0.0
Burundi..................................0.0
Cameroon .............................0.0
Chad ......................................0.0
Costa Rica .............................0.0
Guyana ..................................0.0
Hong Kong SAR ....................0.0
Jamaica .................................0.0
Kuwait ...................................0.0
Kyrgyz Republic.....................0.0
Lesotho .................................0.0
Malaysia ................................0.0
Puerto Rico ...........................0.0
Qatar .....................................0.0
Saudi Arabia ..........................0.0
Singapore ..............................0.0
Slovenia.................................0.0
Taiwan, China ........................0.0
Tajikistan................................0.0
Trinidad and Tobago ..............0.0
United Arab Emirates............0.0
Zambia ..................................0.0
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 461
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
Ireland ........................259,508.1
Qatar ..........................238,888.9
Bahrain .......................205,114.3
Iceland........................186,220.0
Malta ..........................158,750.0
Barbados ....................156,666.7
Uruguay......................154,031.1
Australia .....................147,494.1
Norway.......................144,888.3
New Zealand ..............144,611.5
Luxembourg ...............143,404.0
Finland........................134,678.9
Portugal ......................133,747.9
Cyprus ........................129,213.8
Spain ..........................126,342.9
Switzerland ................123,453.4
Sweden ......................100,730.0
Bulgaria ........................98,297.1
Macedonia, FYR...........91,037.0
United Kingdom ...........90,168.9
Denmark ......................89,154.4
Trinidad and Tobago .....87,692.3
United States ...............86,411.3
Montenegro .................85,616.7
Slovenia........................82,281.0
Belgium ........................79,420.0
Suriname ......................73,000.0
Germany ......................71,597.4
Austria ..........................69,642.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina..66,923.1
Croatia ..........................66,697.4
Hungary........................66,216.7
Greece .........................65,778.4
Korea, Rep. ..................64,473.9
Argentina......................57,924.2
Czech Republic ............57,616.1
Italy ..............................57,265.8
Serbia ...........................56,711.4
Ecuador ........................55,932.7
Netherlands..................54,239.6
Albania .........................54,062.5
Canada .........................54,010.8
Kuwait ..........................53,750.0
Georgia.........................53,675.7
Slovak Republic............49,355.2
Romania .......................48,309.8
France ..........................47,687.3
Oman ...........................46,666.7
Costa Rica ....................46,100.2
United Arab Emirates...45,104.2
Chile .............................43,467.3
Libya.............................43,409.8
Jamaica ........................43,333.3
Puerto Rico ..................43,191.0
Poland ..........................41,901.8
Brazil ............................41,519.2
Estonia .........................39,000.0
Latvia............................36,655.2
Armenia........................35,756.0
Paraguay ......................35,312.5
Honduras......................33,254.7
Malaysia .......................33,242.7
Lithuania.......................32,392.9
Guyana .........................31,428.6
Israel ............................30,912.1
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
96
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
461
3_part2B.pag
462
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 462
RANK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
56
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
64
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
RANK
COUNTRY/ECONOMY
HARD DATA
66
66
68
68
70
70
72
73
73
75
76
77
77
79
80
80
80
83
83
85
85
85
85
89
89
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
91
99
99
99
99
99
99
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
105
113
113
113
113
113
113
119
119
119
119
119
119
119
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 463
3_part2B.pag
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
463
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 464
464
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 465
3_part2B.pag
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
465
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 466
466
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 467
3_part2B.pag
Jennifer Blanke
Jennifer Blanke is Director and Senior Economist with the
Global Competitiveness Network at the World Economic
Forum. Since joining the team in 2002, she has written
and lectured extensively on issues related to national
competitiveness and has served as lead editor on a number of regional and topical competitiveness reports. From
1998 to 2002, she was Senior Programme Manager
responsible for developing the business, management,
and technology section of the World Economic Forums
Annual Meeting in Davos. Before joining the Forum, Dr
Blanke worked for a number of years as a management
consultant for Eurogroup, Mazars Group in Paris, France,
where she specialized in banking and financial market
organization. Dr Blanke obtained a Master of International
Affairs from Columbia University and an MA and a PhD in
International Economics from the Graduate Institute of
International Studies (Geneva).
Thea Chiesa
Thea Chiesa is Associate Director and Head of Aviation,
Travel and Tourism at the World Economic Forum. She
has a background in business development and strategic
planning in the Aerospace/Telecom industry, having spent
nine years working with Telespazio both as part of
Telecom Italia and Finmeccanica. At the Forum she has
developed an expertise in the Travel & Tourism industry,
having headed the community for five years. Coupled
with her background in advanced communications systems, Ms Chiesa has developed a passion for the Travel
& Tourism industry, and she is currently working with key
government and industry leaders in developing strategies
and implementing innovative projects in the field of T&T
competitiveness and traveler information-sharing as well
as rebranding campaigns. Ms Chiesa has a BSc in
Management from Boston College and a Masters in
International Relations from Boston University. She is currently a World Economic Forum Global Leadership Fellow.
Nigel Couzens
Nigel Couzens is Marketing Manager for Travelport GDS,
working across global markets and responsible for effectively communicating Travelport GDS brand, products,
and services to both agency and supplier customers. Mr
Couzens is also responsible for leading Travelport GDS
carbon emissions reporting initiatives. This new reporting
tool will provide corporations with accurate and timely
information that will enable businesses to make more
informed decisions when considering the environmental
impact of their travel programs. Mr Couzens has over 15
years senior marketing and commercial experience, holding senior roles in blue chip travel, telecommunications,
and consumer electronics companies. He holds a degree
in Accountancy and Finance and speaks fluent German as
well as his native Welsh.
Julia Felton
Julia Felton is a Director in Deloittes Tourism, Hospitality
& Leisure Industry program with specific responsibility for
developing benchmarking solutions for the Travel &
Tourism industry. She was responsible for the launch and
development of the Deloitte HotelBenchmark Survey,
which is now regarded as the most definitive and authoritative source of hotel performance data outside the
United States. She launched www.HotelBenchmark.com
to support the survey, a website that is designed to be
the place to go for hospitality research and incorporates
for the first time hotel performance data online. In 2005,
she expanded Deloittes benchmarking expertise into the
Health and Fitness sector with the launch of
www.HealthClubBenchmark.com. Ms Feltons expertise
is in developing innovative web-based solutions to enable
clients to interpret performance benchmarks and use the
data to improve business performance. She speaks regularly at conferences and is often cited in the press.
Richard Fly
Richard Fly is a Writer and Strategic Communications
Consultant to executives and companies in multiple
industries. He has written for such CEOs as Jeff Clarke of
Travelport, Carly Fiorina of HP, Michael Capellas of
Compaq, Alan Mullaly of Ford, and Bob Palmer of Digital.
Before starting his own business, Mr Fly was Vice
President of Executive Communications and Industry
Analyst Relations at HP and Vice President,
Communications Services, at Compaq. He has more than
30 years of experience in communications. He spent 15
years as a journalist, including four years as White House
and national political correspondent for Business Week
magazine. He holds a Journalism degree from the
University of Texas at Austin.
Amir Girgis
Amir Girgis is an Economist at the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC). In close partnership with Oxford
Economics, Mr. Girgis is involved in the production of the
WTTCs Tourism Satellite Accounting (TSA) reports, and is
presently involved in updating the model used by the TSA
Research Program. He obtained a Bachelor of Science
degree in Economics from the University of Southampton
and a Masters degree in Economics from Warwick
University.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
467
3_part2B.pag
468
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 468
Stephan Gross
Stephan Gross is a Senior Associate in Booz Allen
Hamiltons Munich office. Since joining the firm in 1999,
he has been particularly active in top management consulting for clients in the aviation and logistics industry
around the globe, especially on strategic assignments
such as re-organization, operational improvement, and
turnaround projects. Dr Gross has worked particularly
with clients in Europe and the Middle East on regulatory
issues related to strategic transformation and privatization
projects to support the competitiveness of state-owned
incumbents in liberalized markets. Prior to joining Booz
Allen Hamilton, he worked for a New Zealandbased merchant bank as an analyst in the corporate finance division
with a focus on the Australasian infrastructure and utility
sector. There he was responsible for evaluating publicly
traded shares and was involved in due diligence work as
a basis for bids on Australian airport privatizations. Dr
Gross holds a BSc (Honors) from Northeastern University
in Boston, an MBA from the University of Reutlingen in
Germany, and a PhD from the University of Leipzig,
Germany, where he focused on the impact of vertical and
horizontal integration of publicly listed corporations.
Ufi Ibrahim
Ufi Ibrahim is Chief Operating Officer of the World Travel
& Tourism Council (WTTC)a global forum for Chief
Executives of the worlds foremost 100 Travel & Tourism
organizations. Working closely with governments and
industry across the world, Ms Ibrahim advises on policymaking and the development of planning frameworks for
the long-term success of Travel & Tourism. As a champion of public and private sector partnerships to drive
social and economic development, she is responsible for
the Global Travel & Tourism Summitthe annual meeting
of world leaders to discuss and agree key priorities for
Travel & Tourism. Prior to joining WTTC, Ms Ibrahim
worked with the American Express Company, where she
took charge of immigration services for the companys
extensive portfolio of corporate clients.
John Kester
John Kester is Chief of the Market Intelligence &
Promotion Department at the World Tourism Organization
(UNWTO), where he has worked since 1999. He is
involved in the preparation of the yearly Tourism Market
Trends series of regional reports, and has contributed to
several occasional documents such as the report Tourism
Generating Markets: Overview and Country Profiles and
various reports prepared by UNWTO in the framework of
the Tourism Recovery Committee. He has also been in
charge of the final editing of the various volumes of the
UNWTOs long-term forecast study Tourism 2020 Vision.
Since its inception in 2003, he has been involved in the
development of the UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, a
publication aimed at monitoring the short-term evolution
of tourism, issued three times a year. He also regularly
collaborates on the preparation of news releases, as well
as on the Facts & Figures section of the UNWTO website. Previously, Mr Kester worked in the UNWTO at the
Statistics, Economic Analysis and Market Research section. Before joining the UNWTO he worked for seven
years at Statistics Netherlands as a researcher in the field
of socio-cultural statistics. Mr Kester graduated in Social
Science with a specialization in research methodology
and data analysis from the University of Leiden (the
Netherlands).
Alex Kyriakidis
Alex Kyriakidis is Global Managing Partner of Tourism,
Hospitality & Leisure at Deloitte. He has 33 years of
experience providing strategic, attest, financial, and integration services to travel, hospitality, and leisure companies. As the partner in charge of the Global Tourism,
Hospitality & Leisure Industry program at Deloitte, Mr
Kyriakidis strengths include an in-depth understanding of
the industry trends that impact the performance of the
industry. He has advised many of the most prominent
travel and hospitality companies on strategy, M&A transactions, and risk management. In addition, Mr Kyriakidis
has also served as the Lead Client Service partner for a
number of major Hospitality & Leisure companies in
Europe and worldwide, including InterContinental Hotels
Group, Marriott International, and Global Hyatt. He has
represented the firm in its partnership with the World
Economic Forum on Travel & Tourism and has direct
responsibility for the development of the Board of
Governors day at Davos on Travel & Tourism. Mr
Kyriakidis has also led global teams on major M&A transactions including the sale of InterContinental and Le
Meridien, and the sale/manage-back of the
InterContinental Hotels Group UK asset portfolio of 75
hotels.
Geoffrey Lipman
Geoffrey Lipman is Assistant Secretary-General of the
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). He is Chair of
Green Globe 21, the responsible/sustainable tourism
group, and of Green Global Village (GGV), its consultancy
arm. He is President of the International Council of
Tourism Partners (ICTP)a platform connecting socially
responsible tourism organizations and people, a Board
Member of the Armstrong Hospitality Group (Canada),
and Senior Tourism Research Fellow at George
Washington University in the United States. Professor
Lipman was the first president of the World Travel &
Tourism Council (WTTC), the global business leaders
forum. Between 1990 and 1999, he shaped the WTTCs
agenda during its growth from 10 to 100 members and
the positioning of Travel & Tourism as the worlds largest
industry, as well as its Millennium Vision for open markets, elimination of barriers, and sustainable development. Prior to this he spent 20 years with the
International Air Transport Association (IATA) as Executive
Director and Head of Government Affairs. Professor
Lipman has written and lectured around the world on
tourism strategy, sustainability, and airline liberalization;
has co-authored books on opening up European aviation;
and has established a Think Tank on Free Trade in the Air.
He has been a member of two European Union High
Level Commissionson Airline Liberalization and on
Tourism Employmentas well as a member of the UK
Roundtable on Sustainable Development.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 469
Julia Marton-Lefvre
Julia Marton-Lefvre is Director General of IUCN
(International Union for Conservation of Nature) the
worlds largest conservation/environment membership
organization, which brings together states, government
agencies, nongovernmental organizations, scientists, and
experts in a unique worldwide partnership. IUCNs mission is to influence, encourage, and assist societies
throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural
resources is equitable and ecologically sustainable. Prior
to this, Ms Marton-Lefvre was Rector of the University
for Peace (UPEACE), a graduate-level international university mandated by the United Nations, providing education,
training, and research on issues related to peace and conflict. Earlier offices held by Ms Marton-Lefvre include
Executive Director of LEAD (Leadership for Environment
and Development) International, a program established by
the Rockefeller Foundation to bring together and train
mid-career leaders from all parts of the world in improving their leadership skills around the issues of sustainable
development, and Executive Director of the International
Council for Science (ICSU), an important and respected
global organization bringing together scientific academies
and unions to promote scientific activities for the benefit
of humanity. Ms Marton-Lefvre is a member of a number of boards, councils, and committees for organizations
such as the China Council for International Cooperation
on Environment and Development (CCICED), an advisory
body to the Chinese Government; UPEACE; LEAD
International; the Bibliotheca Alexandria; the Genevabased Graduate Institute of International and
Development Studies; Oxford Universitys James Martin
21st Century School; and the Clinton Global Initiatives
Energy and Climate Change Working Group.
Stephen McCool
Stephen McCool is a Consultant working with various
governments and nongovernmental organizations on protected area management and planning issues. From 1977
to 2007, he served on the faculty of the University of
Montana (USA) as a professor of wildland recreation management, specializing in social science aspects of protected area planning and management. He currently is
Professor Emeritus with the Department of Society and
Conservation there. For many years, he has taught and
lectured on these issues around the United States and
the world, most recently serving as a visiting scholar at
the Tsinghua University in Beijing and the University of
KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa, and is author of numerous
research and applied articles on managing tourism and
visitors in protected areas. He works closely with IUCN,
the World Commission on Protected Areas, and the
UNESCO World Heritage Center. In 2004, he received the
USDA Forest Service Chiefs award recognizing outstanding research in Wilderness Management. Dr McCool
holds a BS degree from the University of Idaho and MSc
and PhD degrees from the University of Minnesota.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
3_part2B.pag
469
3_part2B.pag
470
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 470
Jrgen Ringbeck
Jrgen Ringbeck is a Senior Partner and Senior Vice
President of Booz Allen Hamilton based in Dsseldorf. He
consults primarily companies in transportation industries,
such as airlines, tourism operators, postal and logistics
companies, and railways. Before becoming Partner of
Booz Allen Hamilton, Dr Ringbeck was Partner of
McKinsey & Company, where he was Co-leader of the
Transportation Group. In total he has more than 18 years
in top-level management consulting. Dr Ringbeck holds a
Diploma in Mathematics from the University of Mnster
and a PhD in Economics from the University of
Osnabrck. Before starting his career as a Management
Consultant, he worked as a University Assistant and
Guest Professor at the University of Toronto. Dr Ringbeck
is author of several business books (including the US
business bestseller Do IT Smart) and numerous publications in business strategy and IT management. He has
received several awards for his work from major institutions, including the Marketing Science Institute
(Cambridge USA).
Gordon Wilson
Gordon Wilson is President and CEO of Travelport GDS,
responsible for its global activities across approximately
145 countries. Headquartered in Langley, UK, Travelport
GDS is comprised of the Galileo and Worldspan businesses; Shepherd Systems, an expert in the field of providing
business and marketing intelligence to the travel industry;
AiRES, the next-generation server-based internal airline IT
product suite; and THOR, a provider of distribution and
marketing services to travel-related companies. Before
taking on global responsibility for its GDS division, Wilson
was President and CEO of Travelport Business Group,
responsible for all of its B2B businesses across Europe,
the Middle East and Africa, and Asia and the Pacific,
including companies such as GTA, TRUST, and WizCom
as well as Galileo. Previous roles have included Vice
President, Global Customer Service Delivery, based in
Denver, Colorado; Managing Director of Galileo Southern
Africa, based in Johannesburg, South Africa; Managing
Director of Galileo Portugal and Espan, based in Lisbon;
and General Manager, Airline Sales and Marketing, for
Galileo International. Before joining Galileo International in
1991, Wilson held a number of positions in the UK airline
and chemical industries. Wilson holds a Masters degree
in Law from the University of Cambridge, UK, and a
Postgraduate Diploma in Air and Space Law from
University College, London. He also sits on the Board of
SITA, a provider of IT solutions and communications services to the air transport industry.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 471
The World Economic Forum would like to thank the following organizations
for their invaluable support of this Report.
Acknowledgments
3_part2B.pag
Born as a safari outfitter in 1962, Abercrombie & Kents unparalleled travel services extend
around the globe to more than one hundred countries on all seven continents. The company
built its award-winning reputation by being the first to bring unexpected comforts and amenities
to remote destinations. Small group or private travel with A&K offers the convenience, service
and security of a network of over 50 on-site offices to ensure by invitation only access to
inspiring experiences in a personalized, low-profile and intelligent style.
Among the names in the Abercrombie & Kent family of brands and services are:
Abercrombie & Kent, Akorn, Sanctuary Retreats, Sanctuary Lodges & Camps, Sanctuary Villas &
Apartments, Sanctuary Cruising (Sun Boats on the Nile, Yangtze Explorer). Abercrombie & Kent
employs over 2,500 people worldwide.
Visit our website at www.abercrombiekent.com.
Bombardier shares with the World Economic Forum the belief that the worlds key challenges
can only be overcome through joint efforts. Bombardier contributes to such efforts by providing
transportation solutions that support social development and economic growth worldwide. The
companys commitment is firmly grounded in sustainable development principles, which define
the way it conducts business.
Bombardier works diligently to offer state-of-the-art planes, trains and related services that
respond to todays mobility challengescultivating environmental sustainability in all aspects of
its activities, be it product design, management systems or operations. The company communicates openly in its workplace as well as with its customers, shareholders and other stakeholders. Moreover, Bombardier supportsthrough philanthropy and partnershipsthe communities
in which it operates. They are at the core of Bombardiers success and deserve its recognition.
Entrepreneurs well understand the value of partnerships. Just like in business, social development is a matter of teamwork. Bombardier commends the Forum for bringing people together
to work towards a common and laudable goal.
Booz Allen Hamilton has been at the forefront of management consulting for businesses and
governments for more than 90 years. Integrating the full range of consulting capabilities, Booz
Allen is the one firm that helps clients solve their toughest problems, working by their side to
help them achieve their missions.
With 19,000 employees on six continents, the firm generates annual sales of $4 billion.
Booz Allen, a global strategy and technology consulting firm, is committed to delivering results
that endure. To learn more about the firm, visit the Booz Allen Web site at www.boozallen.com.
British Airways is a leading global airline and its main base is London Heathrow Airport. It will
move into the brand new Terminal 5 at the end of March 2008, offering passengers a worldclass experience. British Airways also operates from 8 other airports in the UK and flies over 35
million passengers each year to over 140 destinations in 72 countries. BA employs more than
43,000 people and offers passengers a wide choice of cabins in which to travel: First, Club
World, World Traveller Plus and World Traveller on longhaul routes and Club Europe or Euro
Traveller on European routes.
The airlines currently has a fleet of 245 aircraft and, in September 2007, placed an order for
12 Airbus A380 aircraft and 24 Boeing 787 aircraft with options for a further seven Airbus A380s
and 18 Boeing 787s as part of a longhaul fleet replacement programme.
British Airways is a member of the oneworld alliance.
For flights, fares and other information about British Airways, please log on to our website
www.ba.com.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
471
Acknowledgments
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 472
Carlson is a global leader in the hotel, restaurant, business and leisure travel, and marketing
industries.
Among the names in the Carlson family of brands and services are: Regent International
Hotels, Radisson Hotels & Resorts, Park Plaza Hotels & Resorts, Country Inn & Suites By
Carlson, Park Inn hotels, T.G.I. Fridays and Pick Up Stix restaurants, Carlson Wagonlit Travel,
CW Government Travel, Carlson Marketing, Peppers & Rogers Group, and Gold Points Reward
Network.
Based in Minneapolis, Carlsons brands and services employ about 190,000 people in more
than 150 countries.
Visit our website at www.carlson.com.
Deloitte is one of the worlds leading professional services organisations with more than 120,000
people worldwide in over 140 countries. Our member firms serve over one-half of the worlds
largest companies, as well as large national enterprises, public institutions, and successful, fastgrowing global growth companies.
We have assembled a dedicated team of serve the Tourism, Hospitality and Leisure sector
across the globe, providing a range of integrated services including Audit, Tax, Consulting and
Corporate Finance. Deloitte is the leading provider of professional services to the international
hotel and resort industry acting for owners, operators, developers and investors.
472
Emirates Airline & Group operates 114 wide-bodied aircraft (including 11 freighters) to 99 international destinations in six continents. The fleet will expand to over 150 aircraft by 2012, and will
include 58 Airbus A380sthe largest order for this aircraft placed by any airline. Although owned
by the government of Dubai, Emirates receives no subsidy of any kind and no protection against
competition in its home market.
As well as Emirates and Dnata, the Group includes the tour operator Emirates Holidays; the
Dubai destination management company Arabian Adventures; the conservation-based Emirates
Al Maha Desert Resort; and Mercator, an air transport and travel software business. Dnatas original airport handling and travel agency businesses continue to flourish.
Dnata is the largest and most influential non-airline travel business in the Middle East and
West Asia region. Its airport services division provides all ramp, cargo and passenger handling at
Dubai International Airport as well as ground handling operations in 16 other cities in Australia,
China, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore and Switzerland. Dnatas travel agency division supplies
corporate and retail travel products and travel-related services in the UAE, and has also expanded its business into Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
The Hertz Corporation, the worlds largest general use car rental brand, operates from approximately 7,900 locations in 145 countries worldwide.
Hertz is the number one airport car rental brand in the U.S. and at 69 major airports in
Europe. The Company operates corporate and licensee locations throughout North America,
Europe, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand and has licensee locations throughout Africa,
Asia, and the Mid-East.
Hertz also operates one of the worlds largest equipment rental businesses, Hertz
Equipment Rental Corporation, from more than 360 branches in the United States, Canada,
France and Spain with a growing presence in Asia and India.
Based in Park Ridge, NJ Hertzs brands and services employ approximately 28,000 people
worldwide.
Visit Hertz on the web at www.hertz.com.
The International Air Transport Association (IATA), founded in April 1945, is the prime vehicle for
inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure, and economical air services. Today
IATA represents 250 airlines comprising 94 percent of international scheduled air traffic.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 473
Founded in 1948 as the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,
IUCN brings together States, government agencies and a diverse range of non-governmental
organizations in a unique world partnership: over 1000 members in all, spread across some 140
countries.
As a Union, IUCN seeks to influence, encourage and assist societies throughout the world
to conserve the integrity and diversity of nature and to ensure that any use of natural resources
is equitable and ecologically sustainable. A central Secretariat coordinates the IUCN Programme
and serves the Union membership, representing their views on the world stage and providing
them with the strategies, services, scientific knowledge and technical support they need to
achieve their goals. Through its six Commissions, IUCN draws together over 10,000 expert volunteers in project teams and action groups, focusing in particular on species and biodiversity
conservation and the management of habitats and natural resources. The Union has helped
many countries to prepare National Conservation Strategies, and demonstrates the application of
its knowledge through the field projects it supervises. Operations are increasingly decentralized
and are carried forward by an expanding network of regional and country offices, located principally in developing countries.
IUCN builds on the strengths of its members, networks and partners to enhance their
capacity and to support global alliances to safeguard natural resources at local, regional and global levels.
Silversea is a cruise company reflecting generations of maritime and travel experience. In the
early 1990s, the Lefebvre family of Rome, former owners of Sitmar Cruises, conceived and
organized a unique cruise company pledging to build and operate the highest-quality ships in the
ultra-luxury segment.
Silversea launched its first ship, Silver Cloud, in 1994, followed by Silver Wind in 1995, Silver
Shadow in 2000, and the newest ship, Silver Whisper in 2001. The fleet was purpose-built for
the ultra-luxury market, establishing a new class of smaller, intimate vessels that could slip into
more exotic ports off the beaten path. These elite vessels were specifically designed for fewer
guests, more space, and the highest levels of personalized service, delivered by Italian officers
and European staff.
Taking the company into the future is Albert Peter, Silverseas Chief Executive Officer. Since
taking the leadership reins in June 2001, Mr. Peter has steered the company to a steady course
of high customer satisfaction, financial stability, and new product innovation.
SWISS is Switzerlands national airline, serving 71 destinations around the world from its Zurich
hub and from Basel and Geneva international airports. Operating a fleet of 72 aircraft, SWISS is a
key player within the Lufthansa Group and the global Star Alliance. SWISS remains true to its
mission of providing quality air services that link Switzerland with Europe and the world.
People who fly with SWISS should always feel at home. With its core values of personal
care, Swiss hospitality and quality down to the finest detail, SWISS will continue to maintain its
high market profile as Switzerlands national airline, committed at all times to providing first-class
service on board and on the ground.
Travelport is one of the worlds largest travel conglomerates. The company operates three primary businesses: a global distribution system business, which comprises the Galileo and
Worldspan brands; a supplier services and data analysis business, Shepherd Systems; and a
group travel and wholesale hotel business through its brand GTA. Travelport also owns a significant interest in Orbitz Worldwide (NYSE: OWW), a leading global online travel company. With
2006 revenues (including Worldspan) of approximately US$ 3.4 billion, Travelport operates in 145
countries and has approximately 7,500 employees. Travelport is a private company owned by the
Blackstone Group and One Equity Partners of New York and Technology Crossover Ventures of
Palo Alto, California.
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum
Acknowledgments
3_part2B.pag
473
Acknowledgments
3_part2B.pag
2/13/08
10:16 PM
Page 474
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the specialized agency of the United Nations in the
field of tourism and the leading international organization for the sector. The UNWTO serves as a
global forum for tourism policy issues and practical source of tourism know-how.
In the year 2006, UNWTO celebrated a twofold anniversary: 60 years of international work in
favor of tourism, travel, and development, and its 30th anniversary in Spain. The organization
plays a central role within the UN System in promoting the development of responsible, sustainable, and universally accessible tourism within the framework of the Millennium Development
Goals. The UNWTO encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism,
with a view to ensuring that member countries, tourist destinations, and businesses maximize
the positive economic, social, and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while
minimizing its negative social and environmental impacts.
In 2007, the UNWTOs membership is comprised of 150 countries, 7 territories, and more
than 300 Affiliate Members representing the private sector, educational institutions, tourism
associations, local tourism authorities, and civil society.
The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) is the global business leaders forum for Travel &
Tourism. Its Members are the Chairmen and Chief Executives of 100 of the worlds foremost
organizations, representing all regions of the world and all sectors of the industry.
Travel & Tourism is one of the worlds largest industries, employing approximately 230 million people and generating over 10 percent of world GDP. As the voice of the global private sector, WTTC works together with governments to raise awareness of the economic and social
importance of our industry across the world. WTTCs extensive economic researchTourism
Satellite Accountingprovides public and private sector decision makers with estimates and
forecasts for the direct and indirect impacts of Travel & Tourism activity. The research identifies
Travel & Tourisms contribution to capital investment, exports, gross domestic product, and jobs
for more than 174 countries across the world.
474
The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2008 2008 World Economic Forum