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DATA STRUCTURE PSEUDO-CODE EXAMPLES

(c) Mubashir N. Mir - www.mubashirnabi.com =============================================================================================================================== Note: The Data Structures is a fairly complicated topic with lots of small things to take care of. As such it is quite difficult not to include these small things as they make quite a difference in operating these data structures. I have tried to keep things as simple as possible, leaving difficult things out where possible. However, you can choose for yourself which portions you want discard and which ones to use in your lectures. One example of this could be the "finding of required Node" in the Deletion section of Linked List. The entire "finding" section could be replaced with: Find the required Node If Node is found ...... Otherwise ...... Endif ================================================================================= Stacks ====== We need two variables. One for the maximum limit of the Stack (MAX) and the other for keeping track of the current element to be manipulated (Current). We also declare an array for the Stack. MAX = 5 Current = 0 Array Stack[MAX]

'This will declare an array with 5 elements.

Inserting a Value onto the Stack (Push) ----------------------------------------Procedure Push (Value) If Current is equal to MAX then Output an error that the Stack is full

'This means no more space for data. Stack is full. 'Display an error message that there is no more space on the Stack.

Else Add 1 to Current Put data in Value into current position Endif End Procedure Displaying a value from the Stack (Pop) ----------------------------------------Procedure Pop if Current is equal to Zero then Output error that Stack is empty Else Output value from Stack at Current position Subtract 1 from Current Endif End Procedure

'Go to the next available element in the Stack. 'Put (Push) the data sent in Value parameter in the new element.

'If there are no values in the Stack. 'Nothing to output. 'Output (POP) a value in the Current element (LIFO).

=============================================================================================== QUEUES ======= Prerequsites: End = 0 MAX = 5 Array Queue[MAX] To track the End element of the Queue. Maximum number of elements (or whatever value you like as the number of elements in the Queue) Declares an array of 5 elements for the Queue.

Adding a Value -------------------Procedure Insert(Value) If End is equal to MAX then Output an error message that the Queue is full Otherwise Add 1 to End Store data in Value into Queue at End position Endif End Procedure

'No more space in Queue

'Go to next available element in Queue

Displaying value from Queue ---------------------------------Procedure Display If End is equal to Zero then Output an error message that the Queue is empty Otherwise Display value at position Queue[1] Start Loop from position 1 to End position Copy data from Next element to Current element Move to Next element End Loop EndIf End Procedure

'No values to display

'Always display first value (FIFO) 'Looping through all elements with values 'Moving data is step on its left to fill the gap in the 1 position

===================================================================================================== Linked List ========== Declaring a Linked List ----------------------------Integer : Data Pointer: Next Declaring variables ----------------------Pointer : Start Start = NULL 'Nothing in the Linked List

Creating a New Node with above structure. --------------------------------------------------Procedure Create(Value) If there is enough memory available then Create New Node in memory Point its Next pointer to NULL If this is the first Node in the List then Point Start to the Node

'Only create a Node if memory is available 'Creating a New Node for the Linked List 'Making a termination point for the Node 'There must be a starting point for the Linked List 'Point Start to New Node only if it is the very first one

Otherwise Go to memory location pointed by Start pointer Start Loop and run until Next points to NULL Go to the Node pointed by Next pointer End Loop Point Next of last Node to the newly created Node Put data in Value in new Node's Data Endif Otherwise Output error message that there is no more memory available EndIf End Procedure

'If other Nodes exist then find the last Node in the List 'Begin at the Start (first Node) 'Check each Node until Next pointer points to NULL 'Move from Node to Node 'When last Node found, point its Next pointer to New Node 'Put the required data (Value) in New Node's Data variable 'Out of memory. Can't create a New Node

Deleting a Node from the Linked List (assuming values in Data are unique) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Procedure Delete(Value) Pointer : Found Found = NULL

'Pointer for finding required Node to Delete 'Assuming required Node not found

If there are no Nodes in the List then Output error message that can't delete a Node Otherwise Go to memory location pointed by Start pointer 'Begin at the Start (first Node) Start Loop and run until Next points to NULL 'Check each Node until Next pointer points to NULL If value in Data of current Node is equal to Value then 'If we find our required Node Found = current Node 'Mark the current Node with Found pointer Exit Loop 'No need to finish the loop Endif Go to Node pointed by Next pointer of current Node End Loop If the required Node is the first Node in the List then Point the Start pointer to NULL 'Node deleted Otherwise Point Next of previous Node to the Node pointed by Next of Found 'Node deleted (Previous.Next = Found.Next) Endif Endif End Procedure

Displaying the entire Linked List -----------------------------------------Procedure Display If Start points to NULL then Output error message that the List is empty Otherwise Start Loop at Start position and run until Next points to NULL Output current Node's Data Go to Node pointed by Next pointer of current Node End Loop Endif End Procedure

'List is empty

==================================================================================================== Binary Trees ========== Structure of Binary Tree Node Integer : Data Pointer : Left Pointer : Right Pointer : Start Pointer : Current Start = NULL Current = NULL Insertion in a Binary Tree -----------------------------Procedure Insertion(Value) Create a New Node Point its Left and Right pointers to NULL If Start is pointing to NULL then Point Start to the New Node Otherwise Current = Start Start Loop at Current and run until Left and Right pointers are NULL

'Tree was empty so insert at Start 'Search for appropriate position

If data in Value is less than or equal to Data in Current Node then Go to the left of the Current Node Otherwise Go to the right of the Current Node Endif If data in New Node is less than data in Current Node then Point the Left pointer of Current Node to the New Node Otherwise Point the Right pointer of Current Node to the New Node Endif Insert data in Value in the New Node End Loop Endif End Procedure

Traversals of Binary Tree --------------------------------Procedure InOrder(Current) If Left pointer of Current is not NULL then Call InOrder with Left pointer of Current Endif Output Data in Current Node If Right pointer of Current is not NULL then Call InOrder with Right pointer of Current Endif End Procedure

'This is a recursive call from InOrder to itself

'This is a recursive call from InOrder to itself

Procedure PreOrder(Current) Output Data in Current Node If Left pointer of Current is not NULL then Call InOrder with Left pointer of Current Endif If Right pointer of Current is not NULL then Call InOrder with Right pointer of Current Endif End Procedure

'This is a recursive call from PreOrder to itself

'This is a recursive call from PreOrder to itself

Procedure PostOrder(Current) If Left pointer of Current is not NULL then Call InOrder with Left pointer of Current 'This is a recursive call from PostOrder to itself Endif If Right pointer of Current is not NULL then Call InOrder with Right pointer of Current 'This is a recursive call from PostOrder to itself Endif Output Data in Current Node End Procedure ===========================================================================================================================