Cadena de Evidencia

Reglas Federales de Evidencia

ARTCULO V. PRIVILEGIOS Rule 501 . Artculo 501. General Rule La regla general Except as otherwise required by the Constitution of the United States or provided by Act of Congress or in rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof shall be governed by the principles of the common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the United States in the light of reason and experience. Con excepcin de lo requerido por la Constitucin de los Estados Unidos o por la Ley del Congreso o en las normas acordadas por el Tribunal Supremo conforme a la autoridad legal, el privilegio de un testigo, persona, gobierno, estado o subdivisin poltica del mismo se regir por los principios del derecho comn, ya que pueden ser interpretadas por los tribunales de los Estados Unidos a la luz de la razn y la experiencia. However, in civil actions and proceedings, with respect to an element of a claim or defense as to which State law supplies the rule of decision, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof shall be determined in accordance with State law. Sin embargo, en las acciones civiles y procesales, con respecto a un elemento de una reclamacin o de la defensa en cuanto a que la ley estatal provee el imperio de la decisin, el privilegio de un testigo, persona, gobierno, estado o subdivisin poltica del mismo se determinar de conformidad con la ley estatal. Notes Notas Rule 502 . Artculo 502. Attorney-Client Privilege and Work Product; Limitations on Waiver Privilegio Abogado-Cliente y Material de Trabajo, las limitaciones sobre la exencin The following provisions apply, in the circumstances set out, to disclosure of a communication or information covered by the attorney-client privilege or work-product protection. Las siguientes disposiciones se aplican, en las circunstancias expuestas, a la divulgacin de una comunicacin o informacin protegida por el privilegio abogado-cliente o la proteccin del trabajo-producto. (a) Scope of waiver. (A) Alcance de la exencin. When the disclosure is made in a Federal proceeding or to a Federal office or agency and waives the attorney-client privilege or work-product protection, the waiver extends to an undisclosed communication or information in a Federal or State proceeding only if: Cuando la revelacin se hace en un proceso federal o en una oficina o agencia federal y la renuncia al privilegio de abogado-cliente o la proteccin del trabajo-producto, la exencin se extiende a una comunicacin no divulgada o informacin en un Estado federal o procedimiento slo si: (1) the waiver is intentional; (1) la renuncia es intencional;

(2) the disclosed and undisclosed communications or information concern the same subject matter; and (2) las comunicaciones y la divulgacin de la informacin no divulgada o preocupacin a la misma materia, y (3) they ought in fairness to be considered together. (3) se debe en justicia ser considerados en conjunto. (b) Inadvertent disclosure. (B) la divulgacin inadvertida. When made in a Federal proceeding or to a Federal office or agency, the disclosure does not operate as a waiver in a Federal or State proceeding if: Cuando se hace en un proceso federal o en una oficina o agencia federal, la divulgacin no funciona como una renuncia en un proceso federal o estatal si: (1) the disclosure is inadvertent; (1) la divulgacin es involuntaria; (2) the holder of the privilege or protection took reasonable steps to prevent disclosure; and (2) el titular del privilegio o proteccin tom medidas razonables para evitar la divulgacin y (3) the holder promptly took reasonable steps to rectify the error, including (if applicable) following Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(5)(B). (3) el titular rpidamente tom medidas razonables para corregir el error, incluyendo (si procede) a raz de la Regla Federal de Procedimiento Civil 26 (b) (5) (B). Disclosure Made in a State Proceeding. Divulgacin hecha en un Estado .When the disclosure is made in a State proceeding and is not the subject of a State-court order concerning waiver, the disclosure does not operate as a waiver in a Federal proceeding if the disclosure: Cuando la revelacin es hecha en un Estado y no es objeto de un Estado-orden de la corte sobre la renuncia, la comunicacin no funciona como una renuncia en un proceso federal, si la divulgacin: (1) would not be a waiver under this rule if it had been made in a Federal proceeding; or (1) no sera una excepcin en esta regla si se hubiera hecho en un proceso federal, o (2) is not a waiver under the law of the State where the disclosure occurred. (2) no es una renuncia en virtud de la ley del Estado donde ocurri la revelacin. (d) Controlling Effect of a Court Order. (D) efecto de control de una orden judicial .A Federal court may order that the privilege or protection is not waived by disclosure connected with the litigation pending before the courtin which event the disclosure is also not a waiver in any other Federal or State proceeding. Un tribunal federal podr ordenar que el privilegio o la proteccin no se suspende por la divulgacin relacionada con el litigio pendiente ante el tribunalen cuyo caso la comunicacin no es tambin una renuncia de cualquier otro Estado federal o procedimiento.

(e) Controlling effect of a party agreement. (E) Control de efecto de un acuerdo de las partes .An agreement on the effect of disclosure in a Federal proceeding is binding only on the parties to the agreement, unless it is incorporated into a court order. Un acuerdo sobre el efecto de la divulgacin en un proceso federal slo es vinculante para las partes en el acuerdo, a menos que se incorpora a una orden judicial. (f) Controlling Effect of This Rule. (F) Efecto de Control de este artculo .Notwithstanding Rules 101 and 1101, this rule applies to State proceedings and to Federal courtannexed and Federal court-mandated arbitration proceedings, in the circumstances set out in the rule. A pesar de las Reglas 101 y 1101, esta regla se aplica a los procedimientos del Estado y Federal de procedimientos de arbitraje adjunto corte federal y el mandato judicial, en las circunstancias establecidas en la norma. And notwithstanding Rule 501, this rule applies even if State law provides the rule of decision. Y a pesar de la Regla 501, esta regla se aplica incluso si la ley del Estado establece la regla de decisin. (g) Definitions. (G) Definiciones .In this rule: En esta regla: (1) "attorney-client privilege" means the protection that applicable law provides for confidential attorney-client communications; and (1) "privilegio abogado-cliente" significa la proteccin que la ley vigente establece para las comunicaciones confidenciales entre abogado y cliente, y (2) "work-product protection" means the protection that applicable law provides for tangible material (or its intangible equivalent) prepared in anticipation of litigation or for trial. (2) "proteccin del trabajo-producto": la proteccin que la ley vigente prev material tangible (o su equivalente intangibles), preparado en anticipacin de un litigio o para el juicio.

Texas Rules of Evidence to be effective January 1, 2007 RULE 508. IDENTITY OF INFORMER
(a) Rule of Privilege. The United States or a state or subdivision thereof has a privilege to refuse to disclose the identity of a person who has furnished information relating to or assisting in an investigation of a possible violation of a law to a law enforcement officer or member of a legislative committee or its staff conducting an investigation.

(b) Who May Claim. The privilege may be claimed by an appropriate representative of the public entity to which the information was furnished, except the privilege shall not be allowed in criminal cases if the state objects. (c) Exceptions. (1) Voluntary disclosure; informer a witness. No privilege exists under this rule if the identity of the informer or the informer's interest in the subject matter of the communication has been disclosed to those who would have cause to resent the communication by a holder of the privilege or by the informer's own action, or if the informer appears as a witness for the public entity. (2) Testimony on merits. If it appears from the evidence in the case or from other showing by a party that an informer may be able to give testimony necessary to a fair determination of a material issue on the merits in a civil case to which the public entity is a party, or on guilt or innocence in a criminal case, and the public entity invokes the privilege, the court shall give the public entity an opportunity to show in camera facts relevant to determining whether the informer can, in fact, supply that testimony. The showing will ordinarily be in the form of affidavits, but the court may direct that testimony be taken if it finds that the matter cannot be resolved satisfactorily upon affidavit. If the court finds that there is a reasonable probability that the informer can give the testimony, and the public entity elects not to disclose the informer's identity, the court in a civil case may make any order that justice requires, and in a criminal case shall, on motion of the defendant, and may, on the court's own motion, dismiss the charges as to which the testimony would relate. Evidence submitted to the court shall be sealed and preserved to be made available to the appellate court in the event of an appeal, and the contents shall not otherwise be revealed without consent of the public entity. All counsel and parties shall be permitted to be present at every stage of proceedings under this subdivision except a showing in camera, at which no counsel or party shall be permitted to be present. (3) Legality of obtaining evidence. If information from an informer is relied upon to establish the legality of the means by which evidence was obtained and the court is not satisfied that the information was received from an informer reasonably believed to be reliable or credible, it may require the identity of the informer to be disclosed. The court shall, on request of the public entity, direct that the disclosure be made in camera. All counsel and parties concerned with the issue of legality shall be permitted to be present at every stage of proceedings under this subdivision except a disclosure in camera, at which no counsel or party shall be permitted to be present. If disclosure of the identity of the informer is made in camera, the record thereof shall be sealed and preserved to be made available to the appellate court in the event of an appeal, and the contents shall not otherwise be revealed without consent of the public entity.

Reglas de Evidencia de Puerto Rico

REGLA 515. PRIVILEGIO EN CUANTO A LA IDENTIDAD DE LA PERSONA INFORMANTE Una entidad pblica tiene el privilegio de no revelar la identidad de una persona que ha suministrado informacin

tendente a descubrir la violacin de una ley del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico o de los Estados Unidos de Amrica, si la informacin es dada en confidencia por la persona informante a una que es funcionaria del orden pblico, a representante de la agencia encargada de la administracin o ejecucin de la ley que se alega fue violada o a cualquier persona con el propsito de que la transmitiera a tal persona funcionaria o representante. Evidencia sobre dicha identidad no ser admisible a menos que el Tribunal determine que la identidad de la persona que dio la informacin ya ha sido divulgada en alguna otra forma, o que la informacin sobre su identidad es esencial para una justa decisin de la controversia, particularmente cuando es esencial a la defensa de la persona acusada.