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r. marc bustin
RESOURCE PLAYS
GAS and Oil Prod. SHALES Self-Sourcing Plus Traditional Porosity Reservoirs Gas Adsorbed in Organic Matter Requires Pervasive Natural Fract. Network or K pathways
METHANE HYDRATES
Kuuskraa, 2006
RESOURCE PLAYS
GAS and Oil Prod. SHALES Self-Sourcing Plus Traditional Porosity Reservoirs opportunity Gas Adsorbed in Organic Matter Requires Pervasive Natural Fract. Network or K pathways
METHANE HYDRATES
Kuuskraa, 2006
Conventional Oil in Unconventional Rocks UNCONVENTIONAL OIL PLAYS Unconventional Oil in Conventional Rocks
opportunity
opportunity
opportunity
Russum, 2010
GAS SHALES- source rocks with retained HCs Oil & Gas Shales- source rocks with retainedHCs
Burial of Organic Rocks
Cap Rock
Kerogen
Biogenic Gas
Wet Gas
Dry Gas
background
Oil & Gas Shales- source rocks with retained HCs GAS SHALES- source rocks with retained HCs
Burial of Organic Rocks
Cap Rock
Antrim
Green River
Kerogen
Biogenic Gas
Eagleford
Wet Gas
Haynesv.
Dry Gas
background
heavy oil
tight rock
GAS SHALES- source rocks with retained HCs Oil & Gas Shales- source rocks with retainedHCs
Burial of Organic Rocks
Cap Rock
Antrim
0.38 nm Kerogen
Biogenic Gas
Eagleford
Wet Gas
Haynesv.
Dry Gas
background
haynesville
lewis
background
Background
USGS 2003
or Continuous
USGS 2003
price
Medium Quality
1 md Tight Gas Sands CBM Gas Shale
Low Quality
Produced Reserves
Undiscovered Resources
Low Btu
0.00001 md
0.5 mm
Region
North America Latin America Western Europe Central and East Europe Former Soviet Union Mid East & North Africa Sub-Saharan Africa
Total (TCF)
8228 3448 1019 235 5485 3370 1097 5094 3487 862 235 32560
Centrally planned Asia 1215 and China Pacific (OECD) Other Asia Pacific South Asia World 471 0 39 9051
US NPC SPE 68755 Source: "Tight Gas Sands", Journal of Petroleum Technology, June 2006, Page 86-93. Table 1 - Distribution of Worldwide Unconventional-gas resources (After Rogner 1996, Taken from Kawata and Fujita 2001)
EnCana, 2010, IP
Horn River
100-150 Bcf/sect.
Duvernay Montney
100 Bcf/sect. ? Bcf/sect. ? Oil
Utica
45 Bcf/sect.
Antrim
6-15 Bcf/sect.
New Albany
7-10Bcf/sect.
Marcellus
45 Bcf/sect.
Lewis
40 Bcf/sect.
Woodford
100 Bcf/sect.
Fayetteville
25-65 Bcf/sect.
Barnett
140-160 Bcf/sect.
Haynesville
150-200 Bcf/sect.
Eagle Ford
50-150 Bcf/sect.
Trend to fewer wells with longer lateral lengths with more frac stages
Source: Vello Kuuskraa, President of ARI Inc, in presentation to the Copenhagen summit, 12 December 2009
unconventional opportunities exist where ever Conventional conventional production exists Gas Distribution and many other areas
Organic rich Marine to transitional marine Interbedded source and seal Comparatively thick Permeability enhanced by fracturing or interbedded facies with higher perm.
permeability- fracture or facies controlled thickness lateral extent ease of completion, reservoir access
Background
SOME EXAMPLES
Antrim
New Albany
Lewis
Barnett
Ohio
Background
Outcrop
Light SEM
FESEM
200 000 nm
TEM
50 000 nm 200 nm
Background
Haynesville
Barnett
Muskwa
Pressure (PSIA)
3000
Utica Marcellus
1500 Ohio
Lewis
Antrim
0 0
20 40
New Albany
60 80 140
Temperature C
Background
Haynesville
THERMOGENIC GAS
Woodford Caney Fayetteville
Lewis
1.6
Muskwa
Rom (%) ax
1.2
Barnett
Ohio
Eagle Ford Utica Marcellus
0.8
New Albany
OIL WINDOW
0.4
Antrim
BIOGENIC GAS
00 4 8 12 16 20 24
TOC (%)
Background
Muskwa/Otter Park/Evie
Montney
Nordegg
True Shale/Porcellanite
Tight SS
What We Know!
rocks referred to as gas/oil shales range from true shales to tight sands individual formations, members or units within a shale unit may be extremely heterogeneous in mineralogy and fabric and hence pore system and flow characteristics
Moisture
Temperature
Free Gas
Pressure
Producibility
Permeability
Al2O3 fraction
Sedimentology
Diagenesis
Coarser horizons
Silica contents
thickness
TOC Porosity
fabrics/ fractures
permeability diffusivity
effective stress
gas in place
gas in place
deliverability
thickness
TOC Porosity
gas in place
gas in place
deliverability
Outline
Adsorbed Gas
Solution Gas
BACKGROUND
Isopach Net and Gross Pay Frac barriers Structure Map Vertical Depth Temperature Gradient Pore pressure Gradient Bulk density
OGIP Workflow
log based sample based
Adsorbed Gas
Interpolation adsorbed gas through pay interval via calibrated logs Interpolation free gas + HC liquids in net pay via calibrated logs Interpolation of solution gas through pay interval via calibrated logs
Measurement TOC on representative samples Measurement total porosity, Sw, So representative samples
TOTAL OGIP = adsorbed + free + solution gas + liquid HCs Accessible OGIP = Total OGIP/m3
EnCana, 2009 IP
thickness
TOC Porosity
fabrics/ fractures
permeability diffusion
gas in place
Reservoir exploration and development
effective stress
gas in place
deliverability
required for: predicting orientation of frac (SRV) density, width and orientation of natural fractures optimal direction for horizontal wells for stability and for intersecting fractures that are open borehole stability change in reservoir permeability during production
requires knowledge of: in situ stress orientation and magnitude pore pressure pre existing rock fabric and moduli thermal and chemical state of reservoir and fluid system
appears most thermogenic gas and oil shales have FEW preexisting fractures or those that exist are healed object then is to shatter the rock during fracing to increase the surface area available for drainage maximize the stimulated reservoir volume not to connect to a pre-existing fracture network many shales do not have a pre-existing k network
0 0
0 0
appears most thermogenic gas shales have FEW pre-existing fractures or those that exist are healed object then is to shatter the rock during fracing to increase the surface area available for drainage maximize the stimulated reservoir volume not to connect to a pre-existing fracture network many shales do not have a pre-existing k network
0 0
0 0
Strong correlation between SRV and production (excellent correlation between number of stages at IP)SRV function of completion
Hmin>>Hmax Hmin=Hmax
Stimulated Rock Volume (SRV) and shape of SRV is a function of the in situ stress field, mechanical properties of the rocks and frac design and execution
completion function of in situ stress, rock properties and design and implementation of frac
100
80
60
40
20
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Effective Normal Stress (Residual), s , MPa Mohr's circle at 14 MPa Mohr's circle 31 MPa Coulomb failure Envelope
a farming operation- you don't frac it you don't get the gas
http://www.ashdown.org.uk/spps/images/Carol_Talbot/BA2008_CarTal_Tractor%20ploughing%20field.j pg
Matrix Block
Permeability/Diffusion
Desorption
reservoir perm requires well tests matrix perm/diff can be measured in lab
Diffusion/ Advection
5 nm
controlling variables
fracture fabric
induced during fracs existing fabric depth far field stress moduli fabric mineralogy
pressure/temperature/fluid properties
deliverability
Quirk, 2010
1. It helps answer the questionsHow many fracs do I need in my horizontal wellbore? How big should my fracs be? 2. It integrates many types of data into one reservoir package, maximizing value for your information. 3. It provides a way to model fractures in the complex fracturing we find in shale gas reservoirs (i.e. Horn River/Barnett).
The process can be used in any reservoir.
Quirk, 2010
11 mapped slickwater stages Generally complex fracturing Long fracture half lengths NE-SW fracture azimuth Stimulated Reservoir Volume (SRV) is crucial to production
Portions of the horizontal are under-stimulated
Apache Website
Conclusions
Low permeability reservoirs require large SRVs with small fracture spacing and adequate frac conductivity Important to understand parameters in the reservoir that will create complexity so fracture spacing in the SRV can be understood Engineering measures to increase SRV and frac spacing
Length and orientation of horizontal well Treatment size Number of stages, number of perf clusters More stages and clusters in a cased/cemented completion increased likelihood of dense fracturing Zipper fracs, Simul-fracs
thickness lateral extent toc maturity mineralogy reservoir accessibility rock mechanics frac barriers fluid sensitivity reservoir pressure cost Poissons Ratio Mud logs./shows
need to know at start if there is enough gas in place to warrant the cost of exploring and completion what is the size of the prize)
Matrix porosity
Depth\Diagenesis
Matrix Perm.
Maturity
Rock Mechanics
PROSPECT WINDOW
summary
Matrix porosity
Depth\Diagenesis
Matrix Perm.
Total Gas
Rock Mechanics/Fractures
PROSPECT WINDOW
optimum zone trade off between many variables and will be shale specific
summary