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stimulation by controlling voltage, current, and pulse width (duration) of each pulse.
Hundreds of clinical reports have confirmed the efficacy of TENS for various types
of conditions such as low back pain, myofascial and arthritic pain, sympathetically
mediated pain, bladder incontinence, neurogenic pain, visceral pain, and postsurgical
pain. Despite an ongoing controversy about the degree to which TENS is more
effective than placebo in reducing pain, the market for TENS equipment continues to
grow.
Electromuscular stimulation (EMS) of muscle tissue can aid in the
recuperation of overworked muscles. Electrostimulation of nerves and muscles has
also proven useful in rehabilitation from stroke or injury to the spinal cord. Neural
prosthetics, programmed electrostimulation aided by computer signal processing,
offers promise for amputees and the blind.
There are few complications or side effects associated with the use of most
external electrode neurostimulation units, such as TENS or EMS devices. The
demand for more product sales will continue from patients who have found these
modalities effective in reducing pain from arthritis and back pain or those with tight
muscles. These products are also popular with patients because of their ease of
operation and low costs.
Measurement and Diagnosis
Physicians rely on electromyography (EMG) to study patients with muscle
weakness. EMG helps to distinguish between muscle conditions in which the problem
begins in the muscle and muscle weakness due to nerve disorders. The two types of
EMG are intramuscular EMG and surface EMG. Intramuscular EMG involves
inserting a needle electrode through the skin into the muscle. Surface EMG involves
placing the electrodes on the skin above the muscle. The method evaluates evoked
responses to external stimuli.
Neurologists use electroencephalography (EEG) to characterize the actions of
the brain. Electrodes are placed at several points on the scalp to detect and record
patterns of electrical activity and check for abnormalities in the brain. The electrodes
are connected to a recording device. EEG can diagnose the presence and type of
seizure disorders and evaluate head injuries, tumors, and degenerative diseases. Both
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Table 3-2
REVENUES (IN
MILLIONS)
Year
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Percent
Change
CAGR
106