Renewable Energy and Inter-island Power Transmission

Vahan Gevorgian g
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
CIEMADeS IV International Conference Univ. of Turabo Gurabo, Gurabo Puerto Rico May 06, 2011
NREL/PR-5500-51819
Composite photo created by NREL

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.

NRELs Role in Variable Renewable Energy Integration

Integration studies and operational impacts; p g ; Wind/solar plant modeling and interconnection; Transmission planning and analysis; Resource assessment and forecasting.

Energy Development for Island Nations (EDIN) U.S. Virgin Islands (reduce dependency on fossil fuel by 60% by 2025). Iceland and Dominica collaboration. Pacific Islands. Wind/PV/Energy storage projects in Hawaii Hawaii.

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Overview
Submarine Power Transmission Technologies. Hawaii Wind Integration and Transmission Study. Caribbean Work.

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HVAC vs. HVDC

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HVDC Pros and Cons

Advantages Ad
Longdistancetransmissionwithlowercostsandlosses; NohighcapacitanceeffectonDC(noreactivelosses); Morepowerperconductor,noskineffect,2conductorsonly; Connectingunsynchronizedgrids,rapidpowerflowcontrol; Buffer for some disturbances stabilization of power flows; Bufferforsomedisturbances,stabilizationofpowerflows; Multiterminaloperation; Goodforweakergrids; Helpsintegratinglargeamountofvariablegeneration.

Disadvantages
Highcostofpowerconverters; i h f Complexityofcontrol,communications,etc.; MaintenancecosthigherthanforAC,sparepartsneeded; HVDCcircuitbreakerreliabilityissue.

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HVDC Technologies
HVDC Classic LCC Converters (bipole shown)

HVDC VSC Technology (bipole shown)

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HVDC Configurations

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Submarine Cables - How Deep?

Thecurrentexperienceislimitedtowaterdepthsupto1620m; HVDCultradeeptechnologyupto2000mpossible no experiencesofar; Basedonpublishedliterature,80kVDC /100MWispossible evenat2200m; even at 2200 m; Additionaldevelopmentandtestingincludingfullscalesea trialisneededforhigherdepths. t i li d d f hi h d th

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Oahu Wind Integration and Transmission Study (OWITS)

Hawaii Cl H ii Clean E Energy I iti ti (HCEI) O t b 2008 Initiative October
Multi-year initiative; 70% clean energy by 2030 (40% by renewables); Agreement between state of Hawaii and HECO: g 400 MW of wind from Lanai and/or Molokai to Oahu (Stage 1); 200 MW of wind from Maui to Oahu (Stage 2).

OWITSStudy SupporttoHCEIandHECO; Support to HCEI and HECO; FY09/10; TRCconsistsofregional,national, andinternationalexperts; TRC h ld 5 i TRCheld5inpersonmeetings; i Reviewedandprovidedfeedback onstudymethods,dataneeds,and results.

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Big Wind Scenarios for HCEI (Stage 1)

Wind(MW) Wind (MW) Scenario 1.OahuWind 1 Oahu Wind 2.OffislandWind 3.ConcentratedWind 4.OahuSolar 4. Oahu Solar 5.HighRenewables 100 200 200 Oahu 100 100 100 400 200 100 100 100 Lanai Molokai Solar(MW) Solar (MW) Oahu 100

Stage2includes interconnectiontoMaui.

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OWITS Cable Study Inputs

Potentialcablelandingpointsand interislandrouteshavebeenidentified inOceanFloorSurveyReport(DBEDT); Maximumwaterdepth around800 m; Sendingandreceivingendvoltages 138kV; PSSEloadflowdatafromHECO; Contract between NREL and Electranix ContractbetweenNRELandElectranix fortransmissionmodeling.

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OWITS Option Screening Methodology

18 options analyzed (AC, DC, or combination of both).

Costs(HVAC) C t (HVAC)
ACCables ACsubstations

Costs(HVDC) C t (HVDC)
DCCables DCconverterstations Sea/landcabletransition Othercomponents p DClosses(20years)

Stage 1
Only 6 selected for detailed simulation (AC and DC).

Sea/landcabletransition Fixedcompensation reactors Othercomponents p AClosses(20years)

TotalHVACcost

TotalHVDCcost

Stage 2
Only 3 final scenarios (including interconnections to Maui) selected for further d il d d f h detailed dynamic simulation. i i l i

RFQ Q
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All AC Option

Simulationswereconducted forworstcasecontingencies. for worst case contingencies

138-kV Bus Spontaneous breakeropen operation 70-mile AC under-sea cable Operation due to overvoltage p protection

230kV/3corecable.
34.5-kV Bus 600-V Bus

230-kV Bus

230-kV Bus Fibre-optic link

200 MW of Wind Turbines

ACsolutionwillwork withoutSVCorSTATCOM enhancements(100%shunt compensationisrequired).

Depthsmayrepresent

Receiving End

Sending End

challengesfor3coreAC cables.

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HVDC Option
HVDCOptionC32 HVDCOptionA32

HVDCOptionB32

HVDCOptionC12

HVDCOptionB1 2 HVDC Option B12

HVDCOptionA1 2 HVDC Option A12

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Range for Budgetary Capital costs for HVDC options (including burial and termination)

Source:OWITSsummaryreport,NREL,Nov2010(availableat: Source: OWITS summary report NREL Nov 2010 (available at: www.nrel.gov/wind/systemsintegration/pdfs/2010/owits_summary_report.pdf)
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OWITS Final Scenario 1

400MWbipoleVCSlink betweenMolokaiand Oahu. ACcablebetweenMolokai andLanai.

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OWITS Final Scenario 2

200MWmonopoleVCS linkbetweenMolokaiand Oahu. 200MWmonopoleVCS linkbetweenMolokaiand Lanai. AC bl b ACcablebetweenMolokai, M l k i Lanai,andMaui.

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OWITS Final Scenario 3

400MWbipoleVCSlink betweenMolokaiand Oahu. Oahu ACcablebetweenMolokai, Lanai,andMaui.

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OWITS Cable Study Summary

St t i were d Strategies developed t enhance i t l d to h integration of renewables for each ti f bl f h scenario:
Wind power forecasting to improve commitment; Refining the up-reserve requirements by using fast start units and load control; Reducing minimum power of the baseload units; Seasonally cycling off some selected baseload units\Increasing the thermal unit ramprate capability and enhancing the droop; Considering advanced wind turbine technologies (inertia and frequency control); Some aspects of short term storage were examined for implementing ramp rate limits of wind plants.

Adequate reserve requirements for sustained drops in wind over an hour; The largest drop in wind and solar power over 10-min. periods can be handled with future improved AGC ramp rates; Quick variations in wind and solar (1 to 5 min. time frame) might require short( ) g q term storage for up/down ramp rate limiting; Detailed transient modeling to evaluate the systems response to worst case contingences (voltage faults at different locations) was conducted; PPAs were signed between HECO and Castle & Cook ($0.11 to 0.13/kWh plus transmission costs).
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On-going Puerto Rico USVI: BVI Interconnection Study

DOEfundedproject

Participants p NREL VIWAPA PREPA/IAES Siemens

Cableroutes arenotional

Thestudyisfocusedonoptionsfor: 50mileinterconnectionbetweenPRandSTT; 10mile interconnection between STT and BVI; 10mileinterconnectionbetweenSTTandBVI; 80+mileinterconnectionbetweenSTTandSTX;or DirectinterconnectionbetweenPRandSTXasanalternative.
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PR-USVI Bathymetry

NRELdevelopedmap.Combinationof10,30,and100mhorizontalresolution,andbasedonNOAAdata.
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Puerto Rico USVI Bathymetry

2200m

1700m
NRELdevelopedmap.Combinationof10,30,and100mhorizontalresolution,andbasedonNOAAdata.

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Puerto Rico USVI: BVI Interconnection Study Objectives Determinepowercapacities,types,andrequirementsofthethree interconnections; P f Performpowersystemstudyandidentifynecessaryinfrastructure t t d d id tif i f t t reinforcements; Demonstrate potential benefits (generation costs reliability etc ); Demonstratepotentialbenefits(generationcosts,reliability,etc.); Estimateprojectcosts.
Project Timeline October 2010 Project kickoff January 2010 Interim report #1 HVAC/HVDC requirement Submarine cable study April 2011 Interim report #2 Power system study July 2011 Final report.
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NRELdevelopedmap.

Example of AC and DC Interconnection option

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Adding 30 MW of Wind (Extreme Scenario)

STT
STTLoadHourlyDataand30MWWind

80 70 60

LOAD

POWER(MW)

50 40 30 20 10 0 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168

TIME(HR)

Baseload for combustion Baseloadforcombustion generationreducedto20 MW; 60MWofvariableload; N d / i ht Noday/nightpeaks; k Bigchangeinpower systemoperation.

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How PREPA Interconnection Can Help?

STT LOAD

PREPA

PREPAcanprovidebothbase loadand/orregulationpower load and/or regulation power toWAPA. Differentenergycoststructure maybeassociatedwitheach service.

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PV Variability Will Contribute to Regulation Requirements

23.3MWPVinTrujillo,Extremadura,Spain(source:Suntech)

2.5MWPV,measuredinLasVegas,NVarea

Singleaxistracking

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Submarine Interconnection Can Help with Fast Regulation

HVDCInterconnectionExample

PREPA maintains large reserve capacity for Automatic Generation Control (AGC). Faster (sub-second) power control is possible with HVDC option (built-in feature). Voltage control simultaneous with power control.
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Interconnection & Variable Generation Possible Contingencies

HVACInterconnectionExample
Shortself recovering g fault

Voltagedip

ShortselfrecoveringfaultswillcreatevoltagedipsinWAPAsystem(AClink); Maybeaseriousreliabilityissueduringtimesoflargepowerimports; Windpowerlowvoltageridethrough(LVRT)capabilityisessentialforreliable operation; ti OverallLVRTcapabilityofWAPAsystemcanbeimprovedbyFACTSincaseof HVACinterconnection;

Modelingisnecessaryforvariouscontingencyscenarios,targetpenetrationlevels andwindturbinetopologies,etc.
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LargerRegionalInterconnection

USVIBenefits: Diversifiedsupplyofenergy; CleanbaseloadgeothermalpowerfromSt.Kitts/Nevis; LNG generatedpowerfromPR; LNGgenerated power from PR; Higherreliability; Lowerenergycosts.

NRELdevelopedmap. Cableroutesarenotional.

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Caribbean Power Interconnection and Renewable Energy

Th TheenergysolutionsfortheCaribbeanregionincludenewfuels(e.g.,LNG), l ti f th C ibb i i l d f l ( LNG) newenergyresources,andelectricalinterconnectionsbetweenislands; Geothermalpowerisconsideredasamaindriverfortheinterconnection; p ; Caribbeanwindenergy(estimatedat3.7GW)asadriverfor interconnection? Variabilityofwindpowerrepresentssignificantchallengescomparedto baseloadgeothermalpower.

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Caribbean Bathymetry

NRELdevelopedmap,1kmhorizontalresolution,basedonGEBCOdata.

Areas1,2,and3 mayhavegapsdeeperthan1650m.
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Caribbean Bathymetry and Slopes

Depthslessthan2000m Depths less than 2000 m andslopeslessthan200

NRELdevelopedmap,1kmhorizontalresolution,basedonGEBCOdata.

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Potential Benefits of Regional Interconnections in Caribbean Deliverlowercostelectricalpowerfromtheisland(orcountry)that hassuchpowertoanisland(orcountry)thatdoesnot; P ibilit f t Possibilityoftransmittinglargeamountsofelectricalenergy itti l t f l ti l generatedbyrenewablesources; Increased reliability reduced spinning reserve requirements and Increasedreliability,reducedspinningreserverequirements,and sharedfrequencyregulationwithoutaddingnewgeneration; p g p Increasethepotentialforhighpenetrationvariablerenewable generation; Reducedependenceonhighpriceimportedoilandincreasehigh levelutilizationofrenewableenergysourcesontheregionallevel; Integratingfiberopticcommunicationcables.

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Thank you !

NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.