PSY 2012 Review for Test #3, Chapters 9-12 Chapter 9 1. What is human language? a.

A communication system specific, it is open and symbolic, has rules of grammar, and allows its users to express abstract and distinct ideas. 2. Define syntax. a. The rules for arranging words and symbols to form sentences or parts of sentences in a particular language 3. Define grammar. a. The entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language 4. What is protolanguage? a. Very rudimentary language, prelanguage, 5. Define grammatical language. a. Required brains with greater working memory and ability for abstract though, moved on from protolanguage 6. What are the stages of language development? a. Cooing- uttering repeated vowel sounds b. Babbling- infants experimentation with a complex range of sounds, phonemes, consonants as well as vowels c. One word utterances- mama dada 12 months of age d. Two word utterances- 18 months, go way, mo wawa e. Sentence phase- by 2 and half or 3 fully grammatical sentences 7. What is meant by the term language sensitivity period? a. If children are not exposed to human language before a certain age their language skills wont full develop 8. Describe the Genie case study. a. Abused, tied to potty chair, 4 years of language training she could communicate simple ideas, but she was behind. She could understand better than speal. 9. What are the primary environmental influences specific to language development? a. Verbal stimulation, parental responses, 10. What is B.F. Skinners view of language acquisition? a. We learn to speak because when children say anything that comes close to a word parents reinforce it, so it shapes a behavior, more likely to speak 11. Describe the nativist view theory of language acquisition. a. Children tend to overgeneralize language rules, they add ed to things in the past. Reinforcement cant explain this formation. It it impossible to learn novel utterances through imitation and reinforcement. One cannot use shaping to teach someone to say something no one has ever said. Language is native or inborn, the brain is wired for language learning 12. How do nature/nurture theories relate to learning grammar and vocabulary? a. Both are needed, twins show that genetics influence vocabulary and learning, but verbal stimulation is needed 13. Describe cognitive psychology. a. The scientific study of how people think, learn, remember, and percieve. 14. Define reasoning. a. The process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence 15. What is deductive reasoning? Inductive reasoning? a. Deductive- reasoning gathered from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions b. Inductive- reasoning to general conclusions from specific evidence. 16. What are casual inferences? a. Judgements about causation of one thing by another, everytime I get chilled, I catch a cold, therefore chilled causes colds 17. What is confirmation bias?

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The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports ones general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts ones beliefs Define critical thinking. a. Process by which one analyzes, evaluates, and forms ideas What is scientific thinking? a. Process using the cognitive skills required to generate, test, and revise theories What is the general sensitivity period for learning a second language? a. Children learn second languages more quickly then adults. By age 7 it becomes more difficult to learn, learning to speak without an accent ends in early adolescence (13-15) Describe the main benefits of learning a second language. a. Are capable of more efficient cognitive processing. Performed better on cognitive tasks, dementia is delayed

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Chapter 10 1. Define intelligence. a. A set of cognitive skills that include abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge. 2. Describe Raymond Cattells theory of intelligence including fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence. a. Fluid intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. b. Crystallized intelligence is knowledge we have gained from experience and learning, education, practice 3. Explain Robert Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence. a. Analytic intelligence involves judging, evaluating, and comparing and contrasting information, high scores on intelligent tests b. Creative intelligence comingup with fresh and useful ideas for provlems. c. Practical intelligence ability to solve problems of everyday life efficiently, street smart 4. Who is associated with the term multiple intelligences and what are those intelligences? a. Howard Gardner b. Linguistic- learn understand speak write language c. Logical mathematical- operations, analyze problems d. Musical- performing, composing e. Bodily kinesthetic- use one body parts to solve problems f. Spatial- solve problems in 3-d g. Interpersonal- understand and be aware of others feelings h. Intrapersonal= aware of yourself and what you feel i. Naturalistic- recognize, classify, understand plants and animals 5. What is test reliability? a. Consistency of a measurement such as an intelligence test 6. Describe validity and what are the two types of validity? a. Validity is the degree to which a test accurately measures what it purports to measure, intellegince, not something else b. Construct validity the degree to which a test measure the concept it claims to measure c. Predictive validity- the degree to which intellegince test scores are positively related to real world outcomes such as school achievement 7. What have twin adoption and family studies revealed about I.Q.? a. 8. What is intelligence reaction range? a. The genetically determined range within which a given trait, intellegince, may fall. IQ is about 25 points 9. What are some of the race, ethnicity and gender differences in I.Q. scores? a. 10. With respect to problem-solving describe convergent thinking and divergent thinking.

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Convergent- problems that have known solutions and rewuire analytic thinking and crystallized intelligence to come up with the correct answer b. Divergent- problems that have no known solutions and require novel solutions What is an algorithm? A mental set? a. Algorithm- a step by step procedure or formular for solving a problem b. Mental set- a tendency to continue to use problem solving strategies that have worked in the past, even if better solutions are available Describe eureka insight. a. Sudden solutions that come to mind in a flash Define creativity. a. Thinking and or behavior that is both novel orginal and useful adaptive What are the stages of creative problem-solving? a. Preparation- discovering defining the provlem b. Incubation- putting problem inside and work on something else c. Insight- eureka moemnt d. Elaboration-verification- confiremation What is genius? a. High intelligence combined with creative accomplishments that have a tremendous impact on a given field Where in the brain does creative insight typically occur? a. Right hemisphere How does balance between the hemispheres relate to creativity? a. Creative people have more balances hemeispheres. Widening of attention and greater flexivility from one way of thinking to another What is ideational fluency? Flexibility of thought? a. Ideation- the ability to produce many ideas b. Flexibility of thought- the ability to come up with many different catergories of ideas and think of other repsosnes besides the obvious ones What are personality traits shared by creative people? a. Open to new experiences, sef confident, arrogant, dominant, hostile, driven ambitious, impulsive, not convention or accepting of group norms, not conscieentious

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Chapter 11 1. Define motivation. a. The urge to move towards ones goals to accomplish tasks 2. What are drives? Needs? a. Drives are the perceived states of tension that occur when our bdies are deficient in some need b. Needs are biological states of deficiency that compel drives 3. Describe the evolutionary model of motivation. a. Looks at internal drives to explain why people do what they do. The processes of natural and sexual selection have shaped motivation over time. We know only that we do something because it dfeels good and that we stop if it feel sbad 4. What is the drive reduction model of motivation? a. When our physiological systems are out of balance or depleted, we are driven to reduce this depleted state 5. Describe homeostasis. a. The process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point 6. Explain the optimal arousal model of motivation. a. We function best at an optimal arousal level. Low arousal or high arousal lead to poor performance but moderate arousal leads to optimal, neither too stimulating or too unstimulating 7. Explain Maslows hierarchy theory of motivation. a. Going from top to bottom

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Self actualization- knowing yourself, esteem needs- appreciates oneself, love and belongness- friendship, safety and security, physiological needs- food water Outline the psychology of what we eat. a. Sight and smell of food. cultural How does psychology relate to thinness and obesity? a. Pressure to look this way and not fat, no need to eat and store up fat Explain the human sexual response cycle. a. Excitement, plateur, orgasm, resolution What are the three types of attitudes with respect to sexual attitudes? a. Restrictive societies restrict sex before and outside of marriage b. Semirestrictive societies place formal prohibitions on pre and extramarital sex that are not stricty enforced c. Permissive societies place few restrictions How do views on casual sex differ among men and women? a. Men are more interested then women. What is parental investment theory? a. Explanation for the gender difference in attitude toward casual sex. If pregnancy results, the cost of having sex is quite different for men and women What are the current psychological views on sexual orientation? a. Testosterone, hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior is about twice ass large in mens brains as in womens. Smaller in gay men than in straight. genetics Describe the need for affiliation. a. We depend on other people, want to be accepted and belong What are the physical health and psychological problems associated with rejection? a. Having more health provlems, developing eating disorders, more depressed, commit suixide. Angry and lash out Describe the need to excel. a. Achievement, competition Atkinson noted that our desire to achieve success is a function of which three things? a. Motivation to succeed, expectation of success, incentive value Define emotion. a. Brief, acute changes in conscious experiences and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation What are basic emotions? Self-conscious emotion? a. Basic emotions are common to all humans, anger, fear, happiness, sadness etc b. Self conscious emotion- require sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions, shame, pride What is the process of emotions? a. Antecedent event, appraisal of situation, emotion regulation, emotional response Describe the three main components of emotional responses. a. Physiological chanes, increase heart rate and rate of respoeration b. Behavioral expressive changes, changes in face or voice,verbal and non verbal c. Subjective changes, councious experience, how an emotion feels What is culturally relative emotional expression? Universal emotional expression? a. The idea tht behavior varies across cultures and can be understoof only within the context of the culture in which they occur b. Something that is commong to all human beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world What did Paul Ekmans study of New Guineans reveal? a. Could match a story with a given face, 5 or 6 basic emotions Describe the neurocultural theory of emotion? a. Ekmans explanation that some aspects of emotions such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion are universal and others such as emotional regulation are culturally derived Explain display rules.

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Learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them 27. What is the emotional role of the amygdala? a. Appraisal of emotion significance of stimuli, noticing fear 28. What are gender differences in emotional expression? a. Women talk more about moetions are more likely to use words to express emotions and describe reactions compared to withdraawing 29. What factors are most likely to make people happy in life? a. Life satisfaction, well being, meaning in life Chapter 12 1. Define stress. a. A response elicited when a situation overwhelms a persons perceived ability to meet the demands of a situation 2. Describe the social readjustment rating scale. a. Qualifies stress in terms of major life changes, greater the stress, higher value 3. What is primary appraisal? Secondary appraisal? a. Primary- quick assessment of the meaning of a given environmental event for the individual b. Secondary- self assessment of the resources abailable to cope with stress 4. What are the stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome? a. Alarm- adrenaline, alert b. Resistance- extended effort ^ c. Exhaustion- mental emotional physical exhaustion 5. Define coping. a. Act of dealing with stress or emotions 6. Describe the three types of coping strategies. a. Problem focused coping- way of dealing with stress that aims to change the situation that is causing stress b. Emotion focused copin-g way of dealing with stress that aims to regulate the ecperince of stress c. Social support- friends family listen 7. How does optimism relate to stress? Pessimism? a. Optimism allows you to see the positive side, more resilience 8. What is resilience? a. The ability to bounce back from a situation 9. Psychosomatic theory. a. The idea that emotional factors can lead to the occurrence or worsening of an illness 10. What is health psychology? a. Study of psychological factors related to health and illness 11. What is the relationship between stress and illness? a. More stress more suspectibility 12. Describe Psychoneuroimmunology. a. Pni the science of how psychological factors relate to changes in the immune system 13. Describe the Ader and Cohen experiments on immunosuppression. a. Classically condition the suppression of an antibody resposnse to an antigen 14. What is natural immunity? a. Form of immunity that is the first response to antigens, inflammation etc 15. What is acquired immunity? a. Acquired immunity- immunity provided by antibodies or cells produced in the body in response to specific antigens, every cold 16. How does stress effect immune function? a. Weaken the immune system more susceptible to colds 17. Describe the characteristics of Type A personality? Type B?

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a. Type a,hostility, impatient, competitive, time urgency b. Type b, relaxed, laid back, less to get disease What is the cardiovascular reactivity model? a. Hypothesis that hostility can increase the likelihood of heart disease through at least two different pathways. Anger, higher blood pressure How does depression relate to heart disease? a. Doubles risk of disease, chemicals involved are higher Describe nicotine addiction and the effects of nicotine addiction on physical health and longevity. a. Relaxes skeletal muscels, calming effect, lung cancer, triples the risk of death, smoking reduces life expectancy by 10 years How does alcohol affect the nervous system, and what are the health consequences of drinking alcohol to excess? a. Slows down nervous sustem, causes liver damage, digestive tract, lack of motor cognitive functioning How are stress and eating related, and why is stress induced eating risky? a. Eating fatty foods increases risk of heart disease, induced eating increased fat in abdomin Describe anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. a. Anorexia- eatinging disorder in which people cannot maintain 85 percent of their ideal body weight for their height, fear of eating, distorted body image b. Bulimia- binge eating and a perceived lack of control during eating then throw up What are the health benefits of regular exercise? a. Reduces risk of heart disease, strocke, and cancers, helps brain, growth of neurons, relaxing What are the most significant physical and psychological benefits of meditation? a. Reduces stress, paying attention, concentration, skin healing, help with pain How can health psychology benefit those who are HIV positive including individuals diagnosed with AIDS? a. Coping, emotional help, social support

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