TARGETING IN DEVELOPMENT PRACTICE An annotated bibliography

C) TOOLS FOR POVERTY ANALYSIS, TARGETING AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Updated July 2009

C) TOOLS FOR POVERTY ANALYSIS TARGETING - IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1) Asian Development Bank: HANDBOOK ON POVERTY AND SOCIAL ANALYSIS, 2001 Abstract: The Handbook is a working document intended to help ADB staff, project teams, consultants, and national executing/implementing agencies in designing country programs and projects that will strengthen the fight against poverty in Asia and the Pacific. To keep abreast of new ideas and experience, the guidelines contained in this handbook will be updated regularly.

2) Beerlandt, H.and Huysman, S.: ANALYSIS OF TARGETS GROUPS. MANUAL FOR BOTTOM-UPAPPROACH IN FOOD SECURITY INTERVENTIONS: ANALYSIS OF TARGET GROUPS. TOOL FOR POLICYMAKERS AND PROGRAM STAFF FOR TARGETED FOOD SECURITY INTERVENTIONS (1999) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD): Abstract: This manual provides a method for analysing food security and the causes of food insecurity and describes how to prepare and plan targeted food security interventions for the poorest sectors of a community. Targeting of the poorest groups is used as an example, although the method could be applied to various other target groups. The main output of this manual is the ability to target actions in an efficient way, mainly on the poorest. The guidelines are especially useful for projects working in close contact with the population. However, projects that operate at higher institutional levels (e.g. advisors to organisations or governments) can also benefit from the analysis of the target groups. Since they also aim at sustainable effects on the level of the population, even if rather indirectly (e.g. in the context of social or economic policy programmes). The analysis should be regarded as an instrument of the planning assistance offered to partner organisations. The analysis is not limited to any field. Health, education, technology transfer, empowerment and many more fields can benefit from the information, which is obtained by means of the manual. 3) ELDIS: This site contains a search facility for obtaining documents and manuals on Poverty analysis, Participatory wealth ranking, Poverty and Social Impact analysis, Targeting. 4) FAO, ILO, WB, UNDP: SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND GENDER ANALYSIS (SEAGA) Abstract: This Programme was established in 1993 to promote gender awareness when meeting development challenges. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Labour Organization (ILO) the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) initially undertook the development of the SEAGA materials. The SEAGA publications offer practical tools and methods for integrating socio-economic and gender issues at different levels and within different technical areas. The three Handbooks (Macro, Intermediate and Field Level Handbooks) provide practical information on how to undertake socio-economic and gender analysis at the respective levels. Each Handbook presents case studies and tools to help development practitioners collect, analyse and use information. Each Handbook also suggests methods for integrating the findings to policy programme and project identification and formulation. 5) Hyman, G. et al.: METHODS, RESULTS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF POVERTY AND FOOD SECURITY MAPPING ASSESSMENTS Food Policy 30 (2005, 8pp.) - Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) Abstract: The importance of poverty reduction to the world development agenda has motivated greater interest in the geographic dimensions of poverty and food security. This special issue of Food Policy includes examples of poverty and food security mapping used to support policy development in agricultural and rural areas. The volume includes eight country case studies and one cross-country comparison that illustrate advances in our capacity to assess welfare over large areas and at detailed spatial resolutions. Poverty mapping facilitates

assessments of the role of environmental factors on the broad spatial pattern of poverty and food security. Evaluating proximity and accessibility in welfare outcomes can improve our knowledge of poverty patterns and processes. Spatial statistics can enhance our understanding of geographic and neighbourhood effects on poverty and food security outcomes. The development of effective policies requires increased collaboration among stakeholders, researchers and policy makers in constructing and using poverty and food security maps. 6) Lawson, D. Hulme, D. Muwonge, J.: METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH COMBINING QUALITATIVE APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING POVERTY DYNAMICS: EVIDENCE FROM UGANDA. ( 2007). ESRC Global Poverty Research Group
QUANTITATIVE AND

Abstract: the paper draws from ongoing research that aims to genuinely combine qualitative and quantitative (.Q-Squared.) research methodologies to further our understanding of poverty dynamics in Uganda. Using existing nationally representative panel data we use the same sampling frame and extend the panel by visiting the same households - collecting both life histories and further quantitative data, with the intention being, for this first paper in a series of outputs, to consider some of the methodological issues that are of importance when combining such research methods and furthering our knowledge of poverty dynamics. Overall we find that even when using relatively .dated. panel data as a base for .Q-Squared. work, although this may not be ideal for the sequencing and triangulation of data if undertaken correctly this can still provide the basis for very unique insights regarding key factors that underpin poverty dynamics. 7) Mayoux L GENDER ISSUES IN DEVELOPING POVERTY ASSESSMENT TOOLS (July 2004) Accelerated Microenterprise Advancement Project AMAP, USAID Abstract: Gender difference and inequality are a critical consideration in the development of poverty assessment tools. The problems involved in extrapolating from household-level poverty status. Although the gender issues affect both women and men, failure to accurately assess womens poverty status relative to the household is particularly likely to undermine the valuable work of the many programmes targeting women. Many micro enterprise programmes are reaching women in households on or above the borderline of the poverty line. But the women receiving programme assistance may have been targeted as persons living under the poverty line due to their high levels of vulnerability within the household and much lower access to or control over household income. The tools being developed by USAID will assess poverty at the household level. Problematic implications owing to gender differences and inequalities remain, however, and in some ways are magnified by the potential for data collection and analysis error. 8) Mayoux L INTRA-HOUSEHOLD IMPACT ASSESSMENT: ISSUES AND PARTICIPATORY TOOLS (October 2004) Enterprise Development Impact Assessment Information Service, EDIAIS Abstract: Most impact assessments attempt to collect data at the household level. This is true of most donor and government poverty assessments. It is asserted that looking at intrahousehold processes is too complex for the limited budgets and skills of practitioners and programmes. There is also a perception that probing inequalities within households is somehow more socially divisive than attempting to identify differences in poverty levels within communities. Both assertions are related to a much wider and deeper resistance to gender issues with which intra-household analysis is often equated. However the failure to address differences and inequalities within households is not only gender-blind it also leads to significant inaccuracies in poverty assessment at all levels. This paper presents main issues and particpatory tools that can be used to assess impact of projects on intra-household poverty and relationships.

9) Mayoux L.: PARTICIPATORY ACTION LEARNING SYSTEM PALS (Participatory Action Learning System) aims to empower people particularly the very poor as individuals and communities to collect analyze and use information to improve and gain more control over their lives. It is a continually evolving methodology based on diagram tools and participatory processes, some of which are news and some of which are based on well-established participatory methods. PALS is currently being piloted for enterprise diversification, poverty-targeted microfinance, womens empowerment and organisational development but can be adapted to any development issues. In the PALS system the focus is on integrating methodologies at all levels of a development process: awareness- raising and training, participatory action-research for community planning lobbying and advocacy, participatory monitoring and evaluation and impact assessment. Using PALS at the different levels increases communication between beneficiary individuals and groups, particularly the very poor and development agencies. Through the increasing ability of the very poor to document analyze and communicate on issues important to them PALS aims to increase the effectiveness of the ways poor people use development services and increase the pro-poor accountability of decision making and policy processes. 10) The Microfinance Gateway: CLIENT TARGETING CENTRE - Targeting and Poverty Assessment Tools Abstract: The fundamental challenge of microfinance is to reach ever increasing number of poor people through sustainable financial institutions. However, ensuring that poor people, especially those who are very poor, do receive access to financial services, is often difficult. Many MFIs have therefore resorted to "targeting" to ensure that the poor and the very poor are indeed served. The CGAP Client Targeting Center has been designed to provide information on the targeting tools that MFIs use, their experiences and an assessment of their successes. The following targeting tools are also described: the Housing Index, Participatory Wealth Ranking, the Means Test; Geographic Targeting. The poverty Assessment Tool provides transparency on the depth of outreach of MFIs. It provides rigorous data on the levels of poverty of clients relative to people within the same community through the construction of a multidimensional poverty index that allows for comparisons between MFIs and across countries. The tool involves a survey of 200 randomly selected clients and 300 non-clients, takes about four months to complete and costs around $10,000. Field tests were successfully completed on seven MFIs in seven countries. The Poverty Assessment tool should be used in conjunction with other appraisal tools (such as the CGAP Appraisal Format) to ensure a holistic understanding of MFIs. 11) Rahman Osmani S Asian Develoment Bank: EVOLVING VIEWS ON POVERTY: CONCEPT ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY, Poverty and Social Development Paper No.7 (2003) The ideas of diversity in the experience of poverty and the need to ground poverty reduction strategies on the reality of the poor's experience are some of the common themes addressed here.This paper offers a critical overview some of the emerging ideas on poverty focusing on i) the concept of poverty including notions of capability, vulnerability, and social exclusion, ii) achieve gender equality improvements in the implementation of ADB-financed activities; iii) poverty assessment methods: quantitative vs. Qualitative iv) approaches to poverty reduction strategy: sustainable livelihood vs. rights based. 12) Ruggeri Laderchi, C: PARTICIPATORY METHODS IN THE ANALYSIS OF POVERTY: A CRITICAL REVIEW. Working Paper Number 62. QEHWP62. Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford. 2001. Recent years have witnessed a great interest in participatory methods as instruments for poverty analysis. The insights which these participatory approaches have provided concerning

the experience of poverty have contributed to the establishment of a mainstream multidimensional definition of poverty. This paper reviews and analyzes the literature on participatory methods in the analysis of poverty: how they have emerged, how they have been adopted in this context and the challenges they pose. It also offers an interesting analysis of the various tools are used in PRA. 13) USAID - Accelerated Microenterprise Advancement Project (AMAP): POVERTY ASSESSMENT TOOLS Abstract: Microenterprise development programs have been among the most promising donor-sponsored programs for improving the lives of poor people. In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Microenterprise for Self-Reliance and International Anti-Corruption Act, which mandated that half of all USAID microenterprise funds benefit the very poor. To verify that USAID meets this target, subsequent legislation requires USAID to develop and certify low-cost tools for assessing the poverty status of microenterprise clients, and to require its microenterprise implementing partners to use those tools to measure and report the share of their clients who are very poor. Each USAID-developed Poverty Assessment Tool consists of a short, country-specific household surveyadministered in twenty minutes or lessand a data entry template. Using such a tool, an implementing partner can gain an accurate estimate of the share of its clients who are very poor. 14) Van Domelen J. REACHING THE POOR AND VULNERABLE: TARGETING STRATEGIES FOR SOCIAL FUNDS AND OTHER COMMUNITY-DRIVEN Social Protection Team, the World Bank (May 2007) Abstract: Social fund/CDD programs have gained increasing attention for their capacity to support poor communities, especially in the context of scaling up efforts to end extreme poverty. The main objective of this toolkit is to enhance program design to better serve the poor. The toolkit approach is designed to provide technical staff in the Bank and client Governments with the concepts, empirical evidence, noteworthy case studies of different approaches and the operational elements necessary to develop more comprehensive poverty and vulnerability targeting mechanisms. 15) World Bank: GUIDANCE NOTE ON POVERTY ASSESSMENTS (July 2004) Abstract: The poverty assessment (PA) is a key instrument of the World Bank's poverty reduction strategy. It is designed to assess the extent and causes of poverty in a given country and to propose a strategy to ameliorate its effects. It reviews levels and changes over time and across regions in poverty indicators, assesses the impact of growth and public actions on poverty and inequality, and reviews the adequacy of a country's poverty monitoring and evaluation arrangements. PAs generally feed into country-owned processes to develop strategies to reduce poverty, help build in-country capacity, and support joint work and partnerships.