Study of Stress Concentration Factors . Shown in the Fig. No.

1 is a plate with a circular hole subjected to a uniform stress o = 320 psi . Determine the Stress concentration factor through FEA by using HM pre-processor -NASTRAN and RADIOSS solver combination and compare the same with photoelasticity value of 2.35 and analytical value as given by the formula in the section 1.e .

B c

0.5 in

0.5 in

0.5 in B Y 3.0 in

Thickness = 0.125 in E= 30 e 06 psi = 0.3 o = 320 psi

Study 1 : Determining the SCF for a finite plate for uniaxial load a. Determine the load required to produce the applied stress of o = 320 psi .

b. Determine the nominal stress at section B-B. c. Use the mesh created with HM to predict the grid point stress ( use CORNER / BILINEAR option for getting the grid point stresses for shells rather than using default centroidal value ) d. Calculate the stress concentration factor as follows .

SCF fea = x at point c / nominal at section B-B e. Prepare a table showing the comparison of the fea results , experimental and analytical value as given by the following formula : Kt = 3.00 3.13 (2r/D)+ 3.66 (2r/D)2 -1.53(2r/D)3 f. Also take the displacement plots , stress at point d and the plots for x and von-Mises stresses . Plot also the nodal stresses along ce and af . Study 2 : SCF for a Multiaxial Load Apply now an equal value of stress in the y direction i.e. y = 320 psi and determine the stress concentration factor . Is it lesser / greater than the one for a uniaxial load ?

Thickness = 0.125 in E= 30 e 06 psi = 0.3 o = 320 psi

Study 3: SCF for a Shear Load Shear loading is obtained by reversing the direction of the load in the y direction as shown in the figure .

Thickness = 0.125 in E= 30 e 06 psi = 0.3 o = 320 psi

Determine the SCF for this configuration and arrange your results in a tabular format as follows :

Sr. No. 1 2 3

Description of the load case Uniaxial load Biaxial Load Shear Load

SCF Value

Study 4 SCF Reduction by putting 2 small holes Now we add two small holes of diameter 0.125 in at a distance of 0.1 in from the main hole as shown in the following figure .

Thickness = 0.125 in E= 30 e 06 psi = 0.3 o = 320 psi

Report the SCF for this configuration .

Study 5 : Another way to reduce SCF by making the hole shape elliptical as shown :

Thickness = 0.125 in E= 30 e 06 psi = 0.3 o = 320 psi

Question : By adding two small holes or making the hole shape elliptical , we are increasing the region of stress concentration but we get a reverse situation in terms of stress reduction ? Why and How ? Study 6 : Study of symmetric Boundary Condition As the plate is symmetric about x-z plane , we now wish to exploit this . Formulate the appropriate boundary conditions along the line A-A and reperform the SCF calculation .

Note : Symmetric Boundary Conditions : 1. Translations normal to plane of symmetry = 0.0 2. Rotations in the plane of symmetry = 0.0 In this half symmetry problem : plane of symmetry is x-z .

Study 7 : Study on Quarter Plate Configuration We further wish to exploit another symmetry in this problem with respect to y-z plane . Formulate appropriate boundary conditions for the problem for nodes lying along the line B-A .

A Quarter Plate configuration exploiting the symmetry in two planes .

Report the Stress concentration Factor and tabulate your values as follows : Sr.No. Description of Configuration 1 2 3 Full Half Quarter Boundary conditions description SCF value .

Study 8 : Comparison of Shell Elements Use CQUAD4 mesh in study 1 ( Remember : If you are careful enough then you can get a 100 % quadrilateral mesh without any

triangle in the mesh ) and compare the SCF value with other elements such as CTRIA3, CTRIA6 and CQUAD8 Study 9.: Comparison of Shell elements with Solid elements The present study uptill now has used only shell elements . We will use the shell mesh to line drag the elements in z direction to produce a linear brick model of CHEXA8 elements . Compare CQUAD4 mesh results with that of CHEXA8 elements . Study 10 : SCF Reduction through reinforcement at the hole . We reinforce the hole by making it extra thick as shown in the figure . Assume the shell thickness at this place to be 0.15 in and reperform the SCF calculation .

Study 11 : Mesh Refinement Study Which direction is the suitable one for refinement ? x or y ? ( Remember : Stress gradient is much more in y direction as compared to x and hence it should be y direction . )