Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai.

2009 One dimensional Wave equation

Zero initial velocity
Pre Work: 1 The wave equation is The solution is
y( x , t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px ) ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) ( 1 )

2 y 2 y = a2 2 x t 2

The boundary conditions for zero initial velocity i) ii) iii)

y(0, t ) = 0 for all t

y( , t ) = 0 for all t
y( x , 0) =0 t initial velocity is zero

iv) y( x , 0) = f ( x ) for all x

(To be given)

Applying boundary condition i) in ( 1 ) by putting x = 0

y(0, t ) = ( A + 0 ) ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0
A ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0

A=0

C cos pat + D sin pat 0

Substituting in ( 1 ), we get
y( x , t ) = B sin px ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) ..( 2 )

Applying boundary condition ii) in ( 2 ) by putting x =

y( , t ) = B sin p ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0

sin p = 0 B 0 & C cos pat + D sin pat 0
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Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai. 2009

sin p = sin n
p= n sin n = 0

Substituting in ( 2 ), we get
n x n at n at + D sin C cos ..( 3 )

y( x , t ) = B sin

To apply condition iii) , diff. partially w.r.t t

n x n at n a n at n a y ( x , t ) . . = B sin + D cos C sin t

Now applying condition iii) in above by putting t = 0 , we get.

n x n a y( x , 0) = B sin 0 + D(1) =0 t
BD n a sin n x =0 n x

D=0

B 0 & sin

Substituting in ( 3 ), we get
y( x , t ) = BC sin n x .cos n at

.( 4 ) ( taking BC = C n )

By the Most general solution,

y( x , t ) = C n sin
n =1

n x

.cos

n at

..( 5 )

To find C n applying condition iv) in above by putting t = 0 , we get.

y ( x , 0) = C n sin
n =1

n x

.1 = f ( x )

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph:9841168917)

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Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai. 2009

C
n =1

sin

n x

= f ( x)

( To find Cn , If f(x) is algebric we can use Fourier series and if f(x) is trigonometric then we can use the method of comparing the co-efficients. Sub. Cn value in (5) equation. )

Non - Zero initial velocity

Pre Work: 2
2 2 y 2 y The wave equation is 2 = a x 2 t

The solution is
y( x , t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px ) ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) ( 1 )

The boundary conditions for non - zero initial velocity i) ii)

y(0, t ) = 0 for all t

y( , t ) = 0 for all t

iii) y( x , 0) = 0 for all x iv)

y( x , 0) = f ( x) t

(To be given)

Applying boundary condition i) in ( 1 ) by putting x = 0

y(0, t ) = ( A + 0 ) ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0 A ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0
A=0

C cos pat + D sin pat 0

Substituting in ( 1 ), we get
y( x , t ) = B sin px ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) ..( 2 )

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph:9841168917)

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Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai. 2009

Applying boundary condition ii) in ( 2 ) by putting x =

y( , t ) = B sin p ( C cos pat + D sin pat ) = 0

sin p = 0
sin p = sin n
p= n

B 0 & C cos pat + D sin pat 0

sin n = 0

Substituting in ( 2 ), we get
n x n at n at + D sin C cos ..( 3 )

y( x , t ) = B sin

Applying boundary condition iii) in ( 3 ) by putting t = 0

y( x , 0) = B sin n x

( C .1 + 0 ) = 0

BC sin

n x

=0
C =0
B 0 & sin n x 0

Substituting in ( 3 ), we get
y( x , t ) = BD sin n x .sin n at

.( 4) ( taking BD = C n )

By the Most general solution,

y( x , t ) = C n sin
n =1

n x

.sin

n at

....( 5 )

To apply condition iv) , diff. partially w.r.t t

n x n at n a y ( x , t ) .cos . = C n sin t n =1
Now applying condition iv) in above by putting t = 0 , we get. Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph:9841168917) Page 4

Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai. 2009

n x n a y( x , 0) .1. = C n sin = f ( x) t n =1

C
n =1

n a
n

sin

n x

= f ( x)

( To find Cn , If f(x) is algebric we can use Fourier series and if f(x) is trigonometric then we can use the method of comparing the co-efficients. )

One dimensional Heat Flow equation

Zero Boundary conditions (Temperature at both ends zero)
Pre Work: 3 The one dimensional heat flow equation is The solution is u( x , t ) = ( A cos px + B sin px ) Ce The boundary conditions i)
2 2

u 2u =2 2 x t

p t

( 1 )

u(0, t ) = 0 for all t

ii) u( , t ) = 0 iii) u( x , 0) = f ( x ) ( To be given )

Applying boundary condition i) in ( 1 ) by putting x = 0

u(0, t ) = ( A.1 + 0 ) Ce
2

p2 t

=0

ACe

p2 t

=0 Ce
2

A=0

p2 t

Substituting in ( 1 ), we get

Prepared by C.Ganesan, M.Sc., M.Phil., (Ph:9841168917)

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Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai. 2009

u( x , t ) = B sin px .Ce
2

p2 t

..( 2 )

Applying boundary condition ii) in ( 2 ) by putting x =

u( , t ) = B sin p .Ce
sin p = 0
sin p = sin n
p= n

2 2

p t

=0
2

B 0 & Ce

p2 t

sin n = 0

Substituting in ( 2 ), we get
n x
n2 2
2

u( x , t ) = BC sin

..( 3 )

take BD = C n By the Most general solution,

u( x , t ) = C n sin
n =1

n x

n 2 2
2

..( 4 )

Now applying condition iii) in above by putting t = 0 , we get.

u( x , 0) = C n sin
n =1

n x

e0 = f ( x)

C
n =1

sin

n x

= f ( x)

( To find Cn , If f(x) is algebric we can use Fourier series and if f(x) is trigonometric then we can use the method of comparing the co-efficient. )

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Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Chennai. 2009

Problems under steady state conditions (Temperature at one end zero and the other end non zero)
Pre Work: 4 General Question: A rod of length is kept at temperature 0C and KC at the ends A and B until steady state condition prevail. Then the temperature at the end B is suddenly reduced to 0C while that at A is maintained so. Find the temperature distribution along the rod. Solution: Under the steady state condition,
u =0 t

From the one dimensional heat equation, we get

u( x ) = ax + b ..( a )
The boundary conditions i)

u(0) = 0

ii) u( ) = K Applying boundary condition i) in ( a ) by putting x = 0

u(0) = 0 + b = 0
b=0

Applying boundary condition ii) in ( a ) by putting x =

u( ) = a + b = K
a +0= K K a= Sub. a and b values are in ( a ), we get. u( x ) = Kx

(Now this can be taken as f(x))

Now do the Pre Work: 3

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