11/17/2011

Motion with Constant Acceleration

The average velocity of an object during a time interval t is

The acceleration, assumed constant, is

Dr. M. Fadhali

Motion at Constant Acceleration

In addition, as the velocity is increasing at a constant rate, we know that Combining these last three equations, we find: We can also combine these equations so as to eliminate t: We now have all the equations we need to solve constant-acceleration problems.

Dr. M. Fadhali

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1-D Motion with constant acceleration Recall that Since a is constant, we can integrate this using the above rule to find:
v = a dt = a dt = at + v0

Similarly, since v = dt integrate again to get:

dx

we can

1 x = v dt = (at + v0 )dt = at 2 + v0 t + x0 2

11/17/2011 Dr. Mohamed Al- Fadhali

Useful Formula
l

Solving for t:

x = x0 + v0 t +

1 2 at 2 Eliminating t:
2

v - v0 1 v - v0 x = x0 + v0 + a a 2 a
Simplifying:

v2 - v02 = 2a(x - x0 )
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In another way
a= dv dv dx (chain rule) = dt dx dt dv a = v a dx = v dv dx
a dx = a
x

x0

dx =

v0

v dv

(a =

constant )

or

a ( x -x 0 ) =

1 2 (v - v 2 ) 0 2

v2 - v02 = 2a(x - x0 )
Dr. Mohamed Al- Fadhali 5

11/17/2011

Ex. 1 At highway speeds, a particular automobile is capable of an acceleration of about 1.6 m/s2. At this rate, how long does it take to accelerate from 80 km/h to 110 km/h? The time can be found from the average acceleration, a = D v Dt 1m s ( 30 km h ) Dv 110 km h - 80 km h 3.6 km h = 5.208 s 5 s Dt = = = 2 2
a 1.6 m s 1.6 m s

Ex.2 A world-class sprinter can burst out of the blocks to essentially top speed (of about 11.5 m/s) in the first 15.0 m of the race. What is the average acceleration of this sprinter, and how . long does it take her to reach that speed? The sprinter starts from rest. The average acceleration is found from
v = v0 + 2 a ( x - x0 ) a =
2 2

the elapsed time is found by solving

(11.5 m s ) - 0 = 4.408 m 2 ( x - x0 ) 2 (15.0 m )

2 v 2 - v0 2

s 4.41m s
2

v = v 0 + at t =

v - v0 a

11.5 m s - 0 4.408 m s 2

= 2.61 s

Dr. M. Fadhali

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Ex.3 A car slows down uniformly from a speed of 21.0 m/s to rest in 6.00 s. How far did it travel in that time? The words slowing down uniformly implies that the car has a constant acceleration. The distance of travel is found form

x = x0 + v t x - x0 = v t but v = v0 + v 2 v +v x - x0 = v t = 0 2

x - x0 =

v0 + v 2

t =

21.0m s + 0m s 6.00 sec = 63.0 m ) ( 2

Dr. M. Fadhali

Galileo

Free Falling

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Free Falling of Objects

This is one of the most common examples of motion with constant acceleration. Near the surface of the Earth, all objects experience approximately the same acceleration due to gravity.

Dr. M. Fadhali

Falling Objects

In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration, although this may be hard to tell by testing in an environment where there is air resistance.

Dr. M. Fadhali

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1-D Free-Fall
This is a nice example of constant acceleration (gravity): In this case, acceleration is caused by the force of gravity: Usually pick y-axis upward Acceleration of gravity is down: y

ay = - g
v y = v0 y - g t
t v

y = y0 + v0 y t y ay = - g

1 2 gt 2
a

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Dr. Mohamed Al- Fadhali

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Problem:
The pilot of a hovering helicopter drops a lead brick from a height of 1000 m. How long does it take to reach the ground and how fast is it moving when it gets there? (neglect air resistance) Need to know: t and v(t) Given: y(0) = 1000 m v(0) = 0 Acceleration?? a = - g = -10 m/s2 1000 m

11/17/2011 Dr. Mohamed Al- Fadhali

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First choose coordinate system. Origin and y-direction. Next write down position equation: 1 2 y = y 0 + v 0y t gt 2 Realize that v0y = 0.

1000 m

y = y0 -

1 2 gt 2

y y=0

11/17/2011

Dr. Mohamed Al- Fadhali

y = y0 -

1 2 gt 2

Solve for time t when y(t)=0 given that y0 = 1000 m.

T =
Recall

2 y0 = g

2 1000 m = 14.3s 9.81 m s 2

y0 = 1000 m

2 2 v y - v0 y = 2a(y - y0 )

Solve for vy

vy = 2gy0 = -140 m / s
y=0

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Ex. 4 A baseball is hit nearly straight up into the air with a speed of 22 m/s. (a) How high does it go? (b) How long is it in the air?
Choose upward to be the positive direction, and take the ball was hit. For the upward path, v0 = 22ms

y0 = 0 to be at the height where

at the top of the path, and

v=0

a = -9.80m s

(a) The displacement can be found from Eq. 2-11c, with x replaced by y .

v = v0 + 2a ( y - y0 ) y = y0 +
2 2

2 v2 - v0

2a

= 0+

0 -( 22m s)

2 -9.80m s2

= 25 m

(b) The time of flight can be found from Eq. 2-11b, with x replaced by y , using a (c) displacement of 0 for the displacement of the ball returning to the height from which it was hit.

y = y0 + v0t + 1 at 2 = 0 t ( v0 + 1 at ) = 0 t = 0 , t = 2 2

2v0 -a

2 ( 22 m s ) -9.80 m s2

= 4.5 s

The result of t = 0 s is the time for the original displacement of zero (when the ball was hit), and the result of t = 4.5 s is the time to return to the original displacement. Thus the answer is t = 4.5 seconds.

Dr. M. Fadhali

Example : Runway Design

Youre designing an airport. A plane that will use this airport must reach a speed of vmin = 100 km/h (27.8 m/s). It can accelerate at a = 2 m/s2. (a) If the runway is x = 150 m long, can this plane reach the speed of before it runs off the end of the runway? (b) If not, what is the minimum length required for the runway? Solutions Table of Knowns & Unknowns (a) Use Eq. (3): v2 = (v0)2 + 2a(x x0) v2 = 0 + 2(2.0)(150 0) = 600 m/s2 So v = (600) = 24.5 m/s Note that this - means take the square root! That matters! (b) Use Eq. (3) again with (1) v = vmin = 27.8 m/s. Solve for x x0 = [v2 (v0)2]/(2a) (2) x = [(27.8)2 0]/[2(2.0)] (3) So x = 193 m. To be safe, make the runway (4) 200 m long!

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Air Bags
You need to design an air bag system that can protect the driver at a speed of 100 km/h = 28 m/s if the car hits a brick wall. Estimate how fast the air bag must inflate to effectively protect the driver. How does the use of a seat belt help the driver?

Car obviously stops when crash ends! Wanted unknown: t.

Known: x0 = 0 & v0 = 28 m/s & v = 0

But we dont know acceleration a or distance x either! Estimate x = 1.0 m This has to be a 2 step problem! First, use Eq(3) to solve for a: 0 = (v0)2 + 2a(x 0) so

a = - (v0)2(2x) = - (28)2 (2) = - 390 m/s2

This is a HUGE acceleration!! Now, use Eq (1) to solve for t: 0 = v0 + at so

t = - (v0) a = 0.07 s !!!

(4)

Example: A model rocket is launched straight upward with an initial speed of 50.0 m/s. It accelerates with a constant upward acceleration of 2.00 m/s2 until its engines stop at an altitude of 150 m. (a) What can you say about the motion of the rocket after its engines stop? (b) What is the maximum height reached by the rocket? (c) How long after lift-off does the rocket reach its maximum height? (d) How long is the rocket in the air? (a) The rocket will continue upward, but start to decelerate due to the Earths gravitational field until the upward velocity reaches zero. The rocket then begins to fall back to the ground with an acceleration equal to the Earths surface gravity (i.e., 9.80 m/s2)

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Step 1: First, we will need to calculate the velocity of the rocket when the engine is turned off: v1 ( we are given a1 = 2.00 m/s2, y1 = 150 m, & v0 = 50.0 m/s, so use = (50.0 m/s)2 + 2(2.00 m/s2)(150 m) = 2.50 103 m2/s2 + 6.00 102 m2/s2

Now we need to calculate ymax @ y2. Step 2: We will need y1, a2, and v1, also v2 = 0 (rocket comes to rest). Our initial velocity is now v1 and our final velocity is v2, so we can write: note that ymax = y2 and that the acceleration is now the downward acceleration due to gravity: a2 = g = 9.80 m/s2.

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c) How long does it take to reach ymax? Break the time into 3 parts:

t = t0 + t1 + t2 t = 0, which was our initial time, t1 is the time when the rocket reaches y1 and t2 is the time the rocket reaches ymax as measured from y1, so use vf = vi + at:

where t(c) (the time it takes to fall from the maximum height to the ground).

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Example: Speed of a Lava Bomb

A volcano shoots out blobs of molten lava (lava bombs) from its summit. A geologist observing the eruption uses a stopwatch to time the flight of a particular lava bomb that is projected straight upward. If the time for it to rise and fall back to its launch height is 4.75 s, what is its initial speed and how high did it go? ( g = 9.81 m/s2.)

x = x0 + v0t - 1 gt 2 2

Dx = 0 = t (v0 - 1 gt ) 2

Either t = 0 or v0 - 1 gt = 0 2 v0 = 1 gt = 1 (9.81 m/s 2 )(4.75 s) = 23.3 m/s 2 2 2 At maximum height, v 2 = 0 = v0 - 2 g Dx v2 (23.3 m/s)2 Dx = 0 = = 27.7 m 2 g 2(9.81 m/s 2 )
23/19

January 7, 2011

Physics 114A - Lecture 4

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