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Principle fundamental Structural Aspect Architectural Aspect Economic Aspect Physical and acoustic aspect Ecological aspect
Technical Description
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 1.1 1.2 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 4 4.1 5 5.1 5.2
5.2.1 5.2.2
GENERAL CONCEPT Presentation Principe Fundamental STRUCTURAL ASPECTS Predesign Behavior in case of fire load Analysis in case of fire load Behavior in case of earthquake ARCHITECTURAL ASPECT A very punchy aspect ECONOMIC ASPECT A simple concept PHYSICAL AND ACOUSTIC ASPECTS Building physics Acoustic Aspect
Airborne noise Impact noise
4 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9
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6 6.1 6.2
ECOLOGICAL ASPECT Consumption, balance and proximity Wood from sustainable forests
14 14 14 15 15 16 17
APPENDICES Appendix 1 : Renovation of a home, Ardennes (L) Appendix 2 : Center for handicaped persons, Origlio (CH, Tessin) Appendix 3 : National exposition in Switzerland, Expo 02
Technical description
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1.2
GENERAL CONCEPT
1.1 Presentation
The O'portune1 timber slab is a new designed application in the scope of horizontal timber structures. It meets high mechanical requirements and achieves spans up to 12 m.
Principe Fundamental
The principle of O'portune timber slab is based on two ideas : First, the solid wood planks, coming directly from the sawmill, are nailed or screwed together shifted against each other in order to increase the static height. Common cross sections for the planks are used, such as 40/200 mm to 75/225 mm, with a common length of four or five meters. Based on a cross section of 75/225 mm, the static height can be extended from 225 mm to 375 mm, which gives an inertia for bending strength twice as high as the original. Secondly, in order to create a partial isotropic slab, which is more efficient to support concentrated live loads by stress diffusion in all directions, a LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) panel is screwed across the longitudinal plank axis. The LVL panel thickness is designed in function of the concentrated loads, optimizing the planks height. If the slab is subjected only to distributed loads the LVL panel can be replaced by an OSB (oriented strand board) panel. This kind of timber slab can be prefabricated in a carpentry hall and joined together to the final size at the construction site. The longitudinal joints provide a structural continuity, thus also bending moments above the supports can be taken, and a continuous monolithic structure is accomplished. Using compression hardwood pieces in the compression zones, the inferior planks, are reinforced. In the traction zones filling elements together with a more intensive screwed Kerto panel above reinforce the superior planks.
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The following pictures show offshore timber platforms on the lakes of Neuchtel and Bienne in Switzerland, erected in 2000. The planks with a cross section of 60/210 mm, are four and five meters long and covered with an LVL panel type Kerto Q 27 mm providing a free span of 6.10 m. Distributed load : 500 kg/m2 Punctual load (truck) : 4 x 75 kN + 300 kg/m2 distributed load
Figure 1 : Photos of the offshore platforms of the EXPO 02 in Switzerland based on O'portune desks of 6m span on iron posts. These platforms withstanded 30t trucks and 60t mobile cranes.
These platforms were employed for attractive architectural projects for the Swiss national exhibition: The Expo.02 that Switzerland organized in 2002. Altogether, for the two platforms 10000 m3 of sawn planks, 1200 m3 of Kerto and more than two millions of screws were employed. The entire platform is dismantled after the event, in 2003 and all timber materials will be re-used in classical constructions.
Figure 2 : Example of the assembling of two prefabricated O'portune blocks of the Expo 02
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2.2
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
2.1 Predesign
The O'portune slab is dimensioned for different types of loads. The fundamental analyses calculate the deformations (instant and final) and bending stress. For housing application also the resonant frequency, which might be determinant. When the slab is designed the number, kind and repartition of connectors (screws or nails) will be determined after the sheer stress analysis in the composed section. The zone where the boards are crossed is of big importance for optimization reasons in regard of the disposal of the connectors, which might obtain a fire resistance of R60 or more.
2.3
Notice that the wooden part of the slab protects in case of fire from the bottom side the upside part and the concrete. Not only the concrete stays working, because of low temperatures, the slab also allows evacuations on the upside. The O'portune slab so acts as are fire barrier.
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Figure 5 : Cross section after 60min combustion on the down-side part. A new cross section is obtained which will be analyzed for the fire load
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3
ARCHITECTURAL ASPECT
3.1
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Figure 6 : Example for a ceiling obtained with an O'portune slab with the offset boards
ECONOMIC ASPECT
4.1
A simple concept
The economy of the O'portune slab for great spans (8m 12m) is guaranteed by its basic concept which integrates the multi functionality of slab and ceiling and its lightness of 80 kg/m2 to 120 kg/m2, which allows to optimize the bearing reactions and further the design of the walls and foundations. Based on the use of dimension lumber boards and a system of very simple connectors the economy is guaranteed by : The cost of the wood (finished, built-in) from 500/m3 to 700/m3 according to requirements (i.e. 80/m2 to 120/m2) A pre fabrication of transportable slab partitions, a dry and fast placing (up to 500m2/day) and therefore a perfectly managed transfer. When an even more economic solution is required, the O'portune slab can be lightened by becoming partial with (O'portune-) beams made of five to seven boards filling 20 to 40% of the slab, the rest is being coffered (see description Solivium slab).
5.1
Building physics
Concerning the physical behavior of this slab, the mass of wood (ca. 0.2m3/m2) is very interesting for the thermal inertia of its volume. In winter, the wooden part works as an isolation against deep temperatures, while in summer it isolates against higher outside temperatures. As a flat roof this behavior is very favorable for the interior.
5.2
Acoustic Aspect
Moreover, wooden slabs used in simple housing are very sensible concerning acoustic phenomena, which have to be distinguished into airborne noise and impact noise.
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Technical description
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5.2.1 Airborne noise From one point of view, the profile of the slab is already a sound absorbing ceiling. Laboratory tests in completely reflecting halls have been effected at the Polytechnic University of Lausanne, Switzerland, with different profiles for the wooden part, simple or improved with an acoustic isolation. These are the three tested profiles : Model 1, the profile simple wood like shown in figure 7 :
Figure 7 : Profile of the O'portune slab without acoustic absorber tested for airborne noise
Model 2, the wooden profile with a band of rock wool (20mm) placed on the bottom side as shown in figure 8 :
Figure 8 : Profile of the O'portune slab improved with a band of isolating rock wool on the bottom side, tested for airborne noise
Model 3, the wooden profile with a band of rock wool (20mm) plus a hidden board as shown in figure 9
Figure 9 : Profile of the O'portune slab improved with a band of isolating rock wool on the bottom side and a coverage on the isolation, tested for airborne noise
The obtained results are shown in figure 10 and 12 where the value of absorption s ( Sabine) is given in function of the spectrum of frequencies.
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Figure 12 : Acoustic performance of model 1 (with acoustic isolation and an additional board)
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It is remarkable that model 1 shows already superior behavior with an s from more than 0,3 in the frequency range from 550-1000Hz. This coefficient is raised to a value of more than 0,6 for the same frequency range for model 2. If the acoustic performance must settle even higher claims, the profile can be widened from closed type (figure 7) to open type (figure 10). This profile has a acoustic comportment equal to model 2 and 3.
5.2.2 Impact noise For improving the acoustic comportment of the O'portune slab concerning impact noise, a multi layer spring system (mass-spring-mass) must be realized. Figure 14 shows a type of profile which integrates on the upside plane board an acoustic absorber (20 to 40mm, wood product (Pavatex,)), a stiff layer like a screed of 60 to 80mm (allowing to even integrate a floor heating system) and a final floor placed straight on the screed or on a felt. With this kind of composition the demands of new acoustic norms can be settled.
Figure 14 : Section of a O'portune slab with a hard- soft-hard system, which allows absorption and elimination of impact sound
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6.1
ECOLOGICAL ASPECT
"Producing a 100m2 slab, with 10m free span, rather in wood than in reinforced concrete, that is about 30to less of CO2 in the atmosphere."
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6.2
Appendices
APPENDIX 1 :
Owner Architect Engineer
Exterior aspect
Slab with spruce boards from the Ardennes 42 x 218 mm with camber and bearings on iron profiles. Interior aspect before and during placing
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General aspect after the placing of the slab with a free span of 12m and a length of 12m
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APPENDIX 2 :
Owner Architect Engineer Implementation
APPENDIX 3 :
Owner
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