Malik Anas

SP10-bee-085

PROJECT REPORT
Semester :-:

3rd Sir Aamir Shahzad

Supervised By :-:

UNINTRUPTED POWER SUPPLY

( U.P.S. )
Submitted By :-:

MALIK ANAS
Reg No :-:

SP10-BEE-085
Class :-:

BEE-3b
Subject :-:

Electronic Devices & circuits

Malik Anas

SP10-bee-085

:-: Index :-:

1.

Charger :-: i. ii. iii. iv. v.

vi.

Turn On Maximum Current Monitor S.c.r. Voltage Monitor Flasher Dead batteries

vii. Components

2.

Uninterrupted Power Supply :-: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Input Section Output Section Push Pull Amplifier Self Oscillating Effect of Transistors Components

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3. Switching Section :-: i. ii.

SP10-bee-085

6volt Power Supply Relay operation

Charger
1.

Turn On

The circuit does not turn on until a battery is connected across the terminals as shown in the diagram. This action turns on the PNP transistor in the "Turn ON" block. The resistance between the collector-emitter terminals decreases and the indicator LED comes on. The path to the bottom rail of the circuit goes through a signal diode (IN 4148), the gate-cathode junction of the SCR and through two 1R8 resistors in parallel. This is why the LED illuminates.

Malik Anas

SP10-bee-085

We must need a 12volt 500mA transformer because we do not want any electrolytic to be present on the power rail as this will allow a very high charge-current to flow and possibly damage the SCR. Any DC supply or external Ac source must not be used because any other source will not allow the SCR to turn off, as it turns off when the current through it falls to zero.

2. Maximum Current Monitor

This section consists BC547 transistor,(3.3K,1.8ohm) resistor,IN4148 Diode. When turn on section supply voltage to the maximum current monitor capacitor 47u starts charging at 1st half cycle & BC 547 is currently in off state and battery is charged through Scr. When capacitor is fully charged it supply enough voltage to BC547 to ON. While BC547 is conducting capacitor 47u is discharging and SCR is in OFF state. When capacitor is fully discharged (5tua discharging rate) transistor again switches to OFF and SCR starts conducting and capacitor again starts charging.

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3. S.C.R

SP10-bee-085

Scr is abbreviation of Silicon Controlled Rectifier. It has three junctions and it is combination of two NPN & PNP transistors.1st transistor Collector in the base of next transistor and 2nd collector is the base of 1st.

The SCR has only two states: ON and OFF.

During the half-cycle when it is turned on, the battery gets a high pulse of current and the current is only limited by the capability of the plug pack. There are no electrolytic to allow very high pulses of current to be delivered and this is fortunate as the SCR is only a 0.8 amp device, but will endure surges of 10amp for half a cycle. Whenever the SCR is triggered into conduction during the half cycle of its operation, it remains in conduction until the voltage delivered by the plug pack falls to zero. This is when the SCR turns off. When the plug pack delivers a negative voltage to the top rail and a positive voltage to the lowest rail, the SCR is not triggered into conduction and none of the components in the circuit deliver current to the battery. The SCR delivers current for a few half-cycles and then it is turned off for a few

Malik Anas
Scr: MCR100 Type 6: 400v Current: 800mA

SP10-bee-085

cycles. This is how the average current delivered to the battery is controlled.

Max current for a Cycle should be less then 10A

4. Voltage Monitor
The "Voltage Monitor" components consist of a transistor and zener diode as well as an 8.2K resistor, the 1k variable, a 1.5K resistor, a 150ohm resistor and a signal diode. The signal diode (IN 4148) is actually part of the flasher circuit and we discuss its operation later. As the voltage across the battery increases to 13.75 volts, each resistor in the "voltage detecting network" will have a voltage drop across it that corresponds to the resistance of the resistor. The diode will have a constant 0.7v across it. The voltage on the wiper of the pot will be about 3.25v and the voltage across the zener will be 10v. This leaves 0.6v between the base and emitter of the Voltage Monitor transistor.

This voltage is sufficient to turn the transistor ON. When the Voltage Monitor transistor turns ON, it robs the "Turn On" transistor of baseemitter voltage and the circuit turns off and battery stops charging.

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5. Flasher

SP10-bee-085

The circuit is designed to deliver about 300 - 400 mA average chargecurrent. The actual value is determined by the 1R8 resistors.

Flasher circuit consists of light emitting diode,47u capictor,2.2k resistor. When the battery is fully charged, the indicator LED begins to flash. The flashing is produced by the 2k2 resistor and 47u (connected to the voltage monitor section). When the battery is charging, the 47u is charged via the diode connected to the BC557 transistor and through the 150R and signal diode to the negative of the battery. When the battery is fully charged, the Voltage Monitor section turns ON and turns off the "Turn ON" section. This removes the voltage on the positive side of the 47u and the positive side is brought to the negative rail via the 2.2k resistor. This brings down the negative side of the 47u and the 150R resistor is allowed to drop below the negative rail due to the presence of the diode, as the diode becomes reverse-biased. This holds the circuit in the "off" condition, as the voltage monitor section sees an extra voltage across it and thinks the battery it is "over-charged." The 47u discharges and the circuit turns ON to pump a small burst of current into the battery to keep it charged. This is called "Trickle Mode" or "Pulse Mode."

5. Dead Batteries
This charger is ideal in determining if a battery is able to be charged. Just connect it to the charger and monitor the voltage across the battery. The circuit will not turn on if the voltage of the battery you are charging is less than 4 volts. You can easily test a battery, if battery voltage remains at less than 8v after 1 hour, the battery is scrap. The only "dead" battery that can be recovered is one that has been connected to equipment and is totally exhausted. The equipment has exhausted the battery. If you charge it within a few weeks, the process of "sulphation" will not have damaged it and it can be fully charged.

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6. Components

SP10-bee-085

If the battery is "dead" due to standing for a long time, the chances of recovery are virtually nil.

Component Resistor Resistor Resistor Resistor Resistor Resistor Capacitor Led signal diodes Zener diode transistor transistors SCR transformer

Value 1.8ohm,0.5 watt 2.2k,0.25watt 150R,0.25 watt 180R,0.25 watt 560ohm,1.5k, 3.3k, 4.7k, 8.2k 1k variable 1n ceramic,47u 25v 5mm 1n4148 10v,0.25 watt BC 547 BC557 MCR100-6 12v AC (500mA AC)

Quantity 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 1
1 2 1 1

Uninterrupted power supply

Push pull application makes a more reliable waveform output than that of a fly back converter. Thus it can be used. The below circuit have a push pull transformer, with two switching transistors, whose base feedback is collected from the transformer itself (self oscillating). This one has output power of up to 18 watt stated at 12volt.

Malik Anas

SP10-bee-085

The most advantage of this circuit is that this circuit glows Energy Saver at huge battery discharge. Experiment show, Light stays till battery voltage goes down to 5v. However its not safe to run appliances up to that discharge level, as that would lead SULPHATION to the battery plate resulting less life time of battery.

1. Input Section
The transformer has 5 lines at input section. Central connector goes to +ve supply, through a L1 inductor coil. We have TWO POWER STAGE pins, and TWO FEED BACK goes to each of the transistors collector, base. The initial base feeding is done by 220 ohm resistor to the base of 2nd transistor, having a capacitor of 104(0.1 uF) to the 1st transistor. This technology can be used for similar CFL lighting and mobile charging application, for this we need to rectify the input power to DC. INPUT LINE has 28SWG (Standard Wire Gauge) 10+10T; For BASE FEED BACK WINDING 28SWG 8T, in reverse direction of first; For CORE EE type 3.5 or 2.5 cm. Also can use ferrite core of similar size, but not laminated iron core. Must make isolation layer between input winding and output winding.

2. Output Section
I have used 1351 transistor for output, we can use D880 for a output of 18Watt, similarly we can use 2N3055 or D2233 transistor in this setup with a big transformer to make of up to 100W 12 volt DC is converted to 220v AC unregulated that means it will output 1000+ volt in zero load, but at optimal load, the voltage comes to 200 to 220 volts. There are two same phases AC is generated at output.

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3. Push Pull Amplifier

SP10-bee-085

We will use 72 turns of 32 SWG wire on 5mm diameter ferrite core rod.

An electronic circuit in which two transistors (or vacuum tubes) are used, one as a source of current and one as a sink, to amplify a signal called push pull amplifier. One device pushes current out into the load, while the other pulls current from it when necessary. To increase amplification effect further we are using feedback effect for more amplified output.

4. Fee back effect

Oscillation is caused by a small part of the signal from the amplifier output being sent back to the input of the amplifier. This signal is amplified and again sent back to the input where it is amplified again. The process of sending part of the output signal of an amplifier back to the input of the amplifier is called FEEDBACK. There are two types of feedback in amplifiers. They are POSITIVEFEEDBACK, also called REGENERATIVE FEEDBACK and NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, and also called DEGENERATIVE FEEDBACK.

Malik Anas

SP10-bee-085

The difference between these two types is whether the feedback signal is in phase or out of phase with the input signal. We will use positive feedback in this circuit. Positive feedback occurs when the feedback signal is in phase with the input signal. This means that the feedback signal will add to or "regenerate" the input signal. The result is a larger amplitude output signal than would occur without the feedback. Feedback is also used to get the ideal input signal. Normally, the maximum output signal is desired from an amplifier. The amount of the output signal from an amplifier is dependent on the amount of the input signal. However, if the input signal is too large, the amplifying device will be saturated and/or cut off during part of the input signal. This causes the output signal to be distorted and reduces the fidelity of the amplifier. Amplifiers must provide the proper balance of gain and fidelity. Positive and negative feedback are accomplished in many ways, depending on the reasons requiring the feedback. A few of the effects and methods of accomplishing feedback are presented next.

5. Components Component
Resistor Capacitor Inductor Transistor Transformer

Value
2.2k 104,0.01uF 1uh 1351 Turns Written above

Quantity
2 2 2 2 1

Switching Section
1.6volt power supply
This portion consist of 12volt Ac transformer (used from charger section) bridge rectifies,470uF capacitor for filteration,18ohm 5watt resistor and a relay with protection diode. 12 volt Ac is rectified through bridge rectified and then filtered by capacitor is directly attached to relay, whenever charger circuit is ON, power supply

Malik Anas

SP10-bee-085

is also activated, This power supply is important part of ups to switch from wapda to uninterrupted power supply.

2. Relay Operation
Our requirement is that whenever we switch on the input 220volt Ac (WAPDA).our device should be at charging circuit and it should charge the battery, and when WAPDA is OFF our device should be in discharging condition and battery should discharge via load.

For this purpose we use Relay, it has 2 output terminals. 1 is normally open (NO) and 2nd is normally close (NC).whenever 6volts are supplied to coil of relay RELAY switches its condition from normally close to normally open. I have connected ups section with normally close and charger with normally open so that whenever WAPDA is ON, Power supply will be on and relay will change its position from normally close to open. Whenever Wapda is OFF relay will be at normally close and circuit will provide us output of 200-220.

..THE END..