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AN ANALYSIS OF SURABAYA DIALECT AND BLORA DIALECT IN JAVANESE SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Javanese language (Javanese: basa Jawa, Indonesian: bahasa Jawa) is the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

I.1. Background of the study In daily activities, people always use language to communicate. Language may refer either to the specifically human capacity for acquiring and using complex systems of communication, or to a specific instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called linguistics. Human language is highly complex in that it is based on a set of rules relating symbols to their meanings, thereby forming an infinite number of possible innovative utterances from a finite number of elements. The word "language" can also be used to describe the set of rules that makes this possible, or the set of utterances that can be produced from those rules. All languages rely on the process of semiotic to relate a sign with a particular meaning. Spoken and signed languages contain a phonological system that governs how sounds or visual symbols are used to form sequences known as words or morphemes, and a syntactic system that governs how words and morphemes are used to form phrases and utterances. Written languages use visual symbols to represent the sounds of the spoken languages, but they still require syntactic rules that govern the production of meaning from sequences of words. The word "language" has two meanings: language as a general concept and "a language" (a specific linguistic system, e.g. "French"). Languages other than English often have two separate words for these distinct concepts. Language learning normally occurs most intensively during human childhood. Most of the thousands of human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Languages seem to share certain properties, although many of these include exceptions. There is no defined line between a language and a dialect.

Another definition sees language as a system of communication that enables humans to cooperate. This definition stresses the social functions of language and the fact that humans use it to express themselves and to manipulate objects in their environment. This view of language is associated with the study of language in a functional or pragmatic framework, as well as in socio-linguistics and linguistic anthropology. Communication is the activity of conveying information. Communication requires a sender, a message, and an intended recipient, although the receiver need not be present or aware of the sender's intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication process is complete once the receiver has understood the sender. Human spoken and picture languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents s hare a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. There are some components of communication. Those are the important things that can make communication done well. Laswell stated that there are six components of communication, they are: Sender, is a side that send message to the others Message, is a content which is delivered by one side to the others Channel, is media where message is delivered by the communicant in face-to-face communication. The media might be air Receiver, is a side that receives message from the others Feedback, is response from a received message The rules which are agreed by the sender and the receiver about how communication is done

Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics can be broadly broken into three categories or subfields: the study of language form, of language meaning, and of language in context. The first is the study of language structure, or grammar. This focuses on the system of rules followed by the speakers (or hearers) of a language. It encompasses morphology (the formation and composition of words), syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words), and phonology (sound systems). Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds, non speech sounds, and how they are produced and perceived. The study of language meaning is concerned with how languages employ logical structures and real-world references to convey process and assign meaning, as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity. This subfield encompasses semantics (how meaning is inferred from words and concepts) and pragmatics (how meaning is inferred from context). Language in its broader context includes evolutionary linguistics, which considers the origins of language; historical linguistics, which explores language change; sociolinguistics, which looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures; psycholinguistics, which explores the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which looks at language processing in the brain; language acquisition, how children or adults acquire language; and discourse analysis, which involves the structure of texts and conversations. Although linguistics is the scientific study of language, a number of other intellectual disciplines are relevant to language and influence its study. Semiotics, for example, is the general study of signs and symbols both within language and without. Literary theorists study the use of language in literature. Linguistics additionally draws on work from such diverse fields as psychology, speech-language pathology, informatics, computer science, philosophy, biology, human anatomy, neuroscience, sociology, anthropology, and acoustics.

Sociolinguistic studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place (dialect), language usage varies among social classes, and it is these sociolects that sociolinguistics studies. In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. This may include languages, dialects, accents, registers, styles or other sociolinguistic variation, as well as the standard variety itself. "Variety" avoids the terms language, which many people associate only with the standard language, and dialect, which is associated with non-standard varieties thought of as less prestigious or "correct" than the standard. Linguists speak of both standard and non-standard varieties. "Lect" avoids the problem in ambiguous cases of deciding whether or not two varieties are distinct languages or dialects of a single language. There are many kinds of language in this world. Indonesia also has much kinds of languages. There are Sumatra language, Sulawesi language, Kalimantan language, Javanese language, and many others. Javanese language (Javanese: basa Jawa, Indonesian: bahasa Jawa) is the language of the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. The Javanese language is part of the Austronesian family, and is therefore related to Indonesian and other Malay varieties. Most speakers of Javanese also speak Indonesian for official and commercial purposes and to communicate with non-Javanese Indonesians. In Javanese language, there are some kinds of styles. Something that makes them different is the way it spoken, whether it is softer or rude. Those styles are called:

Ngoko is informal speech, used between friends and close relatives. It is also used by persons of higher status to persons of lower status, such as elders to younger people or bosses to subordinates. Madya is the intermediary form between ngoko and krama. An example of the context where one would use madya is an interaction between strangers on the street, where one wants to be neither too formal nor too informal. Krama is the polite and formal style. It is used between persons of the same status who do not wish to be informal. It is also the official style for public speeches, announcements, etc. It is also used by persons of lower status to persons of higher status, such as youngsters to elder people or subordinates to bosses. From those explanations of background of the study above, the writers analyze language, dialect, and varieties in sociolinguistic by the title An Analysis of Surabaya Dialect and Blora Dialect in Javanese Sociolinguistics.

I.2. Statements of the Problem From the background of the study above, the writers formulate the statements of the problem. They are: 1. What differentiates between Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect in Javanese sociolinguistic? 2. What factor influences those dialects?

I.3. Purposes of the study From the statements of the problem above, the writers formulate purposes of the study. They are: 1. To know the differences between Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect in Javanese sociolinguistic. 2. To know factor that influences those dialects.

CHAPTER II THEORY FRAMEWORK II.1 Sociolinguistic

Sociolinguistics is the study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociolinguistics is the effect of the society on the language, while the latter's focus is on the language's effect on the society. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics. It is historically closely related to linguistic anthropology and the distinction between the two fields has even been questioned recently. It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables, e.g. ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education age, etc., and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place (dialect), language usage varies among social classes, and it is these sociolects that sociolinguistics studies. While the study of sociolinguistics is very broad, there are a few fundamental concepts on which many sociolinguistic inquiries depend. Speech community Speech community is a concept in sociolinguistics that describes a more or less discrete group of people who use language in a unique and mutually accepted way among themselves. Speech communities can be members of a profession with a specialized jargon, distinct social groups like high school students or hip hop fans, or even tight-knit groups like families and friends. Members of speech communities will often develop slang or jargon to serve the group's special purposes and priorities.

High prestige and low prestige varieties Crucial to sociolinguistic analysis is the concept of prestige; certain speech habits are assigned a positive or a negative value which is then applied to the speaker. This can operate on many levels. It can be realized on the level of the individual sound/phoneme, as Labov discovered in investigating pronunciation of the post-vocalic /r/ in the North-Eastern USA, or on the macro scale of language choice, as realized in the various diglossias that exist throughout the world, where Swiss-German/High German is perhaps most well known. An important implication of sociolinguistic theory is that speakers 'choose' a variety when making a speech act, whether consciously or subconsciously. Social network Understanding language in society means that one also has to understand the social networks in which language is embedded. A social network is another way of describing a particular speech community in terms of relations between individual members in a community. A network could be loose or tight depending on how members interact with each other. For instance, an office or factory may be considered a tight community because all members interact with each other. A large course with 100+ students would be a looser community because students may only interact with the instructor and maybe 1-2 other students. A multiplex community is one in which members have multiple relationships with each other. For instance, in some neighborhoods, members may live on the same street, work for the same employer and even intermarry. The looseness or tightness of a social network may affect speech patterns adopted by a speaker. For instance, Sylvie Dubois and Barbara Horvath found that speakers in one Cajun Louisiana community were more likely to pronounce English "th" [] as [t] (or

[] as [d]) if they participated in a relatively dense social network (i.e. had strong local ties and interacted with many other speakers in the community), and less likely if their networks were looser (i.e. fewer local ties). A social network may apply to the macro level of a country or a city, but also to the inter-personal level of neighborhoods or a single family. Recently, social networks have been formed by the Internet, through chat rooms, MySpace groups, organizations, and online dating services. Internal vs. external language In Chomskian linguistics, a distinction is drawn between I-

language (internal language) and E-language (external language). In this context, internal language applies to the study of syntax and semantics in language on the abstract level; as mentally represented knowledge in a native speaker. External language applies to language in social contexts, i.e. behavioral habits shared by a community. Internal language analyses operate on the assumption that all native speakers of a language are quite homogeneous in how they process and perceive language. External language fields, such as

sociolinguistics, attempt to explain why this is in fact not the case. Many sociolinguists reject the distinction between I- and E-language on the grounds that it is based on a mentalist view of language. On this view, grammar is first and foremost an interactional (social) phenomenon Thompson). Sociolinguistics as a field distinct from dialectology was pioneered through the study of language variation in urban areas. Whereas dialectology studies the geographic distribution of language variation, sociolinguistics focuses on other sources of variation, among them class. Class and occupation are among the most important linguistic markers found in society. One of the fundamental findings of sociolinguistics, which has been hard to (e.g. Elinor Ochs, Emanuel Schegloff, Sandra

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disprove, is that class and language variety are related. Members of the working class tend to speak less standard language, while the lower, middle, and upper middle class will in turn speak closer to the standard. However, the upper class, even members of the upper middle class, may often speak 'less' standard than the middle class. This is because not only class but also class aspirations are important. Studies in the field of sociolinguistics typically take a sample population and interview them, assessing the realization of certain sociolinguistic variables. A commonly studied source of variation is regional dialects. Dialectology studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their associated features. Sociolinguists concerned with grammatical and phonological features that correspond to regional areas are often called dialectologists. There are several different types of age-based variation one may see within a population. They are: vernacular of a subgroup with membership typically characterized by a specific age range, age-graded variation, and indications of linguistic change in progress. Variation may also be associated with gender. Men and women, on average, tend to use slightly different language styles. These differences tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. That is, to say that women use a particular speaking style more than men do is akin to saying that men are taller than women (i.e., men are on average taller than women, but some women are taller than some men).

II.2. Dialect and Varieties Sociolinguistics a variety, also called an elect, is a specific form of a language or language cluster. Language varieties are: 1. Dialect

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O'Grady et al. define dialect as, "A regional or social variety of a language characterized by its own phonological, syntactic, and lexical properties. The term dialect is often associated with regional varieties of speech. In addition, though, there are dialect varieties associated with particular ethnic groups (sometimes called ethnolects), socioeconomic classes (sometimes called sociolects), or other social or cultural groups. Dialectology is the study of dialects and their geographic or social distribution. Traditionally, dialectologists study the variety of language used within a particular speech community, a group of people who share a set of norms or conventions for language use. More recently, sociolinguists have adopted the concept of the community of practice, a group of people who develop shared knowledge and shared norms of interaction, as the social group within which dialects develop and change. Sociolinguists Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-

Ginetexplain, "Some communities of practice may develop more distinctive ways of speaking than others. Thus it is within communities of practice that linguistic influence may spread within and among speech communities." 2. Accent Accent according a manner pronunciation is a way of pronouncing word that indicated the places of origin or social background of the speaker. Although the words dialect and accent are sometimes used interchangeably in everyday speech, linguists and scholars define the two terms differently. Accent, in technical usage, refers only to differences in pronunciation, especially those associated with

geographic or social differences. Dialect, which refers to differences in syntax, morphology, and vocabulary, as well as pronunciation, is the broader term. 3. Idiolect An idiolect is defined as "the language use typical of an individual person." An individual's idiolect may be affected by contact with

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various regional or social dialects, professional registers, and in the case of multilingual, various languages. For scholars who view language from the perspective of linguistic competence, essentially the knowledge of language and grammar that exists in the mind of an individual language user, the idiolect is a way of referring to this specific knowledge. For scholars who regard language as a shared social practice, idiolect is more like a dialect with a speech community of one individual. 4. Register or style A register (sometimes called a style) is a variety of language used in a particular social setting. Settings may be defined in terms of greater or lesser formality, or in terms of socially recognized events, such as baby talk, which is used in many western cultures when talking to small children, or a joking register used in teasing or playing the

dozens. There are also registers associated with particular professions or interest groups; jargon refers specifically to the vocabulary associated with such registers. Unlike dialects, which are used by particular speech communities and associated with geographical settings or social groupings, registers are associated with particular situations, purposes, or levels of formality. Dialect and register may be thought of as different dimensions of variation. For example, Trudgill suggests the following sentence as an example of a nonstandard dialect used with the technical register of physical geography: Most speakers command a range of registers, which they use in different situations. The choice of register is affected by the setting and topic of speech, as well as the relationship that exists between the speakers. The appropriate form of language may also change during the course of a communicative event as the relationship between speakers changes, or different social facts become relevant.

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Speakers may shift styles as their perception of an event in progress changes.

II.3. Surabaya dialect Surabaya dialect or more famous called Suroboyoan language is Javanese dialect that spoken in Surabaya and around Surabaya. This dialect is developed and used by Surabaya society. In structural language, Suroboyoan language can be called as most rough language. Even though refined language is still used by some people in Surabaya as respect to other people, but the usage of refined language (madya until krama) in around Surabaya people, mostly, was not too refined like in Central Java, especially Yogyakarta and Surakarta combined with every day word which are more rough. The usage of Surabaya dialect based on the regions is: South Region Perak (Kab. Jombang-not Tanjung Perak in Surabaya) North Perak region still use Surabaya dialect, while south Perak have been using western Javanese dialect. North Region Madura Several Maduranese can use this dialect effectively. West Gresik region East Unknown, but it still exists in along central coast East Java (Pasuruan, Probolinggo until Banyuwangi). This dialect also mostly used. Some special vocabularies of Suroboyoan dialect are: Pongor, Gibeng, Santap, Waso (has meaning punch) ae has meaning only (standart java language: wae) gak has meaning no (standart java language: ora) arek has meaning child (standard java language: bocah)

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mene has meaning tomorrow (standard java language: sesuk) jancuk is bad word which often use such as fuck inj English. It was abbreviation from passive form of diancuk; rough variation is mbokmu goblok. Surabaya dialect is the roughest dialect, but it actually shows simplicity, explicitly, and straightforward. Lips service that is impressive for Javanese people does not exist in Surabaya people. For example, when people are having conversation, Javanese people say that younger people are not allowed to see older people eyes because it is impolite. In Surabaya people culture, that action shows that they are chicken because they are not able to see their partners eyes.

II.4 Blora Dialect Speakers of Java language almost spread in all of Java island

(Nothofer,1975:8) moreover the user of java language can meet in other province of Indonesia, for example in DKI Jakarta, in territory of

transmigrates Lampung, South Sumatra, and until other country Every language, includes of Java language, has totality system of special characteristic regulation and shows of variation of good social characteristic, although geographic variation. There are geography variation in Blora language (include Blora Samin language) that needs to obtain in kind of research. The research of Blora language has several considerations as follows: 1. Firstly, Blora historically, there are Samin society who have background of interesting history that takes experts attention. According Hutomo (1985:4-5). Samin society is formed by appearing a person named R. Kohar, who was born in Plosokediren, Randu blatum, Blora in 1859, a son of R. Surowijoyo (or Samin sepuh). in order more sociable, the name of R. Kohar change into Samin and then he becomes spiritual teacher (in society of Java, spiritual teacher has a big effect). That name is completed with Surosentiko, become Samin Surosentiko

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and with additional title, becomes Panembahan Suryongalam. The followers of Saminisme often call Ki (Kyai) Sumin Surantika. As a spiritual teacher KI Samin composed the special technical term that can give more variations to Blora Java language and they are spread by his follower. 2. Secondly, Blora as like the user area Java Blora language contains from lime land which spread widely in Kendeng Mountain, forest area, agriculture with infertile land. By this same condition, it can give effect to dialect variation of Blora language. 3. Thirdly, in linguistic, it is found the data of Samin Blora language, there are elements of religion special lexical, urip-rukun means having sex before marriage, salin-sandhangan means die, rukun-kulo means wife or husband, sumur means virgin girl and mak-yung means parents as God for Samin people. But in a formal and semantic, this element is different with Java Samin language. In a morphologist, Blora language (include dialect Samin), it is found the data empiris such as: sawahem means sawahmu, turunem means anakmu, sapiyem means lembumu which in Blora language the pronunciation of sawahmu means sawahmu, turunmu means anakmu and sapimu means sapimu. It was found data, such as putEh means putih, malEh means malih, winEh means biji, isEh means masih in Blora language (include Samin language).

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CHAPTER III DISCUSSION

III.A. The Differences Between Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect in Javanese sociolinguistic Language serves a great social function in social life. In this case, language works as a mean for people to act upon their environment. Michael Halliday calls it as language as social semiotic, that is to say, on language as a system of signs which are socially motivated or inform in that they have been developed to express social meaning. (Widdowson, 1995: 14). Javanese language is the language of Javanese people from the Central and Eastern parts of the island of Java in Indonesia. In addition, Javanese language spreads out almost at the whole Java Island. There are some pockets of Javanese speakers in the northern coast of Western Java. It is the native language of more than 75,500,000 people.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/javanese_language) Javanese speech varies depending on social context, yielding three distinct styles, or registers. Those three styles are Ngoko, Madya, and Krama. Javanese also consists of three main groups of Javanese dialect based on the sub-region where the speakers live. They are western Javanese, central Javanese, and eastern Javanese. Since Blora includes Central Javanese dialect, it has such different dialect with Surabaya, Eastern Javanese. Here are some differences between Surabaya and Blora in Javanese sociolinguistic: 1. Surabaya dialect is considered as a rude dialect but actually it shows firm attitudes, simplicity, and straightforwardness. In opposite of Surabaya dialect, Blora has softer dialect than Surabaya. For example: for the word jagung, Surabaya calls it with the same name as jagung, however, Blora dialect uses the refined one to call jagung as gandum (krama inggil of jagung)

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2. Based on the morphology, there are some differences between Surabaya and Blora dialect. Possessive pronoun (your.) Surabaya bapakmu Sapimu Second person singular Surabaya Koen/awakmu Blora Dheweke/dee Blora Bapakem Sapiem

Suffix variation Surabaya Jupukno Blora Jupuken

3. The speakers of Surabaya dialect often use a stress in a base word to express something that has high degree (sangat). They seldom use adverb to modify the base word like adding the word bangat or temen. For example: Complex word puanas suedhep Base word panas sedhep Meaning Very hot Very delicious

4. Javanese has various vocabularies. Here are some different vocabularies between Surabaya and Blora dialect: Surabaya Yok opo? Arek Modar/mathek Peno/koen Gak Blora Piye leh? Turun Salin-sandhangan dheweke Odhak/orak Indonesia Bagaimana? Anak Mati Kamu Tidak English How? Child Die You No

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Parek/carek Ae Mudhun Gendheng/edan Balang Ciyut Nggolek Bal-balan Ganteng

Cerak Wae Anjar Bento Anthem Ciyuk Luru Sadhukan Barik

Dekat Saja Turun Gila Lempar Sempit Mencari Sepak bola Tampan

Near Only Get down Crazy Throw Narrow Look for Soccer Handsome, etc

III.B. Factor That Influences the Differences of Surabaya Dialect and Blora Dialect Many kinds of language exist in this world and those are dynamic. Language develops through the development of society. Many factors influence the development of language. One of them is region. The development of language happens in Indonesia, includes Javanese language. As the standard dialect, Javanese language has three groups of dialects based on the sub-region where the speakers live. They are: Western Javanese, Central Javanese, and Eastern Javanese. Accordance to the sub-region dialect division, Blora and Surabaya are stated in a different sub-region. Blora includes in Central Java while Surabaya includes in Eastern Java. Both dialects are determined by each region dialect. Eastern Javanese speakers range from the eastern banks of Brantas River in Kertosono, Nganjuk to Banyuwangi, comprising the majority of the Easst Java province, excluding Madura Island. However, the dialect has been influenced by Madurese, and is sometimes referred to as Surabayan speech. The central Javanese variant, based on the speech of Surakarta (and also to be degree of Yogyakarta), is considered as the refined Javanese dialect. Blora dialect is influenced much by those kinds of dialect as it

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includes in Central Javanese main group of dialect. For this reason, Blora dialect is softer than Surabaya dialect.

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CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION
IV.1. Conclusion 1. The differences between Surabaya and Blora dialect are: Blora dialect is softer than Surabaya dialect Based on morphology, there are some differences between Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect: o First is on possessive pronoun o Second is on second person singular o Suffix variation There is a stressing on base word that has function to express something that has high degree. There are some differences in vocabularies between Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect. 2. Region is a factor that makes difference between Surabaya dialect and Blora dialect.

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References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language. April 8,2011. Time 10.25 am http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/dialect. April 8th, 2011. Time 09.13 pm. http://forum.detik.com/merger-kamus-dialek-surabaya-t7323.html?df9922tpop. April 8, 2011. Time 10.21 am http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jawa_Surabaya. April 8, 2011. Time 10.44 am http://ls1959.com/language/sociolinguistics/language-dialect-and-variety . April 8th, 2011. Time 09.13 pm. KAJIAN GEOGRAFI DIALEK: BAHASA JAWA DI KABUPATEN BLORA Wakit Abdullah dan Sri Lestari Handayani Sastra Indonesia Fakultas Sastra dan Seni Rupa Universitas Sebelas Maret Widdownson, H.G. 1995. Oxford Introductions to Language Study. Linguistics. Oxford University Press