D.

C Machines
The D.C Machine Is A Electro-Mechanical Energy Conversion Device It Can Convert Mechanical Power Into Electrical Power Into Mechanical Power. When A Machine Converts Mechanical Power (Wt) Into Electrical Power (Ei) It Is Called A Generator Though A Battery Is An Important Source Of Direct Voltage But Power Delivered By The Battery Is Not Sufficient To Meet The Required D.C Power Demand In Many Practical Applications In Such Cases D.C Machine Working As A Generator Are Used On The Other Hand When The Machine Converts Electrical Power Into Mechanical Is Called A Motor. Although A.C Motors Are Commonly Used In The Industries, But When Wide Range Of Speed And Regulation Is Required (E.G Elecrric )D.C Motors Are Invariably Used In This Project, We Shall Confine Our Attention To The Brief Construction , Principal And Characteristics Of D.C Machines. Main Constructional Features:Following Are The Essentional Parts Of D.C Machines:-

1. Magnetic Frame Or Yoke 2. Pole Core And Pole Shoes 3. Field Coils Or Exciting Coils 4. ARMATURE CORE 5. Armature Winding 6. Commentator 7. Brushes 8. End Housing Or Cover 9. Bearing 10. Shaft Etc.

1) Magnetic Frame Or Yoke:- The Outer Cylindrical Frame To Which Main Poles And Inter Poles Are Fixed And By Means Of Which Machine Is Bolted To Foundation Plate Is Called The Yoke It Serves The Two Purposes:= (i) Provides Mechanical Support To Poles And Act As A Mechanical Protecting Cover For The Machine As A Whole.

(Ii) It Provides A Low Reluctance Path For The Magnetic Flux. The Yoke Is Made Up Of Cast Iron For Small Machines But For The Larger Machines, It Is Made Up Of Cast Steel Or Fabricated Rolled Steel Because Of Their Better Magnetic Properties As Compare To Cast Iron. 2). Pole Cores And Pole Shoes:- The Pole Core And Pole Shoes Are Fixed To The Magnetic Frame Or Yoke By Bolts. They Serves The Following Purposes:I. They Supports The Field Coils. Ii. The Spread Out The Flux In The Air Gap More Uniformly. Iii. Since Pole Shoes Have Large X-Sector The Reluctance Of Magnetic Path Is Reduced Modern Practice Is To Construct The Pole Core And Pole Shoes Of Thin Steel Or Wrought Iron Laminations Which Are Riveted Together Under Yadraylic Pressure. 3.) Field Coil Or Exciting Coils:- The Field Or Exciting Coils Carries Of Copper Wire Or Strip. The Coil Wound On The Former And Then Placed Around The Pole When Direct Current Is Passed Through These Coils, They Magnitised The Pole Which Produces The Required Flux. The Field Coils Of The Poles Are Connected In A Way That When Current Flows Through Them, The Adjacent Poles Attains Opposite Polarity. 4.) Armature Core:- The Armature Core Is Cylindrical In Shape It Is A Rotating Part Of A Machine Keyed To Shaft At The Outer Slots Are Cut Which Accommodates The Conductors He Armature Cores Saves The Following Purposes:(I) It Houses The Conductors In The Slots. (Ii) It Provides An Easy Path For Magnetic Flux. Since Armature Is The Rotating Part Of The Machine, Reversal Of Flux Take Place, Hence Hysteresis Losses Are Produced. To Minimize These Losses Silicon Steel Material Is Used For Its Construction. Flux Produced By The Poles Is Cut By The Armature Core Also, Therefore, An E.M.F Is Induced In It Which Produces, Eddy Current Losses, To Reduce These Losses, Armature Core Is Laminated, In Other Words We Can Say That About 0.3 To 0.5 Mm Thick Stampings Are Used For Its Construction. Each Lamination Is Insulated From The Other By Varnish Layer.

5) ARMATURE WINDING:- The insulated conductor housed in the armature slots are suitably connected. The is known as armature winding. The armature winding is the heart of d.c machine it is the place where the electrical power originates in the generator and torque is developed in the motor on the basic of connection there are two types of armature winding which are used on the modem d.c machine (i). LAP WINDING (ii) WAVE WINDING

(1) LAP WINDING:- In lap winding, the conductor are connoted in which a way that has number of parallel paths are equal the no. of poles. Thus, if machine has p poles and z armature conductors, then there will be parallel paths, each path having Z/2 conductors in series. (II)WAVE WINDING:- in the wave winding the conductors are so connected that they are divided into two parallel parts irrespective of the no of poles of the machine thus, if machine has Z armature conductors there will be only two parallel paths each having Z/2 conductors in series. (6) COMMUTATOR:- It is the most important of a a.d.c machine and serves the following purpose :(i) it counts the rotating armature conductors (circuit) to the stationary external circuit ( lead or supply) through brushes.

(ii) it convert the alternating current induced in the armature conductors into unidirectional current in the external load circuit in generator action where as it convert the alternating torque to the unidirectional torque produced in the armature in the motor action. The commentator is of cylindrical shape and is made up of wedge shaped hard drawn copper segments. The segments are insulated from each other by a thin sheet of high quality mica. The segments are held together by means of two V shaped rings that fit in two the V- grooves cut into the segments. The end of armature coil is soldered to the risers of the commentator segments.

(7) BRUSHES:- The brushes rubs upon the commentator and forms the connecting link between the armature winding and external circuit. They are usually made of high grade carbon because carbon is conducting material and at the same time in powered from provided lubricating effect

On the commentator surface. The brushes and held in particular position around the commentator by brush holder. Ensure good contact with the commentator, the brushes are held by the pressure of the spring. The tension of the spring may be adjusted by means of ratchet. (8) END HOUSINGS:- End housing are attached to the end of the main frame and support bearing. The fount housings support the bearing and the brush assemblies, where as the rear housing usually supports the bearing only. (9) BEARINGS:- For small machines, ball or roller bearings are used which are fitted in the end housing the function of the bearing is to reduce friction between the rotating and stationary part of of the machine . Mostly high carbon steel in used for the construction of bearing as it is very hard material. (10) SHAFT:- The shaft is made of middle steel with a maximum breaking strength. The shaft is used to transfer of mechanical power from or to the machine. The rotating part like armature core, commutator, cooling fan etc are mounted on the shafts.

TYPES OF D.C MACHINES

D.C machines are generally classified as :- (1) permanent magnet type d.c machines (2) Electromagnet type d.c machine (1) PERMANENT MAGNET TYPE D.C MACHINE:- In these machines the pole are permanent magnetized. No exciting or field winding is placed around the poles. The flux produced by the poles fairly remains constant. These types of machine have the advantages of compactness, no field winding and no field cooper losses. The disadvantages are that they have no low flux and flux deisty of the magnet deteriorates with time. These machines are used in small sizes e,g dynamos in motor cycles, special types of motors as in toys battery operated cassette recorders etc. (2) ELECTROMAGNET TYPE D.C MACHINE:- in these machines the pole are magnetized by the field are exciting windings. The field or exciting is placed around the poles. When current is passed through these windings, the poles are energized. On the basic of field eccitation, that d.c machine is classified as:(1) Separately excited d.c machines. (2) Self excited d.c machine.

SEPRATELY EXCITED D.C MACHINE:- A d.c machine whose field is supplied current from an external d.c sourse is called a separately excited d.c machine The flux produced by the poles depends upon the field current with in the unsaturated region of magnetic material of the poles, but in the saturated region, the flux remains constant (2.) SELF- EXCITED D.C MACHINES:- A d.c machine whose field winding is supplied current from the output of the machine working as generator or from the same supply connected to the armature of the machine working as motor, is called a self- excited d.c machine. In a self-excited d.c machine, the field coils may be connected in parallel with the armature, in series with the armature or partly in series and partly in parallel with with the armature winding. Accordingly, self-excited machines may be classified as:(a) SHUNT WOUND MACHINES (b) SERIES WOUND MACHINE. (c) COMPOUND WOUND MACHINE.
5

(A) SHUNT WOUND MACHINE:- in shunt wound machine ,the field winding is connected acress the armature winding forming a parallel or shunt circuit therefore full terminal voltage is applied across it a very small current ish flows through it.

The conventional diagram of d.c shunt generator and d.c shunt motor are shown above.

IMPORTANT RELATIONS:SHUNT FIELD CURRENT,ISH=V/RSH Whare rsh is the shunt field winding resistance .the field current ish is practically constant at all load, therefore the d.c shunt machine is considered to be constent flux machine . FOR GENERATOR THE ARMATURE CURRENT, Ia=I1+Ish

INDUCED e.m.f E=V+IaRa INCLUDING BRUSH CONTACT DROP E=V+IaRa+2vb

FOR MOTOR
The armature current Ia=IL-Ish Induced e.m.f E=V-IaRa Including brush contact drop E=V-IaRa+2vb The shunt field winding has many turns of fine wire having very high resistance (Usually about 100 ohms)

CHARACTERISTICS OF D.C SHUNT MOTOR

in this motor the field winding is connected across the armature as shown in fig .the current taken from the supply IL is divided into two branches:Ish flows through the shunt field winding and I flows through armature .the shunt field current,Ish= V/R sh remains constent (through at heavy load ,somewhat flux decreases due to armature reaction)

1.N-I CHARACTERISTICS:-we know that N.E/0

Since flux is constant Therefore N0V-IaRa If the armature drop ( la Ra) is negligible ,the spped of motor will remain constant for all values of load as shown by the dotted line ABin figure .but strictly speeking ,as the armature current increase due to the increase of load armature drop IaRa increase and speed of the motor decrease slightly as shown bt the straight ac in figure moreover the characteristic of curve does not start from a point of 0 armature current because a small current no-load armature current lao armature current lao is necessary to maintain roationof the motor at noload

N-Ia Characteristics

Since there is no appreciable change in the speed of a D.c shunt motor from no load to full load this motor is best suited where approximate constant speed is required and the load may be thrown off totally and suddenly.

(2) T-IA CHARACTERISTIC:We know that to0Ia Since flux is constant Therefore TaIa

Hence the electrical characteristics (i.e T-Ia) is a straight line passing through the origion as shown in fig.it is clear from the characteristics curve that a large armature current is required at the start if the machine is on heavy load thus shunt motor should never be start never be start on load.

(3)N-T CHARACTERISTIC:The N-T characteristics is derived from the first two characterisitics .when load torque increase armature current la increase but speed decrease slightly.thus with the increase of torque, speed decreases slightly as shown in fig.

FACTORS CONTROLING THE SPEED It has been shown earlier that the speed of a motor is given by relation N=V-Ia Ra 60A=K*V-1a Ra R.P.M
ZP

Where Ra = armature circuit resistance. It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying (1) Flus per pole ,o (flux control) ,(2) resistance Ra of armature circuit (armature control method).these method are applied to shunt and series motor. (1) Flux control method. It is seen from above that N010 by decrease the flux ,the speed can be increased and vice versa.hence the name flux or field control method .the flux of d.c motor can be changed by changing ish with the help of a shunt field rheostat (as shown).since ish is relatively small ,shunt field rheostat has to carry only small current which means I R loss is small so that rheostat is small in size this method is therefore very efficient in non-interpole machines the speed can be increased by this methods in the ration 2:1 any further weakening of flux (2) Adversely affects the commutation and hence puts a limit to the maximum speed obtainable with this method .the machine fitted with interpoles,a ratio maximum to minimum speed of 6.1 is fairly common. FIG:-

10

ARMATURE OR RHEOSTATIC CONTROL METHOD

This method is used when speed belows the normal or no load speed are required .as the supply voltage is normally constant ,the voltage across the armature is varied by inserting variable rheostat or resistance (called controller resistance) in series with armature is decreased there by decreasing the armature speed.for a load of constant torque,speed is approximately proportional to the p.d across the armature from the speed is approximately current characteristic ,it is seen that greater the resistance in the armature circuit,greater is the fall in speed.

Let Ia1 =armature current in the first case Ia2=armature current in the second case.

11

(If Ia1=Ia2, then the load of constant torque) N1.N2 =corresponding speeds V=supply voltage Then N10 V-Ia1Ra Now v-Ia1 Ra= Eb1 Therefore N1 0Eb1 Let some controller resistance of value R be added to the armature circuit so that total armature circuit resistance becomes (R+Ra)=Rt Then , N2 0 V-la2Rt o Eb2 Therefore N2/N1=Eb2/Eb1 Considering no-load speed,we have N/No=V-IaRt/V-Iao Ra Neglecting IaoRa with respect to V,we get N=No{1-IaRt/V} It is seen that for a given resistance rt,the speed is a linear function of armature current Ia as shown in fig. The load current for which the speed would be zero is found by putting N=O in the above relation. Therefore 0={1-1aRt/v} or Ia=V/Rt This is the maximum current and is known as stalling current this method is very wasteful ,expensive and unsuitable for rapidly changing loads ,because for a given value of Rt ,Speed will change with load.

12

APPLICATION OF D.C SHUNT MOTORS

SPEED OF A D.C SHUNT MOTOR IS SUFFIIECENTLY CONSTANT FOR THE SAME CURRENT INPUT ,ITS STARTING TORQUE IS MEDIUM.i.e (1.5 TIMES FULL LOAD TORQUE) HENCE SHUNT MOTORS ARE USED:(1) WHEN THE SPEED HAS TO BE MAINTAIN APPROXIMATELY CONSTANT FROM NO LOAD TO FULL LOAD ,i.e FOR DRIVING A LINE OF SHAFTS ETC. (2) WHEN IT IS REQUIRED TO DRIVE THE LOAD AT VARIOUS SPEEY ON SPPED BEING KEPY CONSTANT FOR A RELATIVELY LONG PERIOD i.e FOR DRIVING OF SUCH MACHINES AS LATHES THE SHUNT REGULATOR ENABLES THE REQUIRED AS LATHES THE SHUNT REGULATOR ENABLES THE REQUIRED SPEED CONTROL TO BE OBTAINED EASILY AND ECONMICALLY SHUNT MOTOR THEREFORE USED: FOR DRIVING CONSTANT-SPEED LINE SHAFTS LATHES CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS MACHINE TOOLS BLOWER & FANS RECIPROCATING PUMPS SPINING MACHINES WEAVING MACHINES GRINDERS SHAPERS CRANES HOISTS PRINTING MACHINES DRILLS

13

ARMATURE CONTROL METHODS IS USED WHERE SPEED BELOW THE NORMAL IS REQUIRED FOR A SHORT PERIOD ONLY AND THAT TOO OCCASIONALLY AS IN PRINTING MACHINES AND FOR CRANES AND HOISTS WHERE THE MOTOR IS CONTINUALLY STARTED AND STOPED .

14

15

WORKING OF PROJECT
The 230v ,50 Hz A.c is rectified (full wave) by means of a diode (in 5408) bridge constant d.c voltage is fed to the field of the motor .the armature terminals of the motor are fed through an SCR which is r-c fired . the SCR is in series with the armature the SCR is a pulsating D.C voltage which will appear across the armature depending the point at which SCR is fired .on increasing the firing angle the average output voltage will decrease and vice versa.thus the motor speed will be varied by varying the firing time 9angle0 of the SCR The capacitor c1 will begin to charge at the SCR of each half cycle through the variable resistor R1.when C1 is charged so much (depending upon the value of R1 that the voltage across it is sufficient to sen a triggering at the gate of the SCR ,the SCR will be turned ON.this will apply d.c voltage to armature terminal for the remaining half cycle.the charging time for c1 (which is departmine the phase angle at which the scr is turned on. In which is dependent on the value of R1 will determine the phase angle at which the SCR is turned ON.in word,we can say that the firing angle of the SCR can be varied by varying the valur of R1 which in turns will change the voltage across the armature terminals .this will change the speed of the motor accordingly. The main advantage of the electronic speed controller is that it provides automatic speed regulation irrespective of variation in load as well as supply voltage if load is increased tending to slow down the motor ,the induced e.m.f will decrease and therefore c1 will start charging more rapidly thus turning On the SCR some what earlier(i.e conduction time will decrease which will speed up the motor similarly a reduction in load will tend speed up the motor and will speed up the motor charging of c1 thus restoring the motor speed to its initial value For increased supply voltage ,c1 will charge from a higher voltage and thus leser charging time will be required and consequently motor will tend to speed up. B ut this tendency will be required and consequently motor will tend to speed up. But this tendency will be counteracted by the fact that increased field voltage will tend to slow down the motor speed .in this circuit if we replace the potentiometer by a suitable transducer automatic control of firing angle of the SCR can be achieved. Note :- for speed control of motor of higer rating (1) diodes and SCR of higher rating have to used (2) the R-C triggering circuit has to be modified. The 2.2 K,1w resistor has been used in the field circuit of the motor for limiting its current

16

BIRFE DESCRIPTION AND TESTING OF COMPONENT USED (1) SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE:- A p-n junction is known as a semiconductor or crystal diode .the outstanding properties of a crystal diode is to conduct current in on direction only permits it to used as a rectifier. (2) A crystal diode is usually represented by the schematic symbol.the arrow in the symbol indicates the direction of easier conventional current flow.

A crystal diode has two terminals when it is connected in a circuit one thing to decide is whether the diode is forward or reverse biased .these is an easy rule to ascertain it if the external circuit is tying to push the conventional current in the direction of arrow.the diode forward biased on the other hand,if the conventional current is tying to flow opposite the arrow head ,the diode in reverse biased putting inn simple words (1) If arrow head of diode symbol is positive W.r.t bar of the symbol the diode is forward. (2) If the arrow head of diode symbol is negative w.r.t bar the diode is reverse biased. RESISTANCE :- it is the property of material to oppose the flow of electric current throught it.the units of resistance is ohrm.

17

3 CAPACITOR :A capacitor is basically an energy storing device which is used almost in every electronic circuit .on charging a capacitor it stores electrical energy which can be utilized .when ever desired by dis charging it.A capacitor offer low impedance to alternating current but an exceeding high impedance to direct current.in other word we may say that a capacitor block d.c There are many types of capacitor some of the commonly used once are MICA,CERAMIC,PAPER AND ELECTROLYTIC capacitor. A capacitor must be checked through leakage test can be performed by a multi .the multimeters selector switch is to kept on resistance measuring mode. A healthy capacitor ,when connected to the multimeter leads will shows a sudden deflection ( indicating charging and will then settle for being open (showing almost infinite resistance ) if a capacitor has leakage it will not indicate to be open after getting fully charged this test can be performed with any polarity of the capacitor under test. A opened capacitor will not show any indiacation it will only show infinite resistence .a capacitor become open either due to dring of electrolyte because of aging or due to breakage of leads a short circuit capacitor can also be tested by means of a millimeters it will show zero value of resistance.

(3) SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER:The SCR is a very important member of the thyristor family .it is four layer (PNPN),three terminals three junction semiconductor device SCR are available in two types:(1) Metal body SCRS (2) Plastic pack SCRS The pin diagram of these types of SCR s have been shown in fig A metal body SCR has two out coming terminals the third terminal being its body.A plastic pack SCR,its body is always anode looking at the

18

Bottom of the device which its two legs facing the viewer and the distant corner being kept at the right hand side of the viewer

The upper terminal is always cathode and the lower the gate keeping a plastic pack scr with its legs down and viewing from the front, the terminal as seeming clockwise direction will be G.A.K respectively the middle one among the three terminals is always the anode (A)which shows continuity with the body of the scr. The terminals of the scr can be identified by means of millimeter. In case of a metal body scr the body is always anode which can be verified, between the rest of two terminal, distinction can be made by checking its continuity with the body of device this way the anode of scr can be identified the rest of the two terminals distinction can be made by checking the value of the resistance in different polarities observing the layer diagram of a scr is shown below.

It is clear that, if the gate is made positive wart cathode the device will conduct easily, showing lower resistance if the gate is made negative w.r.t. the cathode. Thus by changing the polarities and nothing down the value resistance with the help of millimeter. We can distinctly identify the gate and cathode terminals for healthy S C R the resistance between the anode and the cathode will be almost infinity showing an open circuit and resistance between the anode and cathode will be very high.

19

DIAC:- Diac a member of the thruster family is a four layer, two junction, two terminals semiconductor device. It does not have any control terminal. The layer diagram resemble that a P_N_P transistor but its characteristics it not like a bijunction transistor it behaves like a bidirectional diode transistor. it behave like a by bi- directional diode the device only conducts at a particular level of voltage called break over voltage the device is therefore also known as a bijunction transistor it behaves like a bi-directional diode transistor it behave like a by bidirectional diode the device only conducts at a particular level of voltage called break over voltage the device either does not conduct or when triggered, conduct in both the direction,. This device is therefore also known as a bi-directional avalanche diode In construction, it resembles a zener diode but it cant be a forward-biased conduction whereas, a diac does not show any conduction when tested by a multi meter it will tagger only when a voltage equal to or more than its break over voltage is applied. Normally the range of break over for acommonly used diac is about 28-32 v SYMBOL

The diac is not a control device normally matched diac-triac pairs are used

20

Fabricating control circuit. The two main terminals MT1 andMT2 are interchanged. In one half of the cycle one terminal is positive with respect to the other, and in the following half cycle the same terminals becomes negative with respect of the other. Thus there is no need for distinguishing MT1. (6) HEAT SINK: Power losses in the thyristor are converted in to heat and tends to increase the temperature of the junction. The rate of dissipation of heat should be such that the junction temperature does not increase beyond the permissible value. The rate of heat dissipation depends upon surface area and the ambient temperature. The surface area of the thyristor is increased by mounting a metallic piece (aluminum) on Thyristor. The heat sink are cooled by natural convection. If the surface of heat sink is coated with black oxide the thermal resistance decreased by about 25% and cost of the heat sink also increases. The heat is transferred from junction to the case, then to the sink and from sink to the atmosphere

(7) POTENTIOMETER: A simple potentiometer or it is sometimes called, a potential divider and used for obtaining a variable from a constant voltage supply. The whole supply voltage is dropped across a resistance AB as shown below. And by changing the position of the sliding contact C over the potentiometer resistance AB any voltage from zero up to that of the supply can be obtain for applying it across the load. The volume control of radio or TV receiver is a common application of a potentiometer used as a voltage divider.

21

SCR TRIGGERING CIRCUITS

GATE TRIGGERING OF AN SCR REQUIRES THAT A GATE CURRENTE OF SUFFICIENT MAGNITUDE AND DURATION SHOULD FLOW IN THE GATE CATHODE CIRCUIT THE GATE CURRENT SHOULD PERSIST TILL THE ANODE CURRENT HAS INCRESED TOA SUFFICIENT VALUR: RESISTANCE TRIGGERING CIRCUIT R.C TRIGGERING CIRCUIT UJT RELAXATION OSCILLATOR TRIGGERING CIRCUIT R-C TRIGGERING CIRCUIT: FIG SHOWS AN R-C TRIGGER CIRCUIT FOR SCR IN THIS CIRCUIT FIRING ANGLE CAN BE CHANGED FROM 0 TO 1800 FIG (B) SHOWS THE WAVEFORMS
DURING NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE OF VS THE CAPACITOR CHARGE TO VMAX, WITH LOWER PLATE POSITIVE THROUGH DIODE D2 .THE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE ACROSS C IS EQUAL VMAX AT WT=900 THE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE REMAINS AT THIS VALUE (OR MAY DECREASE SLIGHTLY) AS SOURCE VOLTAGE CHANGE FROM Vmax AT WT=900 TO ZERO AT WT = 0.AS Vs START ITS POSTIVE HALF CYCLE ,CAPACTOR STARTS CHARGING IN REVERSE DIRECTION THROUGH RESISTANCE R THE RATE RATE OF CHARGING OF CAPACITOR POSTIVE AND EQUAL TO Vg (min)+Vd1 (WHERE VdIIS VOLTAGE DROP ACROSS DIODE D1) SCR IS TRIGGERED AFTER THIS THE CAPACITOR VOLTAGE REMAINS AT THIS VALUE DURING THE REMAINING POSTIVE HALF CYCLE IN THE NEXT CYCLE THE REMAINING POSTIVE HALF CYCLES IN THE NEXT CYCLE THE PROCESS IS REPEATED DIODE DI PREVENTS REVERSE BREAKEDOWN OF GATE CATHODE JUNCTION OF THYRISTOR IN THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE OF SUPPLY VOLTAGE AN EMPIRICAL RELATION FOR THE PRODUCT RC IS:RC>= 0.65 T WHERE T-I/F= TIME PERIOD OS SUPPLY VOLTAGE SINCE T =2^/W,WE GET

22

RC>=0.65(2PI)/W

=4/W

SCR WILL TRIGGER WHEN CAPACITOR VOLTAGE Vc IS EQUAL TO Vg (MIN) =VdI.THE INSTANTANEOUS VALUE OF Vs AT THE INSTANT OF TRIGGERING IS Vs>=Ig (min) +Vd1 R<=Vs-Vg (MIN)-VD1g(min)

THE VALUE OF R&C CAN BE FOUND FROM EQUATION

23

PRECAUTIONS
(1) (2) (3) (4) TEST ALL COMPONTS BEFORE FIXING FIX ALL COMPONENTS CAREFULLY SOLDER THE COMPONENTS TIGHTLY. CHECK THE CONNECTIONS WITH THE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AGAIN BEFORE GIVING SUPPLY (5) CONNECT THE ARMATURE OF MOTOR TO A,AA TERMINALS &F,FF TERMINALS WITH FIELD OF MOTOR. (6) HANDLE 230V A.C OR D.C CAREFULLY

24