Developing & Sustaining Efficient Renewable Energy Source for Rural Areas of Papua New Guinea

Sammy Samun Aiau#1, Narayan Gehlot*2

#1

Departmentof Electrical and Communication Engineering, Papua New Guinea University of Technology Private Mail Bag, Lae 411, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea
1

saiau@ee.unitech.ac.pg

*2

Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Papua New Guinea University of Technology Private Mail Bag, Lea 411, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea
2

gehlotn@gmail.com

Abstract Renewable energy sources and technologies have the potential to provide long-lasting solutions to the problems compounded by the economic, social and environment sectors in Papua New Guinea (PNG) for isolated pockets of masses in rural areas secluded by the tough terrain. The use of renewable energy technologies in rural electrification in PNG will also play a crucial role in raising the living standards of rural people. Renewable energy resources also hold the key to the need-of-thehour to jump start connectivity for information technology for education and telemedicine services throughout PNG. The authors present economically viable, detailed, off-the-shelf technology for a hybrid integrated renewable energy (solar, micro-hydro and bloom energy) micro-grid system for sustainable living in the rural areas of PNG and duly supported by a case study. The case study argues that dissemination of renewable energy in rural areas has a potential to protect the environment and may contribute to sustainable developments in the rural areas of PNG. This paper further explores the potential for a joint venture with either a private or a public enterprise to compliment the PNG Power Limited without being bogged down by the traditional land owner issues. Keywords Renewable energy, renewable energy technologies, bloom energy, micro-grid

exploitable with the use of new clean energy efficient technologies to benefit approximately 90% of the population of PNG who do not have access to electricity services [4]. The main objectives of this paper are to study the various renewable energy sources and energy efficient technologies, to identify the most economical and environmental friendly energy sources and finally employ the best off-the-shelf renewable energy efficient technology to develop and sustain electrical power generation, managed by a joint venture enterprise, in the rural areas of PNG. II. RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

I. INTRODUCTION Renewable energy is natural energy which does not have a limited supply. Renewable energy can be used again and again and will not run out. Renewable energy harnesses naturally occurring non-depletable sources of energy, such as hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, wave, tidal, ocean current and biomass, to produce electricity, gases and liquid fuels, heat or a combination of these energy types. Some of these renewable energies such as wind, biomass etc have been used for thousands of years. Biomass is burning of wood in cooking and wind was used for sailing. However with the developments of renewable energy technologies, these renewable energy sources can be used to generate electricity. Taking into account the sustainable character of the majority of renewable energy technologies, they are able to preserve resources and to provide security, diversity of energy supply and services, virtually without environmental impact [1]-[3]. The technical potential for renewable energy sources in PNG is enormous and the majority are in the rural areas, and are

Fig. 1 What renewable energy sources the world is using Source: renewable-solarenergy.com

Fig. 1 shows the renewable energy sources that the world is using as clean energy solutions to the polluting sources of energy that produce carbon dioxide, the heat-trapping pollutant that cause global warning. The renewable energy sources includes biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, tidal, wave, ocean current, wind and wood [1], [2]. Papua New Guinea has an enormous capacity of renewable energy sources, especially hydro and solar energy that can be harnessed to produce electricity for the bulk of PNGs population who dwell in the rural areas with no access to electricity.

A. Hydro Energy Hydro energy is a renewable energy source and involves the use of water. Hydropower uses the movement of water under gravitational force to drive turbines to generate electricity. Hydro is a great source of energy unlike solar and wind, the rivers, streams and springs can offer a 24/7 supply of renewable energy [1], [2]. The first ever water power station was in Godalming, Britain in 1881 introducing hydropower as a source of electricity. PNG has significant hydroelectric potential. Fig. 2 shows a run-off-the-river microhydro system.

The basic building block of a photovoltaic (PV) system is the solar cell. When sunlight strikes PV cells, electrons are released and then gathered to create an electrical current. A thin silicon cell, four inches across, can produce about one watt of direct current electrical power in full sunlight. The direct current is converted into alternating current to operate household appliances. One PV cell alone may not produce much power, but a number of photovoltaic cells are grouped together into arrays, large panels or sheets that collectively form a solar collector system [1], [2]. III. RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES (RETS) Technologies in the renewable energy sector are fastmoving and innovative. While technologies offer new opportunities, they also carry risk. This risk can be managed by focusing on well-established renewable energy technology that offers value for money and proven longevity. Electricity generation consists in transforming energy from nature into electrical energy. Table 1 depicts the most common technologies available at the moment: their primary energy source, their renewability and the CO2 emissions rate based on the life cycle of the technology [5], [6].
TABLE I ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES IN RURAL ENVIRONMENT

Technology
Fig. 2 Micro-hydropower system layout Source: energy.ltgovernors.com

Primary Source

B. Solar Energy Solar radiation, often called the solar resource, is a general term for the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun. Solar radiation can be captured and turned into useful forms of energy, such as heat and electricity, using a variety of technologies. Solar energy is among the largest potential sources in PNG. Fig. 3 shows a solar photovoltaic system.

Combustion

PV Hydraulic

Wind-farms

Oil Gas Coal Biomass Sun Mechanical energy: water Mechanical energy: wind

Renewable (Yes/No) C/I Continuous Intermittent No (C) No (C) No (C) Yes (C) Yes (I) Yes (C)

AC / DC

Emissions (life cycle mean gCO2eq/kW) 780 530 1000 70 56 8

AC AC AC AC DC AC

Yes (I)

AC

14

Source:Olatz Azurza and others, ICREPO1, March, 2012

A. Hydropower Technologies Hydropower technologies have a long history of use because of their many benefits, including high availability and lack of emissions. Hydropower technologies use flowing water to create energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. Both large and small-scale power producers can use hydropower technologies to produce clean electricity. Hydropower can be described as the production of power by using the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. Hydropower is the process of changing the kinetic energy of flowing water in a river into electrical power that we can use. Most hydropower stations use either the natural drop of a river, such as a waterfall or rapids, or a dam is built across a river to
Fig. 3 Solar photovoltaic power system layout Source: allaboutsolarenergy.com
1

International Conference on Renewable Energy and Power Quality

raise the water level, and provide the drop needed to create a driving force. Currently it is the most widely used source of renewable energy. Water is collected and flows through the penstock and is carried down into a turbine. The turbine is connected to a generator. As the water flows in, water pressure increases causing the turbine to revolve, this in turn spins the generator. This produces electricity that can be stepped up in voltage through the stations transformers and sent across transmission lines [2]. The remaining falling water, having served its purpose, exits the generating station, where it rejoins the main stream of the river. B. Solar Energy Solar energy technologies produce electricity from the energy of the sun. For example, photovoltaic systems capture the energy in sunlight and convert it directly into electricity. Alternatively, sunlight can be collected and focused with mirrors to create a high intensity heat source that can be used to generate electricity by means of turbine or heat engine [2]. Small solar energy systems can provide electricity for homes, businesses, and remote power needs. Larger solar energy systems provide more electricity for contribution to the electric power system. IV. THE PAPUA NEW GUINEA ENERGY SECTOR The energy sector in Papua New Guinea mostly depends on three main types of energy: electricity, oil and gas. The energy sector accounts for 14% of the countrys GDP. PNG Power Limited (PNG Government owned) is the sole national electricity company responsible for generation, transmission, distribution and retail of electricity in PNG. It has major transmission and distribution networks in Port Moresby, Ramu valley and Gazelle Peninsula (Rabaul) that are supplied by major hydro power plants. It also supplies electricity to 19 regional centres by diesel powered thermal generation as shown in Fig. 4.

Oil Search, in which the Papua New Guinea government holds 17.6% of shares, is the largest oil company. Inter Oil, a vertically integrated company with petroleum licenses covering about 8.7 million acres of land, is the second largest oil company in Papua New Guinea. Both companies dominate the gas market in Papua New Guinea as well. PNG will be setting for major changes in this energy sector very soon, because of the PNG LNG project. However on the renewable energy sector, it remains severely underexploited for organizational and technological reasons [7]. There are many factors that contribute to this very sad state of affairs however notable amongst all is: the absence of an electricity industry policy, energy policy and rural electrification policy to guide the development of the energy sector; and the high investment cost associated with establishing transmission lines due to the PNGs rugged topography. However recent initiative by the Somare Temu government in 2006 has paved way for the development of three important policies. These are the Electricity Industry Policy, the National Energy Policy and the Rural Electrification Policy. The draft Electricity Industry Policy is in its final stage to be endorsed and released by the government soon. The National Energy policy and the Rural Electrification policy are still in their early draft stages and subject to further consultation and improvisation. The delay in the formulation and implementation of these policies has deprived the bulk of the population especially in the rural areas without electricity. Table 2 shows the number of people with access to electricity supplied by the PNG Power Limited and without access to electricity in each province in PNG.
TABLE 2 NUMEBR OF PNG POWER LTD ELECTRICITY CUSTOMERS

Name of Province

Population of Province 183983 106898 210412 254158 133065 153304 432972 295031 259703 546265 440025 343181 365106 539404 185741 175160 220133 43387 118350 184508

Population with Electricity 3182 411 1340 41766 961 652 5445 1396 1721 1131 6175 2380 3297 12136 1070 570 6496 3353 1202 1982

Population without Electricity 180801 106487 209072 212392 132104 152652 427527 293635 257982 545134 433850 340801 361809 527268 184671 174590 213637 40034 117148 182526

Fig. 4 PNG Power Limited generation, transmission and distribution networks. Source: PNG Power Limited

Central Gulf Milne Bay National Capital Dist. Oro Western Eastern Highlands Enga Simbu Southern Highlands Western Highlands East Sepik Madang Morobe Sandaun Autonomous Region of Bougainville East New Britain Manus New Ireland West New Britain

The draft National Energy Policy covers indigenous energy resources in PNG that includes, oil, gas, hydropower and other renewable. The policy aims to improve the quality of life and sustainable national development of these resources through a robust and vibrant energy sector. The draft Electricity Industry Policy identifies the importance and versatility of electricity as an input of production and thus, an essential ingredient to sustain economic and social growth of Papua New Guineans. The draft Rural Electrification Policy encapsulates the need for up scaling rural electrification through development of renewable energy resources with the vision to enhance livelihood of rural population through sustainable provision of electricity. The policy acknowledges the availability of untapped indigenous renewable energy sources in the country such as solar, hydro, wind, marine, biomass, geothermal and bio energy and aims for the utilisation of these indigenous renewable energy resources for the rural communities in PNG [7]. Therefore this paper analyses the renewable energy capacities and technologies that can be implemented for the rural population of PNG. V. RURAL ELECTRIFICATION WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA

In PNG, which has no national power grid but large river systems and abundant sunshine, renewable energy has tremendous potential to transform remote rural lives with clean and sustainable electricity. Renewable energy projects for power generation not only help combat climate change but can help transform communities in rural areas by revitalising local economies and drawing the people together. Fig. 5 shows the guidelines for off-grid electrification project designers [9], [10].

Development and adoption of reliable renewable energy sources in the rural areas for rural electrification has become a major challenge to most parts of the world. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), there was in 2008 an estimated 1.5 billion people, or 22% of the worlds population, living without access to electricity, 85% of whom live in the rural areas and Papua New Guinea is no exemption. This Fig. 5 Elements of a sustainable rural electrification project energy outlook for the rural people is unacceptable as the Source: Designing sustainable off-grid rural electrification projects modern renewable energy technologies can play a crucial role To maximize the chances of sustaining operation of an offin developing rural electrification to provide electricity to the grid electrification project over the long term, fundamental people living in the rural areas. The role of energy and more specifically electricity is the project design principles must observed, as follows: The conception and implementation of the off-grid key player in all aspects of sustainable development. electrification project must be consistent with the Sustainable development of the energy sector is a potential overall rural electrification plan for the region. factor to maintain economic competitiveness and progress. A cost-benefit analysis of alternatives must be carried Access to modern energy reduces poverty and hunger and out to determine the least-cost solution. improves access to safe drinking water through food In the assessment phase, effort must be made to preservation and pumping system (MDG1 2 ). It fosters maximize community awareness, involvement, and education by providing light and communication tools support, which is vital to project success. (MDG2), it improves gender equality by relieving women of Both the government and implementing agency must fuel and water collecting tasks (MDG3), and it reduces child take full ownership of the project. and maternal mortality as well as incidences of disease by One must obtain the governments upfront commitment enabling refrigeration for medication as well as access to to pick up the subsidy slack when external grant comodern equipment. It also helps to fight pandemics like HIV financing ends. (MDG4, 5, 6). Finally, if access to electricity is implemented Competence of the local Project Management Unit with environmentally sound technologies, it directly (PMU) is critical to project success. contributes to global environmental sustainability (MDG7). For off-grid electrification projects that rely on privateEnergy alone is not sufficient to alleviate poverty, but it is sector participation, the simplest delivery mechanism or certainly necessary and there will be no major development business model should be applied. progress without a growing number of people gaining The government must put in place light-handed sustainable access [7], [8]. regulatory measure that simplify operations for privatesector participants and limit the cost of doing business.
2

Millennium Development Goals in PNG

Appropriate training should be provided to participants of off-grid electrification projects at various levels. One should maximize opportunities for productive and institutional applications that complement the provision of household service. Opportunities for international co-financing should be explored. VI. CASE STUDY: WANTUN MICRO-HYDRO AND SOLAR POWER PROJECT The Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering at the Papua New Guinea University of Technology has considered rural electrification has one of its priorities and has been helping rural communities carrying out feasibility studies of their proposed micro-hydro and solar power sites. Papua New Guinea has many good rivers, streams and even mountain springs that can be turned into microhydro power systems and even together as water supply systems for the benefit of the communities in the rural areas. Papua New Guinea situated along the equation also has abundance of sun shine all year round that can be harnessed to produce electricity. For the past 15 years the department has carried out nine micro-hydro feasibility study projects and a numbers of solar power feasibility study projects for the rural communities. However none of the past projects have been implemented due to financial constraints face by the rural communities. The case study presented in this paper is on the recent feasibility study of a micro-hydro and solar power system for the Wantun Community Learning and Development Centre (WCLDC) in the Onga Waffa Local Level Government in the Markham District of Morobe Province as shown in Fig. 6.

The WCLDC is an Indigenous Peoples Organization of approximately five thousand (5,000) rural villagers, endeavouring to meaningfully participate in the development process of the nation of Papua New Guinea. They believe that it is the rural people themselves or project beneficiaries who can make pivotal decisions and play the most important roles in improving their quality of life and standard of living and bring in lasting changes to their communities through development projects. A. Micro-Hydropower (MHP) System Micro-hydropower technologies have a long history of use because of their many benefits, including high availability and lack of emissions. In light of this project, the application of micro-hydropower appears ideal for the Wantun communities. The provision of electricity is a vital step in developing infrastructure which, in turn, entails vast improvement to quality of life, learning opportunities (education) and also competitiveness of local businesses. Also it is believed that the installation could provide valuable community and educational resources as well as a creditable communication tool for the use of renewable energy within the Markham District of the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea. Micro-hydro is an ancient source of renewable energy and, in the light of the national governments CO2 reduction targets and funding incentives, the Wantun micro-hydro scheme in the Markham District of the Morobe Province of Papua New Guinea was investigated for the installation of micro-hydro power scheme. The feasibility study of the site was carried out from 9th to 13th April 2012. The micro-hydro project included detail site survey of the river and the area, which includes current existing load demands, the specifications of the turbine and generator, design of the system, purchase and delivery of all required materials to the project site and the final installation and commissioning of the scheme. During the feasibility study, three river sources were investigated. The three river sources were Tamur, Yawai and Wara Kalap. From this feasibility study the Yawai mountain stream was determined to be the most viable location for micro-hydro site, with a head of approximately 216 meters. The flow of the Yawai mountain stream is adequately high year round so that the theoretical limit of power production does not limit the proposed project. A flow of 20 litres per second in the penstock is necessary to develop the 40 kW of power that was deemed necessary. HDPVC pipe was concluded to be the optimal penstock material, with a diameter of approximately 0.25 meters. Channel and intake designs and dimensions have also been calculated, to ensure that the required flow is maintained. HDPVC pipe of 0.225 meters is recommended for the intake pipeline. B. Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) System No solar power feasibility study was carried out on-site for the Wantun village community but it is noted that solar energy is among the largest potential sources in PNG. Average insolation in most parts of PNG is 400-800 W/m2, with 4.5 to 8 sunshine hours per day all year round. Of the 23 locations assessed in PNG, Port Moresby, National Capital District has

Project Site

Fig. 6 Wantun micro-hydro project site

Source: Google Map

the largest solar energy resource with 2,478 sunshine hours per year and the lowest is Tambul, Western Highlands Province, with 1292 hours per year. Wantun village in the Morobe Province is situated closer to the equator than Port Moresby and therefore would have a slightly larger solar energy resource than Port Moresby. C. Hybrid Microhydro/SPC Micro-grid System A Concept In recent decades rural electrification has been done with renewable energies through individual generation, that is, one user one installation. Technology now allows evolution towards collective installations through the use of hybrid mini-grid/micro-grid system with generation and distributed accumulation as shown in Fig. 7. From the feasibility study of the Wantun micro-hydro and solar power systems, it is proposed to develop a micro-grid system using the two renewable energy sources for the supply of electricity to the Wantun village communities. The micro-grid system will be a hybrid power system using the micro-hydro and solar energy sources. Hybrid renewable energy system is one of the most promising applications of renewable energy technologies in rural areas, where the cost of the grid extension is prohibitive due to the tough terrains and the price of fossil fuels increase drastically with the remoteness of the location. Applications of hybrid systems range from small power supplies for rural households providing electricity for lighting or water pumping and water supply to village electrification for the rural communities [11], [12]. A micro-grid is a discrete energy system consisting distributed energy sources (e.g. renewable, conventional, storage) and loads capable of operating in parallel with or independently from the main grid. A micro-grid includes generation, a distributed system, consumption and storage, and manages them with advanced monitoring, control and automation systems. A fully-developed micro-grid has the capability of automatically disconnecting and operating independently from the main grid.

D. Bloom Energy for Rural Electrification A Concept Bloom Energy is the latest energy technology developed by Dr K. R. Sridhar, the principal co-founder and Chief Executive Officer of Bloom Energy that utilises an innovative new fuel cell technology to produce clean, reliable and affordable electricity from a wide range of renewable energy sources and air [13]. Fig. 8 illustrates how bloom energy servers create electricity.

Fig. 8 A new way of generating clean electricity Source: ttp://www.bloomenergy.com

The new fuel cells are called bloom boxes or bloom energy servers. The bloom box fuel cells are a stack of ceramic 3 wafers with a proprietary ink on each side separated by a
Fig. 7 Hybrid micro-grid rural electrification system layout Source: outbackpower.com
3

The primary material of the Bloom Box is beach sand, a plentiful and ubiquitous resource, which is baked into thin ceramic wafers

metal alloy. Fuel (typically natural gas, but it may be operated with biogas) goes in one side of the ceramic wafer, and oxygen goes in the other as illustrated in Fig. 8. The resulting chemical reaction, which does not involve combustion, produces electricity. In addition, the fuel cells act not only as an electricity generator, but also as a storage device and are reportedly very fuel efficient. Each bloom energy server provides 100 or 200 kilowatts of power as shown in Fig. 9.

based model, the utility-based model, and hybrid business model [14], [15]. The community-based model involves the community to take ownership and operate, provide maintenance, tariff collection and management of the system. The private sector-based model involves a private company in the financing, construction and operation of the system. The utility-based model in PNG would involve PNG Power Limited to take full responsibility of the establishment and management of the micro-grid rural electrification system. The hybrid models try to combine different approaches to benefit from the advantages of each of the models and to minimize shortcomings. Fig. 10 shows a hybrid business model which will be adopted for the Wantun integrated microhydro and solar power system.

Fig. 9 How bloom energy server works

Source: Bloom Energy

Fig. 10 Hybrid business model Source: Rural electrification with renewable energy

The bloom energy servers can be substituted for the generator in Fig. 7 and integrated with the renewable energy sources and provide a perfect solution for rural electrification in the rural areas of Papua New Guinea. PNG Power Limited together with the two major PNG LNG 4 projects should tap into this new technology because: The bloom energy servers can be run on natural gas and we have a lot of LNG from the projects. The bloom energy servers operate independent of the power grid, which is a perfect solution for the rural micro-grid power systems. VII. BUSINESS MODELS FOR RURAL MICROGRIDS The definition and classification of business models for rural electrification is challenging, especially what criteria to used in these classifications. However, it is a very important exercise since a key for success of micro-grid systems is the local institutional arrangement determining who invests, develops, owns, and operates the systems. There are a number of business models for micro-grid management of rural electrification. These are community-based model, private4

Under the hybrid business model, PNG Power Limited or a private company implements and owns the Wantun micro-grid power system, WCLDC manages it on a daily basis and a private company provides the technical back-up and management advice. VIII. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents a comparative study of the indigenous renewable energy resources and off-the-shelf renewable energy technologies, to develop a sustainable hybrid microgrid rural electrification system for the bulk of population living in the rural areas of Papua New Guinea. The paper also discussed the energy sector and rural electrification in PNG, together with a case study of a feasibility study of Wantun micro-hydro and solar power system in the Markham District of Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Renewable energy projects can serve a critical niche in supplying much-needed electricity to rural, off-grid communities in Papua New Guinea. Connecting the electricity grid to rural and remote areas is very uneconomical to carry out. Therefore it is more economical to electrify the rural areas with a micro-grid by means of existing renewable energy

Liquidified Natural Gas

sources available locally. The micro-grid configuration represents energy distribution architecture from the producing site to consumers and eventually the interconnection between several sites and several consumers. From the discussions, it is recommended that PNG has abundant hydro and solar energy potentials that can be developed under a renewable energy hybrid business model to fast- track the rural electrification program and provide electricity to the people living in the rural areas of Papua New Guinea. The concept of the micro-grid power system using renewable energy sources together with the bloom energy server is a cost effective and sustainable system and should be implemented in the rural electrification program in Papua New Guinea. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Department of Electrical and Communication Engineering and the Research Committee of the Papua New Guinea University of Technology. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Mr. Sammy Aiau Mr. Aiau is a faculty at UNITECH since 1985 in electrical and communications department. Mr. Aiaus area of research are control systems engineering, energy management, renewable energy and power systems control. Mr. Aiau has conducted several short courses in programmable logic controllers (PLC) at UNITECH regularly and is widely known in industry. Mr. Aiau also explored technology education in Australia (1989-1991) and Canada (19941995). Mr. Aiau is a senior faculty at UNITECH in ECE department and was also an acting head of department (2003-2005). Mr. Aiau is a very amicable person as per UNITECH alumni feedback and always a cheerful helping hand who cares for his pupil. He is a UNITECH alumnus with a Master of Philosophy (MPhil, 1993) in Electrical Engineering (Power) and a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng., 1978) in Electrical Engineering (Communications). Prof. (Dr.) N. Gehlot, Senior IEEE Member Dr. Narayan Gehlot is a renowned leader in communications with over 15 years (post doctorate) of research and development experience in systems, board and chip design. He has worked in some of worlds leading laboratories in telecommunications and computer networking such as Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India; Bellcore, Morristown, NJ; AT&T Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ and Lucent Technologies Bell Labs Holmdel, NJ. A genuine innovator who has contributed to more than 51 (33 issued) patents globally in a wide range of technologies such as wired and wireless communications, fiber optics for FTTx, long haul, metro, intercontinental submarine systems, network management system, line monitoring systems, computer, internet, security, database, networks, vehicular technologies, Raman amplifier etc. Dr. Gehlots patents have been cited in more than 333 issued patents. 2.

Dr. Gehlot strongly believes that ideas5 are the key assets to success whereas solution to a problem is only a matter of time. He is an outstanding researcher, innovator known for successful collaborations with Universities and intellectual property creation. He is bestowed with the unique ability of foresightedness to look ahead and plan. At Bell Labs Dr. Gehlot was honored as an "Outstanding Asian American for Lucent's Success" along with worldrenowned researchers and 1998 Nobel Prize laureate Dr. Daniel Tsui. Dr. Gehlot is an alumnus of BITS, Pilani, India; NJIT, Newark, NJ, USA and University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and has keen interest on fundamentals of nature beyond science. Dr. Gehlot is currently a faculty at UNITECH, Lae, PNG. Prof. Gehlot is currently the Head of Department at UNITECH, Lae, PNG.

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Albert Einstein "The formulation of a problem is often more essential than its solutions, which may be merely a matter of mathematical expressions or experimental verifications."