Valve Flow & Discharge Coecients

Valve Flow & Discharge Coecients Volumetric Eciency of Engines

Dr. M. Zahurul Haq
Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

The mass ow rate through a Poppet valve is usually described by the equation for compressible ow through a ow restriction: m = o co A E PT Po
1/

2 1

PT Po

(1)/

1/2

Hence, upstream stagnation pressure Po , temperature To , density o and sound speed co = RTo ; and static pressure just downstream of the ow restriction PT . For ow into the cylinder through an intake valve:
Po = the intake system pressure, Pi PT = the cylinder pressure.

ME 401: Internal Combustion Engines

For ow out of the cylinder through an exhaust valve,

Po = the cylinder pressure PT = the exhaust system pressure.

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Volumetric Eciency of Engines

ME 401 (2011)

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Valve Flow & Discharge Coecients

Valve Flow & Discharge Coecients

Eective area of valve assembly, AE = CD AC = CF AS Valve curtain area, AC = Dv Lv , CD = discharger coecient and its value is not a strong function of lift.
2 Valve seat area, AS = (/4)Dv , CF = ow coecient.

Example: Maximum Flow Through a Valve

Lv is valve lift & Dv is valve diameter. Typical maximum values of Lv /Dv are 0.25. Choked ow occurs at a valve throat if Pup Pdown Pup Pdown =
cr /(1)

Estimate the maximum ow rate through an exhaust valve, if the valve curtain area is 2.7 103 m2 , the valve CD is 0.6 and the cylinder pressure and temperature are 500 kPa and 1000 K. Assume that exhaust system pressure is 105 kPa, = 1.35, and R = 287 J/kg K.
Pup Pdown

500 105

= 4.76 > 1.86: choked ow.

500103 2871000

+1 2

= 1.86

if = 1.35

For choked ow, valve static pressure, PT depends on Po and independent of downstream pressure. The choked ow rate, mcr is mcr = o co AC CD
c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET)

= mcr = o co AC CD

co =

o =

Po RTo

= 1.74 kg/m3

RTo =

1.35 287 1000 = 622.45 m/s

2 +1 (+1)/2(1)

= 1.02 kg/s

2 +1

(+1)/2(1)

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Volumetric Eciency

Volumetric Eciency

Denitions/Terminology
Induction Process: the events that take place between inlet valve opening (vo ) and inlet valve closing (vc ). Fresh Mixture: the new gases introduced to the engine cylinder through the inlet valve. These gases consist of air, water vapour, and fuel in carbureted engines and of air and water vapour only in Diesel and other fuel-injection engines. Subscript i is used in referring to the fresh mixture, and subscript a in referring to the air in the fresh mixture. Charge: the contents of the cylinder after closing of all valves; the charge consists of the fresh mixture and the residual gases. Residual Gas: the gases left in the charge from the previous cycle. Subscript r is used in referring to these gases.
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Volumetric Eciency, ev
Engine intake system the air lter, carburettor, and throttle plate (in a SI engine), intake manifold, intake port, intake valve restricts the amount of air which an engine of given displacement volume (Vd ) can induct. The parameter used to measure the eectiveness of an engines induction process is the volumetric eciency, ev . ev = ma ma N 2ma 2ma 4 ma = = a,i Vd a,i Vd N a,i Ap S p

c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq

= mass of air inducted into the cylinder per cycle = air induction rate into the cylinder = engine speed, Ap = piston area, S p = av. piston speed If a,i = a,o (atmospheric air density): ev measures the pumping performance of the overall inlet system. If a,i = inlet manifold air density: ev measures the pumping performance of the cylinder, inlet port and valve alone.
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Volumetric Eciency

ev of an Ideal Cycle

Factors Aecting ev
1

2 3 4 e760 e761 5 6 7

Throttled constant volume cycle

Supercharged constant volume cycle

rc m(1 xr ) ma = ev = a,o Vd a,o [1 + (F /A)] (rc 1)V1 ev =

M Ma Pi Pa,o Ta,o Ti 1 [1+(F /A)] rc rc 1

Fuel type, fuel/air ratio, fraction of fuel vaporized in the intake system, and fuel heat of vaporization Mixture temperature as inuenced by heat transfer Ratio of exhaust to inlet manifold pressures Compression ratio Engine speed Intake and exhaust manifold and port design Intake and exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and timings

1 (rc 1)

Pe Pi

+ ( 1)

c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq

For (Pe /Pi ) = 1, the term in { } = 1.0. xr = residual gas fraction. For ideal case: ev (Ta,o /Ti ); Actual engine: ev
(BUET) Volumetric Eciency of Engines

(Ta,o /Ti )
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ME 401 (2011)

c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq

Some of the variables are essentially quasi steady in nature (i.e. their impact is either independent of speed or can be described adequately in terms of mean engine speed), or dynamic in nature (i.e. their eects depend on the unsteady ow and pressure wave phenomena that accompany the time-varying nature of the gas exchange processes.)
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Volumetric Eciency

Volumetric Eciency

Eect of IVO/IVC & Engine Speed on ev

Mass induced during valve open time, mi = Average eective intake ow area, ic 1 AE = AE d = C D AC ic io io Mean Mach number at inlet throat, Z Volumetric eciency, ev =
AP S p AE ci ic
e879

ic

md
io

1 mi = md i V d i Vd io In a limiting case in which ow is always choked: (+1)/2(1) A E ci 2 ev = for choked condition (ic io ) Vd +1 = ev = 0.58
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If (ic io )/ = 1.3, ev = 0.75/Z

evb = ev (Z = 0.5)

ic io

1 Z

for = 1.4
ME 401 (2011) 9 / 20

The Mach index is not a parameter that characterizes the actual gas speed; rather, it characterizes what the average gas speed through the inlet valve would have to be to realize complete lling of the cylinder gas at that particular piston speed. The Mach number for that average inlet gas speeds would be Z /0.58 for = 1.4.
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(BUET)

Volumetric Eciency of Engines

Volumetric Eciency

Sizing of Intake & Exhaust Valves

Volumetric Eciency

Sizing of Intake & Exhaust Valves

Sizing of Intake & Exhaust Valves

For good volumetric eciency, Z 0.6: the average gas speed through the inlet valve should be less than the sonic velocity, so that the intake ow is not choked. If Z = 0.6, average eective area of intake valves, Ai is Sp S p = 2sN ci b = engine bore, s = stroke and N = engine speed in rev/s. If Z = 0.6, average eective area of exhaust valves, Ae is Ai 1.3b 2 ci Ae Ti = ce Te Ai A smaller exhaust valve diameter and lift (Lv Dv /4) can be used because of the speed of the sound is higher in the exhaust gases than in the inlet gas ow. Current practice dictates: Ae /Ai 0.7 to 0.8.
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Example: Intake Valve Sizing

What is the intake valve area Ai and the ratio of intake valve area to piston area required for a Mach index of 0.6 for an engine with a maximum speed of 8000 rpm, bore and stroke of 0.1 m, and inlet air temperature of 330 K? Assume, = 1.4, R = 287 J/kg K and average ow coecient, C F = 0.35. S p = 2sN = 2 0.1 (8000/60) = 26 m/s ci = RTo = 1.4 287 = 364 m/s Ai = C F Av Av = 2.65 013 m2

Ap = (/4)b 2 = (/4)(0.1)2 = 7.85 103 m2 Av /Ap = 2.65/7.86 = 0.34

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Ai = 1.3b 2 S p /ci = 1.3 (0.1)2 26/364 = 9.3 103 m2

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Volumetric Eciency

Sizing of Intake & Exhaust Valves

Volumetric Eciency

Factors Aecting ev

Homework Problems
If an engine has a bore of 0.1 m, stroke of 0.08 m, inlet ow eective area of 4.0 104 m2 and inlet temperature of 320 K, what is the maximum speed it is intended to be operated while maintaining good volumetric eciency? (4137 rpm) Calculate the ratios of the inlet valve area to piston area for the 3 congurations as shown in Figure below. If the Mach index in case is held to Zi = 0.6, ci = 400 m/s, Ai = 0.35ni (/4)di2 (ni = number of intake valves), what is the maximum piston speed in each case?

Eect of (Pi /Pe ) & Compression Ratio (rc )

ev /evb = 1.0

Pe /Pi 1 rc 1

evb = ev (Pe /Pi = 1.0) As values of Pe /Pi and rc are varied, the fraction of the cylinder volume occupied by the residual gas at the intake pressure varies. As this volume increases so the ev decreases.

e896 e877 c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Eciency of Engines Factors Aecting ev ME 401 (2011) 13 / 20 c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Eciency of Engines Factors Aecting ev ME 401 (2011) 14 / 20

Volumetric Eciency

Volumetric Eciency

Eect of Fuel, Humidity, Phase and Equiv. Ratio ()

Presence of gaseous fuel & water vapour in the intake system reduces the air partial pressure below the mixture pressure. Pi = Pa,i + Pf ,i + Pw ,i
Pa,i Pi Pa,i Pi

Eect of Fuel Vaporization & Heat Transfer

For constant pressure steady-state ow with liquid fuel evaporation (xe ) and heat transfer: T2 T1 xe (F /A)hfuel,fg (Q/ma ) cp,a + (F /A)cfuel,f

= 1+

mf ma

Ma Mf Ma Mf

mw ma

Ma Mw mw ma

1 1

= 1 + (F /A)

+ 1.6

Correction for water vapour is small 0.03.

e762

For conventional liquid fuels such as gasoline the eect of fuel vapour (and ) is small. For gaseous fuels and for methanol vapour, ev is signicantly reduced by the fuel vapour in the intake mixture.
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c Dr. M. Zahurul Haq

If no heat transfer to mixture, mixture temperature decreases as liquid fuel is vaporized. For complete evaporation of iso-octane, with = 1.0, T2 T1 = 19o C. For methanol, temperature depression is 128o C. In practice, heating occurs; also, fuel is not completely vaporized prior to entry to the cylinder. Experimental data show that decrease in Ti due to fuel evaporation more than osets the reduction in Pa,i due to the increased amount of fuel vapour: for same heating rate, ev with fuel vaporization is higher by a few percent.
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Volumetric Eciency

Similitude in Air System Design

Volumetric Eciency

Similitude in Air System Design

Similitude in Air System Design

By similar engines is meant engines which have the following characteristics: All design ratios are the same. Similar engines are built from the same set of detail drawings, only the scale of the drawings is dierent for each engine. The same materials are used in corresponding parts. For example, in the MIT similar engines all the pistons are of same aluminium alloy and all crankshafts are of the same steel alloy. Similar engines running at the same values of mean piston speed and at the same inlet and exhaust pressures, inlet temperature, coolant temperature, and fuel-air ratio will have the same volumetric eciency within measurable limits.

Eect of Engine Size & Speed

e880

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No signicant dierence in ev between three engines at a given value of Z , in spite of the fact that the Reynolds numbers are dierent in the proportion of 2.5, 4 & 6.
Volumetric Eciency of Engines ME 401 (2011) 18 / 20 Volumetric Eciency Similitude in Air System Design

Volumetric Eciency

Similitude in Air System Design

Eect of Inlet Charge & Coolant Temperatures

Dimensional Analysis
ev = ev (Pe /Pi , rc , Ti , Tc , Z , , )
N

Eect of Inlet Charge Temperature (Ti ): ev = evb Ti 330

ev = evb
i =1

Ki

evb = ev ( at baseline temperature, Ti = 330 K). Eect of Coolant Temperature (Tc ): ev = evb 1450 Tc + 1110

where, evb are baseline volumetric eciency obtained for the set of operation parameters:
1

Pe /Pi := K1 = 1.0 Ti := K2 = Tc := K3 = . . .
(BUET)

Pe /Pi 1 rc 1

Ti 330 1450 Tc +1110

evb = ev ( at baseline temperature, Tc = 340 K).

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ME 401 (2011)

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