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Definition Plagiarism is defined as presenting someone elses work, including the work of other students, as ones own. Any ideas or materials taken from another source for either written or oral use must be fully acknowledged, unless the information is common knowledge. What is considered common knowledge may differ from course to course.
NOTE:
A student must not adopt or reproduce ideas, opinions, theories, formulas, graphics or pictures of another person without acknowledgment. Offering materials assembled or collected by others in the form of projects or collections without acknowledgment, is also a form of plagiarism.
You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music, etc., or any other type of information that does not comprise common knowledge.
To avoid plagiarism
Begin the writing process by stating your ideas; then go back to the authors original work. Use quotation marks and credit the source (author) when you copy exact wording. Use your own words (paraphrase) instead of copying directly when possible.
Even when paraphrase another authors writings, you must give credit to that author. If the form of citation and reference are not correct, the attribution to the original author is likely to be incomplete. Therefore, improper use of style can result in plagiarism. Get a style manual and use it.
Citation Proper acknowledgement of original author(s) And References Full bibliographic reference, so the reader can find the right publication
A) One kind of mental model for the computer is the nave model. A nave mental model in the context of computer programming is that a computer is an intelligent system. This model is nave because giving directions to a computer is like giving directions to a human being. References: Merrinboer, J. J. van. (1997). Training complex cognitive skills. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
B) One kind of mental model for the computer is the nave model. According to van Merrinboer (1997), "A nave mental model in the context of computer programming is that a computer is an intelligent system, and that giving directions to a computer is like giving directions to a human being" (p. 145). References: Merrinboer, J. J. van. (1997). Training complex cognitive skills. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Educational Technology Publications.
Not plagiarized
Practice 2
Original Source Material: In the traditional behavioral paradigm, feedback is the consequence of a response, typically reinforcement for an appropriate behavior. Source: Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
A) Feedback is not conceived of identically between the various schools of thought in instruction. "In the traditional behavioral paradigm, feedback is the consequence of a response, typically reinforcement for an appropriate behavior" (Driscoll, 2000, p. 65). References: Driscoll, M. P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd ed.). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Not plagiarized
B) Feedback is not conceived of identically between the various schools of thought in instruction. In the traditional behavioral paradigm, feedback is the consequence of a response. That response is typically reinforcement for an appropriate behavior.
Planyour writing
Ask two questionsbefore starting:
What is new in your work? What are you going to write?
Emphasize on the originality and significanceof your work. Organizey our thinkingand decide the structure(outlines) of your paper. Stick on your central points throughoutthe whole paper and removeall unnecessary discussions.
Writing
Purpose of your writing: disseminating your research results.
Dont write if there is nothing to write
Dont make a simple problem complicated to fool people Dont hide technical details
Choosea RightTitle
The title should be very specific, not too broad. The title should be substantially different from others.
Topology control for multihop wireless networks, IEEE Trans. on Comm, 93. Topology control of multihop wireless networks using transmit power adjustment, infocom00. Distributed topology control for power efficient operation in multihop wireless networks, infocom01.
Writea conciseAbstract
Theuse ofan abstract:
for search purpose. giving readers a paper-summary before getting into details.
Anabstract shouldtell:
the problem that the paper discusses. the work that has been done, or method being used. original findings / achievements.
The keywords must be specific and, as a whole, represent the main topic of the paper. Avoid using the words that are not the main topic, such as calculus, simulations, etc.
Organizationof yourThesis
Top-down writing method Planning sections and subsections Sketching: use a sentence to represent the points (paragraphs) in each subsections Writing details: expend a sentence in the sketch into a paragraph Adjustment: break / merge paragraphs, add / merge sections
N.B. keep a logical flow from section to section, paragraph to paragraph, and sentence to sentence.
Howto writeaThesis
And be read. And respected.
Motivation and preparation Frame of mind Style and structure Dirty Tricks
Motivation Writing papers (that are read) is the only way to be respected as a scientist Science: only useful if communicated Conference talks: transitory Reproducibility: from detailed papers
[] Authors need to maximise every opportunity to get their message heard []; literacy will be seen, increasingly, as something that could make or brake a paper, and with it, the career of the authors.
Preparation Read and critique (edit) your colleagues papers before submission You will develop a sense what constitutes a good paper learn to see traps (e.g. overstating) and avoid them learn to critique your own work hopefully be of use to your colleagues, rather than lose all your friends!
Ideally, an editor makes the changes that the writer would make himself, after letting the piece lie for a year.
Preparation Keep up with the relevant literature Develop a data base of references that may need to be cited Keep thinking about the relation of your own work to that of others Understand the arguments used in relevant work Try to explain and resolve differences between results (and design experiments to do so, if necessary) Make sure you cite all the relevant work
Preparation Discuss your work with people inside and outside your group It is better to hear whats wrong before your paper is submitted! Give talks or present posters at conferences Seek out those who have worked on the subject Discuss (by email or in person) with authors of relevant work Find out if your colleagues think your line of reasoning makes sense Pursue all the criticisms received and find an answer to those questions
Frame of Mind Writing a paper is a chance, not a chore! Recap the context of your work Think through your results and arguments in detail Check your logic If you get stuck while writing, be open for new ideas of interpretation
Frame of Mind
Get the time balance right between writing and producing data
A week is not enough to write up five years of research! Allow time to perform extra checks and experiments you will be surprised how many issues come up once you think through the results properly.
Distill your main new insight in your mind, in one sentence Then try and argue your case. Start with a section you find easy (Methods? Introduction?) Do not worry too much about wording and word count cut and edit later Imagine you explain your work to a colleague write down what you would say, in plain language
Write with care and try to communicate Think of those with limited command of English (but superior command of physics) Make short, simple, concrete sentences & avoid buzzwords Use only words whose meaning you know
Technicalities
Look at the journal you are planning to submit to Adhere to the Guide to Authors Test your figures on your grandmother can she read the symbols? Do not use 20 shades of green Make sure you cite all relevant work - few referees like being ignored
Finishing touches
Critique your own work Think hard about the main new message of your paper; then write the Abstract and Conclusions Ask a critical colleague to read and edit Fill in any holes with literature or new experiments this can take several iterations
goodresearch
goodcommunication
plagiarism
Plagiarism
The most blatant form of plagiarism is to repeat as your own someone elses sentences, more or less verbatim . . . Other forms of plagiarism include repeating someone elses . . . apt phrase without appropriate acknowledgement, paraphrasing another persons argument as your own, and presenting anothers line of thinking as though it were your own.
The MLA Handbook (New York: MLA, 1988), pp. 22-23.
asyour own
Everythingyou write in an essay which you do not explicitly say is someone elses thoughtsor words is thereby being presentedas your own.
Including something in a bibliography does not tell us which sentences of the essay come from that source and which you are claiming as your own. So we must take them ALL to be presented as your own.
Formsof Plagiarism1
Submittingthe work of anotherperson in its entirety as if it were your own.
Buying essays from the internet Copying another students essay
Formsof Plagiarism2
Taking anothers essay, retyping it and making occasionalchanges
Deleting some ideas Adding new ideas Changing the conclusion
Formsof Plagiarism3
Insertingall or part of a sentenceor paragraphfrom anothersource into your essay without puttingthe inserted material in quotationmarks
Even if you cite the source
Formsof Plagiarism4
Taking an idea from another source without citing it
Even if you put the idea into your own words
Formsof Plagiarism5
Paraphrasinga sentenceor paragraph from anothersource without saying this is what you are doing
Even if you put the source in your bibliography
Waysto AvoidPlagiarism 1
Bad note-taking is the most common source of unintentionalplagiarism
Spend time thinking about what you have read before taking any notes Notes should summarize what you have read Do not cut and paste material from the internet into a notes file.
Usingthe Web
the good, the bad, and the under-construction
Buttake care
Many traditional academic resources are available online
E.g. primary texts, journals, research papers
But the internet also contains much obscure and unreliable material.
If there is no named author or the author does not have an academic affiliation (i.e. does not give a University address), dont use the source. If you are not sure, ask your tutor before using it in your essay
Waysto AvoidPlagiarism 2
The principles of good referencing are just as important in note-taking as in essays
Enclose all material copied from another source into your notes in quotation marks with the source attributed. Add references as you go along, even when the essay is in very rough draft When you are writing the essay you will be under much more pressure, so dont assume that you can check references later
Waysto AvoidPlagiarism 3
If you do not have enough time to write a proper essay before the deadline: ask for an extension.
For procedural work: ask your module tutor For assessed work: ask the Examinations Officer (Christian Piller in Philosophy)
Responsibility
Issues of plagiarism fall under the principle of strict liability.
Even if you did not mean to plagiarise, you are just as responsible as if you did mean to do so. So, you must actively strive to avoid plagiarism at all costs.
The prohibition against plagiarism applies to both procedural work and assessed work.
Penaltiesfor Plagiarism
University offence - we have to report it and follow rules Range of consequences:
fail module, lower degree class, fail degree.
Procedure1
Work that does not contribute towards your degree, e.g. procedural work or 1st year
Sources are identified University is notified Student formally warned that if ever caught again registration with University will be terminated Examiners asked to check work more carefully
Procedure2
Work that does contribute to your degree result gets Penalty Marks:
The essay containing plagiarism is given an academic mark for the work that is your own ALL other work is checked carefully for plagiarism If any is discovered, that work is remarked A penalty mark reflecting the percentage of degree affected by plagiarism is applied TO ALL YOUR MODULES
Publish or perish
Whatconstitutes goodscience?
Novel new and not resembling something formerly known or used (can be novel but not important) Mechanistic testing a hypothesis - determining the fundamental processes involved in or responsible for an action, reaction, or other natural phenomenon Descriptive describes how are things are but does not test how things work hypotheses are not tested.
JournalCitation Report,2003
Journal Impact Factor Immediacy Index
Nature 30.979 06.679 Science AM J MATH 0002-9327 002353 00.962 00.122 29.162 05.589 Hypertens AJ P Heart Physiol Rev Am J Math Ann Math 05.630 03.658 36.831 00.962 01.505 00.838 00.675 03.727 00.122 00.564
5907 journals
3. Read references
- will help in choosing journal - better insight into possible reviewers
Authorship
Guidelines on authorshop, International committee of Medical Journal Editors, Reprinted by kind permission of the Editor of the British Medical Journal of Sept 14, 1985. J Clin Pathol 39: 110, 1986
Partsof amanuscript
Title Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements References
Writein whatorder?
Title Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements References
Methodsand materials
Best to begin writing when experiments still in progress. Should be detailed enough so results can be repeated by others. Reference published methods where appropriate. Include animal/human use approval information. Use descriptive subheadings
Animals Surgical procedures Histochemistry
Results
Briefly repeating protocols can be effective Tables and figures must be straight forward and concise Present main findings referring to tables/figures. not speculate or over discuss results. Do
Abstract
Critical part of paper
State main objective Summarize most important results
State major conclusions and significance Avoid acronyms Write and rewrite until flawless
Title
Will determine whether paper gets read Avoid long title (see journal rules) rules) Avoid abbreviations Title format: The effects of heat on ice Heat melts ice The role of heat in melting ice
Processof Research
Completion of research Preparation of manuscript Submission of manuscript Assignment and review Decision Rejection Revision Resubmission Re-review Acceptance Publication Rejection