Pest science and management

Phenotypic diversity in grain yield and nutritional traits of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
S. Singh, S. Mishra, and K. Kalpana, Division of Environmental Sciences, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India E-mail: sdsingh14d@yahoo.co.uk

Phenotypic diversity in a crop species shows the range of variation in different traits, which could be used to develop varieties with desirable characteristics. An evaluation of rice germplasm, collected from different agroclimatic regions and possessing varying desirable traits, is thus required to identify phenotypes with specific traits for subsequent use in breeding to further improve productivity and nutritional quality of promising rice cultivars. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of phenotypic variation in quantitative characters of rice germplasm for further use in crop improvement, especially for micronutrient enrichment of grain. Thirty-day-old seedlings of 25 different rice phenotypes, including highyielding semidwarf traditional tall cultivars, and landraces, were transplanted in rice fields at the Research Farm of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute during the 2006 wet season using a randomized block design with three replications. Various growth and yield parameters and yield components were determined following the sun drying of harvested plant samples (around 1215% moisture content). The dried rough rice samples were dehulled properly using a laboratory dehuller and the quality characteristics of the kernel were evaluated. Protein content was determined from % Kjeldahl nitrogen multiplied by 5.95. Sugar and starch were analyzed by the anthrone method. Macro- and micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, and copper were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry and colorimetry following standard methodologies (Yoshida et al 1976). The amylose content in dehulled grains was determined by iodine binding method following Sadasivam and Manickam (1997). The data on yield and its attributes showed significant variations in growth and yield (Table 1). Plant height varied from 70 to 190 cm. The number of panicles m2 was highest in Patharia brown and lowest in PR114. Total biomass was found to be highest in the traditional tall phenotype Bajheri and lowest in the semidwarf PR114. The number of spikelets panicle1 was highest in Zeera 32 and lowest in Patharia black. MRGC-22 showed the highest number of grains

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International Rice Research Notes (0117-4185)

Pest science and management

panicle1, whereas Patharia black and Shikhar had the lowest. Spikelet sterility was shown to be highest in Shikhar and lowest in Pusa-44 and PR114. Patharia black had the highest 1,000-grain weight and Zeera 32 the lowest. Grain yield of Patharia brown was the highest, while that of Bajheri was the lowest. Harvest index varied significantly, with Shikhar (5%) having the lowest and Pusa Basmati 1 (36%), the highest. The rice cultivars also showed marked differences in days to flowering (77130 d) and days to maturity (106156 d). The longest days to flowering and maturity were recorded in Bajheri, MRGC 22, Selection New 2, and Haryana Basmati (>100 d to flowering and >150 d to maturity), while the shortest days to flowering and maturity were noted in Kolambo. The rice cultivars showed significant differences in both organic and inorganic nutrient content in milled rice grain (Table 2). Total free sugar content was highest in MRGC 22 and lowest in Selection 66. Starch content ranged from 54% in Santoor to 68% in Vazardhan. Amylose content ranged from 25% in Selection 66 to 32% in Patharia brown. Protein content in dehulled rice grains of different rice cultivars was recorded within the 9% (Patharia brown) to 13% (Pusa Basmati 1) range. Iron content ranged from 17 ppm in Zeera 32 to 361 ppm in MRGC 22, whereas zinc content varied from 64 ppm in Dular to 30 ppm in Selection New 2. Calcium content was lowest in Basmati 1 and highest in Shikhar. Magnesium content was recorded highest in Corit 2 (793 ppm) and lowest in Patharia black (419 ppm). Manganese content was highest in Patharia black (152 ppm) and lowest in Singer and Shikhar (1621 ppm). The range in copper content was 0186 ppm, with Pusa Basmati 1 having the highest value. This immense germplasm diversity in yield and nutritional traits offers a great source of genes for several quantitative and qualitative characters, which could be exploited for further development of rice cultivars with higher physical and nutritional quality of rice grains.

References
Yoshida S, Forno DA, Cock JH, Gomez KA. 1976. Laboratory manual for physiological studies of rice. Manila (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 72 p. Sadasivam S, Manickam A. 1997. Biochemical methods. 2nd ed. New Delhi (India): New Age International Publishers. 12 p.

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International Rice Research Notes (0117-4185)

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Table 1. Yield and yield attributes of different rice genotypes.
Genotype Plant height (cm) 150 150 152 140 170 190 90 85 104 82 95 70 80 128 140 155 92 110 150 148 100 150 125 130 73 122 15 Panicles m2 (no.) 340 180 248 180 220 276 200 195 210 235 200 200 180 185 245 340 170 160 185 280 305 235 180 280 125 222 35 Spikelets panicle1 (no.) 80 67 52 79 111 110 124 84 38 55 75 88 73 92 82 69 74 84 113 146 76 90 130 59 50 88 11 Grains panicle1 (no.) 48 38 30 33 49 56 75 31 16 39 30 72 40 40 48 33 46 61 15 68 45 67 65 29 41 45 12 Spikelet sterility (%) 40 44 42 59 56 49 39 64 57 29 60 18 45 53 42 52 40 28 86 54 41 25 50 50 18 46 15 1,000seed weight (g) 21.7 30.0 26.5 22.1 18.0 15.1 13.6 19.0 31.4 20.7 16.8 18.3 22.7 20.2 23.0 23.6 27.0 25.0 14.7 10.0 24.0 18.0 17.2 19.2 20.0 20.7 6.5 Total biomass (g m2) 1400 652 660 1004 1254 1440 824 520 904 620 832 810 534 508 780 1050 580 682 1294 1400 996 700 1364 660 284 870 140 Grain yield (g m2) 320 184 184 120 216 26 246 124 188 192 104 226 134 154 272 284 204 230 66 202 230 178 266 196 92 186 32 Harvest index (%) 23 28 28 12 17 18 30 24 21 31 13 28 25 30 34 27 36 34 5 14 31 24 19 30 33 25 11 Days to flowering 100 100 97 97 106 130 128 94 90 100 110 102 110 86 100 92 97 96 117 110 97 102 126 77 98 103 14 Days to maturity 133 130 130 151 143 156 155 130 115 133 155 135 150 126 133 133 134 133 151 140 135 140 150 106 130 137 20

Patharia brown Jao Singer Santoor Hansraj Bajheri MRGC 22 Corit 2 Patharia black Selection 38 Selection 66 Pusa 44 Haryana Basmati Dular Vazardhan Danger Pusa Basmati 1 P2512 Shikhar Zeera 32 Basmati 5 Pakistan Basmati 1 Selection New 2 Kolambo PR114 Mean CD at 0.05%

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International Rice Research Notes (0117-4185)

Pest science and management

Table 2. Biochemical properties of different rice genotypes.

Genotype Patharia brown Jao Singer Santoor Hansraj Bajheri MRGC 22 Corit 2 Patharia black Selection 38 Selection 66 Pusa 44 Haryana Basmati Dular Vazardhan Danger Pusa Basmati 1 P2512 Shikhar Zeera 32 Basmati 5 Pakistan Basmati 1 Selection New 2 Kolambo PR114 Mean CD at 0.05% Protein content (%) 9 9 9 12 9 10 12 10 10 11 12 10 12 10 11 11 13 9 13 10 11 10 11 10 11 11 2.99 Sugar content (%) 4 4 3 4 5 5 6 4 3 4 2 3 5 3 4 5 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 1.4 Starch content (%) 61 61 65 54 57 62 61 59 59 58 58 64 61 64 68 56 61 59 58 63 59 61 61 59 61 60 8.6 Amylose content (%) 32 29 28 32 28 26 26 26 31 28 25 28 28 27 29 27 25 25 27 29 29 27 30 29 29 28 6.3 Micronutrient content in grain (ppm) Fe Zn Ca Mg Mn Cu 26 56 41 71 85 115 361 115 274 85 144 71 56 261 129 320 144 56 71 17 41 85 115 27 41 112 8.3 50 49 35 46 45 50 44 34 34 45 51 34 37 64 45 60 51 35 46 34 35 45 30 50 36 43 10 961 996 1059 926 760 697 962 779 962 1029 466 929 963 930 631 930 465 1030 1130 631 1063 764 963 963 831 873 123 720 555 422 622 537 593 563 793 419 600 705 570 737 547 535 513 708 603 586 657 425 533 674 725 533 595 22.9 66 97 41 16 42 31 112 31 152 71 46 56 56 31 61 26 46 31 21 117 41 41 82 66 61 58 7.3 3 0 0 0 0 54 62 0 0 0 183 0 0 83 0 0 186 0 0 11 0 0 0 4 0 23 7.9

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International Rice Research Notes (0117-4185)