Table of Contents TITLES

1. Introduction 1.1 Background Research 1.2 Aims & Objectives 1.3 Scope & Delimitations 2. Literature Review 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 Conceptual Literature Related Studies Synthesis Technical Proposal Methodology

Page

Materials & Methods

3.3 Equipments and Facilities Needed 3.4 Cost Estimated 4. 5. 6. References List of Tables List of Figures

INTRODUCTION As the world progress, the demand of electricity increases. But, the amount of

energy source does not increase. Hence, the electricity tariff increases with the demand of electricity. If Malaysia continues to rely on fossil energy and hydropower to generate electricity, it would not be sufficient enough. Beside that, by generating electricity by means of fossil burning, it produces negative effects towards the environment. This includes the climate, flora and fauna as well as the human being themselves. The number of carbon emits when burning the fossils are relatively high despite the precautions taken to reduce the carbon. Based on A. Fay and S. Golomb, in 1996, the (use the correct format of referencing) worlds carbon emission was summed to be 6250 million metric tons of carbons a year. Building the hydropower dam has disrupted the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air. Tonnes of trees were cut down. When the carbon rate is high, plenty of problems will appear such as acid rainfall, the thinning of ozone layers, greenhouse effects as well as the humans health themselves. If this persists further, the air breathed by humans will be as harmful as the air breathed when there are smokers around. Certain countries like Hong Kong has now opened up oxygen services where the people may breath a clean oxygen from the centres with a certain amount of fee. Oxygen that is originally free must now be purchased for humans to continue living. Worse might be if the people must now carry oxygen tank behind their back wherever they go if the air is very polluted. In 1999, Malaysia was a signatory of the Kyoto Protocol. Malaysia, being one of the parties under the agreement has agreed to abide to work towards saving the worlds environment. However, based on the Kyoto Protocols agreement, Malaysia being a developing country does not have a quantified emission limitation or reduction commitment yearly percentage. The former Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Seri Mahathir Mohamad (1996) had state in his speech that Malaysia will work to contribute to the protocol despite the financial crisis that was faced. Based on Chapter 19 of the Ninth Malaysian Plan, Malaysia will focus on sustainable energy development.

Thus, one way to curb the change of climate is to start using clean renewable energy such as the solar generation which is also known as photovoltaic. This source of energy is not only safe, but, it would also not be depleted. However, the cost of developing this solar system is relatively high. To develop a 3 kW peak system will need a capital of more than USD$5000. However, as told by Jensen (2006), with the incentive by the government which was done in countries such as Japan or Germany, the price rate for the panels will be reduced by 20% for every doubling of the market purchases. 1.1 Background Research Today, there are various methods applied to generate electricity. The most commonly used is by fossil energy which includes petroleum, natural gases and coals. An article reviewed by Cloughed (2007) states that Malaysia with the capacity of 16GW generates electricity by thermal (87%) and hydropower (13%). Malaysias Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)s spokesman mentioned in his interview that Malaysia obtained the electricity from gas (60%), coal (30%) and hydropower as well as other unconventional sources (6-7%). The problem with generating electricity by using fossil energy is that it will emits a high content of carbon to the air which will cause various other problems such as greenhouse effects, acid rain and plenty other pollutions. Furthermore, fossil energy is not a renewable energy. Compared to photovoltaic, the generation of electricity by using fossil energy is definitely cheaper. But, the dangers of generating this electricity are very high. For those who are working on the generation of electricity by this method is at high risk. When dealing with coals, the miners especially will be the most at risk to inhale the coal dust. This can produce a problem to the lung which is famously known as black lung (pneumoconiosis). On top of that, the risk of explosions is always there no matter how tight the precautions were done. Plus, even with the laws, accidents may happen whereby the water may be contaminated as well as there might be spills or leakage during the transportation of oils. During the combustion process, gaseous and dangerous particulate

such as carbon will emits to the air causing several other problems which mainly is because the increase of the carbon rate in the air. (Fay & Golomb, 2002) (why here?) One of the biggest fears in todays lives is global warming. Fay & Golomb (2002) explained that global warming occurs due to the excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the air together with other greenhouse gases. This global warming is actually the next level of greenhouse effects which can be said to be more harmful if it is not stopped. They also warned that the temperature of the world is increasing bit by bit causing the climate changes, sea level to rise, hence, causing some animals to lose their habitat. Iredale (2005) had written that scientists had found polar bears in the Arctic died of drowning because the icebergs were melt. If this goes on, the polar bears will go into extinction, the sea level will continue to rise and the land will be reduced. With the increase of sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen rate, the air quality is reduced causing the increase of the acid level in the air. This is mainly caused by certain combustion of fossil energy with high content of sulphur such as coal. Soil will be the most affected when acid rain falls. The high rate of acid allows decomposition by bacteria and fungi which causes destruction the life of the plants. Furthermore, rain falls into the sea or river causing the content of acid in the water to increase as well. Hence, result to the death of the marine livings. (Alma, 2003) why put here? The disrupt of the environment causes the United Nation Framework of Climate Change Convention (UNFCCC) to come up with Kyoto Protocol which is an international agreement to work towards the reduction of emissions. Countries listed under the agreement have agreed to work towards producing clean renewable energy. **say what else available to work on** Besides the listed factors, another factor that may attract the usage of photovoltaic generation is the cost of electricity these days. The capital may be high, but with

government incentives and loans, people can actually able to purchase install this system. An article by the Solar Trading Post had mentioned that the premises that install this system will add up the value of the premise by 15 times the yearly bill saved. On top of that, Malaysia is one of the countries that have ___________ to provide net metering incentives. This incentive will be given when any excess of energy generated from the solar energy will be fed into the grids system. Hence, the grid company will be paying the home owners instead.

Figure 1: Oil Prices 1999 to 2007 (taken from Solar Trading Post.com)

From Figure 1, it can be seen that the oil price had increased drastically compared to the year 1999 and 2007. When the oil price increases, the electricity tariff rate will increase as well, this can be seen in the middle of 2008. TNB announced 30% increment of the electricity tariff which was initiated in August. In October however, the price of the oil went down, but the electricity tariff remain the same. Only recently, in an interview with The Star, TNB claimed that they will only be reduce the tariff rate by 2% if the company manage to save 10% of production cost. The price of the oil, as well as the electricity tariff will increase as the world progress. This is inevitable. However, if more people installs their own source of energy and does not totally depends on the fossil energy, the tariff can be controlled. Besides that, when tariff is high, the breakeven point for those who installs the system will faster. Now,

give emphasis on the importance of installing PV system and relate it to the present situation of your target application to justify the need of installing it.

1.2

Aims and Objectives Your objective is not good enough, suggestion below The aim of this project is to design a photovoltaic grid tied system intended for KDU College power demand requirement. Specifically, this study will emphasize on the following objectives: To conduct a load survey for KDU College daily power demand to determine which portion of the areas where PV supply system can be installed. To identify and determine the design considerations (load survey, components, alternatives, etc.) needed in the PV system. To design the PV system for KDU .. To present the cost-benefit analysis of putting PV System.

1.3

Scope and Delimitations The photovoltaic grid tied system is not a new thing in the electrical industry in Malaysia. Currently, there are less than 37 photovoltaic electrical generation in Malaysia. The study of this system will be revolved around to make the photovoltaic grid-tied system more commercial. The scope of this system will be covering important appliances that could not risk of being turned off such as the induction cooker, computers, __________ etc. One of the delimitations of this product is the roofing size of the buildings/premises. Based on ____________________, a 1kWp photovoltaic system will need ______________________m2 of solar panels. If the roofing is not large enough, there will be a problem placing the solar panels which is the key to generate the electricity from the sun.

2 2.1

LITERATURE REVIEW Conceptual Literature (Talk about the PV system in detail) Based on a documentary by Solar Century, photo which comes from photovoltaic

refers the light, while voltaic refers to the production of electricity. Photovoltaic can then be defined as a system which generates electricity from the light. Photovoltaic cells have two main layers which is the positive doped silicon and the negative doped silicon. The electricity flows when the electric field across the junction causes the electrons to move. If the intensity of the light is higher, the electricity produced will be higher as well. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mCTSV2f36A] Provide more detailed presentation of theories about PV System and its componets, etc. For this system to work, the talk about PV System as a whole talk about the inverter talk about the net metering

2.2

Related Literature (PV system available) There are plenty of photovoltaic systems available in the market. However, Malaysia is still one step behind from other countries such as Korea. Based on an article by _____________, countries such as Japan, Germany and United States are currently on the top list of countries with the highest number of photovoltaic systems. Malaysia, being one of the countries listed under the Kyoto Protocol agreement had already agreed to __________________ by ___________. Hence, ______________MBIPV, which is Malaysias leading __________________ is currently working on programs and ___________ on how to attract Malaysians to apply this system at home. MBIPV has come up with a plan called SURIA 1000 which is working towards attracting Malaysians to install the photovoltaic systems at home. Together with

organizations such as United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Global Environment Facility (GEF), Suruhanjaya Tenaga and various other __________ to ________________. The target of this plan is to install 1000 kWp photovoltaic system _______________. This __________ is held twice a year from 2006 until 2010 put in the review of Malaysian from mbipv thingy talk about the pv available in the market talk about the pv at dsara paste the picture of states with pv.

Provide as many literature of PV projects done in the past and try to evaluate them comprehensively. 2.3 Synthesis (Discuss and compare the systems available w mine)

3 3.1

MATERIALS AND METHODS Technical Proposal - Project Specification

3.2

Methodology - Block diagram, calculations etc

SUN

PV Array

Inverter

Circuit Box with Net Metering

Grid (TNB)

3.3

Equipment, Facilities and Software - Use PSPICE - Inverter? PV? Sun?

3.4

Cost Estimate The estimated cost for the whole system varies depending on the capacity of the system. Based on a calculator that is available at Solar Trading Post, with the monthly may covers ___________% of the monthly bill. - need to do proper calculations soon

REFERENCES 1. Tun Dr. Seri Mahathir Mohamed (1999) The world renewable energy congress 1999 Koleksi Arkib Ucapan Ketua Eksekutif, 8 June. 2. Clough, D. L. (2007) Energy Profile of Malaysia, The Encyclopedia of the 30 January. Available at:

Earth,

http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_of_Malaysia (Accessed: 17 Feb. 2009) 3. Solar Century (2007) Introduction to Solar Photovoltaics, YouTube, 11 Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mCTSV2f36A

December.

(Accessed: 23rd Jan. 2009) 4. Electricity tariffs should go down: Muhyiddin (2009) The Star Online, 12 Available at: http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?

January.

file=/2009/1/12/nation/20090112133935&sec=nation (Accessed: 13 Feb. 2009) 5. TNB: Tariff cut depends on power savings (2009) The Star Online, 7 February. at: http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?

Available

file=/2009/2/7/business/3214643&sec=business (Accessed: 13 Feb. 2009) 6. Solar Trading Post (no date) Solar energy the bBig picutre Available at:

http://solartradingpost.com/Solar-Energy-Big-Picture.pdf (Accessed at: 9 Feb 2009) 7. Solar Trading Post (no date) Solar energy, 10 main questions Available at:

http://solartradingpost.com/Solar-Energy-10-Questions.pdf (Accessed at: 9 Feb 2009) 8. Solar Trading Post (no date) Solar panel manual Available at:

http://www.solartradingpost.com/free-solar-ebook.html (Accessed: 9 Feb 2009) 9. Iredale, Will (2005) Polar bears drown as ice shelf melts, Times Online, 18 Available at:

December. 2009) 10.

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article767459.ece (Accessed: 2 Feb

Jensen, H.R. (2006) International Review of Regulatory Schemes for PV.

11. Eastop, T. D & Croft, D. R. (1995). Energy efficiency for engineers and technologists. England: Longman Group LTD.

12. Fay, James. A & Golomb, Dan. S. (2002). Energy and the environment. New York: Oxford University Press. 13. Alma, Peter (1995). Social biology topics: Environmental concerns. Great

Britain: University Press, Cambridge. 14. Chapter 19: Sustainable renewable energy (2006) Ninth Malaysian plan.

Available at: 15. Kyoto Protocol (2005) Available at: