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CONTENTS
1. 2. INTRODUCTION ....................................................2 A GOOD MANUSCRIPT STARTS WITH GOOD SCIENCE.....................................................3 Developing a research question ..............................3 Study design and data analysis ...............................3 Anticipating potential problems and future applications .............................................................4 Reporting guidelines ...............................................4 3. TYPES OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES.........................5 Full-length original research articles ........................5 Brief communications and technical reports ...........5 Case reports............................................................5 Review articles ........................................................5 Letters to the editor ................................................5 Research abstracts..................................................5 4. SELECTING A JOURNAL ......................................6 Journal aims and scope ..........................................6 The target audience ................................................6 Indexing and accessibility .......................................6 Impact factor and related metrics ...........................7 Time to publication..................................................7 Publication costs .....................................................7 5. WRITING YOUR ARTICLE ......................................9 Determining authorship ..........................................9 Guidelines for authors ........................................... 10 Organizing and writing your manuscript (AIMRaD) .............................................................. 10 Title and key words .......................................... 11 Abstract............................................................ 11 Introduction ...................................................... 11 Materials and methods .................................... 11 Results ............................................................. 12 Discussion........................................................ 12 References ....................................................... 13 Tables and figures ............................................ 13 Appendices and supplemental material ........... 14 Acknowledgments and disclosures ................. 14 6. WRITING (IN ENGLISH) FOR READABILITY AND COMPREHENSION .............................................. 16 Be concise and precise ......................................... 16 Choose your voice................................................. 16 Tense, grammar, and punctuation ......................... 16 Pre-review for language ........................................ 17 10. 11. 7. SUBMITTING YOUR MANUSCRIPT ...................18 First impressions count! .......................................18 Online submission ................................................18 Submitting digital images ......................................18 Cover letters and corresponding authors ..............18 8. UNDERSTANDING THE PEER REVIEW AND EDITORIAL PROCESSES .....................................20 Purpose and types of peer review ........................20 Responding to reviewer comments ......................20 Working with journal editors .................................20 Handling a negative decision ................................21 After acceptance: editing and page proofs ...........21 After publication ....................................................21 9. PUBLICATION ETHICS ........................................22 Inappropriate reproduction of original work ..........22 Plagiarism.........................................................22 Duplicate (redundant) publication.....................22 Copyright..........................................................22 Research integrity: fabrication or falsification of data and images ....................................................22 Disclosure and transparency .................................23 Ethical use of animals in research .........................23 THE FUTURE OF SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING ......24 SELECTED RESOURCES .....................................24
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1. INTRODUCTION
Writing for Publication in Veterinary Medicine is designed to help residents, graduate students, and early-career faculty in veterinary medicine gain independence and confidence in writing and publishing scientific articles. Writing and publishing, the final steps in the scientific method, take place within the global community of authors, reviewers, editors, and readers. By explaining your work to others in the public forum of a peer-reviewed international journal, your research becomes part of the scientific record and contributes to the advancement of knowledge. Despite its essential role in the research enterprise, scientific writing rarely is taught explicitly in veterinary or graduate curricula. Writing for Publication in Veterinary Medicine is intended to help fill this gap by helping you plan, organize, write, submit, and publish your work. Why publish? Your research and clinical observations are important. In addition to disseminating knowledge, scientific articles promote thought and debate, change practice, and stimulate future research. In academia, publication is essential for career advancement because it documents research quality, productivity, and accountability. Scientific articles also assign credit for the first publication of original results. If your work remains unpublished, who will know that you did it? How are writing and publishing in veterinary medicine different than in other disciplines? In many ways theyre not; however, Writing for Publication in Veterinary Medicine aims to add relevance to existing resources by using examples from clinical and diagnostic veterinary research, focusing on veterinary journals, and emphasizing terminology and professional practices pertinent to veterinary medicine. It is important to remember that English is the primary language of science. This can present a barrier for authors in many parts of the world, but writing well in English is a challenge faced by native and non-native speakers alike. We cannot over-emphasize the importance of submitting a well-written manuscript, and we offer guidance on writing in a clear and understandable style. We hope this publication will enhance your writing experience and lead to articles that reflect your experience as a writer and a veterinarian. We gratefully acknowledge the valuable role mentors and peers have played in our own writing and publishing and hope Writing for Publication in Veterinary Medicine contributes in an important way to yours.
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Planning a Study
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Reporting Guidelines
Consult reporting guidelines prior to beginning your study. This will help ensure that the planning and implementation of your study design include key elements that are essential in the reporting process. Reporting guidelines include checklists, flowcharts, and procedures developed by panels of experts to help document and validate certain types of studies. Reporting guidelines that may be relevant to veterinary research include: CONSORT for clinical trials REFLECT for clinical trials involving food animals STARD for studies of diagnostic accuracy ARRIVE for studies involving animal experimentation With the exception of REFLECT, reporting guidelines were developed for medical research, and only a few veterinary journals have formally adopted them. However, the key principles are relevant and the guidelines serve as a template and valuable reminder of what constitutes accurate, unbiased, and complete reporting.
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4. SELECTING A JOURNAL
To guide the approach, format, and style of your manuscript, select a journal before you begin to write. The large number of veterinary journals gives you plenty of options. Publishing in a variety of journals demonstrates the relevance of your work to different audiences and disciplines as well as your ability to work with different journals and editors. preparing for certifying examinations. Specialty journals might permit the use of discipline-specific terminology or provide reporting guidelines to set the standard for their discipline. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, for example, has guidelines on how to report studies on determining reference intervals and on laboratory method comparisons. For some manuscripts, a journal published in a specific geographic region or in a language other than English will reach the audience most in need of the information. For example, a study on the prevalence of a parasitic disease in cats in So Paolo would be highly relevant to Brazilian veterinarians and more accessible to them in a journal such as Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinria (Brazilian Journal of Parasitology), which publishes in both Portuguese and English. Keep in mind that the readership or audience of a journal consists largely of its subscribers or those who receive it as part of their membership in an organization; they might browse the table of contents and read your article even when it is not directly related to their area of interest. The readership or audience of an individual article includes scientists and health professionals working in the same research area; they typically find your article by key word database searches.
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Open access journals or individual articles are available free online to all readers and are a strong trend in the publishing industry. No-fee open access journals are usually subsidized by an institution or government agency; some raise revenue from advertising or society membership. Fee-based open access (often called the golden road) requires payment from the author for publication; payment could be through an employer or through a research grant. Green road open access is based on self-archiving in a university or disciplinespecific repository or in an archive such as PubMed Central. The latter is an initiative of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) that requires archiving of all NIH-funded studies, regardless of the journal in which they are published. Many subscription-based journals provide open access to articles after a specified embargo period (usually one year). Like subscription-based journals, open access publications vary in quality; authors should carefully consider their benefits and drawbacks before targeting them. Many publishers provide free or reduced rate journal subscriptions to developing countries through participation in the HINARI, INASP and AGORA projects. ,
The SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is an emerging competitor to the ISI impact factor. It, too, measures citations per article, but it uses the SCOPUS database (published by Elsevier), not the ISI database. Keep in mind metrics can measure the overall influence of a journal but they do not necessarily correlate with the quality of the journal, individual articles, or authors. We encourage you to consider these statistics as only one factor among many when deciding where to publish a manuscript.
Time to Publication
With electronic communication and online publishing, the time from submission to publication has decreased for most journals. Some journals publish the date a manuscript was received and accepted, which gives you an idea of the peer-review time frame. Online publication preceding print publication significantly reduces the time from acceptance to publication. Although not a feature of most veterinary journals, accelerated review and rapid publication are offered by journals in highly competitive fields.
Publication Costs
Publishing a peer-reviewed, edited, formatted article in print and online is an expensive process. Some veterinary journals recoup this cost by charging a handling fee when a manuscript is submitted; others have page charges or charges for color plates. Some journals offer the option of publishing color only online, without cost. Journals such as the Journal of Wildlife Diseases offer members in their society lower or no publication costs. For open access journals, authors are sometimes responsible for supporting the cost of publication through submission and publication fees that can be substantial, but may be waived for authors in low-income countries.
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Table 1. Factors to consider in selecting a journal Is the topic of your manuscript within the scope of the journal? Who is your target audience? General practitioners? Clinical specialists? Researchers? Will your article be accessible to a broad audience? Is the journal indexed? Where? Is the journal published online? Does your target audience read English? Does your article appeal to a broad geographic audience? Is the journal well respected in its field? Who are the editorial board members? Who else publishes in the journal? Does the journal publish high-quality images, tables, and text? What are the journals metrics? Does it have an impact factor? Where does it rank among similar journals? What is the time from submission to acceptance? Are there publication costs involved? What publication services does the journal offer?
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Determining Authorship
It is best to determine authorship and author order at the time the study is planned and before it is conducted. To account for changes in contributions, author order should be revisited both before and after the manuscript is written. All authors have a role in drafting and editing the manuscript and must indicate their approval and accept responsibility for the final version submitted for publication. Make sure co-authors agree with the main focus of the manuscript and the selected target journal. Ensure author names are spelled accurately, and use middle initials to facilitate database searches. Include
Writing a Manuscript
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author is often, but not always, the mentor of the first author. Some journals recommend that authors be listed in order of decreasing contribution to the study and the writing; others require a description of the contribution of each author upon submission of the manuscript. Some medical journals publish these contributorships together with the article and also identify one or more authors as guarantors of the integrity of the work described in the article. This practice is not widespread in veterinary journals, but it can be expected in the future as editors work to promote accountability and ethical authorship practices. Contributions that do not warrant authorship can be recognized in the acknowledgments section of a manuscript. An acknowledgment is appropriate, for example, for a veterinarian who referred a case (without contributing substantively to the report or study) or for purely technical support, support from a department chair, or assistance in writing the manuscript.
Abstract Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Although review articles and case reports use different formats, most articles have the same beginning elements (title, authors, and key words) and end with acknowledgments, disclosures, references, tables, figure captions, and figures. Begin by preparing an outline of the manuscript using the AIMRaD headers. Some writers find it helpful to simply write the way they speak or would tell a story, revising the wording later. Although you dont need to write your entire article in the order in which it will finally appear, writing the abstract first provides scaffolding for the main points of your study. As outlined by AIMRaD, the Methods are factual reporting and therefore are usually easiest to write next. Follow with the Results and then the Introduction, ending with the Discussion, which is best written after completing the other sections. Include references as you write, using temporary notations or an automated reference manager. Once you complete the draft, give it to a faculty advisor or experienced colleague for review and feedback. Use subsequent revisions to incorporate their suggestions and to polish the draft. Ensure that: information is complete facts and figures are accurate references are correct terminology is consistent the parts of the manuscript form a coherent whole Send the revised manuscript to your co-authors for review and give them a deadline to respond (and a reasonable extension if needed); timely cooperation is an essential part of authorship. Manuscripts usually undergo multiple revisions! Before finalizing your manuscript, proofread it carefully and make all necessary corrections to spelling, grammar, punctuation, and format, checking again the guidelines for authors. Send the final version to all of your co-authors when you submit the manuscript for publication.
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discussed). Abstracts for case reports should begin with salient information about the animal(s), methods used in the investigation, the findings, and the novel information gained. Abstracts should primarily reflect the new work and findings in the article; therefore, the results are the most important part, followed by methods. Dont summarize the literature or cite references; rather, use the background and conclusions to frame the findings in a broader context. Be sure to revise your abstract as you revise your paper to ensure the data and text are consistent.
Introduction
The introduction should be succinct (approximately two paragraphs), conveying to the reader why the subject is important and briefly describing what information is known. Do not provide a comprehensive review of the literature, but do state clearly the rationale for your study along with your hypothesis or research question and specific objectives. For example, if your study is on treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats, the background briefly conveys the importance of this disease and its detrimental effects on cats, the problems associated with current treatment options, and the rationale for evaluating a new one. Your hypothesis is that the new treatment will be as effective as the old one and will prevent the complications. Your objectives might be to compare the effectiveness of the new treatment with current medications in a cohort of hyperthyroid cats, using serum T4 concentration as an indicator of effectiveness, and platelet counts as an indicator of treatment-associated thrombocytopenia. After stating the objectives, add a sentence summarizing how this particular approach will help fill the gaps in information previously stated. Do not summarize the study findings here.
Abstract
The abstract is the most accessible, functional, and widely read part of an article. Therefore, a well-written abstract is critical for accurately conveying the most important aspects of your research; it should stand alone and provide context as well as results. Abstracts are typically 250-350 words in length, with strict word limits enforced by the journal editor. Structured abstracts use headers, such as Background, Objectives/ Hypothesis, Methods, Results, and Conclusions or Clinical Importance, to subdivide the content and mirror the major sections of the manuscript; unstructured abstracts are usually a single paragraph. Even if not required by your target journal, structure gives shape to an abstract and helps ensure you remember to include all the necessary and important information. By organizing information in a recognizable pattern, a structured abstract also helps readers and reviewers understand your work. At a minimum, abstracts should include one or two sentences of background that set the context and rationale for the study; the purpose or objectives of the study; a brief description of methods; a summary of the main results, including data and probabilities (specific statistical tests need not be listed); and one or two sentences that summarize the main conclusions and implications (never simply state, This will be
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whether reporting guidelines have been followed; consider using a flow chart to define your steps. Specify where and when the study was conducted. It is insufficient to simply cite another study to rationalize study design, as not all published studies are properly designed; rather, the design should be based on the hypothesis and objectives of your study. Describe your sample population and patient selection. When using client-owned animals, state the method and site of animal accrual or sample selection and provide inclusion and exclusion criteria; clearly define groups. If pertinent, describe explicitly how selection was randomized. State the time period (month/year to month/year) in which the study was conducted. Be sure to include all factors pertinent to the study, such as breed, age, sex, and body weight. If healthy animals were used as a control population, describe clearly how health status was determined. If wildlife populations are used, indicate their location, the methods of capture and restraint, and the necessary permits and agency approvals that were obtained. Specify clearly the ways in which animals were used and housed and the institutional, national, or international guidelines that were followed to ensure humane and ethical animal care. Provide all details of sample collection, handling, and analysis. For example: Studies involving blood sampling should describe the timing, fasting status, venipuncture site, volume collected, tube used, storage (duration and temperature), and methods and units of analysis. Imaging studies should provide details about image acquisition, orientation, and sequence. Therapeutic studies should provide drug dosages, frequency, and route(s) of administration. Studies using scoring systems or subjective measures should clearly define the system and indicate who performed the scoring, their qualifications (if relevant), and whether they were blinded to other information in the study. Dont describe standard or unmodified methods in detail; cite references instead. Provide the brand, manufacturer, and source of all instruments, products, medications, and reagents according to journal style. Describe in detail methods of statistical analysis as well as the software programs used to analyze the data (citing references as needed); statistical terms and variables
should be defined. If pertinent, describe how data were tested for normality, what tests were applied, and how statistical significance (the alpha value) was defined. Include appropriate indicators of variance and uncertainty, including confidence intervals.
Results
The Results include a brief description in the text of the major findings, and the clear and concise presentation of data in tables and figures. Organize the sections of the results logically and in parallel with the methods. For quantitative data, report only the number of digits provided by the measuring device as an indicator of its precision (an additional digit can be added to the SD or SEM). For example, hematocrit is measured to one decimal place, whereas ALT activity is measured to the nearest whole number. Do not report data solely as percentages; be sure the numbers from which the percentages were derived are included. Use of conventional or SI units should follow author guidelines. Statistical significance should be reported using the actual P value for individual comparisons (or < for multiple comparisons). P values need not be reported for post-hoc tests (following ANOVA, for instance), but you should indicate which groups differ. Where multiple statistical tests are used, it is useful to refer to the statistical test used following the P value. Tables and figures (see below) group data visually and help emphasize important features of the data. Dont repeat the data in the text or directly refer to a figure or table. For example, instead of stating. Figure 1 shows the articular fracture state The , articular fracture was characterized by a crescent-shaped lucency (Figure 1) Make sure all tables and figures are . cited in the proper order.
Discussion
In this final section you discuss your results in the context of the study objectives and the literature, and draw conclusions or generalize your results to other populations. Most studies are not perfect; they encounter obstacles, either anticipated or unforeseen. To the extent your data are still valid and important, public recognition of the limitations helps the reader understand the usefulness of your study. In comparing your work with other studies, include citations only to relevant literature; dont cite every paper on the topic. Avoid speculation and dont simply restate your results or information already
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presented in the introduction. Focus on the strengths and limitations of your study and comment on any unusual or unexpected findings. Suggest directions for future research based on the outcomes of your study. The discussion section is often the most difficult to write, in part because the format and content are highly studydependent. The first paragraph should encapsulate the most important and new findings of the study or case and should indicate whether your hypothesis was correct and your objectives were achieved. The last paragraph should state the main conclusions and implications drawn from your findings. The paragraphs in the middle can parallel the order of the results or lead from the most to the least important finding in the study, using a new paragraph for each discussion point. Always begin paragraphs with the most important sentence and follow with supporting sentences.
browsing your article will focus on the tables and figures to extract key information about your article. Therefore, tables and figures should be self-explanatory and stand on their own without reference to the text. A table should convey only one or two main points and its title should contain sufficient information to describe the content. Footnotes (according to the journals style) can be used to define abbreviations and provide information about data, groups, and statistical analysis. Verify significant digits and ensure percentages add up to 100%. Always include measures of variance, such as SD and confidence intervals. In laying out your tables, keep horizontal lines to a minimum and avoid vertical lines. Plots and graphs also should include appropriate measures of variance, e.g., error bars, as well as appropriate scales to avoid distorting the data. Unless color is essential, the figure should be black on a white background. For accurate readability, label axes using a sans-serif font, such as Helvetica or Arial. Simple and uncluttered figures convey your message more effectively than do complex ones. Make sure details of all images are large and clear enough to be visible when the figure is reduced to one-column width. Images should be representative and include an internal scale marker. Histologic sections should be oriented properly (e.g., skin biopsies should have the epidermis at the top); images of parasites should appear on a white background. Be certain the magnification is adequate to portray the features of interest. Add arrows or other indicators to facilitate understanding. Sharp focus and clear labels are essential; label multi-part figures clearly (e.g., A, B, ) and ensure that each part is described in the caption. Crop images to omit extraneous space and emphasize key points, but dont alter or crop them in ways that would convey false information. List the figure captions together on a separate page at the end of your text document. Begin each caption with a title stating what the graph, plot, or image conveys, e.g., Bland-Altman plot of RBC counts obtained from two hematology analyzers or Helical computed tomography images of T11 from the mid-vertebral body followed , by a brief description of the findings in the figure. Abbreviations or symbols used in the figure should be defined and pertinent statistical information provided. For microscopic images, indicate the tissue, type of preparation (e.g., imprint), species (if not obvious from the article), a brief description of what the image shows,
References
To provide an evidence-based context for your work, references should be relevant, accurate, and focused on the primary literature. Be sure to use the journals reference style for citing references in the text and for the bibliography itself. For articles published in another language, include the original title but follow it with a bracketed English translation of the title. You are responsible for the accuracy of all references, both the citation details and the information being attributed to that citation. Dont propagate citation errors found in other papers (there are many) and dont cite a reference based only on the abstract or because it was referenced in another paper. Minimize citation of nonpeer-reviewed sources such as book chapters, review articles, and proceedings; they can include unverified or anecdotal information. Cite only the most recent edition of textbooks and avoid citing abstracts except for very recent studies, as they contain limited information and only preliminary results. If you obtained critical information through a personal communication, identify the individual by name and affiliation and obtain his or her permission to be cited.
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and the stain, including the chromagen for immunostains. In the absence of a scale marker, specify the final magnification or the objective lens for photomicrographs.
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Table 2. Manuscript organization pitfalls and how to avoid them Problem The specific aims are not addressed in the methods or results. Methods and results are provided that do not match the specific aims of the study. Methods and results dont match. Results are described in methods. Solution All specific aims indicated in the introduction should lead to a description of the methods and the results for that aim. All methods and results should be linked to one or more of the specific aims of the study. For every method there should be a result and for every result there should be a method; they should be in complete agreement. Whenever a method is described, the outcomes should be considered as results. Example: When a method for the selection of cases is described, the number of cases included in the study is a result. Example: When an assay is being developed as part of a study, the methods used to evaluate the assay are included in the methods section, whereas the results of the evaluation are included in the results section. Dont repeat methods or introduce new methods in the results. Dont repeat specific data in the text if they are already present in a figure or table. Instead, summarize the data in the text and refer to the figure or table. Report data dispassionately. Avoid using terms like only nearly excellent, , , or poor. Simply report the findings and leave the interpretation for your discussion. Dont repeat your reasons for doing the study in the discussion; youve already described these in the introduction. Focus on the results and what they mean. Avoid repeating statements of results in the discussion; rather, think ahead to what you want to say about particular results were they unanticipated? confirmatory? limited by sample size or analytical methodology? In general, dont cite tables or figures in the discussion. Do not introduce new data in the discussion. A new table or figure should be included in the discussion only when it involves the literature being discussed, such as a table summarizing published findings in relation to the findings in your study.
Methods are included in the results. The same results are presented both in the text and in figures or tables. Interpretations are made in the results. Introductory material is repeated in the discussion. Results are repeated in the discussion.
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Common grammatical errors: Match singular and plural subjects with singular and plural verbs, respectively. (Note: data takes a plural verb, as in data are) Avoid using nouns as adjectives, e.g., use feline diseases rather than cat diseases. Use which and that correctly: that defines the noun before it and is almost always the correct word. Use to and with appropriately for comparisons to asserts a similarity, as in tumor x compares to tumor y in its metastatic potential whereas , with asserts both similarities and differences, as in response to treatment x was compared with response to treatment y and is the most common , usage in scientific articles. Common errors in terminology: Use animals or animal patient, not patient. Use clinical signs, not symptoms. (Symptoms are sensations felt and reported by human patients.) Use subclinical, not asymptomatic.
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Online Submission
Most journals have online, or at least e-mail, submission processes and no longer require a paper copy. The online submission process can sometimes take more time than you expect perhaps one to two hours. It requires setting up log-in and password access, entering data into defined fields, and uploading electronic files. Prepare for this by having everything ready, including the institutional affiliations and email addresses of your co-authors, all manuscript files in the required formats, and a good Internet connection. Online submissions can be saved while in progress, but by completing the submission in one or two sessions you can avoid having to relearn the process. When emailing a submission, know the size limit for files and ask for verification of receipt. The guidelines for authors will indicate the types of acceptable files. For text and table files, Microsoft Word is often used, but some journals accept rich text format (RTF) or other types of text formats. In most online
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Table 4. A checklist for submission of your manuscript.* Documents and other information: Cover letter with a brief description of the work and its impact Signed copyright transfer agreement (some journals collect the form after acceptance) Completed conflict of interest form All author names, affiliations, and contact information, including email addresses Name of contact author Names and contact information of preferred or non-preferred reviewers (optional) Verifications: Author contributions warrant authorship. All authors have approved the manuscript. The manuscript has not been submitted for consideration by another journal. Previous publication of the work in abstract or other form is disclosed (some journals require copies). All conflicts of interest have been disclosed for all authors. Pertinent ethical guidelines have been followed. Manuscript: Manuscript is double-spaced, has continuous line numbers, and is in correct file format. Article type matches one of the article types for the journal. Title is descriptive and succinct; a short running title is provided. Author order is correct; author names and affiliations are complete and correct. Corresponding author is identified on the title page of the manuscript and contact information is provided. Key words are listed and do not duplicate words in the title. Abstract is complete and succinct, of appropriate length, and formatted (structured or unstructured) correctly. Format of text (headers, length) is correct for article type. A statement of compliance with guidelines for use of animals is included in the Methods section (if applicable). Text has been carefully proofread for spelling and grammatical errors. Text has been carefully proofread by a native English-speaker (if applicable). In-text citations of references are correctly formatted, e.g., superscripted numbers, author names in parentheses, etc. Acknowledgments section provides name(s) and affiliation(s) of individuals and all sources of support. References in bibliography are correctly cited and formatted. Tables are correctly formatted and stand alone without reference to the text. Figure captions are complete and stand alone. Figure files are in correct format, e.g., TIFF and of appropriate resolution. , Supplementary materials: Supplementary material for review purposes only (optional) Supplementary material for online publication (optional) *Formats for submission vary, so follow the guidelines for your target journal exactly. You should designate a contact author and a corresponding author (often the same person). A contact author handles all communication about the manuscript as it moves through the peer-review, revision, and production processes, including the copyright transfer and disclosure forms. The corresponding author has overall responsibility for the manuscript and is indicated on the title page and in the published article. Contact information is published for the corresponding author so readers can request reprints or ask questions about the article after publication.
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The peer-review process works best when it is prompt, constructive, and focused on the major aspects of the study and manuscript. Peer review in veterinary medicine almost always relies on volunteer experts in the field who expend considerable time and effort reviewing a manuscript. If you indicated preferred and non-preferred reviewers when you submitted your paper, editors will consider those suggestions along with other options to achieve an objective and balanced review. Depending on the complexity of the subject, the need for statistical review, and the similarity or disparateness of initial reviews, two to four peer reviewers will usually evaluate a manuscript. Reviewers are advisory to the editor, who makes the final decision. Editors will often qualify concerns raised by reviewers and add points that were missed. Thus, peer
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responsibility for all final decisions. Therefore, when deciding whether and when to publish your manuscript, the editor will consider not only recommendations from reviewers and subeditors, but also the relevance of your article, its timeliness, its educational value, the balance of themes and types of articles, competing viewpoints, and emerging topics that define the journal.
is usually the point at which various forms are due (e.g., copyright transfer forms) and your manuscript is edited for publication. Editing can be technical or substantive, involving the need for additional revisions in wording and terminology, figures and tables, organization, and references. These means more work for you, but take heart: these additional efforts will result in a more readable and higher quality manuscript. Once you submit the necessary forms and complete your final revisions, your manuscript enters the production process. Some journals publish unformatted or preliminary versions of an accepted manuscript immediately after acceptance, but most veterinary journals first send the manuscript to the publisher for copyediting and layout. Copyediting can result in additional (usually minor) changes and corrections. Once the article has been formatted, the corresponding author and the editor will receive page proofs (usually in PDF format) that show how the final manuscript will appear in print. Be sure to read the instructions that accompany the proofs. This is your final opportunity to correct mistakes, including potential errors introduced during copyediting, but its not the time to introduce new data, text, tables, or figures. If you need more time to correct the proofs, contact the editor or publisher immediately. Paper reprints usually must be ordered at this time. Once you and the editor have approved the proofs, your article is ready for publication. The online publication of your article, which often occurs ahead of print publication, is considered the official version of record (it is assigned a DOI [digital object identifier], is indexed, and can be cited by others). Journals that are published solely online usually publish articles in the order they are finalized; for journals with a print version, editors may compile articles in the order in which they were submitted or might choose to group them in an issue with related or complementary articles.
After Publication
Your articles journey does not end with publication. Many post-publication options are available that promote and track your article and its citation by others, provide free access to you and your co-authors, and permit you to provide free access to a limited number of colleagues. You can post it in an institutional repository or link it to your faculty webpage. The publisher might include your article in a future themed virtual issue and will be able to track how often your paper is downloaded and by whom.
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9. PUBLICATION ETHICS
The scientific enterprise, including writing and publication, is built on a system of trust among readers, authors, editors, reviewers, and publishers. Ethical principles and editorial policies help establish and uphold this trust. In veterinary journals, ethical issues fall into four major categories: inappropriate reproduction of original work research integrity disclosure and transparency animal use Although ethical policies and practices vary among countries and institutions, most veterinary journals adhere to strict international standards. The ICMJE provides guidelines for ethical considerations in the conduct and reporting of research. has not been published elsewhere. What constitutes permissible previous publication differs among journals; editors may request a copy of the previously published work, such as a proceedings paper, and consider its distribution, the amount of overlap, and the nature of the differences. Re-publication of an article in a different language might be acceptable if the source and citation of the original article are clearly noted. Some veterinary journals strictly limit previous publication to a 250-350 word abstract. Thus, before publishing your work in any form, whether in print or online, be sure to first check the guidelines for your target journal to ensure you dont preclude consideration of your manuscript. Reviewers and editors often recognize duplicate publication during the review process, and the same software used to detect plagiarism can detect dual publication. If an article is found to be duplicative after publication, a formal process exists for retracting the redundant article and correcting the literature. Copyright is the right to copy and distribute a published article. Copyright originates with the creator of the work you, the author. When your manuscript is accepted for publication, the publisher of the journal typically requires that you to sign a form to transfer copyright to the publisher or to the society that owns the journal. Copyright gives the holder the right to manage the use, reproduction, and distribution of an article; those who wish to do so must request permission and ensure the work is attributed to the copyright holder. Fair use of an article, such as placing it in an institutional repository, sending reprints to colleagues, and including the article in personal teaching materials, is acceptable without permission. Some journals permit the copyright to remain with the authors.
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The routine use of digital images and the potential to change or manipulate them using photo-processing software has led to stricter guidelines about what is acceptable. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Research Integrity (ORI), images can be manipulated only when the entire image is affected, altering the overall size or color balance, for example. However, details within the image, such as a cell, structure, or band within a gel, should not be modified separately, as this is creational information consistent with the manufacture of data. If you have any questions as to what changes are acceptable, consult the ORI website or the editor.
Disclosure and transparency guidelines also apply to reviewers and editors. Reviewers are expected to disclose potential conflicts of interest before agreeing to review a manuscript, and editors must recuse themselves from decisions involving articles in which they have had a role or where there is a potential for bias. Editorial decisions about manuscripts must be independent of political or financial interference from publishers, executive boards, and advertisers.
2011 Wiley-Blackwell
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Websites
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. http://www.icmje.org. Accessed January 22, 2011. International Association of Veterinary Editors. http://www.veteditors.org. Accessed January 22, 2011. Author Aid. Supporting developing country researchers in publishing their work. http://www.authoraid.info/. Accessed April 6, 2011. COPE: Committee on Publication Ethics. http://publicationethics.org/. Accessed June 8, 2011. Equator Network. The resource centre for good reporting of health research studies. http://www.equator-network. org/. Accessed April 6, 2011. Office of Research Integrity. Guidelines for best practices in image processing. http://ori.hhs.gov/education/ products/RIandImages/guidelines/list.html. Accessed April 6, 2011. Texas A&M University Writing Center. Reading aloud. Available at: http://writingcenter.tamu.edu/teachingwriting/instruction/reading-aloud. Accessed January 22, 2011.
Reporting Guidelines
CONSORT: Transparent Reporting of Trials. http://www. consort-statement.org/. Accessed May 13, 2011. REFLECT (Reporting Guidelines for Randomized Controlled Trials for Livestock and Food Safety). http:// www.reflect-statement.org. Accessed January 22, 2011. Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, et al. Toward complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: The STARD initiative. Clin Chem. 2003;49:1-6.
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Embryologia
World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Association Mondiale des Anatomistes Vtrinaires Weltvereinigung der Veterinranatomen Asociacin Mundial de Anatomistas Veterinarios Edited by:
Anatomia Histologia
Fred sinowatz robert Henry Paul simoens
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VOLUME 51 (6), JUNE 2010
You poured every ounce of your knowledge into his treatment. Now you can pour just as much into his recovery.
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ISSN 1748-5827
JOURNAL OF SMALL ANIMAL PRACTICE The Official Jour nal of the BSAVA and WSAVA
June 2008 VolumeThe effects(3) intensive exercise on plasma free amino acids in standardbred trotters 125 of short 145216
174-180 B. D. Lambert; C. M. Dobson; N. M. Cherry; M. G. Sanderford Chemical form of dietary L-Carnitine affects plasma but not tissue Carnitine concentrations in male SpragueDawley rats 181-191 N.T. Len;T.T.T. Hong; B. Ogle; J. E. Lindberg Comparison of total tract digestibility,development of visceral organs and digestive tract of Mong cai and Yorkshire x Landrace piglets fed diets with different fibre sources liwa; P. Dobrowolski; M. R.Tatara;T. Piersiak; A. Siwicki; E. Rokita; S. G. Pierzynowski E. S Alpha-ketoglutarate protects the liver of piglets exposed during prenatal life to chronic excess of dexamethasone from metabolic and structural changes
165-173
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Subject Editors Georg Erhardt, Gieen S.Van Weyenberg; J. Buyse; G. P. J. Janssens Ignacy Misztal, Athens Increased plasma leptin through L-carnitine supplementation is associated with an enhanced glucose tolerance in healthy ponies Lawrence R. Schaeffer, Guelph J. Hummel; K.-H. Sdekum; D. Bayer; S. Ortmann;W. J. Streich; J.-M. Hatt; M. Clauss Physical characteristics of reticuloruminal contentsHenner Simianer, Gttingen of oxen in relation to forage type and time after feeding H. Grabherr; M. Spolders; M. Frll; G. Flachowsky Julius van der Werf, Armidale
Effect of several doses of zeolite A on feed intake,energy metabolism and on mineral metabolism in dairy cows around calving N. M. Soren;V. R. B. Sastry; S. K. Saha; U. D.Wankhade; M. H. Lade; A. Kumar Performance of growing lambs fed processed karanj (Pongamia glabra) oil seed cake as partial protein supplement to soybean meal C. J.Wang; B. M.Tas;T. Glindemann; K. Mueller; A. Schiborra; P. Schoenbach; M. Gierus; F.Taube; A. Susenbeth Rotational and continuous grazing of sheep in the Inner Mongolian steppe of China T. Mushtaq; M. Sarwar; G. Ahmad; M. A. Mirza;T. Ahmad; M. Athar; M. M. H. Mushtaq; U. Noreen Influence of pre-press solvent-extracted cottonseed meal supplemented with exogenous enzyme and digestible lysine on performance,digestibility,carcass and immunity responses of broiler chickens H. Fetoui; M. Garoui; N. Zeghal Protein restriction in pregnant- and lactating rats-induced oxidative stress and hypohomocysteinaemia in their offspring C. L. Fan; X.Y. Han; Z. R. Xu; L. J.Wang; L. R. Shi Effects of -glucanase and xylanase supplementation on gastrointestinal digestive enzyme activities of weaned piglets fed a barley-based diet
JOURNAL OF
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Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics June 2008 Volume 125 (3) 145216
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Multiple oral dosing of valacyclovir in horses and ponies: B. Garr, K. Baert, H. Nauwynck, P. Deprez, P. De Backer & S. Croubels Pharmacokinetics of cimetidine in dogs after oral administration of cimetidine tablets: G. Le Traon, S. Burgaud & L. J. I. Horspool Pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of orbifloxacin in Korean Hanwoo cattle: G. Elias, J.-S. Lee, M.-H. Hwang, Y.-S. Park, K.-H. Cho, Y.-H. Kim & S.-C. Park Dispositions and residue depletion of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in muscle tissue of giant freshwater prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii ): A. Poapolathep, U. Jermnak, A. Chareonsan, C. Sakulthaew, N. Klangkaew, T. Sukasem & S. Kumagai Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after single dose intravenous and oral administration to alpacas: H. M. Chan, S. H. Duran, P. H. Walz & W. R. Ravis Influence of administration route on the biotransformation of amoxicillin in the pig: T. Reyns, S. De Boever, S. Schauvliege, F. Gasthuys, G. Meissonnier, I. Oswald, P. De Backer & S. Croubels 271
Characterization of bradykinin-induced endothelium-independent contraction in equine basilar artery: D. Ueno, A. Yabuki, T. Obi, M. Shiraishi, A. Nishio & A. Miyamoto Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses in Kentucky: L. Dirikolu, W. E. Woods, J. Boyles J, A. F. Lehner, J. D. Harkins, M. Fisher, D. J. Schaeffer & T. Tobin Detection, quantifications and pharmacokinetics of toltrazuril sulfone (Ponazuril) in cattle: L. Dirikolu, R. Yohn, E. F. Garrett, T. Chakkath & D. C. Ferguson Kinetics and residues after intraperitoneal procaine penicillin G administration in lactating dairy cows: A. L. Chicoine, J. O. Boison, S. Parker, C. Clark & P. M. Dowling
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SHORT COMMUNICATIONS
296 300 Pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in male camels (Camelus dromedarius): A. Goudah Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of lidocaine in cattle after intranasal administration during rhinotracheobronchoscopy: A. M. Dadak, S. Franz, W. Jger, A. Tichy, W. Baumgartner & M. Mosing
Canine Hepatitis
Tissue Doppler in Maine Coon Cats 249 Bioavailability of veterinary drugs in vivo and in silico:
T. Grabowski & J. J. Jaroszewski
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Animal safety report on intravaginal progesterone controlled internal drug releasing devices in sheep and goats: J. D. Rowe, L. A. Tell & D. C. Wagner Pharmacokinetic behaviour of perphenazine in sheep after intramuscular administration of a long-acting formulation: C. Pedernera-Romano, J. L. Ruiz-De-La-Torre, G. Castells, X. Manteca & C. Cristfol
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Cryopreservation of 258 Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim Canine Platelets Bone Pain Calprotectin in Equine Laminitis Streptococcus zooepidemicus in Alpacas
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REBOUND Liquid Diet has been reformulated to provide dogs and cats with the critical ingredients needed to promote quick recovery. The new formula meets AAFCO standards, and features complete, balanced nutrition, plus prebiotics to promote healthy intestinal microora. Its a highly palatable, versatile and ready-to-serve choice you can use in the clinic or send it home for cases like:
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The Official Journal of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine, the European College of Veterinary Internal This Journal is available online at Wiley InterScience. VisitMedicine, the European College the interscience.wiley.com/journal/jvp to search of Veterinary for table of contents the alerts. articles and register Neurology, ande-mailEuropean College of Equine Internal Medicine
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Transboundary and
Emerging Diseases
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Contents Volume 36 Number Veterinary and 4 July 2009 ISSN: 1467-2987 Review Article interscience.wiley.com/journal/vaa Comparative 163 PET/CT today and tomorrow in veterinary cancer diagnosis and monitoring: fundamentals, early results and future perspectives Oncology J. Lawrence, E. Rohren and J. Provenzale
Volume 8 Number 3 September 2010
Editors David Argyle David Vail
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ORIGINAL ARTICLES
157 Knowles, N. J., Nazem Shirazi, M. H., Wadsworth, J., Swabey, K. G., Stirling, J. M., Statham, R. J., Li, Y., Hutchings, G. H., Ferris, N. P., Parlak, ., zyrk, F., Sumption, K. J., King, D. P. & Paton, D. J.
Recent Spread of a New Strain (A-Iran-05) of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type A in the Middle East
170 Vanbinst, T., Vandenbussche, F., Vandemeulebroucke, E., De Leeuw, I., Deblauwe, I., De Deken, G., Madder, M., Haubruge, E., Losson, B. & De Clercq, K.
Transboundary and
Publication Date: June 2008 Price: UK: 69.99 US: $139.99
Bluetongue Virus Detection by Real-Time RT-PCR in Culicoides Captured During the 2006 Epizootic in Belgium and Development of an Internal Control
178 Lubisi, B. A., Dwarka, R. M., Meenowa, D. & Jaumally, R.
Emerging Diseases
Coverage includes: Contents
Basic skills including physical examination, blood collection, and bandaging
The must-have resource drawing together all aspects of hospital care of the horse and specialist techniques in equine medicine. Written by a team of over 30 international experts working at the cutting edge of equine medicine and surgery. The emphasis is on practical, easy-to-access information, with a sound basis in evidence based medicine and full references for further enquiry. The Equine Hospital Manual covers the range of procedures used on hospitalized adult horses and foals from the simple to the advanced. The book is liberally illustrated with photographs and line drawings.
Doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide for the treatment of canine lymphoma: a randomized, placebo-controlled study J. C. Lori, T. J. Stein and D. H. Thamm Outcome and toxicity associated with a dose-intensified, maintenance-free CHOP-based chemotherapy protocol in canine lymphoma: 130 cases K. Sorenmo, B. Overley, E. Krick, T. Ferrara, A. LaBlanc and F. Shofer
Japanese Veterinary Cancer Society European Society of Veterinary Oncology British Veterinary Oncology Study Group Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology
Volume 36 Number 4 July 2009
An Investigation into the First Outbreak of African Swine Fever in the Republic of Mauritius
189 Lee, S.-H., Jong, M.-H., Huang, T.-S., Lin, Y.-L., Wong, M.-L., Liu, C.-I. & Chang, T.-J.
E D I T O R - I N - C H I E F : PA U L K I T C H I N G
Pathology and Viral Distributions of the Porcinophilic Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus Strain (O/Taiwan/97) in Experimentally Infected Pigs
Advanced skills including mechanical ventilation, lung biopsy and cardiac output measurement Designing and setting up an equine hospital Biosecurity Therapeutic drugs used in horses and their doses Nutrition for hospital patients, including TPN and PPN Fluid therapy choices, amounts and pitfalls Anaesthesia equipment, techniques and post-operative care including analgesia Reflecting the substantial trend in recent years to treat horses in a hospital rather than in the field, this book provides all you need to know whether you have facilities to treat one or one hundred horses.
1. Procedures In the Adult Horse 2. Procedures in the Neonatal Foal 3. Hospital Design and Organisation 4. Anaesthesia 5. Nutritional Management of the Hospitalised Horse 6. Common Treatments 7. Common Problems Encountered in the Hospitalised Horse 8. Monitoring and Treating the Coagulation System 9. Monitoring and Treating the Cardiovascular System 10. Monitoring and Treating the Respiratory System 11. Monitoring and Treating the Gastrointestinal System 12. Monitoring and Treating the Liver 13. Monitoring and Treating the Urogenital System 14. Monitoring and Treating the Neurological System 15. Monitoring and Treating Common Musculoskeletal Problems in Hospitalised Horses 16. Management of Horses with Problems of the Integument 17. Monitoring and Treatment of Eyes 18. Physiotherapy
The official journal of 221 Efficacy of doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for non-resectable canine the Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists subcutaneous haemangiosarcoma the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists J. L. Wiley, K. A. Rook, C. A. Clifford, T. P. Gregor and K. U. Sorenmo the European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia Letter to the Editor the International of Pain Management Indexed/abstracted by: CAB Veterinary Academy to the editor and rebuttal regarding the paper recently published in 234 Letters the Veterinary Abstracts and CAB Health, Technician Anaesthesia Society Veterinary and Comparative Oncology, `Feline intestinal sclerosing mast and the Academy of Veterinary Technician Anaesthetists 2010; 8: 7279 by C. H. C. Halsey, Chemical Abstracts Service cell tumour: 50 cases (19972008)
B. E. Powers and D. A. Kamstock F. Y. Schulman, T. P. Lipscomb, D. A. Gamble, D. Kamstock, C. Halsey and B. Powers
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) enhances mast cell tumour chemotherapy and receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity in vitro and has single-agent activity against spontaneously occurring canine mast cell tumours E. K. Malone, K. M. Rassnick, J. J. Wakshlag, D. S. Russell, R. Al-Sarraf, D. M. Ruslander, C. S. Johnson and D. L. Trump
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Volume 21 Number 1 February 2010 The Official Journal of the: European Society of Veterinary Dermatology American College of Veterinary Dermatology European College of Veterinary Dermatology American Academy of Veterinary Dermatology Chapter of Veterinary Dermatology of the Australian College of Veterinary Scientists Canadian Academy of Veterinary Dermatology Asian Society of Veterinary Dermatology
Veterinary Dermatology
AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL http://www.interscience.wiley.com /journal/vde
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IN THIS ISSUE:
Cryptococcosis Measuring thrombin generation in dogs Blood smear interpretation by ER personnel BCR-ABL translocation in canine CMoL Oxidant and antioxidant proles in ewes with pregnancy toxemia Species-optimized ELISA for canine insulin Cytologic LN patterns in canine monocytic ehrlichiosis Paraneoplastic leukocytosis and renal carcinoma in a dog
www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/ journal/vcp
Volume 40 | Number 1 | March 2011 | Pages 1116
Editors David Argyle David Vail The Official Journal of the Veterinary Cancer Society Japanese Veterinary Cancer Society European Society of Veterinary Oncology British Veterinary Oncology Study Group Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology
City of Bridges
Editor in Chief AIDEN FOSTER Co-Editors KAREN MORIELLO TIM NUTTALL LLUS FERRER
Front Cover
Contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (top left), cytologic (top right) and histologic (bottom left) images of canine meningioma. The images were graciously provided by Drs Eric Wisner, Mary Christopher and Stephen Griffey, University of California, Davis.
IN THIS ISSUE
Evidence-based veterinary dermatology Interventions for atopic dermatitis in dogs Canine atopic dermatitis diagnosis Hydrolysates in dogs with skin food reactions Low-dose rCaIFN-g in canine AD EFF1001 therapy in atopic dogs Storage mites grown on dog food Quality of life and canine AD Effect of a steroid spray on intradermal testing Transmission electron microscopy studies of AD TEWL in house dust mite-sensitized atopic beagle dogs Phytopica in canine atopic dermatitis Storage mites and canine atopic dermatitis Fatty acids and canine mononuclear cells Predispositions in canine atopy
Available Online www.blackwellpublishing.com/vco This journal is available online at Wiley Interscience. Visit www.interscience.wiley.com/journal/vco to search the articles and register for table of contents e-mail alerts.
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ISSN 1463-5216 (paper) ISSN 1463-5224 (online) Veterinary Ophthalmology Volume 12 Number 4 2009 205276
Veterinary Ophthalmology
An International Journal of Clinical and Investigative Ophthalmology
The Official Journal of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists European College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists American Society of Veterinary Ophthalmology European Society of Veterinary Ophthalmology Canadian Association of Veterinary Ophthalmology International Society of Veterinary Ophthalmology Italian Society of Veterinary Ophthalmology British Association of Veterinary Ophthalmologists Latin American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists The German Eye Panel DOK Veterinary Ophthalmology Chapter, Australian College of Veterinary Scientists SFEROV: Socit Franaise dEtudes et de Recherches en Ophtalmologie Vtrinaire
Zoonoses
volume 39, number 8 october 2010
ORIGINAL ARTICLES U. GONLUGUR, S. OZCELIK, T. E. GONLUGUR, S. ARICI, A. CELIKSOZ, S. ELAGOZ, R. CEVIT The Retrospective Annual Surgical Incidence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Sivas, Turkey
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A. FRANCO, S. LOVARI, G. CORDARO, P. DI MATTEO, L. SORBARA, M. IURESCIA, V. DONATI, C. BUCCELLA, A. BATTISTI Prevalence and Concentration of Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Adult Sheep at Slaughter from Italy L. NISHI, M. L. BAESSO, R. G. SANTANA, P. FREGADOLLI, D. L. M. FALAVIGNA, A. L. FALAVIGNA-GUILHERME Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in a Public Water-Treatment System E. P. MORATO, L. LEOMIL, L. BEUTIN, G. KRAUSE, R. A. MOURA, A. F. PESTANA DE CASTRO Domestic Cats Constitute a Natural Reservoir of Human Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Types K. PEDERSEN, A.-M. LASSEN-NIELSEN, S. NORDENTOFT, A. S. HAMMER Serovars of Salmonella from captive reptiles M. V. PALMER, T. C. THACKER, W. R. WATERS Vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG Strains Danish and Pasteur in White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Experimentally Challenged with Mycobacterium bovis
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Immunohistochemical detection of NOD1 and NOD2 in the healthy murine and canine eye Extra-adrenal paraganglioma of the equine orbit: six cases Feline entropion: a case series of fifty affected animals (20032008) The cornea of Guinea pig: structural and functional studies Ocular disease associated with canine herpesvirus-1 outbreak in a closed dog colony
The official journal of the following organizations: American College of Veterinary Radiology
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andJ. M. CORREIA DA COSTA, A. CASTRO, J. CARVALHEIRA, the european college of veterinary surgeons
N. CANADA Determination of the More Adequate Modified Agglutination Test Cut-off for Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma ECVS gondii Infection in Sheep
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The Official Journal of SHORT COMMUNICATION the american college of veterinary surgeons
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