AUTHOR: Jos Mara Tintor Parra. LEVEL: 1ESO SCHOOL: I.E.S. Alhambra.

OWNER:

CONTENTS:

PROLOGUE: 1-EVOLUTION: 2-PREHISTORY:

2.1 THE HUMAN FAMILY: 2.2 AUSTRALOPITHECUS: 2.3 HOMO HABILIS: 2.4 HOMO ERECTUS: 2.5 HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS: 2.6 HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS: 2.7 PALEOLITHIC LIFE: 2.8 ART:

3-NEOLITHIC:
3.1 NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION: 3.2 MEGALITHICS:

4-EXERCISES: 5-GLOSSARY: 6-LINKS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY:

PROLOGUE: The beginning:

History begins when humans read and write. Before that, we have Prehistory. This is an interesting period. We know about this period because we use the human remains. Archaeology studies this period

1-EVOLUTION:
In biology, evolution is a change in the inherited traits of a population from one generation to the next. Darwin's Theory Darwin's theory of evolution has four main parts: 1. 2. 3. 4. Organisms change over time. All organisms have common ancestors. Change is gradual and slow. It takes a long time. The mechanism of evolutionary change is natural selection.

For natural selection. 1. Is necessary heritable variation. Examples: beak size, color, skin... 2. Is necessary differential survival and reproduction associated with the possession of that trait.

Natural selection. This is the base of evolution. To find out how it works, imagine a population of beetles:

If you have variation, differential reproduction, and heredity, you will have evolution by natural selection as an outcome. It is as simple as that.

2-PREHISTORY:
2.1 THE HUMAN FAMILY: The human family is defined as Hominids. We have an upright position (which is known as bipedal).

A large brain, and the use and construction of tools.

Hominids are: Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis and Homo Sapiens Sapiens.

2.2 AUSTRALOPITHECUS: The first ancestors, about five million years ago are the Australopithecus. They are similar to chimpanzees.

Food : fruits, young leaves, nuts, roots, bulb, termites, eggs... He uses stones, but he CANNOT MAKE TOOLS. The Australopithecus is an animal. They use the stone to crack the nuts and a rod to unearth roots. He lives in communities of 30 to 40, takes shelter in trees. Remember: It is not a human yet, because it can't make tools.

2.3 HOMO HABILIS: Homo habilis is the first Homo. He is, the first HUMAN species. It existed from approximately 2.2 to 1.6 million years ago in east Africa. Homo Habilis and Australopithecus lived in Africa.

They made tools of stone. Choppers and chopping tools. They lived on hunting and gathering. But often, they ate carrion.

2.4 HOMO ERECTUS: The Homo Erectus were about 1,5 metres tall. They had bigger brains and longer limbs. They had better tools, for example, the handaxe: The Homo Erectus existed from 1,6 million years ago to 120.000 years ago. They travelled all around the world.

They discovered the fire.

2.5 HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS: 200.000 years ago, the Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis appeared in Europe and Asia, during an ice age.

They lived in caves and used animal skins. They had better tools. They buried the dead people, with presents.

2.6 HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS: 150.000 years ago, a new hominid appeared. The Homo Sapiens Sapiens, or, the actual man. You can see a Homo Sapiens Sapiens in your mirror. They were good hunters.

They were the first artist. They painted in caves.

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2.7 PALEOLITHIC LIFE: The first human beings survive because they hunt, fish and gather.

Mammoths, bears, elephants, deer and bisons are some of the animals they hunt. They have food from their meat and from their skins they make clothes. These groups of human beings are nomadic: they move from place to place following the animals and looking for plants. Depending on the areas they lived in caves, or outdoors in cabins. Cabins were houses of tree branches and animal skins. They usually make their houses near rivers.

The groups that they form are tribes.The members of a tribe belonged to the same family. They don't live very long. A cold climate and common diseases explain why most of the Palaeolithic men and women lived about thirty five years.

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The tools Paleolithic means Old Stone. In the Palaeolithic objects were made of stone, wood and animal bones. That is why this period was also called Stone Age. They used stones to hunt and cut animals, skins and meat. Examples of objects: harpoons, needles and lances. The fire. About half a million years ago they discovered... THE FIRE!!!!. The climate was extremely cold. With fire they can heat and light their caves, cook their food and frighten wild animals away.

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REMEMBER:

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2.8 ART: Palaeolithic tribes decorated their caves walls with paintings. The most famous prehistorical paintings are in the caves of Altamira, in Spain, and Lascaux, in France. Most are deep inside the caves where the artist would have needed a lamp. So, this means the paintings may have had a social or religious significance to these early people.

The colors most often used were red and black with some yellow, maroon, and violet. The paint was typically made out of materials ground into animal fats. They also make sculptures to keep these divinities favourable to them. The Venus forms are exceptional.

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3-NEOLITHIC:
3.1 NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION: Neolithic Age is the first human revolution. Two concepts - a sedentary lifestyle, and a food surplus. Reasons: New discoverings Human beings discover agriculture and cattle raising about 10,000 years ago in the Middle East ( Mesopotamia, Egypt). They learn to cultivate plants and domesticate animals.

The first plants were cereals: wheat in the Middle East and Europe, rice in Asia and corn in America.

The first domesticated animals are horses, dogs, goats, sheep and oxen.

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Tribes need to live near arable land to cultivate cereals. They stopped moving from place to place and became sedentary. They built villages next to rivers.

There are two innovations in the Neolithic Age: fabrics and pottery. They produced fabrics from animals wool using tools like bone spindles, and rudimentary looms.

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Pottery was made by hand. They invented new objects, for example: vessels to hold the grain, bowls for eating and cooking, etc.

Neolithic means New Stone. In the Neolithic Age, people used more specialised tools, with polished stone. For example hoes to till the soil, sickles to collect the harvest or hand mills to grind the grain.

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3.2 MEGALITHICS: In the late Neolithic Age, people build the first monuments using big blocks of stone, called megaliths (Big stones). Types.

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4-EXERCISES:
1-Australopithecus: Right/Wrong 1. Knew how to do fire 2. Knew how to break nuts with stones 3. Went on all fours 4. Lived in groups 5. Climbed easily on the trees 6. Were smaller than to days men 7. Had knives 8. Lived in caves 9. Lived in Africa Enter this link and look at the human evolution. Human Evolution 2-Investigate which parts of a Reindeer you choose to eat during the Ice Age: http://www.creswellcrags.org.uk/virtuallytheiceage/Stone%20Age%20People/Reindeer/index.html 3- Enter the link and do the exercise. Tools and equipment 4- Enter the link and... Test your survival skills

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5-Exercise: Write the right words for every picture: OUT OF WOOD AND STONE SHARPENING PAINTING 12345678HUNTING CUTTING OUT POLISHING TWO SIDED CARVING.

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6- Exercise: The Paleolithic Fauna: Write the name of every animal:

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7-Art quiz:
1_Colors used in Prehistoric Art were: A) brown B) green C) red D) blue 2_A pigment is: A) a colored powder B) a vegetable C) a small animal 3_ To make a painting paste you use as binding agent : A) water B) wheat C) fats D) salt 4-To paint Prehistoric Men used: A) their fingers B) knives C) paint brushes 5_ In caves you see mostly paintings of: A) animals B) landscapes C) humans D) symbols 6_ A venus is: A) a pot plant B) a wild herb C) a small statue representing goddess Mother 7- Pigments are heated: A) to make them more resistant B) to obtain different colors 8-A very famous cave: A) Lasca B) Lascaux C) Lasci 9-Ochre is rather: A) green B) yellow C) grey 10-The Men who have painted in the caves were: A) Homo sapiens B) Australopithecus C) Nandertal Men D) Homo habilis E) Cro-magnon Men

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8- Exercise: Look at the paintings in the lesson. Draw them here:

9- Exercise: Which was your favorite painting? Why?

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10 Exercise: The Effects of the Neolithic Revolution. Make a picture with each of the items below. Population Growth (more people) It is possible to have more children. Additionally, there is more food.

Specialisation People now have more time to do other things. There are new skilled jobs. For example: toolmaking, milling, pottery, weaving, and carpentry.

Trade A new class emerge: the merchants. They are wealthy and powerful.

Security They constructed barriers and walls. Soldiers protected people (and attacked people, too). And rules and laws are necessary.

Government A new political class emerged, the rulers, the kings and priests. They demanded tribute.

Disease For the first time in history, large groups of humans lived with, animals, waste material, and rubbish in the same space. Disease and plague appeared

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11-Exercise: What could the Neolithic men do with the following objects? Form sentences using these elements: 1- a harpoon 2- a needle 3- a hand mill 4- fire 5- straw 6- a ceramic vessel

12- Exercise: Write the correct names in the labels.

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12-Exercise: Write the name of every part in this plant. (Remember Natural Sciences)

13-Exercise: Look for pictures of menhirs, dolmens and cromlechs in the web, and use the materials given to construct your own. 14-Click on the link and watch the video: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/wiltshire/5102130.stm

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5-GLOSSARY:
Ancestor: Antepasado. Barrier: Barrera Binding agent: Aglutinante. Brush: Brocha Burial: De enterramiento. Carpentry: Carpintera. Ceramic vessel: Vasija de cermica. Common: Comn. Copper: Cobre. Crop: Cultivo. Disease: Enfermedad. Endeavours: tareas. Fabrics: Tejidos Farm: Granja. Fats:Grasas. Gatherer/To Gather: Recolector/Recolectar. Growth: Crecimiento. Hand mill: Molino de mano. Harpoon: Arpn. Harvest: Cosecha. Heredity: Herencia. Heritable: Heredable. Heritage: Herencia. Hoe: Azada. Human being: Ser humano. Hunter: Cazador. Iron: Hierro. Jewel: Joya. King:Rey. Land: Tierra. Law: Ley. Loom: Telar. Meat: Carne. Merchant: Mercader Neddle: Aguja. 27

Next. Prximo. Nomadic: Nmada. Offal: Entraas, vsceras. Offspring: Descendencia Plough: Arado Pottery: Cermica. Pottery wheel: Torno de alfarero. Powder: Polvo Priest: Sacerdote. Raw materials: Materias primas. Reindeer: Reno. Rod: Bastn. Rubbish: Basura. Rule: Regla. Sail: Vela. Sedentary: Sedentario. Sickle: Hoz Skilled: Especializado/a Skin: Piel. Spindle: Huso, (para tejidos) Stomach: Estmago. Surplus: Excedente. Traits: Rasgo Tool: Herramienta. Wall: Muro. Waste material: Material de deshecho. Weapon: Arma. Whealth: Riqueza. Wheath: Trigo. Wheel: Rueda. Wool: Lana Verbs: To unearth: Desenterrar. To farm: Cultivar. To breed, bred, bred: Producir, engendrar, criar. To weave/Weaving: Tejer To frighten: Asustar. To trade: Negociar, comerciar. To grind: Moler. To worship: Adorar. To belong: Pertenecer

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6-LINKS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY:

http://web.educastur.princast.es/proyectos/grupotecne/asp1/investigacion/vermensajeb.asp? idmensaje=556 Para la foto de la pareja Australopithecus http://expatriada.wordpress.com/category/el-trabajo-de-miri/ Para el mueco de madera http://brainquestionblog.wordpress.com/ Para el cerebro. http://www.school-clipart.com/_pages/0511-0703-2214-4332.html Para las herramientas. http://www.lithiccastinglab.com/gallery-pages/2005aprilhistoryofflintknappingpage1.htm Para el Australopithecus usando las rocas. http://dinodetectives.blogia.com/temas/paleontologia.php Para las piedras del Australopithecus. http://www.geocities.com/latrinchera2000/archivoimagenes/hominizacion/habilis/habilis5.html Para la imagen del Homo Hbilis. http://www.faune-flore.com/placesvisited.html Para el mapa de Olduvai. http://www.geocities.com/nuestrosorigenes/hominizacion/031homohabilis.htm Para las imgenes de choppers y chopping tools. http://www.usborne-quicklinks.com/uk/uk_entity_pages/uk_select_link.asp? lang=uk&lvl=2&id=598&From=82&To=83 Para imgenes de Homo Hbilis haciendo herramientas. http://williamcalvin.com/BrainForAllSeasons/Olor.htm Para el bifaz o hacha de mano. http://www.usborne-quicklinks.com/uk/uk_entity_pages/uk_download_image.asp? lib=690&linkid=455543 Para el mapa de la expansin del Homo Erectus. http://hominid.renecanales.com/Hominids/HomoNeanderthal.htm Para los Neanderthales. http://www.iabrno.cz/agalerie/pavlova.htm Para los Sapiens cazadores. http://hello4812-worldstudys.blogspot.com/2008_09_01_archive.html Para la imagen del Homo Sapiens pintando.

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http://www.northernblue.ca/cconline/3evolution.php Para la imagen de hunt http://www.co.pinellas.fl.us/BCC/yatki/reconstructing.htm Para la imagen de fishing La cubierta del juego Carcasonne: Cazadores y recolectores, de Klaus-Jrgern Wrede. Para la imagen de gathering http://bioquimica-sil2.blogspot.com/ Para la imagen del Homo Sapiens http://www.xenciclopedia.com/post/Historia/La-edad-de-piedra.html Para la imagen desglosada del hombre prehistrico. http://www.midisegni.it/disegni/abitazioni.shtml Para la caverna. http://www.toddzalewski.com/books.html Para el campamento prehistrico. http://www.montes.upm.es/Dptos/DptoSilvopascicultura/edafologia/guia/Fichas/obsidiana.html Para la obsidiana. http://www.ecoinnova.com/chimeneas-y-estufas-de-biomasa/tipos-de-biomasa/ Para la lea. http://healthguide.howstuffworks.com/bone-tumor-picture.htm Para el hueso. http://www.anchorclanker.com/SMACKIE/gameras.htm Para la piel de lobo. http://www.osasun.ejgv.euskadi.net/r5220726/es/contenidos/boletin_revista/ihitza20/es_ihitza/ekin6.html Para el icono del fuego. http://www.cartoonstock.com/directory/c/cro-magnon_gifts.asp Para la imagen del fuego en la cueva. http://www.cressingtemple.org.uk/CourtHall/Prehist/Iron%20Age.htm Para la gente cocinando al fuego http://disney.go.com/disneyrecords/read-alongs/junglebook/index.HTML Para la imagen del libro de la selva. http://www.usborne-quicklinks.com/uk/uk_entity_pages/uk_download_image.asp? lib=690&linkid=455728 Para la imagen del poblado neoltico.

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http://xinxabombus.lacoctelera.net/post/2008/09/10/la-revolucion-del-neolitico-fue-gracias-lacerveza Para la imagen de agricultoras. http://mx.kalipedia.com/historia-universal/tema/religion-neolitico.html? x=20070718klpprcryc_21.Kes Para la pintura rupestre de pastor neoltico. http://www.gocek.com/christiansymbols/?search=plant Para la imagen del trigo. http://www.thaitable.com/Thai/Ingredients/jasmine_rice.htm Para el arroz. http://www.dreamstime.com/ear-of-corn-image2866427 Para el maz. http://www.coloring-pages-and-more.com/horse-coloring-pages.html Para los caballos. http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=toolboxes&sec=signsPosters Para el perro con correa. http://www.smalldairy.com/marketplace.html Para la cabra. http://www.mdfarmbureau.com/KidsCorner/Clothes.htm Para las ovejas. http://members.memlane.com/gromboug/P12MvAni.htm Para los bueyes. http://www.usborne-quicklinks.com/uk/uk_entity_pages/uk_select_link.asp? lang=uk&lvl=2&id=598&From=108&To=109 Para la imagen del mapa del creciente frtil y la imagen de Chatal Huyuk. http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_4/lorrio_zapatero_6_4.html Para la imagen del telar. http://www.thaitextilemuseum.com/English/Variety/TEXTILE_Prehistoric_Designs/textile_prehisto ric_designs.html Para la imagen de tejido. http://www.hartzler.org/cc307/mycenaean/3c.html Para la imagen de cermica. http://docentes.uacj.mx/ijimenez/clases/Hist.Cultura/edad_de_piedra.htm Para las herramientas de piedra pulida. http://www.historiasiglo20.org/prehistory/index.htm Para el ejercicio del poblado Neoltico y algunos otros ejercicios del Neoltico. La mayora del texto 31

del Neoltico est adaptado de esta pgina. http://brittanyfrance56.co.uk/Brittany.aspx Para el menhir. http://www.south-armagh.com/index.cfm/area/information/page/archeaology Para el dolmen. http://menoistorija.blogas.lt/ Para la imagen del Cromlech. http://peruanocorazon.blogspot.com/2008_01_01_archive.html Para la imagen de los arquelogos de verdad. http://alvaroofspain.wordpress.com/tag/ps3/ Para la imagen de Lara Croft. Adems, he utilizado los siguientes libros: The Usborne Internet Linked Encyclopedia of World History. By JANE BINGHAM, FIONA CHANDLER and SAM TAPLIN. Prehistoric Peoples. By PHILLIP BROOKS.

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