Aneesh Malhotra Period 1 Chapter 19 Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1750 I.

The Ottoman Empire, to 1750 A. Expansion and Frontiers 1. The Ottoman Empire was located in northwestern Anatolia. It began as a state that was inhabited by Muslim warriors and nomads. The Empire grew increasingly because they had a very efficient leader, Osman, they were able to control a key area between Europe and Asia, and they had a very powerful army. 2. The Ottomans attacked mainly Christians in the Balkans. They eventually moved to obtain much of Anatolia and southeast Europe. 3. Civil war broke out in the empire when Timur defeated Bayazid I. This held 4. back the empire until Mehemed I reestablished it. During this time, the Ottomans captured Constantinople. 5. Selim I conquered the sultanates of both Egypt and Syria. This made the Red Sea a very important frontier. 6. Suleiman the Magnificent, an Ottoman ruler, attacked Christian Europe. This was the largest attack ever. He conquered Belgrade and Vienna. His rule is considered to be the Golden Age of the Ottomans. 7. The Sultans wanted to control the Mediterranean as well as Europe. As they waged a war on Venice, they took away its military and forced them to pay tribute. B. Central Institutions. 1. The Ottoman soldiers were very skilled with the short bow and horses. They eventually used Christian war prisoners to be forced to fight for them. The slaves were obtained from markets in Central Asia. Though enslaving Christians was against Islamic law, Ottomans converted the prisoners and called them Janissaries 2. Janissaries were forced to train all year long. Male children were taken to Turkish homes to be raised and learn customs. 3. The Ottomans were very diverse. They were able to communicate with people of Anatolia because of their similar language structure. This made their language very popular. People of the military class who spoke Osmanli didnt have to pay taxes. This gave people an incentive to learn the language. 4. The Ottomans had a brilliant military that received land in return for services, making it a powerful European state. 5. Horsemen who have obtained land by working in the army ran rural areas. They were in charge of tax collecting and maintaining order. 6. The Ottoman sultans collected taxes from subjects, though they did not interfere with peoples lives. People still were still controlled by religion opposed to the government. People participated in religious law courts. The Shari a became an important part of society because of the increase Islam began to dominate the empire. C. Crisis of the Military State 1585-1650

Aneesh Malhotra Period 1 1. The militarys technology evolved from bows and arrows to cannons and guns. This led to a higher number of Janissaries. The Turkish cavalry, that didnt use firearms, was quickly destroyed. 2. The sultan resorted to taking away land from cavalrymen in order to pay for Janissaries. The cavalrymen who lost land were very hard to control and were very angry. 3. Since the value of silver decreased, tax collectors couldnt report for military service because of a decline in power. Eventually cavalrymen returned to the military. 4. Islam law spoke against tax reformation, causing the government to implement surtaxes. Soldiers with salaries were also used alongside Janissaries in order to fight wars with Iran. These soldiers were eventually put into trouble because when war ended, they were jobless. 5. Financial and military struggle led to revolts and conflict within Anatolia in which agriculture production decreased and banditry was promoted through the spread of guns. 6. During these hardships, Janissaries began to take an active part in society by owning businesses and marrying. D. Economic Change and Growing Weakness, 1650-1750 1. The sultans, who used to control nearly all aspects of society, became less powerful and stayed in the palace all day after the time of crisis. This was a policy created to make sure sultans didnt dominate politics. Instead, administrators watched over the government. Women didnt play a role in politics. 2. Janissaries had much more power and rights. They passed on military positions to their children. Cavalrymen also no longer received land in turn for military service. Instead, tax farming grew. 3. Tax farms negatively impacted the rural administration. Landowners tax collection was impaired. When governors took control, then they bought tax collection rights and collected taxes regardless. 4. Rural problems also led to opportunities for people. Many people gathered around ports because it was a center of trade and the government was unable to control it. Europeans traded goods such as spices from the Indian Ocean and Iranian silk. They also had many fruits and seeds. More farmers began to farm newer plants rather than grain. Tobacco was an important crop. 5. Military also went to the sea. As the Ottomans became weak from war, they ended much of it after defeating the Safavids. 6. The Ottomans couldnt keep up with the growing European economy. They reached European trade through coffee sale. Capitulations were deals in which Ottomans paid less for goods. 7. The Ottoman sultans couldnt change land-grant system because it may weaken power. 8. The Tulip Period was when many people were crazed over the tulip bulbs that were famous in the Ottoman Empire. It began as the tulip moved from Istanbul to Holland and became very popular amongst Europeans.

Aneesh Malhotra Period 1 9. Religious tension amongst Janissaries occurred when religious themes were displayed in gala soirees. This led to the Poatrona Halil rebellion. Many people took advantage of the decline as a way of obtaining power. The Safavid Empire, 1502-1722 A. The Rise of the Safavids 1. Timur and his descendents were the most powerful rulers of the Safavid Empire. 2. Ismail was a boy who was the leader of the Safaviya, proclaimed that he was the shah and took over Iran. Shiite Islam was the official religion. The Safaviya was a Turkish nomad group that wore turbans and worshipped Ismail as a god. Many people were against this. Sunni people instigated many wars in Iran for Ismail to handle. B. Society and Religion 1. Ismails rule separated Iran from neighboring countries. Many religious differences were present because of sect. 2. Language differences also emerged as Persian and Arabic became distinct after Mongol rule. Iraq was the separating point of Arab and Persian cultures. 3. Turks dominated from Bengal to Istanbul. They were more in touch with Arabic culture. 4. Islam connected many different cultures. All Muslims built mosques, though the architecture differed. Each culture interpreted Islam differently. They had different ways of interpreting the Sharia. 5. Sufi brotherhoods were groups of Muslims and had many different rituals and ways to connect with God. In Iran, they were used as tactics in politics and military. The Safaviya brotherhood took over Iran and used armies. 6. Before Ismail, Iran was very different. People awaited the Hidden Imam, which was the descendent of Ali, who the Shiites believed should be the shah. Shiism impacted society by creating many prayers that were excluded from Sunnis. C. A Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul 1. Isfahan was Irans capital as made by Shah Abbas I. 2. Isfahan was very different from Istanbul. Its mosque was very similar to the Hagia Sophia. Though the mosques were similar, they differed through the structures. Isfahans mosque focused more on a plaza while the Hagia Sophia had a large area for the sultan. 3. Isfahan and Istanbul both didnt use wheeled vehicles because of hills. Camels were used for transportation. There werent very many open areas or social centers in both regions. 4. Women were not allowed in public in both cities. They werent allowed to be in the same area of the house as guests as well. Some women did appear within their own society as useful members. They sold real estate and did business with property. 5. Men dominated public life. They participated in arts and theater. Many men also became homosexual. 6. Isfahan had its capital in the center of the country unlike Istanbul who focused its cities near trading ports.

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Aneesh Malhotra Period 1 D. Economic Crisis and Political Collapse 1. Silk fabric was the most important of Iranian goods. Women were mainly in charge or making designs involving cloth. 2. Many carpets with fancy designs were in the Safavid Empire. The earliest carpets were invented for tombs. 3. Manufacturing wasnt very important in the Safavid. Most people survived through agriculture. 4. Military in the Safavid was very hard to pay because of the firearms. They eventually had to resort to guns in order to fight off the Ottomans. 5. The Safavid army consisted very much of Christian converts to Islam. They eventually became very powerful 6. The cheap silver inflation impacted Iran. This caused the Safavid influence to decrease because of the silk industry. 7. The Safavids never developed a navy. The Mughal Empire, 1526-1761 A. Political Foundations 1. Timur founded the Mughal Empire. The Empire was of Turkish descent. 2. Babur defeated the Delhi Sultanate at the Battle of Paniput. Mughal rule dominated nearly all of India under Akbar, who ruled from Delhi and Agra. 3. Mansabs were military ranks. 4. Under Mughal rule, the population of India increased and survived off of cotton. Trade prospered at many ports. They had no navy or merchant ships though. B. Hindus and Muslims 1. Hindus were very frightened of Islam because of the destruction it had previously caused. The Mughal Empire had traditions of both Islam and the Mongols. 2. Rajputs were Hindu warriors. 3. Akbar was the greatest of the Mughal rulers. He married a Hindu princess. He also allowed Hindus into the court. He brought peace between Hindus and Muslims unlike other rulers who would mock the other religion. 4. Hindu law mainly decided disputes between Hindus while the Sharis decided disputes between two Muslims. Akbar attempted to centralize Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, and Sikh religions.. 5. Most of the Muslims in India were Sunnis. Many Hindus converted to Islam because of the caste system. 6. The people of the Ganges region were mainly Hindu. They farmed rice while other Hindus became entrepreneurs. 7. Sikhism was a new religion that began in Punjab. It was began by Nanak, who was a guru, who talked about mediation and combined Islam and Hinduism. They began their own society with many gurus. C. Central Decay and Regional Challenges 1707-1761 1. After Aurangzebs death, the Mughal Empire began to decline because he didnt include southern territories. 2. Nizam al-Mulk was a sultan and started his own state at Hyderabad in south India.

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Aneesh Malhotra Period 1 3. The separation of India gave opportunity to European invaders. France and England began to take over India. Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean, 1600-1729 A. Muslims in the East Indies 1. Islam spread in Southeast Asia very differently. Islam first began to dominate in some port cities and royal courts. Islam had to fight against many European invaders such as the Portuguese and Spanish. They fought the Portuguese on the island of Mindanao when they conquered the Philippines. 2. The Acheh Sultanate in Sumatra was also a Muslim state. It traded with Gujarat, India and Southeast Asia. Many women also ruled this state. B. Muslims in East Africa 1. Muslims dominated many of the ports that the Portuguese tried to take over. East African waters and regions began to dry and drought occurred. 2. Kilwa, Mombasa, and Malindi were trading coasts in Africa. They traded goods such as beeswax, resin, wood, and gold. They exported these goods to areas such as India and Arabian ports. 3. The Portuguese conquered Kilwa and Mombasa. The Portuguese struggled as the Arabs captured territories. They lost control of these areas to the Arabs of Osman. 4. Swahili was a language and combined Bantu, Arabic, Persian, and Portuguese. 5. The Dutch took the Portuguese out of power in the East Indies. They dominated trade routes and conquered areas that the Portuguese owned.

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