http://www.nikoninstruments.

com/Applications/Industrial/Material-Analysis/Metallurgy Metallurgy From extraction to production, metallurgy and metallography are used to examine the microscopic mechanisms that affect the behaviour of metals, their composites and alloys. A well manufactured material can be made more resistant to virtually any source of potential failure, including corrosion, stress and creep - all of which are crucial considerations for the use of metals and alloys in manufacturing and engineering. To achieve this, however, metallurgists must contend with a host of complex factors, both naturally occurring and those resulting from engineering processes, which can alter the physical properties of metals and ultimately, their industrial applications. Just as the macroscopic properties of metals are tested using instruments capable of measuring their hardness, tensile strength and compressive strength, analysis of a metal's microstructure is carried out using a combination of general and specialist microscopy techniques. With the right tools, metallurgists can confidently survey a host of metallurgical failure mechanisms including: Fatigue Corrosion Creep Stress ruptures Fractures Cracking and crack propagation Hydrogen embrittlement Prepared metallographic samples, are inspected using dedicated inverted microscopes that allow researchers to assess the grain size and phase of metals. Metallurgical studies, in contrast, can involve these as well as the use of specialized optical microscopes (transmitted and reflected light illumination), scanning electron microscopes and video measuring systems for select applications. When specialist software is added to this mix, researchers and control engineers can capture truly brilliant images and maximise the use of sample information. Key techniques and instruments: stereomicroscopy, polarized light microscopy, transmitted and reflected light illumination, inverted microscopes, video measuring systems. http://www.metallographicmicroscope.com/ Welcome to Metallographic Microscope Welcome to Metallographic Microscope where you will find a large selection of fine quality metallographic microscopes for your specific need. We provide upright as well as inverted models,

battery powered portable field versions, large stage models, monocular, binocular, and trinocular versions. Also known as a metallurgical microscope, a metallographic microscopes is used for viewing polished metal surfaces under high power magnification. Most any opaque specimen can be used if it has a flat enough surface. For example, silicon semiconductor wafers are often inspected for on quality control lines by use of a metallographic microscope. This type of microscope finds a wide range of applications in industrial use for inspection. Materials science studies in universities and metallurgy laboratories use them for examining the metallic grain structures of heat treated metals as well as studying composite materials. They are also used in metal foundries for inspection of the cast metal samples. This type of microscope uses reflecting light that travels through the microscope objective. This is known as epi-illumination. Light in a dissecting stereo microscope is also reflected but it comes from an illumination source from the side, or sometimes is coaxial. In coaxial illumination, the light comes along the same axis as the objective by means of a prism located within the microscope head. Light enters the side of the prism and is reflected downward to the specimen. Still, the light does not travel through the objective as it does in the metallographic microscope. A metallurgical microscope is also a high power compound microscope with objectives of various magnifications on a turret that rotates them into place. Common magnifications are 100x up to 1000x. For the high power 1000x, an oil immersion objective is used in conjunction with a drop of immersion fluid that goes on the specimen and eliminates air between the objective lens and the specimen. This reduces light refraction and allows the lens to have a higher numerical aperature, and thus, more resolving power and resolution. A stereo microscope only goes up to about 45x, and sometimes up to 65x with a high ratio zoom with the standard 10x eyepiece set. Higher power eyepieces, up to 20x and sometimes 25x can be used, as well as bottom Barlow lens (1.5x and 2x) installed, but the image quality suffers as the stereoscopic microscope has practical limitations to its magnification. If the specimen is smooth, then it is usually preferrable to utilize a metallographic microscope, especially if needing over 90x magnification. We also can provide a measuring kit with the metallographic microscope, including a measuring eyepiece reticle and a stage micrometer for calibration. We have several highly qualified microscopists on staff who are available to assist you with finding the right microscope for your application. We encourage you to contact us. This is a specialized field, and it is imperative that the proper selection of microscopy equipment be done for optimal imaging. We sell many metallographic microscopes, but they have varying capabilities, strengths, and weaknesses, some being made for more specialized applications. Our sales microscopists are trained on each type of metallurgical microscope and are able to make a qualified recommendation. We look forward to hearing from you. http://www.metallurgicalmicroscopes.com/ Metallurgical Microscopes .com is your SOLUTION! We are your one-stop source for metallographic and epi-illumination microscopy equipment for metallurgy. However, we do much more than supply metallurgical and measuring microscopes. We carefully evaluate your microscopy application, then

make an educated recommendation based on all parameters given. We have a great variety of upright metallurgical microscopes, inverted metallurgical microscopes and portable field metallurgical microscopes. Often metallurgical microscopes are used as measuring instruments for measuring thin films and electroplating coatings, inclusions, surface defects, and grain size. We provide eyepiece reticles and stage micrometers for calibrating. We also provide microscopy accessories such as attachments for microscope photography including digital camera microscope attachments, video cameras for viewing on a CCTV monitor, as well as USB computer connected digital video microscope cameras. Metallographic microscopes are used for a variety of applications such as semiconductor silicon wafer manufacturing, inspection and quality control, crystallography, analysis of sand castings in iron metal foundries, metallic grain microstructure analysis and identification, measurement of thin films, microscopic analysis of opaque surfaces, study of prehistoric stone age tools and artifacts, historical preservation, the study of metallurgy, and metal patina analysis. Material science and engineering laboratories doing research and development are involved in the inspection, analysis and testing of microstructure of materials. Common specimens for the materials science engineer to view are martensitic crystals in martinsite steel, austinite in austenitic steel, pearlite, carbon steel, heat treated, tempered and quenched steel, annealed steel, spring steel, ductile cast iron, phosphor bronze, alloy steel, malleable cast iron, die casting specimens, structural carbon steel, casting molds, case hardened steel, ceramics, carburizing metal, contaminants in metal, metal fatigue examples, tool steel, powder metallurgy samples, ferrous metal, titanium alloy, composites and composite fiber material, hardfacing samples, copper, samples for corrosion resistance and protection, thermoplastic specimens, tungsten, chromium, enamel coatings, stainless steel, extruded and stamped steel, refractory material, forged steel, pig iron, and aluminum castings. http://www.bruker-axs.com/aluminium_metallurgy.html?&L=2 Aluminio y metalurga Diferentes tipos de materia prima estn includos en la produccin metlica. Variaciones de la composicin e impurezas influyen directamente la calidad de las aleaciones metlicas finales. Minerales, materias primas as como accesorios de produccin como nodos de carbono, materiales refractorios, carbono y caliza tienen que analizarse de antemano para evitar conflictos en el proceso. El control de calidad rpido de la aleacin metlica final es la segunda tarea analtica importante. Sistemas de anlisis de rayos X son la solucin ptima para esta tarea. Debido a la diversidad de materiales a analizar se necesita determinar un gran nmero de elementos diferentes en concentraciones variadas. Esto significa distintas tcnicas de preparacin de muestra. La espectrometra de rayos X de dispersin por longitud de onda (WDXRF) es el mtodo analtico rpido para el control de concentraciones elementales en aleaciones metlicas. Este mtodo es tan flexible que permite realizar diferentes tareas analticas adems de los trabajos de rutina.

Anlisis elemental en la produccin metalrgica por la espectrometra de fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF) La industria del hierro produce hierro fundido as como varios tipos de productos como aleaciones ligeras y fuertes, acero inoxidable y acero de herramientas. En el control de proceso, el anlisis de hierro y acero preciso y rpido es importante, pero el proceso saca tambin provecho de la determinacin fiable y rpida de la composicin elemental de las materias primas (minerales, carbono, caliza) y de materiales importantes como escorias, aleaciones frricas, refractorios y escorias de hierro. En la industria de los metales no ferrosos, diferentes tipos de elementos estn en el centro de inters del control de proceso y calidad preciso, asegurando la composicin correcta de las aleaciones basadas en plomo, cobalto, nquel o cobre. Finalmente, en la produccin de metales preciosos o de cobre de alto grado de pureza para ms alta conductividad, el anlisis de trazas llega a ser la tarea principal del control de proceso. La espectrometra de fluorescencia de rayos X de dispersin por longitud de onda (WDXRF) es generalmente aceptada como mtodo ideal para procesos de produccin altamente automatizados y enteramente integrados. Suministra concentraciones elementales precisas y fiables de elementos mayores, minores y trazas. El espectrmetro de fluorescencia de rayos X de dispersin por longitud de onda secuencial S4 PIONEER (WDXRF) cumple con las demandas analticas en la produccin metalrgica, proporcionando alto rendimiendo analtico fiable combinado con flexibilidad, velocidad y estabilidad. El nico espectrmetro de fluorescencia de rayos X de dispersin por longitud de onda "Plug n Analyze" S8 TIGER 1K (WDXRF) as como el espectrmetro de fluorescencia de rayos X dispersivo de energa (EDXRF) S2 RANGER completan la gama de soluciones de espectrometra de BRUKER AXS, correspondiendo a los requerimientos de aplicaciones ms all del control de proceso rutinario. Sistemas de anlisis de rayos X para el control de proceso en la produccin de aluminio (XRF & XRD) En el sector de la metalurgia y particularmente en la produccin de aluminio, el anlisis de fluorescencia de rayos X (XRF) y la difraccin de rayos X (XRD) tienen un papel importante en el control de proceso y calidad desde hace algn tiempo. Los espectrmetros de fluorescencia de rayos X de dispersin por longitud de onda S4 PIONEER y S8 TIGER 1K (WDRXF) determinan la composicin elemental con ms alta precisin y reproducibilidad y un mnimo de preparacin de muestra de manera no destructiva. El sistema de difraccin de rayos X D4 ENDEAVOR (XRD) realiza el anlisis de bao de aluminio cerca de la produccin. El D4 ENDEAVOR proporciona el ms alto flujo de muestra combinado con precisin, reproducibilidad y tiempo de servicio debido al uso de tecnologa innovadora. Esto permite ejecutar la electrlisis de aluminio en ptimas condiciones, asegura la calidad de producto y le ayuda a Vd. a ahorrar dinero. El entero proceso anlitico puede automatizarse, solo los portamuestras grandes del S4 o D4 tienen que cargarse con muestras. Adems, el mtodo y el proceso analtico pueden modificarse sencillamente para corresponder a los requerimientos locales. Bruker AXS ofrece estas soluciones especficas realizadas por sus expertos como servicio completo.