Submitted by: BAROA, Franze Emmanuelle C BRAVO, Earl Patrick C GUTIERREZ, Marlin Noah P MENDOZA, Robiewill B PIEDAD, Christine

Jesusa RETERACION, Reymond S SEBIDO, Fevanne B

BS Architecture 5-3D

Submitted to: AR. REY S. GABITAN

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
I.1. OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT Indigenous peoples (IP) in the Philippines represent 15-20 per cent of the total population of 80 million and live in 50 of the 78 provinces. The National Commission on Indigenous People (NCIP) estimates that one third of their overall population reside in Luzon. By diminishing to mountainous areas and forest, some IP was able to retain their values, traditions and cultures but has been subdued to increasing pressure as a result of colonial and neo-colonial rule. The indigenous economy was traditionally one of subsistence, based on hunting and gathering, fishing, farming and settled agriculture. Property was, and continues to be, considered as communal among indigenous communities, with traditional leaders as custodians of the land.1 Pabahay Caravan is a program by Vice President Jejomar Binay that seeks to build a stronger partnership between the national government and the LGUs to build more affordable homes and enhance the delivery of housing services to the people. During the eighth leg of the Pabahay Caravan in Ilocos Norte, he made an announcement during his speech regarding the recently approved housing program for Indigenous People (IP) members of the Aeta community - by the Board of the National Housing Authority (NHA). Being the first housing project for members of the Aeta community, the endeavour will benefit the Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod (TAN) association, whose members are residents of the municipality of Floridablanca, Pampanga. The provincial government of Pampanga expressed its intention to resettle around 3,000 homeless Aetas in the locality. There is an estimated P14 million budget that was allocated for the realization of the project. The program is a response to the need for better provision of housing and a step towards the advancement of the living conditions of the Aeta community in Floridablanca thru a design that will nurture the wealthy tradition of the beneficiaries making the overall outcome not only environmentally sustainable but as well uplifting in the socio-cultural context, while at the same time providing livelihood opportunities thru tie-up programs with the private sector.

UN-HABITAT OHCHR; Indigenous Peoples Right to Adequate Housing: A Global Overview; United Nations Housing Rights Programme Report No. 7; 2005 March

I.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Indigenous people are among the poorest and most disadvantaged social groups in the Philippines, with much higher illiteracy and unemployment rates than the rest of the population. The income of indigenous peoples is below national averages. For example, in the Caraga region, the average income of indigenous peoples was 42 per cent lower than the national average. In the Cordillera region, where many indigenous people live, maternal care, and access to water and basic sanitation facilities are a significant problem. The Agta people live in dire poverty and poor health.2 Because many disadvantaged groups in the Philippines, including indigenous peoples, do not always own property, they are required to rely on access to and use of common resources. In turn, indigenous peoples poverty is often synonymous with landlessness. Indigenous land and housing rights are most informed and affected by economic development projects which take place on their ancestral lands, such as, logging, mining, multi-purpose dams, and commercial plantation projects. Many cases have been reported where development projects have resulted in the dispossession of indigenous communities of their lands, severe environmental degradation including pollution and the deterioration of fresh water supply, or the destruction of hunting grounds and herbal medicine areas.3 Despite the displacement and the dire living conditions of the IP in the country, the Philippine government has recently paid more attention and respect to their heritage and way of life through specific initiatives such as The Indigenous People Development Plan.4 The governments housing program has long been focused on informal settlers and the poorest of the poor but it has neglected the needs of indigenous peoples, who are also among the poorest in the country. I.3. GOAL AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY To build a climate-sensitive, adaptive, and low-cost housing development community in Floridablanca, Pampanga, providing residential facilities to the native Aeta indigenous tribe of the province, while nurturing their local culture and values through the use of design translation within its building systems and features.

UN-HABITAT OHCHR; Indigenous Peoples Right to Adequate Housing: A Global Overview; United Nations Housing Rights Programme Report No. 7; 2005 March 3 Ibid. 4 Peoples of the World: The Aeta <http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Aeta>

To create a housing development that will feature integration of vernacular and contemporary architecture in consideration of the cultural and social aspects of Aetas. To adopt modular planning concepts blending with the traditional houses of Aetas. To assimilate advanced bamboo technology as part of the overall structural and aesthetical component of the design.

I.4. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The conception of a residential core for the Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod (TAN) association in the municipality of Floridablanca, Pampanga will pave way for the improvement of housing facilities for the Aeta community. The development will uphold and nurture the local culture and values of the beneficiaries while transforming their sheltering needs into an enhanced residential settlement center. This will be done in full consideration and understanding of their lifestyle and daily means. What sets apart the development is HUDCCs full regard for the locals livelihood and job opportunities. In partnership with the local government unit and the private sector, the beneficiaries will be supported by programs aimed at promoting their local culture and uplifting their community living standards alleviating the need for them to live in a semi-nomadic lifestyle. Lastly, the project is also a pioneering feat to organize them in systematized community center that will enable them to be reached by the authorities in a more efficient means. Through this study, the bridge between Architecture and the establishment of the SARAT development among the Aeta Tribe will be made through the consideration of both their traditional culture and modern technological processes in building construction. I.5. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY Among any other indigenous tribes residing in the different parts of the country, the Aeta Tribe is one of the primary groups that need special attention in terms of housing programs. According to the recent report of the Pampanga local government, a population of about 10,055 Aetas settles permanently in the entire province, without adequate provision for all of their basic needs. To combat this problem, the first major housing program for the Aeta Community were led and approved by vice president Jejomar Binay in partnership with the National Housing Authority

(NHA) with a plan to provide decent housing for the countrys indigenous people (IPs) just last August. Binay said that the housing project will benefit the Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod (TAN) association, whose members are residents of Floridablanca, Pampanga. The provincial government of Pampanga earlier expressed its intention to resettle around 3,000 homeless Aetas with an initial allocation of 14 million for the project construction of 350 housing units for the members of the Aeta community. The fact that there was no existing government housing for the Indigenous people in the country is the very foundation and starting point for the National Government to uplift the condition and living standards of IPs in the country. Binay also said in one interview that this housing project he has in mind was similar to the shelter and relocation program undertaken during the presidency of the late Ramon Magsaysay in the 1950s. The shelter project would likely be incorporated in the governments Balik-Probinsiya program, where informal settlers are encouraged to return to their home provinces. It is similar to former President Magsaysays homestead program, which encouraged people to relocate to Mindanao in the 1950s. However, there should be adequate provisions for the relocated indigenous peoples to also use their land not just for housing but for livelihood as well. It was said that aside from housing, the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) would also tap the private sector jobs and livelihood opportunities for the Aetas near their housing sites. Reports also said that the Pabahay Caravan seeks to build a stronger partnership between the national government and the LGUs to build more affordable homes and enhance the delivery of housing services to the people. I.6. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION I.6.1. Scope The study will embark on a process of studying the requirements of a residential dwelling design and coming up with a holistic design solution to represent the Aeta community and some of its cultural traits. Thus, the research will only cover the following:

I.6.1.1 Site Development Study Site investigation and analysis of the physical development and site condition Micro and Macro Site Analysis SWOT Analysis, analysis of topography and vegetation in the site Site spatial interrelationships, pedestrian and vehicular circulation / traffic flow

1.6.1.2. Building Development Study User assessment in relation to the spatial needs Adaption of standard space requirements according to existing building codes Employment of the necessary sustainable building technologies and systems to be integrated in the structural and environmental processes of the building Sources of funding and methods of financing

I.6.2. Delimitation The proposed development is delimited by regional and local conditions of Bgy. Nabuclod, Floridablanca, Pampanga and the immediate and/or adjacent locality where the proposed edifice will rise. Existing governing laws and ordinances within the locality will also be recognized. It will only explore and consider emerging sustainable trends in the different sectors of building systems for residential dwelling design while taking into consideration certain daily patterns and beliefs in socio-cultural context.

I.8. DEFINITION OF TERMS I.8.1. Contextual Definition Aeta - are one of the ethnic tribal groups in the Philippines. Alternatively called Agta, Atta, Ita, Ati, Negritos, or Pugut, they are a dark-skinned people with curly hair, big black eyes, and short statures. The Aeta are believed to be the descendants of the original settlers of the Philippines. Balik-Probinsya Program - program under the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), a long-time project of the agency which aimed to provide assistance to squatter families seeking to return back to their respective rural areas. The program also aims to decongest Metro Manila of squatter families residing in the riverbanks and other flood-prone areas. Through the program, the DSWD will provide the interested parties with transportation, food, and other needs. They will also be assisted upon arrival in their own province to seek employment or avail of a microfinance loan so they can start a new life. Indigenous People/Community refer to a group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by other, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and culture, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos. 5 NCIP (National Commission on Indigenous Peoples) the office under the Office of the President which is the primary government agency responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies, plans, and programs to recognize, protect and promote the rights of the indigenous people.

I.8.2. Operational Definition Nabuclod Mountains is a reservation occupied by the Aetas ever since. It is located in the mountains of Floridablanca bordering the Zambales and Pampanga provinces. Tukil - is a material cut from a piece of bamboo with one of the nodes remaining intact and serving as base and with one end being opened. This could be a decorative material among Pampanguenos without a basic economic importance. Negritoes use this

RA No. 8371 An Act to recognize, protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities / indigenous people, creating a national commission of indigenous people, establishing implementing mechanisms appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes.

material as an improvised drinking glasses and bigger one is used as container of drinking water which is taken from a spring distant from their lodging place. Vernacular Architetcture term used to categorize methods of construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs and circumstances. Vernacular architecture tends to evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural, and historical context in which it exists. It has often been dismissed as crude and unrefined, but also has proponents who highlight its importance in current design.

I.8.3. Definition of Design Elements Bale (Bali, hawoong) bahay house Balitang (pagtukluwan, baiting) Steps of stairs or ladder Balungbung (Inras, tinakaptakap Habong, bilik) shed Baniu (pagpalinan, Banyo, silid paliguan) bathroom Bisitas (kapilya Bisita, kapilya) chapel Batalan exposed porch where child size jars are placed for drinking and washing Dapogan a part of the kitchen table with river stone and kalan (stone-shaped stoves) Dutung (kayu Kahoy, tabla) wood Eran (iran, hagdan) Stairs, ladder Kamalig - separate from main structure; where un-hulled rice is kept Lalam - (malaluh Ilalim, ponde, lalim) Basement, bottom, depth Langke (milalamu Langkay, piling, kumpol) Cluster, bunch, group Silong - Space fenced for animals; fenced with lattice made of bamboo; function as a poultry shed Taguling (kanal)ditch Tual-tual (aparihu ungi) Tilted, unbalanced

I.8.4. Abbreviations HUDCC - Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council IP Indigenous People NCIP National Commission on Indigenous People NHA National Housing Authority TAN Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod

CHAPTER II - CASE STUDIES

II.1. INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY PROFILE6 II.1.1. THE KANKANA-EY PEOPLE The Province of Benguet serves as the gateway to the Cordillera region and is at the center of where the action is in North Luzon. It is endowed with rich human and natural resources and a unique temperate climate. The Kankana-ey are found mainly in the northern and western part of the province. Living as a group, they developed and have carefully preserved their culture which is reflected in their customs, traditions and their cultural materials today. They make materials or tools which they use in their daily life or in the rituals they perform. These cultures and traditions of the Benguet Kankana-ey are some of the factors that attract and amaze local and international tourists. A common ritual of the Benguet Kankana-ey is the Caao. It is a ritual usually performed for good harvest and good health. During a Caao, rice wine placed in a ritual jar, is served, not to mention the offering of several animals such as pigs, carabao or cow. The Kankana-ey believes in the existence of unseen supernatural beings from heaven and from the underworld. They generally call God Kabunian. They call upon spirits with offerings of animals, wine, food and other desired and/or prescribed materials. Despite the fast pace of economic development, the Kankana-ey still observe and practice their rich culture. The pagan worship attributed to the people of Benguet does not find relevance in the belief system of the people. It is actually a taboo for the natives to display images in their homes for purposes of worship, except for the love of art. The belief system of the natives shows that above all the gods and goddesses, there is Kabunian, the most high.

The Kankana-ey People of Benguet

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Dungog <http://www.capiznon.wordpress.com>

II.1.1.1. Benguet Abong Houses Nipa huts were the original houses of the Kankana-ey and the Ibaloi of Benguet long before the coming of the Spaniards. The nipa hut is still being used as a domicile today, especially in the rural areas. It provides basic shelter from the most available and inexpensive materials and works well as protection against the wind and rain. The house is usually elevated to shoulder height with tree stumps as protection against animals and pests. It is compact, making it easier to keep oneself warm in the cold mountains of Benguet. It is constructed out of bamboo, stick, wood and cogon grass. Tied together through the use of bamboo and rattan strips, this native house can withstand the gale-force wind during typhoons that ravage the country every year. II.1.2. THE KALINGA PEOPLE The Kalinga belong to the most distinct type of Filipino cultural community because of their unique cultural and physical attributes. They are tall, broad-shouldered, narrow-hipped, slightly dark in complexion and handsome with narrow-bridged noses. Historically, they are known as warriors and hailed by foreigners as peacocks of the mountain because of their elaborately colourful ceremonial attire accentuated by feathered headgears and peacock-like movements when they dance. The social structure of the Kalinga is greatly woven by one of the most important fabrics of Filipino cultural traits that is, strong kinship. Kalinga society is based upon kinship. Thus, if carefully traced, a village is usually composed of interrelated clans tied into knots of blood and marital affinities. The whole village is structured composing a group of families of eight pairs of great-great grandparents ranging from the first to the third degree of relationship. Stratification in Kalinga societies is based on property holdings, community leadership and

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influence upon people. The Kalinga social system is composed of social classes such as the Pangat class, the Baknang or Kadangyanclass and the Kapus or Lawa class. The Pangat class is on top of the social pyramid. It is composed of the influential head of clans with large political followings. These are the Kalinga who have gained distinction through their wisdom, leadership, bravery and sense of justice. A Pangat class member usually enjoys a high degree of respect from the community. One who holds aBodong (Peace Pact) is considered a Pangat because he has to foot the enormous financial requirements and he possesses courage and bravery to gain the status and prestige. The Baknang or Kadangyan are the wealthy middle class. The Kapus or Lawa , the poor or the unfortunate, are the workhorses of the upper class. II.1.2.1. Traditional Kalinga Houses The traditional Kalingahouse, either square or rectangular, is a single room with elevated flooring. The house interior has three sections: 1) a side section called sipi with a sleeping bed for two persons; 2) the middle portion calledladak usually divided into three parts sleeping area, dining area, and receiving area; 3) another side section which serves as the cooking area and an open space. The cooking area called darpong is a square-shaped receptacle made of wooden slabs and filled with hard clay. It serves as the hearth. Here, three pieces of stones forming a triangle hold pots for cooking. Above the darpongis a su-ugan or a drying mat for palay. The open space serves as he pounding area during the rainy season or at night time. The dugo, the space underneath the flooring, serves as a utility area for stacking firewood, storage of farm implements, etc. The house consists of cogon for roofing; split bamboo for flooring; spliced and woven bamboo for the walls. It has two main doors one leading to the house proper and the other leading to the dugo. II.1.3. THE IFUGAO COMMUNITY The Ifugao believe that spirits dwell in all natural things and they try to keep out the evil spirits by engraving on the door or on any conspicuous part of the house the figure of a lizard or a serpent believed to provide protection.

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At night, the ladder is pulled up inside and the family is safe from human and animal intruders. Leonardo Concepcion, in his lectures on Architecture in the Philippines presented by the National Museum and sponsored by US Ambassador and Mrs. William C. McBlair, Jr. writes. Let us look first at the Ifugao building, which is one of the most perfect forms of pre-Spanish handcraft architecture. . . This house is of the most perfect kind of handcraft architecture that we have in the Philippines because each part has a distinct use. The house is a statement of the basic characteristic of the Ifugao people. II.1.3.1. The Ifugao Houses The Ifugao house is one of the most perfect forms of pre-Spanish handcraft architecture. It is a small enclosed structure, a one-room affair that serves as living and sleeping room, kitchen and dining room. It is elevated above the ground by four posts made of sturdy tree-trunks with roots intact. It has solid panels for walls and tightly thatched roofing. The two main base girders the horizontal support (at the front and back) just on top of the posts are held to these posts by dowels. No nails are used. The Ifugao carve each part of the house as interlocking pieces, the girders fitting into the supporting posts. On top of the girders is a single-piece structure to support the flooring and on the four corners are the four king posts which bolt together the ends of the two base girder, the side girders and the rest of the structure. Two girders are placed in the right and left uppers structure to support the roofing. A girder which is a one-piece structure spans these right and left girders and on which rests the upper king posts. Rafters are made of seasoned bilaureeds and bamboos or betel palm slats. The roof is usually made of bilau leaves of cogon grass. The rooftop has side openings where smoke escapes. The walls are made of wood or woven bamboo slats and the floor, of wood. These

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are also shelves around the four sides of the house at the level of the walls. These are used for storing plates, pots and other household items. The house has only one entrance opening carved by a detachable door hanging or attached on a rope or rattan where the ladder is placed but there is a smaller backdoor for throwing things down or for emergency exit. II.1.4. THE SUBANEN COMMUNITY Kumalarang, an hour away from Pagadian, is a third class municipality equally dominated by the Subanen, Moro, and local settlers. The Moro settlers live near the river banks of Kumalarang. The Subanen stay in the highlands while the local settlers live in the heart of the municipality. The Subanen are farmers; the Moro are traders while the local settlers are fisher folks. But the three groups have professionals who work in government agencies and enterprises. Ninety per cent of the populace are Subanen and ten per cent are Moro and local settlers. Most of the government officials are Subanen. The dialect spoken in the municipality is also Subanen. Farming is the source of income of the people. Since many Subanen in Lapuyan are professionals, most of the government employees are also Subanen. They have Christian alliance. Lakewood is a high land blessed with a beautiful lake, originally the source of food of the residents. Sixty-five per cent of the populace are Subanen. They are farmers who have embraced Christianity. Like any other Subanen, they also practice old rituals during harvest and other festivities. Their spoken dialect is also called Subanen. II.4.1. The Subanen Houses The traditional house of theSubanen is typically a highlanders architecture 12 x 12 feet in area. The floor is 8 feet from the ground, has round timber used as stairs. The house is made of round timber for its posts, nipa leaves for the roof, and the wall and the floor is made of gbahe (fish tail palm). Originally, no nails were used to

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connect all the parts of the house. The Subanen only used rattan strips tied all over to connect the parts. The typical Subanen house is still the dwelling of the Subanen in the hinterland of Zamboanga del Sur. II.1.5. THE BUKIDNON PEOPLE Found in the hinterland of Panay and Negros, the Bukidnon, numbering about 159 thousand, are a unique people holding on to their centuries-old culture against the backdrop of the present society. The Bukidnon are fair-skinned, medium in height and built have straight to wavy black hair, eyes which are slightly slant and upturned nose. They are the original inhabitants of the islands, though they have been assimilated in varying degrees with the mainstream Visayan society. They are associated with the names of the main river system. Iloilo Halawodnon after the ancient name of Jalaur River (Halawod); Panayanonin Capiz after Pan-ay River; Akeanon in Aklan after Akean river; Kurlanos in Kabankalan City after Kuruk-an (Carol-an) river. The Iraynons meaningdwellers of the upstream of Antique and Northern Aklan are also Bukidnon due to the fact that their culture is also the same as that of their cousins on the Eastern side. They are famous for their rich oral traditions such as Talda(repartee), Dilot (love song), Ambahan (Extemporaneous Song), Ulawhay (Long Chanted Narratives); and their Binanog dance (meaning way of the hawks) and the recently discovered unabridged version of the Hinilawod Epic. II.1.5.1 The Panay-Bukidnon Traditional Houses The traditional Panay Bukidnon house uses cogon for roofing. The house normally has an elevated floor of about 5-6 feet high using sturdy round timber poles while the floor is made of bamboo laths. The walls are made of woven bulo(bamboo) or dulit (dried tree bark). Girders, beams and roof-framing are of assorted sizes of round timbers. Uway (rattan strips) are used to tie these house components together. The main structure is an open space for sleeping, eating and dancing. The house has a receiving room or balkon used to entertain visitors and for resting during daytime. It is not elevated, and

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has no floors. It has a long bamboo or wooden bench instead. A wide window just above the bamboo bench ensures sufficient ventilation. The house has also the sariri- room intended for the binukot or the kept maiden; dapog dirty kitchen, and the tambi usually built at the back side of the main structure. The tambi serves as the backdoor entrance built a little lower than the main structure. The lower portion of the main structure is enclosed by a fence made of bamboo and this is used to house chickens and other livestock. II.1.6. PALAWANI AND MOLBOG INDIGENOUS DWELLINGS II.1.6.1. Kalangbanwa Kalangbanwa is made from the indigenous materials found in Palawan. Builders useuway and some nails to ensure the durability of the house which is usually located in the upland or midland area of the place. Bamboo, rattan, wood, and cogon are the materials used to build the house. The settlers believe that the entrance door should face the East and the kitchen to the West to maximize the entry of good luck to the family. The house has stairs and has a dirty kitchen. During this time, settlers use salong as their lamp. II.1.6.2. Banwa The head of the family usually initiates the building of the house. The house is big and can accommodate a big family. A unique characteristic of this house is the absence of windows and room divisions that depicts openness of the family, and also a wide areaduring special occasions. The house has a terrace to accommodate visitors during special gatherings. Rattan, used for trying the houses components, the nipa for walling are the indigenous materials used in this house. The builders have a special skill in tying the rattan to ensure the resiliency of the house. The people believe that they invite good luck if they put coins under the house post before building the house. The doors face towards the direction where the sun rises.

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II.1.7. THE JAMA MAPUN PEOPLE The Jama Mapun, on closer examination, may not be a distinct ethnic group. The Jama Mapun are rather another Sama sub-group. Their language, called Pullun Mapun, is just a dialect of the Sama language. The Jama Mapun inhabits the Cagayan de Sulu and Turtle (Taganak) Islands, and are also found in Southern Palawan. The word Jama is a variation of the word Sama, and denotes west, i.e., west of Jolo Island as East and their own Cagayan de Sulu as West, a concept derived from the time when the Jama Mapun had a strong client relationship with the Sultanate of Sulu centered in Jolo. The Jama Mapun earn their livelihood much like the other Sama groups except that some also cultivate upland rice. The latter activity is maily done in Southern Palawan. The Jama Mapun tribe is often mistakenly identified as Samal Badjao, considering the fact that its members mingle with these two tribes. The only distinction of this ethnic group is that its people originally occupied the overlapping jurisdiction of the sultans of Sulu and Brunei and later on mixed with the Samal and the Badjao. Marriage among the Jama Mapun normally involves the payment of a bridge price by the groom. Marriage among first degree cousins is common. In the socio-political organization of the Jama Mapun, their datu personifies the secular sector while the salip represents the sacred order. Both share between them the function of social control and justice. II.1.7.1 Luma (Baung Baung) This traditional house can be found in the midland area. The main structure has an open space, without division. Usually, people celebrate wedding, baptismal and other gathering inside the house where

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they sing their traditional music. They also perform dances outside the house along the perimeter area. The Luma house uses nipa shingles for roofing, and the wall is made of bambootadtad. The doors have exact measurement that the katutubo follow and these should face towards the direction where the sun rises. II.1.8. THE BAGOBO PEOPLE The Bagobo constitute one of the largest groups among the indigenous peoples of Southern Mindanao. They are composed of three (3) sub-groups, namely the TAGABAWA, the CLATA or GUIANGAN and the UBO. Although they belong to one socio-linguistic group, BAGOBO, they also differ in some ways, such as the dialects, dance steps, costumes and their color preferences to mention a few. They are referred to as ethnic because they are the people whose distinctive identity is rooted in history. From the beginning and up to the present, the Bagobo are the predominant inhabitants of the vast areas extending from the west coast of Davao Gulf to the high reaches of Davaos famous and significant mountain ranges of Mt. Apo or Apo Sandawa to the tribal people. Today, changes can be easily observed and it is due to the influences of foreign cultures such as those of the Spaniards, Japanese, Americans and other neighboring countries. Lately, the existence CPP-NPA, the military forces and other armed groups in their ancestral domain/lands forced them to adapt and accept realities surrounding them in their struggle for survival. These encounters also ended or drastically diminished some of the traditions, beliefs and practices and even the culture itself. Food is abundant enough to be able to supply the community for the next harvest season. The weavers supply the needs for clothing. In fact, a Bagobo weaver, Salinta Monon, won this years Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan (GAMABA) for her handloom weaving, a proof of the Bagobo artistry and craftsmanship. Environmental preservations and utilization of natural resources are properly dealt with by the people according to their tradition, practices and culture.

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Todays Bagobo have gone a long way. Though mostly are still in the hinterlands, there are also others who have become professionals such as doctors, nurses, teachers, accountants, lawyers, government employees and officials. II.1.8.1. The Bale Houses A person in the community who is gifted and known as the master of building can build the Bagobo house. A ritual is being done first to determine whether the chosen location is the appropriate place for the house to be built. If the ritual indicates that the place is appropriate for building a house, the posts are then put up. Before installing the posts, a ritual is also performed to cleanse the posts and make them strong for the house. After the posts is the roofing, then the flooring of the house, the stairs, the doors and windows and the ceiling. Distinct feature of the architecture are the design of the roof and walls. Located uplands, the materials are primarily made up of chopped bamboos, bamboos, Lawaan and rattan strips. A typical Bagobo house has an attic for the female children of the family. Most of the time they sleep there and are not allowed mingling with other people unless the parents are around. Neither are they allowed to peek at the window. Hence, the reason for having no window in the attic. II.1.9. THE AGTA/ITA/KABIHUG OF BICOL In Bicol, the existing indigenous peoples (IPs) or indigenous cultural community (ICC) are locally classified into two major tribes; namely, the Agta or Itom and the Kabihug or Abian. In general, the Agta are short, stocky black people with black curly hair, deep-seated eyes and flat noses. Nomadic in nature, they travel from one place to another, in hills and mountain ranges, in search of food and a better place to stay in. They have been sporadically located in three provinces; namely, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, Albay and Camarines Norte.

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Furthermore, the Kabihug of Abian are the most primitive and nomadic of the tribal groups of Agta in Bicol Region. Other tribes of the Agta have more or less similar appearances, distinctive of which is their brownish kinky interwoven hair, big deep-seated eyes with curly eyelashes, below 5 feet tall and stocky. They are found in far-flung barangays and sitios throughout the province of Camarines Norte. They originally came from the railroad towns of Ragay, Lupi, Del Gallego, Camarines Sur and from Quezon Province. The Agta are found in the Bicol Peninsula and on the slopes of Mt. Asog, Iriga City as well as the municipalities at the slope of Mt. Isarog. They marry at the early age of 14. In as much as they have no marriage rites, the couple simply live together as husband and wife. They practice polygamy. At present, the Agta do not subscribe to family planning, believing that marriage is meant to produce offsprings. They believe in the anito and the spirit of ancestors to whom they offer dances during rituals. The Dumago (Thanksgiving Ritual) of the Agta is done after a good harvest (fruit crops) or after a member of the family recovers from severe illness. The leader of the group in the community or a respected balyana or healer starts the ritual and performs the chant invoking the anito or spirits in thanksgiving, with the use of coron (pot) with burned incense. The Dumago dance is performed by both balyana (healer) and some Agta men in movements that depict respect and thanksgiving for the blessings. The Agta group will be joined by the Bicolano Cluster, representing the lowland Bicolano community, with some traditional flok songs like Sarung Banggui (isang gabi) and other folk songs like Ano daw Idong Sa Gogm, etc. the songs express the love and sentiments of the singer addressed to a loved one. The famous pantomina is a wedding dance performed by the husband and wife after the reception. The man chases the wife as though pleading to give her a kiss and suggesting that they proceed to their honeymoon. But the parents suggest that they celebrate and join them

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before they wind up for their honeymoon. Finally, the couple happily dance to the tune of Bicol love songs and both express commitment and love for each other till death. The Bicol food is the Bicolanos tangible manifestation of their characteristics. Loving and simply bold and courageous with emotions expressed openly. Hot and sizzling, as shown in their food choices and preparations. The bicol express with SILI-spices and PINANGAT with GATA (coconut milk). II.1.9.1. The Bahey Houses The Agta of Bicol are normally nomadic. Because of their characteristic, their houses locally known as bahey are built out of indigenous materials found in the place where they decide to settle temporarily. For wallings and some part of the roof, thebakbak (dried bark of the abaca) serves the purpose. Nipa shingles constitute most of the roofing. One very unique feature of this house is the absence of iron nails for the entire framework. Rattan is used to tie the posts and the frame of the house itself. The interior is simple and very functional with a receiving area, living room and kitchen just enough for the entire family. To keep the roofing safe and steady, bamboos are placed on top. The living room is usually without flooring; the ground serves as the flooring. Generally, the house is small and can easily be torn down should the family decide to transfer to another area. II.1.9.1. The Ati Houses of Ilo-Ilo, Capiz and Guimaras The Atis house is made of round timber, cogon grass for its roofing and its wall is made of binalantak nga bolo or small bamboos. Bamboo slats are used for the flooring. The Ati do not use nails but only ropes to secure the house. The house measures 8 by 9 square feet and it has a receiving area for visitors. The palayas or extension serves as the storage for their cooking and eating utensils as well as the cooking area of the family. The house is usually located at the upland where very few people reside.

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CHAPTER III - PRESENTATION OF DATA

II.1. PHYSICAL PROFILE II.1.1. Geographic Location The town is located on the western part of Pampanga along the Zambales mountain ranges and is bounded by the municipalities of Porac on the north, Lubao on the south, Guagua on the east, Dinalupihan, Bataan on the west. It is approximately 23 kilometers from the town of San Fernando and 90 kilometers from Manila. The town has an elevation of 12 feet above the sea level. II.1.2. Topography The relief varies from level, rolling and hilly to mountainous especially in the south and northwestern sections of the town fringing the mountain ranges of Zambales. II.1.3. Geology Geologically, the area is part of the inter-mountainous area of the Central Plains of Luzon, which is almost level plain only a few meters above sea level. Deposits of non-metallic minerals like construction materials and other metallic minerals are found in Floridablanca, Pumice with a volume of 1,500,000 metric tons is known to exist in Barangay Pabanlag. C.M. Dizon gold mines and Kalahi Investment Incorporated identifies gold (38.38 short ton), a very precious metal, to exist in Pabanlag with 0.056 grade or analysis (oz.An/St.) Abundant supply of boulders, gravel and sand abound in the riverbeds of Porac, Gumain and Caulaman rivers. These quarry sites are believed to be supplying a significant volume of the construction needs of the province and other projects in the region and Metro-Manila. II.1.4. Land Area by Barangay Floridablanca has a total land area of 17,548 hectares. It has thirty-three (33) barangays composing of 31 lowland and 2 upland barangays. It has four cultural minorities settlements; namely Nabuclod, Mawacat, Malabni and Camatchiles. The Department of Interior and Local Government (DlLG) recognizes only Nabuclod and Mawacat as Barangays due to technicalities when Malabni and Camatchiles failed to field candidates and therefore participate in the 1982 barangay elections.

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II.1.5. Soil Classification According to the Bureau of Soils in San Fernando, Pampanga the soil series in Floridablanca are composed of Angeles Coarse soil, Angeles Fine Soil, Angeles Soil Undifferentiated, and La Paz Silt Loam. The soils of the Angeles series consist of pale brownish gray or ash gray to nearly whitish gray in the surface layer. The subsoil is brownish-gray to light reddish-brown sand with gravel. These soils have been developed from the continual deposition of soil materials from the surrounding hills and uplands by flowing rivers like the Porac Caulaman and Gumain Rivers. The relief ranges from nearly level to slightly level to slightly undulation and the natural drainage condition is good. Angeles fine sand and Angeles coarse sand consist the Angeles series. The soils of the La Paz series are quite extensive, covering the vicinities of Lubao, Floridablanca, between Porac and Sta. Rita, Angeles andSan Fernando. The surface soil is brownish gray and a pale-gray to yellowish-gray porous, loose and friable sandy subsoil. La Paz fine sand, La Paz silt loam was mapped. II.1.6. Water Resources The Porac-Gumain-Caulaman Rivers constitute a network of irrigation systems on the area and provide irrigation water to the farm and some of the out-lying municipalities. These also serve as the drainage of Floridablanca with the inclusion of numerous rivers, streams and creeks. There are 3 known creeks in Floridablanca; the Santo/ creek, Sapang Bayabas creek and the San Ramon or Tugtugan creek. A study of the artesian aquifers in Floridablanca showed that the aquifers were sand deposits which ranged in size from very fine to very coarse, with granule sand pebbles up to one cm. generally sub-angular to rounded, of quarts, adesite, decite, feldspar, chet and hornblendes and these aquifers cropped out along the eastern slopes of the Zambales mountains. II.1.7. Climate The most important climatic factor in Floridablanca is rainfall, It is well known that the amount of rainfall at any given place and time is dependent upon several factors. These factors include exposure, topography, altitude, prevailing winds, ocean currents and latitude effects. During the months of December, January, February, March and April rain fall in the municipality is

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almost negligible. It has two distinct seasons. One season is characterized by being relatively dry from December to April and wet during the rest of the year. II.2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE II.2.1. Population size and Growth As per result of the survey done by the enumerators hired by the Municipal Government of Floridablanca, Floridablanca has a total population of 84,052. About 53.11 % of this is accounted for in the urban areas while those living in the rural barangays comprise 46.89% of the total population of Floridablanca. From 1990 to 1995, Floridablanca registered an annual growth rate of3.57%. In 1995, Barangay Pabanlag, Palmayo, Cabangcalan, San Pedro, and Sta. Monica registered lower growth rates primarily because of migration of residents to other barangays or to resettlement areas after the eruption of Mt.Pinatubo in 1991. Barangay Apalit is the most thickly populated. In 1995 with a population of 9,628 registered because of Mt. Pinatubo victims who transferred in resettlement center. The Floridablanca Resettlement Center, Barangays Anon, Mawacat and Nabuclod showed quite abnormal increases in population in 1995. As compared to other barangays due to the integration of Sitio Culubasa (Sto. Nino) to Barangay Anon, from Sitio Camachiles to barangay Nabuclod and Sitio Malabni to barangay Mawacat. In the result of 1999 Surveys, Barangays Pabanlag, Palmayo and Sta. Monica registered higher growth rates because of the BALIK BARANGA Y PROGRAM which was in preparation for the May 2000 Census of Housing and Population. Table 1 - Barangays Land Area and Projected Population 2005
BARANGAY Anon Apalit Basa Benedicto Bodega Cabangcalan Calantas Camachiles Carmencita Consuelo Dampe LAND AREA IN HECTARE 218.50 108.15 1,007.0 undetermined 150.95 165.5 undetermined undetermined 362.50 undetermined 429.32 POPULATION(PROJECTED) 2444 8006 3819 1550 2726 1686 3997 539 2314 2037 2255

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Del Carmen Fortuna Gutad Mabical Malabo (Sto. Rosario) Maligaya Mawacat Nabuclod Pabanlag Paguiruan Palmayo Pandaguirig Poblacion Palmayo Pandaguirig Poblacion San Antonio San Isidro San Jose San Nicolas San Pedro San Ramon San Roque Santa Monica Solib Valdez

undetermined 142.80 281.40 68.10 170.92 undetermined undetermined undetermined 1,581.00 146.45 94.20 94.20 undetermined 94.20 160.96 undetermined undetermined 89.51 908.50 100.80 150.03 550.00 99.48 undetermined 289.2352 346.596

2316 3602 2641 2056 1494 1428 1010 2161 6025 4682 4955 4955 3928 4955 3190 3928 2403 2278 5782 3809 2976 1603 2172 3104 4300 4127

II.2.2. Rural- Urban Distribution Although the Municipality of Floridablanca is still predominantly rural is 3.11 % or 44,636 persons are residing in the urban area. Its rural population constitutes 46.89% or about 39,416 persons. II.2.3. Number of Households The Surveys in 1999 show a total of 16,422 households. Taking into consideration the annual population growth rate of 1.02 in the municipality, the projected number of households will increase to 19,729 by the year 2005.

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II.2.4. Population Density The population density of the municipality in 1995 and 1999 is registered at 408 persons per sq. kilometer and this would escalate to 586 persons by the year 2005. II.2.5. Age-Sex Structure Like the rest of the country, the young population in Floridablanca exhibits a pyramidal age structure. The population between ages under 1 year old to 14 years account for 26,994 or 32.12% of the population aged under 1 year old up to 75 years old and above in 1999. On the other hand, 49,366 or 58.73% belong to the 15-69 years old age bracket and only 1,795 or 2.14% are in the age bracket of 70 years old and above. II.2.6. Dialect/Language As expected Pampango (Kapampangan) is spoken generally in Floridablanca. The rest of the non-Pampango speaking Households readily understand the dialect. The remaining 78% of the populace is spread about evenly. A sizeable 95.17% of its total population has Kapampangan (Pampango) as their mother tongue. Its Kapampangan speaking population has gradually. Accommodated the increasing share of the segments of the population speaking other dialects on account of municipal population increase constantly subjected to migration II.2.7. Religion The Roman Catholic religion has remained deeply rooted in the municipality of Floridablanca ever since its propagation in 1823. Per survey in 1999, 90.25% of its total population is Roman Catholics. Other Christian faiths that have found their way in the municipality with a sizeable group of followers are Iglesia ni Kristo and Protestant / Methodist / Born Again Christian. II.2.8. Literacy Rate The literacy rate in the municipality of Floridablanca in 1999 is pegged to a significant 98.60%. That means out of its 43,979 school population with highest grade completed in 1999. At least 43,363 attended formal schooling ranging from pre-school to academic degree holders. A breakdown of such figures shows that 30.73% have completed the 6th grade, 29.85 % are high school graduates, 8.32 % are academic degree holders and a measly 0.01% has post baccalaureate degrees.

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Poverty incidence refers to the percentage of total poor population viz. total population of the local government unit. Poverty magnitude refers to the actual number of households who are poor. In Floridablanca it was assessed that 5,748 Households or 35% of the total household belongs to poverty magnitude. II.2.9. Poverty Incidence Magnitude Poverty incidence refers to the percentage of total poor population viz total population of the local government unit. Poverty magnitude refers to the actual number of households who are poor. In Floridablanca it was assessed that 5,748 Households or 35% of the total household belongs to poverty magnitude. II.2.10. Economy The economy of Floridablanca is principally anchored on agricu1ture. It is estimated that 40% of the total households rely on farming as their means of livelihood. All of the 33 barangays are basically agricultural areas; twenty (20) of these are covered by CARP and represents the Floridablanca Agrarian Reform Community. The Floridablanca ARC is composed of 1,998 farm households. Crops that are predominantly produced are rice, sugarcane, vegetables and root crops. Aside from farming, there are farm families and individuals engaged in agro-based industries such as poultry and livestock raising, fishpond and other related small scale agro-based business endeavors. As of 1998, there are 167 registered piggeries, 44 poultry and duck raisers, 177 fishpond operators, 7 orchard and 19 orchid growers, 34 rice mills and mini-conos. Since Mt. Pinatubo erupted, quarrying of sand and gravel has also become a major source of income both for the population and the government. There are at least 31 quarry operators registered in Floridablanca and four (4) stone crashers industries. Other related business is 18 hollow-blocks and concrete products manufacturers. Floridablanca has also a potential in timber production owing from its considerable forest area of 1,228.36 hectares along the mountainous region in the Floridablanca and Bataan-Zambales boundary.

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II.2.11. Employment Rate Among those are gainfully employed are seasonal laborers, which comprise the biggest number. Seasonal labor is mainly agricultural in nature, depending on the labor requirements of some agricultural activities such as planting, cultivation and harvest of different types of crops. This type is closely followed by the regular laborers at about 17.2% comprising fanners at 14.99%. The town boasts of 21 doctors and 6 lawyers. Others include overseas contract workers (OCWs), drivers, employees, vendors, teachers etc. There are 2,409 business commercial/industrial establishments in the municipality when the survey was conducted. II.2.12. Labor Force Floridablanca has a young population with 53.73% of its 84,052 population belonging to the 124 years of age. About 61.71% of its 84,052 total inhabitants are between the ages of 15 to 60 years old; these figures represent the potential labor force. II.2A. SWOT ASSESSMENT (STRENGTH, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITY AND THREATS) The strength and development advantage of Floridablanca lies on its vast agricultural lands suitable for food production. Floridablanca is the second largest producer of rice in Pampanga; this could be attributed to its wide area of irrigated farmlands. Aside from this distinct advantage of being the food basket of the province, it is also a source of abundant high quality of gravel and sand materials. Among the major threats and weaknesses is erosion, undirected mining activities and land grabbing. II.2A.1. Agriculture The Municipality of Floridablanca is predominantly an agriculture area. Most of the farmers are engaged in planting rice, yellow and green com, root crops, legumes, vegetables and fruit trees, etc. They adopt the modem package of technology especially under MAKAMASA, which results to a bountiful harvest and surplus of harvest for the whole year. Some of the problems are limited number of reliable marketing outlets and the standard price support of different farm products and higher cost of production inputs and fuel. Farmers begin to use a combination of two or more compatible practices to minimize pest production to non-destructive level without the use of farm chemical. Establishment of observation stations serve as early detection of the presence of pests and diseases. So farmers use a system known as Integrated Pest Management.

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II.2A.2. Establishment of Technology Farm Demonstration for production and distribution was done and selection of adapted and high yielding varieties and viable seeds is one factor being considered to increase farm income. Responsibility in the initiation, promotion, organization and supervision is strengthening the cooperative movement. Livestock production and dispersal through loans and grant contributed a lot in the integrated system of farmers which give additional income to clientele. Increase of fishpond areas gave a dynamic increase of farm income. II.2A.3. Farming The methods of farming being used by the farmers in the Municipality of Floridablanca are a combination of the traditional and scientific modern way of farming. The total productive agricultural area devoted to crops in 1999 is 6,631 hectares. This is 37.79% of the total land area of Floridablanca which is 17,548 hectares. Palay being the main crop is cultivated both in irrigated and rainfed fields. The total area devoted to this crop is 3,780.36. Irrigated fields constitute 3,446.36 hectares while rainfed fields have 334 hectares for its real share. Other secondary agricultural crops having a real share of hectares include root crops, fruit trees and sugarcane with the latter as a basic commercial crop in the municipality. On the other hand, com and such vegetables as fruit vegetables, legumes, and leafy vegetables are planted extensively to the area on an intercropping basis in between rice planting and harvesting. The total yield I production of palay in 1999 is pegged at 340,250 cavans. The average yield per hectare is 90 cavans for the irrigated fields and 80 cavans for the rainfed ones. Likewise, the total yield for all its secondary crops both regular and rotational in the same year is 13,205.43 metric tons. In terms of existing irrigation facilities the sources include an irrigation canal (NIA), communal well, rivers, creeks and private deep wells.

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II.2A.4. Fishing Fishing is another lucrative industry in the municipality of Floridablanca. The total fishpond area at present is 102.33 hectares. This is .58% of the municipality's total land area. Total yield in this endeavor in 1999 is pegged at 122.80 metric tons. These include tilapia, hito and dalag. II.2A.5. Livestock and Poultry Livestock and poultry is relatively a thriving and promising enterprise in the municipality. The number of livestock in 1999 includes carabao with 2,300 heads, cattle with 780 heads, goats and sheep with 2000 and 2,700 heads and hogs with 17,785 heads. Likewise poultry production in the same year include chicken (broilers and layers) with 362,500 heads, ducks with 3,000 heads, dogs and cats with 4,500 and 12,000 heads, horse with 12 heads, dove with 1,500 heads and turkey with 500 heads. II.2A.6. Urban/Rural Settlements Floridablanca in terms of area is largely classified as rural based although 53.11 % of its population is residing in the urban barangays. Considered urban barangays are Apalit, Bodega, Basa, Fortuna, Mabical, Paguiruan, Palmayo, Pandaguirig, Poblacion, San Jose, San Nicolas, Solib and Valdez. All the remaining barangays including the four upland barangays/sitios are considered rural areas. Row settlements are located along roads and arterial roads. The main settlements are those clustered around the Poblacion namely barangay Solib, Del Carmen, San Nicolas, Maligaya, Valdez andSan Antonio. The second cluster of barangays is those surrounding the Basa Air Base namely: Pandaguirig, Apalit, Palmayo, Consuelo and San Jose. This area experienced a sudden rise in population after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption due to the transfer of Mt. Pinatubo victims in the Floridablanca Resettlement Area. The Floridablanca Resettlement Area is within the boundaries off our (4) barangays: Basa, Palmayo, Pandaguirig and Apalit. The Basa Air Base is the home of the Philippine Air Force in the province of Pampanga. It has an estimated area of 623.1230 hectares and could be regarded as an independent community owing to the presence of basic facilities such as hospital, primary to tertiary class schools and a chapel There are four (4) existing upland settlements in Floridablanca which are inhabited by Aetas. These are Nabuklod, Mawacat, Camachile and Malabni. These settlements have a total

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population of 2,037 individuals as of 1999 and are principally located at the hilly portions of Floridablanca. Some barangays were buried by lahar after Mt. Pinatubo erupted in 1991. These are the barangays along the Caulaman and Gumain River namely: Pabanlag, Carmencita, parts of San Ramon) Nabuklod, Apalit, Pandaguirig, Palmayo, San Jose, Consuelo, Sta. Monica and Cabangcalan. The famous Sitio Palakol resort which was once a natural park and resort was also deeply buried by lahar changing its once lush vegetation into Virtual seashore. II.3. USERS ANALYSIS II.3.1. Demographics of Expected Users The country is home to around 42 indigenous peoples who make up approximately 1012 per cent of the population. The total Estimated Indigenous people Population in the Philippines is 14,184,645. The most populated area is Region XI composing the tribes of Manobo, Bagobo, Manguangan, Kalagan and Mansaka. Pampanga which belongs to Region III has 236, 487 total estimated Indigenous People. 3,000 or 1 percent of the total population of Aetas in the region are the initial beneficiaries of the project. Table 2 - Estimated IP Population by Region
Region CAR Region 1 Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII Region IX Region X Region XI Region XII Region XIII ARMM TOTAL Population 1,470,977 1,206,798 1,030,179 236,487 936,745 213,311 168,145 35,767 1,203,598 1,802,266 2,289,268 1,856,300 1,004,750 730,054 14,184,645

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Table 3 - Population of Indigenous People per Province, Region III

REGION Region III PROVINCE Bataan Agta/Aeta Tarlac Agta/Aeta Aberling/Aborlin Baluga Isneg/Apayao Kankanaey Zambal Pampanga Aeta/Agta Zambales Aeta/Agta Abelling/Aborlin Bontok Ibaloi Ifugao Ibanag Kankanaey Kalinga Tingguin/Itneg Bulacan Dumagat Aurora Baluga Dumagat
Notes: Regional Estimated Population computed based on the Population Growth Rate by Region reported by the National Statistics Office IP Ethnic Group Population by Province - computed using ratio and proportion method.

IP Group

POPULATION IP Group 12,286 38,877 9,898 21,780 3,675 69 51 3,404 10,055 10,055 66,979 57,784 8,183 279 187 95 27 99 204 121 38,513 38,513 2,665 577 2,088 Province 12,286

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CHAPTER IV - ARCHITECTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

IV.1. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

FRAMEWORK

and

"It is our aim as indigenous designers to achieve a culturally sensitive response through understanding this synergetic fusion. Our approach to architecture is about coming to terms with the realities of modern society shaped by multicultural influences."
Kombumerri One of the important elements of a design understands the cultural and behavioral aspect of the target users. A culturally sensitive approach should mirror the proposed low-cost housing development for the indigenous people like the Aetas. This will be very significant in preserving and nurturing their valued ethnic and tradition that reflect the Filipino culture. A housing development for the Aeta community challenges an architecture that is within their lifestyle a development that fuses their traditional way of living but that is culturally, socially and economically sustainable enough to make a settlement that will keep them from their ancestral nomadic lifestyle.

After all, it is merely a house being built. But a home, a neighborhood, a community Molded by nature and created for living
Hahn K Y. Luke

Architecture is rooted from concepts of humanity being regarded with respect to people as they interact with each other, with spaces and with environment itself. As a basic human need, a shelter must be a conductively simple to live for a family that as well encompasses elements of a neighborhood and community that is socially and culturally responsive. Design confronts unique problems depending on a project, and that the proponent aims to execute a design that is geared towards the advancement in response to the mechanism of physical, social, and economic needs and condition of the Aetas while not alleviating their cultures and traditions.

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IV.2. DESIGN CONCEPT

S- Saving the indigenous people from socio-economic disadvantage & loss of land territories A- Advancement of the designs and functions of their living spaces R- Retaining the ethnic identity, cultural patterns, social institutions and legal systems A- Acceptance for the Aeta community T- Transformation to a better and healthy lifestyle patterned to their respective way of life
To build a climate-sensitive, adaptive, and low-cost housing development community in Floridablanca, Pampanga, providing residential facilities to the native Aeta indigenous tribe of the province, while nurturing their local culture and values through the use of design translation within its building systems and features. Establishment of a low-cost residential development tagged as SARAT, for the Tribung Ayta ng Nabuklod (TAN) Association in the municipality of Floridablanca, Pamapanga will render innovation and cultural preservation through the application of modern bamboo architecture. This will provide enhanced housing facilities for the Aetas while upholding and nurturing their cultures and values. This will create a diversion of housing development to an improved and enhanced residential hub for the tribe, in full consideration and understanding of their lifestyle for a comfortable and better shelter. The development will facilitate the individual need for livelihood supports and assistance promoting jobs and livelihood opportunities within the housing site. The use of bamboo having the image of being the building material of the poorer class will represents the condition of the Aetas in the society as among the poorest and most disadvantaged indigenous groups in the country. The modern application of the bamboo in building design will means also the advancing of the lives of the Aetas. IV.2.1. Form Concept The form of the structures will follow its functions, orientation, and existing environment harmonizing the whole development. The form of the structure will be derived from distinct characteristic of the Aetas for being small and barefooted. This will be translated to the structures configuration through execution of elevation and floor elevation as compacted soil. Cluster development of housing units will be the type of spatial organization to be adopted combined with the linearity of structures and modularity of planning.

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IV.2.2. Function Concept As a residential development particularly in benefit for the indigenous people, as Aetas, the project must need to meet the functional, cultural, social and livelihood needs of the users. A house should mirror an open planning and with respect to the behavior of the Aetas; thus with consideration of the R.A.8371 Indigenous People Rights Act of 1997, BP220 Batas Pambansa Blg. 220, and National Building Code to observe the execution and flexibility of spaces for a low-cost housing for indigenous people. IV.2.3. Economy Concept The structure shall be flexible with regards to facilities and integrating human activities throughout the time. Modular construction system is adopted in the development for minimal duration of construction. Sustainability in the construction and maintenance of the facilities will be practiced and implemented to achieve established economic goals. IV.2.4. Time Concept To make the structure economical, local materials will be used to lessen the cost of shipping and importation such as bamboo, used as main structural material. In addition, passive cooling techniques such as cross ventilation, sun shading devices, and proper building configuration and orientation that were proven to be more energy-efficient and economical in the long run, will also be adopted. IV.3. STYLE GUIDING PRINCIPLES IV.3.1. GENERAL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER A Contemporary Vernacular Architecture will be adopted to reflect advancement of vernacular style of the Aetas dwellings while retaining the naturalistic impression which is very suiting to the way of life of the common folksmen. Bamboo Architecture is mainly applied to the building structure to create a smooth tropical setting close to the nature and ambiance which the Aetas used to. IV.3.2. Architectural Style Details to be adopted In order for the project to come up with its visualized and envisioned architectural character, the need to survey architectural styles is necessary. Details in style must be shown through graphic images and some vital rationalization. With this in mind, the proponent looks for

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architectural style details in the local milieu to be adopted, particularly of Aetas culture and customs.

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CHAPTER IV - ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

IV.1. PLANNING SCHEME IV.1.1. Modular Construction System An advanced modular design concept in construction will be adopted for the housing of the Aetas. It is compatible with the bahay kubo which is the typical dwellings of the locales. The system will minimize the duration of the construction, incurred expenses from the project cost of mass housing and encourage better workmanship while generating minimal waste thus making minimal impact in the degradation of the environment. IV.1.2. Three Layer Zoning The concept will be employed as an earthquake resistance feature for the houses. Each layer is separated from one another, and is self-supported with its own bracing system, making the whole house to behave elastically to resist strong earthquake shakes. The layers will have its own function; the ground level will be the space for storage, livestock, and ventilation and safety, the middle level will be the living space, the upper level will be the private space to be provided for the Aetas. IV.2. FLOORING SYSTEM Compacted soil is a preferred material for the flooring of the spaces such as batalan, silong and palikuran of the housing units. The use of reinforced concrete for the flooring is eliminated to be able to adapt to the Aetas dwellings which uses the natural ground as their flooring. Aside from its cultural significance, it also has great resistance to fire and water being a renowned low-maintenance material with a long lifespan.

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Soil compaction reduces total pore space of a soil. More importantly it significantly reduces the amount of large pore space, restricting air and water movement into and through the soil. Low soil oxygen levels caused by soil compaction are the primary factor limiting plant growth in landscape soils. Soil conditions, primarily soil compaction, contribute to 80% of the plant disorders in the landscape setting. IV.3. WALL SYSTEM Bamboo will be used in replacement to the flammable cogon, nipa, and palm leaves. Bamboo wall provides good ventilation similar to the aforementioned materials while giving a structurally stable attribute compared to palm or cogon. It as well retains the indigenous appearance of the housing units to be provided. The wall panels of the housing units are made of bamboo panels, slotted into the huge side beams of the house using tongue-and-groove joints. These joints are very flexible and do not break in the case of earthquake, and loosened connections can be fixed easily. The side beams will be made from a single tree trunk. V-shaped columns made from tree trunk also will functions as structural support that offers great resistance and have the required elasticity because they are not fixed to the ground. The separation of the house from the ground is the most important concept for earthquake resisting building in traditional form. IV.4. ROOFING SYSTEM IV.4.1. Hybrid Roofing System The predominant traditional thatching technology practiced will be used but will be combined with the modern roofing of today. Thatching is the simple principle of holding down the grass cover by means of a series of grass or bark fiber ropes laid to form an overlay. As advancement for this system, corrugated sheets will be placed first instead of just providing timber frame to overlay the grass. This technology aids to the indigenous inhabitant in the collection and storage of rain water. Skylight window flaps on the roof allow daylight to enter the interior of the building and also encourage natural ventilation.

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IV.4.2. Bamboo Space Framing System Bamboo as a material for the space framing system of the roofing is suitable for the concept of advancement in the way of living of the Aetas. This system will build up their dwellings structurally compliant to the existing climate and environmental condition. Integrating light metal elements [tubes /slabs] with bamboo is more economical in terms of maintenance compared to the simple wood construction that is less structurally sound. The bamboo space framing will hold the timber frame in which the thatch roof will be overlaid. IV.5. LIGHTING SYSTEM Power supply will be provided for the housing units but other passive and traditional lighting system will be applied. Skylight window flaps on the roof will allow for daylight to enter the interior of the building and also encourage natural ventilation.

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IV.6. VENTILATION SYSTEM It is suitable for the house form specifically to the tropical climate to use the open planning that makes way for the communal shared spaces of the Aetas. Passive cooling will be used as a circulating system within the living spaces which is traditional to the Aetas dwelling and for the minimal dependency for active cooling system. In accordance of this system, the inside of the house will minimize the use of partition that allows easy passage of air for cross-ventilation. An openable window made of wooden carved panels which is very effective that allows ventilation at body level. Aside from that, Silong ,where the house is raised on stilts, is also part of the Aetas dwelling that allows air flows without restraint that catches winds of higher velocity. While the ventilated roof space also helps to cool the house for a more adequate air circulation as well as the large overhangs of the roof will either be provided for good sun shading that controls the exposure of heat from direct sunlight and protects against from the rain.

IV.7. WATER SUPPLY IV.6.1. Water pipeline and Water Supply Reservoir As a solution for the Health, Sanitation, Hygiene, Socio-Civic, Economic and Living Condition of the Aetas a Water pipeline and Water Supply Reservoir will be integrated in the water supply system of the development. Water Reservoir is supplied with a non-stop flow of water from the Spring which now becomes the life line for Aetas in the community. Spring water can be realistically redirected closer to the village by using a gravity-induced flow of water by constructing one reservoir at the source of the spring connecting it thru pipe line (3,600m) and end up to connect it to another reservoir built closer to the community. The system will have great impact in the livelihood of the Aetas; irrigation of agricultural activities that will create and improve their economic and living condition.

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IV.8. SANITARY SYSTEM The design of the palikuran the traditional sanitary space will be patterned to the usual design of the housing units toilet and bath except that the height of the water closet will be leveled from the flooring. The floor of the palikuran will be the only space in the housing unit with concrete flooring because compacted soil can lose its solid ability due to continuous contact with water. IV.8.1. Sulabh Flush Compost Toilet

Sulabh flush compost toilet is eco-friendly, technically appropriate, socio-culturally acceptable and economically affordable. It is an indigenous technology and the toilet can easily be constructed by local labour and materials. It provides health benefits by safe disposal of human excreta on-site. It consists of a pan with a steep slope of 25-28 and an especially designed trap with 20 mm waterseal requiring only 1.5 to 2 litres of water for flushing, thus helping conserve water. It does not need scavengers to clean the pits. There are two pits of varying size and capacity depending on the number of users. The capacity of each pit is normally designed for 3 years usage. Both pits are used alternately. When one pit is full, the incoming excreta is diverted into the second pit. In about two years, the sludge gets digested and is almost dry and pathogen free, thus safe for handling as manure. Digested sludge is odourless and is a good manure and soil-conditioner. It can be dug out easily and used for agricultural purposes. The cost of emptying the pit can be met partially from the cost of manure made available. Sulabh toilet can also be constructed on the upper floors of buildings. It has a high potential for

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upgradation, and can later be easily connected to sewers when introduced in the area. Sulabh has so far constructed over a million individual household toilets in different parts of the country.7

Sulabh flush compost toilet does not cause water pollution. When constructed in homogeneous soil, horizontally, bacteria do not travel more than 3 metres, and vertically the seepage is not more than 1 metre. To this is to be added the precaution that the toilet is built at a safe distance from the source of water, keeping the above points in mind. If there is a tube-well or hand pump sunk, the first joint should be lower than the limit of the vertical seepage. No vent pipe is needed since the gas gets absorbed in the soil facing the chamber, as the brick lining inside is in lattice formation. The parameters
7

Sulab International Sulabh Compost Toilet <www.sulabhinternational.org/st/sulabh_flush_compost_toilet.php>

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change depending upon the coarseness of the soil and the type of terrain where the toilet is being constructed. Depending on the availability of space, the shape of pits may be designed. It may be rectangular, circular or linear in shape. It fulfills all the seven conditions of a sanitary latrine laid down by the WHO. IV.9. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM In waste management it is important to use treatment technologies that are biological, nonmechanical, and do not involve soil leaching or land disposal that causes soil disturbance. ... A good garbage prevention strategy would require that everything brought into a facility be recycled for reuse or recycled back into the environment through biodegradation. This would mean a greater reliance on natural materials or products that are compatible with the environment.8 The Material Recovery Facility (MRF), as usually run by many places here in the Philippines and commonly suggested by the Department of Natural Resources (DENR), is a garbage collection process where it separate wastes into compostable, recyclable, non-recyclable, and special waste. MRF will be easily learnt by our native Aetas as will be used as their waste management. The waste and garbage will be collected and disposed in a composting area provided in the development and will serves as fertilization for agriculture. In recycling, they will have a source of income in making recyclable waste into new products that will be included for their livelihood.

Specific Site Consideration. Utilities and Waste System. <http://www.nps.gov/dsc/d_publications/d_1_gpsd_5_ch5.htm>

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IV.9. PLANTSCAPING SYSTEM Plants and trees play a big role in the surrounding environment of the Aetas that affects its ventilation and cooling systems of their dwellings. Aside from that, the plantscaping system to be laid in the development must also be a source of food for them. Coconut trees which are known as the tree of life will be the dominating tree in the development. There are crafts that can be made from this tree in which the Aetas can produce. There are leaves of the tree that they can use for the maintenance of their thatched roof as well as its fruits as a source of food products and oil products such as virgin coconut oil (VCO). Other plants that will be included in the development are the Philippine Native Plants which are abundant in Pampanga and are useful for the Aetas in their daily lives. Bamboo trees and other indigenous materials used in their dwelling and structures in the development can also be included so that it will be abundant for them in building new structures that are needed as one of the construction materials and will blend with the design features of the development.

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

V.1. CONCLUSION SARAT is a housing project located in Floridablanca, Pampanga that will also provide livelihood facilities for the Aetas as the target users of the development. Aetas are indigenous people considered as the first inhabitants in the Philippines and lived in the highlands of the country where they could find resources for their living and dwellings. Even though they focus more on livelihood rather than education, they still have to be knowledgeable in the modern technology where the proposed development will educate them in an advancement of life but will not sacrifice their cultural preservation. In the development of areas containing native groups, there will be appropriate planning, design, construction and environmental systems that are sensitive in protecting and conserving their culture without being influenced it merely of modern generation as culture is important for the Aetas because it is their reflection regarding history, beliefs and traditions that should be respected and preserved. V.2. RECOMMENDATION The following general recommendations that should be considered in the development that would not affect their cultural preservation are as follows: The planning and design should be environmentally and culturally sensitive in which the architectural style, landscape design, and construction materials of new developments should reflect the cultural heritage of the community. The construction materials should be abundant within the area and applicable for them to adapt easily with their new communal space of living. The development should also focus on the long-term sustainability of the project that would ensure the residency of the Aetas. The livelihood of the Aetas to be integrated in the development should be well effective that would be easily for them to facilitate and one of their source of living for their basic needs. The conservation and maintenance of an environmentally sensitive manner requires a sufficient knowledge and skillful professionals who knows more about the specified development regarding the cultural preservation of the Aetas to make certain action for the benefit of their community.

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