DAMPING POWER SYSTEMS OSCILLATIONS USING FACTS COMBINATIONS

Ashraf M. Hemeida"' , Gaber El-Saady(*' (1)Higher Institute of Energy, Aswan, Egypt (2) Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt

ABSTRACT The damping of electromechanical modes of oscillation in power systems, can be made by static VAR compensator, SVC, and / or Power system stabilizer, PSS. This paper presents a combinations of using static VAR compensator, SVC, controlled by a nonlinear dynamic controller based adaptive neural network with power system stabilizer, controlled by variable structure fuzzy logic control. The proposed system is used for both damping low frequency modes of oscillation of the power systems, and enhancing the system dynamic performance at post-halt conditions. The proposed variable structure fuzzy logic controller implement the speed deviation, it's rate of change, internal machine angle deviation, and it's rate of change signals. The nonlinear dynamic controller based adaptive neural network implement the speed deviation signal. The proposed scheme is validated using sample single machine connected to infinite bus power system through a double transmission line circuit. The studied system is modeled and represented by a nonlinear differential equations,. The matlab softwar is used for solving the system equations. The time simulation indicates the superiority of using both SVC, and PSS over using any of them alone in the studied power system. The results shows that using the FACTS combinations provide very fast damping, with less overshoot, and reduce the amount of reactive compensation required for the static VAR compensator, and reduce the exciter gain.

Keywords: Static VAR compensator - Power system stabilizer - FACTS -Power system stability.
1 INTRODUCTION The limiting factor in power systems constrained is not only the first swing stability, but also damping all modes of oscillations. The conventional methods used to increase the damping coefficient to the power systems are adding of power system stabilizer, PSS's, static VAR compensator, SVC, and static series capacitor compensations[ 1-81. In the last two decades the flexible AC transmission systems, FACTS devices application promise better utilization for power systems stability enhancement, damping all modes of power systems oscillations as well as voltage regulatuons for both distribution systems and high voltage nehvorks[9-10]. The static VAR compensator, SVC, static series capacitor compensations, SSCC, phase shift transformer, PST, unified power flow control, UPF gate turn of generator, GTO and power system stabilizer are the main FACTS devices, which used widely for improvement of power systems stability, damping power systems oscillations, power flow control, and voltages regulation[ll-131. The proportional, plus integral, PI controllers, proportional, integral plus derivative, PID controllers, and self tuning controllers are suggested for both power VAR system stabilizer and static compensators. But the performance of these controllers are deteriorate when the operating

conditions vary widely and large disturbance is occured. Due to the complexity of power systems, a new control meaning has been applied successfully to the flexible AC transmission system, FACTS devices such as fuzzy logic controllers, adaptive neural network controllers, and neurofuzzy controllers[l4-l6]. A combination of both static VAR compensator, SVC and or static series capacitor compensations, SSCC, with power system stabilizer, to enhance the power systems stability, arresting the subsynchronous resonance, and improve the steady state voltage stability is investigated. This paper presents a combination of adaptive neural network power system stabilizer with static VAR compensator controlled by variable structure fuzzy logic controller. The study indicates the effectivness of the proposed FACTS combinatios in damping all modes of oscillations, very fast with less overshoot and undershoot. Also, the proposed combinations, provide an improve in the system response for small disturbance as well as for large scale disurbance for a wide range of operating conditions.

2 STUDIED POWER SYSTEM

The power system under study consists of a synchronous generator connected to an infinte bus through double transmission line, with adaptive neural network power system stabilizer and variable structure fuzzy logic

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controller static VAR compensator as shown in Fig. 1. The studied system data is given in appendix.

Electrical Equations

Uref
System

v: ' V j Vd = xqi, - re id V, = E, - xd id- r, i, V d = V bsin 6 - x, i,+ re id V, = Vb cos 6 - x, id + re i, T E = Vd i d + V q i q - r e ( 2 d + 2 q ) i i

4 STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR

+vi

(5)

(6) (7) (8) (9)

(10)

"based PSS

Generator

0 - p
Am dAw

mBc
BL SVC
(1 1

MODEL The SVC model used in this study is fixed capacitor, thyristor controlled reactor type. By changing the the thyristor firing angle (alpha), the reactor current can be controlled belongs to the following equationst 1SI. IL (a)= V [ 2 x - 2a f sin 2 " ] / x w L (11) Where id2 5 a 5 x IL (0) V (a- sin IS )I x o L = (12) The reactor susceptance is given by: BL((T) IL(0) V I (13) From Eqns.(l2) & (13) the susceptance can be expressed by: BL (U) = (a - sin (T )/ x w L (14) The total SVC susceptance is given by:
Bsvc =
~L(Q)+

Fuzzylogic

BC

(15)

controller

5 FUZZY LOGIC STATIC VAR

Fig. 1 Power system under study 3 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR MODEL[17]

The dynamic model of the synchronous generator and excitation system can be expressed by the following equations:
Mechanical Equations

6 = o b (w-1)

COMPENSATOR MODEL The present fuzzy logic control, FLC for static VAR compensator, SVC implement two input signal rortor speed deviation and it's rate of change. The output signal is used to control the thyristor firing angle, a. The complete block diagram for the design of the proposed FLC based SVC is described in details through Fig. 2.

CO=Wb[Tm -T, -D(o-l)]/2H

(2)

6 ADAPTIVE NEURAL NETWORK PSS

Alpha

Electrical Dynamic Equation

E, \ '[Efd -E, \ -(xd - x d \ ) i d l / ' d o Exciter Dynamic Equation

E
fd =

(3)
(4)

The present nonlinear dynamic neural network controller for power system stabilizer is shown in Fig. 3. A modification for the known neural network is made in this study using online adaptation for the weights and bias matrices

[K

a (Vref

- V t ) - E fd I /

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f + upss
Output node

&,=SI A Wzj{l-Y,j '(t)}

(25)

To update the bias matrix from the input layer to the hidden layer, we should apply the following equations: eij(t+i) = e,(t) + hj (26) Updating the bias from the hidden layer to the output layer can be obtained from the equation e2(t+i) = ez(t) + i-, tiI
7. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS To ilhstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in damping the electromechanical modes of oscillation a digital computer simulations are performed. The effect of both PSS and SVC individually and the combination on the studied system performance in case of fault is illustrated. A three-phase to ground fault at the generator terminals bus is applied for 100 m.sec for a wide range of operating conditions. Figs. 4-5 depicts the studied system performance with the proposed combinations with power system stabilizer, PSS based ANN and fuzzy logic controller static VAR compensator individually for lagging and leading power factor conditions. Fig. 6 illustrates the studied system performance at unity power factor when a 3-phase short circuit is applied for 100 m. sec at the generator terminals. The comparative study indicates the effect of the proposed scheme in damping the system oscillations very fast with less overshoot and undershoot and improving the performance in case of post fault conditions. The Matlab is used for time simulation of the studied system based on nonlinear differential equations under different loading conditions. All system nonlinearties are inciuded in the model.
8 CONCLUSIONS The combination of fuzzy logic control based static VAR compensator, SVC and adaptive neural network based power system stabilizer has been applied successfully for sample single machine infinite bus power system. The proposed scheme is examined for the studied power system when a three-phase to ground .fault, on the generator bus for 100 m sec is occurred. The comparative study shows the superiority of the proposed FACTS combinations over the using the devices individually in improving the system dynamic performance and damp the undesired oscillations very fast. The combination has the advantages of reducing the power system stabilizer gain, without any effect on the stabilization effect. ALSO reduce the total required susceptance of the static VAR system.

I P D B PSS Fig3 Sechmatic diagram of the PSS based Adaptive ANN controller
based on the studied system response. In this technique we can use any initial values for the weights and bias matrices, which can be discussed based on the following equations: -The input to the hidden layer, Xl,(t) can be calaculated by: xIj(t)=Cg,, Xi(t)+eij(t) j=1,2,..,5 Wiij (16) X,(t) is the input vector to AANN WI,, Is the weights matrixbetween the input to hidden layer. O,j(t) :is the bias of the nodes in the hidden layer. -The output of the hidden layer can be calculated by:

-The input to the output layer is: X2j(t) = ~ I = I W ~ , Y I ~ ( ' ) ~ ~ ~ (18) ) (~ W,(t) is the weight matrix between the hidden layer to the output layer. 9,(t) is the bias of the node in the output layer
-The final output of the output layercan be obtained from the following equation:

For updating the weights from the hidden layer to the output layer, we can use the following equations: W2j(t+l) = W2j(t>+ A W2j(t) (20) A w2j(t) = ~t 61Y;j(t) (21) 6 = A W,{ 1-Yz (t)} 1 (22) 9: is the learning rate
-Updating the weight matrix from the input layer to the hidden layer by the following equations: A (23) Wlj(t+l) = WIJ(~)+ WIJ(~> A wI](t) '1sJx,(t) (24)

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REFERENCES [ I ] E. V. Larsen, and D. A. Swann,Applying Power System Stabilizers Part I & I1,IEEE Transaction in Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-100, No. 6 June 1981, pp. 30173033. [2]C H Cheng, and Y Y Hsu, Application of Power System Stabilizer and Static VAR Controller to A Multi-Machine Power System,IEE Proceeding, Vol. 137, Pari C, No. 1, Jan. 1990, pp8- 12 [3]S A Khapade, and V Krishna,Simulation of Unified Static VAR Compensator and Power System Stabilizer for Arresting SubSynchronous Resonance, IEEE Power Industry Computer Applications Conf., Piscataway, N.J. USA, C36013, 1997, pp, 302308. [4]H F Wang, and F J Swif?,A Unified Model for the Analysis of FACTS Devices in Damping Power System Oscillations, Part 1:Single Machine Infinite Bus System,IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol. 12 No. 2, April 1997, pp. 941-946. [5]M. Z . El-Sadek, M. Dessouky, G. A. Mahmoud and W. I. Rashed,Series capacitors combined with static VAR compensators for enhancement of steady-state voltage stabilities, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 44, Issue 2, February 1998, Pages 137-143. [6]A M Sharaf, M Z El-Sadek, F N Abd-Elbar and A M Hemeida,A Global Dynamic Error Driven Control Scheme For Static VAR Compensators, Electric Power Systems Research Journal, Vol. 51, 1999, pp.131-141. [7]Jimmie J. Cathey, Wilda E. Moore, Improvement of generator output and stability margin by use of a dedicated static VAR compensator Electric Power Systems Research Journal, Vol. 63 (2002) pp. 119-125. [8] Sushi1 Kumar Gupta, Narendra Kumar b, A.R. Gupta, Controlled series compensation in coordination with double order SVS auxiliary controller and induction M/C for repressing the torsional oscillations in power systems Electric Power Systems Research Journal, Vol. 62 (2002) pp. 93- 103 [9]M. Z. El-Sadek, A flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) for balancing arc furnace loads, Fuel and Energy Abstracts, Volume 39, Issue 3, May 1998, Pages 194-195 [10]M. Z. El-Sadek, M. Dessouky, G. A. Mahmoud A flexible ac transmission system (FACTS) for balancing are fumace loads, Electric Power Systems Research, Volume 41, Issue 3, June 1997, Pages 211-218. Volume 70, Issue 1, June 2004, Pages 7-1 5

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AppendixA:Studied System Parameters: Synch. Gen.+ = I .6p.u G = 0.32 p.u 9 = 6.0 S D=O.O H- 5.0 S T,=377 rads , xq= 1.55
Transmission line: re = 0.0 x, =0.4
Exciferparanzeters:k = 200 9 = 0.05 sec , ,

AUTHORS ADDRESS The first author can be contaced at Department of Electrical Engineering Higher Institute of Energy, Aswan,

Egypt.
Email: ahzmeida~u~~ahoo.corn

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T i m

in

s e c .

T i m

in

$ e c .

Fig. 4 Studied system response due to 3-ph s.c fault (P=i .O p.u. Q=OS p.u) FLC-PSS - - ANN SVC _.-SVC+PSS

o 90 -

].Be5

0.5

1 6

.5

L .I

1 2 0
1 1 0 1110

80
8 0

70 K O 50

IO

.s

I S

3.5

4 5

Fig. 5 Studied system response due to 3-ph s.c fault (P=1 .O p.u. Q=-0.5p a ) FLC-PSS _ _ ANN SVC SVC+PSS

_.-

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