Designing With Composite Deck

Author

Richard B. Heagler

ichard B. Heagler is director of engineering for Nicholas J. Bouras, Inc., and United Steel Deck, Inc. of Summit, New Jersey. He received his bachelor of science and master of science and professional degrees in civil engineering from the University of Missouri at Rolla. He has been involved in the steel deck industry for over thirty-five years. In 1962 he began his career at Granco Steel Products, St. Louis, Missouri and joined Nicholas J. Bouras, Inc. in 1977. Mr. Heagler has written articles on connecting steel deck and on designing with steel deck, and is the author of Engineers Notebook for the Design of Composite Steel Beams and Girders with Steel Deck. He is also the principal author of the Steel Deck Institute's Composite Deck Design Handbook. Mr. Heagler is the chairman of the Steel Deck Institute's Technical Committee on Floor Deck, and is the chairman of the American Society of Civil Engineer Standards Committee on Composite Deck. He is also an ex-president of the Steel Deck Institute. Mr. Heagler is a Registered Professional Engineer in the state of Missouri, New Jersey, and New York.

strength of column testing. More than 40 tee joints were fabricated with high-strength (690 MPa yield strength) "pull" plates welded transversely to opposite flanges of short 610 mm lengths of heavy column sections. The second half of this session will detail the performance of steel in high-demand full-scale connection tests. Several designs were examined, including a new, simple and economical connection solution. Issues and recommendations related to design, detailing, fabrication, failure modes and material performance are presented.

Summary

n the beam-to-column connection used in welded moment frames, the through-thickness strength of the column flange is relied upon to transmit the cyclic forces from the beam flanges to the column. The first part of this session focuses on the results from SAC's research project "ThroughThickness Strength of Column Flanges in Welded Moment Connections," which was designed to resolve questions about the through-thickness

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Designing with Composite Deck

Two very different considerations have the most influence on choosing a composite deck system. These are construction spans, and fire ratings. The third consideration is the ability to carry the service loads but this can usually be done by a simple review. It is interesting to note that the third consideration (service load), while being perhaps the least important, has received the most attention and the most research effort. In general, fire requirements set the concrete type and cover while construction loading dictates the deck depth and gage - shoring is always avoided. Only now, after almost fifty years of composite deck use, is a campaign being launched to produce a more rational set of fire resistance rules. The following two topic discussions on working platform and fire ratings were copied from the SDI Composite Deck Design Handbook of 1997.

The Deck as a Working Platform and a Form. As a working platform the builder may assume an allowable working load of 50 pounds per square foot; an investigation may be necessary to see if shoring needs to be in place to obtain this capacity. For construction information and guidelines the Steel Deck Institute Manual of Construction with Steel Deck is recommended. Deck performance as a form is determined using the loading criteria and coefficients shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3. Where only uniform loads are shown, the loading consists of concrete weight, deck weight, and a construction (men and equipment) load of 20 psf. In the cases where a combination of a uniform and a concentrated load is shown, the uniform loading consists of concrete and deck weights and the concentrated load is 150 pounds per foot of width. (The 150 pound load is the distributed result of a 300 pound man load acting over two feet). The single span loading considers limited manueverability. For single span loading the concrete load is the actual concrete weight (psf) plus either 0.5 times the concrete weight or 30 psf, whichever is less. This increase in concrete load is to provide an allowance for possible concrete piling. In the 1991 edition of the Composite Deck Design Handbook the 0.5 added weight factor was used but was not limited to the 30 psf increase over the actual weight. The equations in figures 1, 2, and 3 are general. It is the responsibility of the user to apply the correct load factors to the various combinations of loads. Example problem 1 shows how the factors are applied to a three span condition. The maximum unshored spans for various slabs and deck combinations are shown in the tables. The LRFD calculations for the maximum spans use the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) load factors of 1.6 for concrete weight; 1.4 for men and equipment; and, 1.2 for deck weight. The resistance factors from the AISI are 0.95 for bending, and 0.90 or 1.0 for shear depending on the web length to thickness ratio. The tabulated values for shear are factored.
Web crippling is checked at interior supports based on a 5" bearing width. In most cases steel beam flanges will be at least 5" wide, but even if they are less than 5" the temporary nature of the loading makes the calculation conservative. Web crippling at exterior supports is not a factor because if end crippling occurs the deck simply becomes hinged which is assumed in any case. For the calculation of maximum unshored spans web crippling is checked using ASD procedures for the deck uniformly loaded with concrete, deck weight, and 20 psf construction load. The LRFD load factors and the factor provide unacceptable results. This is the only instance where ASD is used in preparing the tables. Additionally, web crippling loads are very temporary so the traditional 1/3 stress increase is allowed in the ASD procedure. Slip off is much more critical so deck ends must be well connected to the framing members. Combined bending and shear is checked at the interior supports on multispan deck.

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Designing with Composite Deck

Key uniform concrete load uniform construction load (20 psf, Unfactored)

concentrated man or equipment load (150 Ibs./ft. of width Unfactored)

figure 1

figure 2

figure 3

* deflection is to be calculated using only concrete plus deck weights uniformly distributed over all spans.

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Designing with Composite Deck

Form deflection under the uniform loading of concrete and deck weight is limited to 1/180 of the span or 3/4"; no additional temporary construction loads or concrete loads are included in the calculations for the tables. For the purpose of the tables, the supporting structure is assumed to remain level as the frame flexibility is not known nor can any camber be anticipated. For concrete quantity calculations refer to the SDI publication Metal Deck and Concrete Quantities, 1994. Fire Ratings

Hourly fire ratings are used as a measure of the ability of the composite deck slab to contain a fire and keep it from spreading from floor to floor. The "fire" is defined in ASTM E119. For the duration of the fire test the floor must carry the design load, not allow 250 F temperature rise through the slab, and not permit flames or hot gasses to penetrate the assembly. Local codes dictate the number of hours required and, as shown in figure 4, the concrete cover is often controlled by the rating selected. There are also rated assemblies not shown in figure 4 that use a suspended ceiling as part of the construction; these assemblies generally have 2.5" of normal weight concrete cover for one and two hour ratings and 3.5" for three hours. The information in figure 4 is based on the constructions shown in the Fire Resistance Directory published by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. In this directory the construction group "Floor Ceiling Designs - Concrete with Steel Floor Units and Beam Supports" (prefix D) provides important details of construction for each design and must be consulted.

Rating Hours
1 1 1.5 1.5 2 2 3 3 4 4

LIGHTWEIGHT NORMAL WEIGHT

Concrete cover

Concrete cover

Is fireproofing required

on the deck?*
No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

2.5"(65mm) 2.5"(65mm) 3"(75mm) 3.25"(85mm) 2.5"(65mm) 2.5"(65mm) 4.25"(110mm) 2.5"(65mm) 3.25"(85mm)

3.5"(90mm) 2.5"(65mm) 2.5"(65mm) 4"(100mm) 4.5"(115mm) 2.5"(65mm) 2.5"(65mm) 5.25"(135mm) 2.5"(65mm)

* This column refers to the deck; beams and columns normally need some type of fire protection.

figure 4

In the Underwriters Fire Resistance Directory the composite deck constructions show hourly ratings for restrained and unrestrained assemblies. ASTM E119 provides information in appendix X3 called "Guide for Determining Conditions of Restraint for Floor and Roof Assemblies and for Individual Beams". After a careful review of this guide the Steel Deck Institute determined that all interior and exterior spans of multispan deck properly attached to steel framing are restrained. Additionally, all multiple span composite deck slabs attached to bearing walls are restrained. In fact, there is almost no realistic condition that a composite deck-slab could not be considered to be restrained - perhaps a single span deck system which is unattached to framing or a wall in order to provide a removable slab.

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Designing with Composite Deck

Service Loads - Uniform & Concentrated

The composite deck of the 1950's was reviewed for service loading by using conventional reinforced concrete design techniques. As the market for composite deck expanded, and as more deck manufacturers entered the business, the need for a set of design standards became interesting to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). A research program was initiated at Iowa State University and was funded by the AISI. This program resulted in the "shear bond" method of analysis which was based on results from a simple span test illustrated in the figure.

figure 5

In general, composite slabs under this testing failed in the so called "shear bond" mode which was characterized by a crack under one of the load beams and the concrete sliding from the crack past the steel deck edge. The failure could be described as "brittle"; however, in most cases the bottom flange of the steel deck achieved yield.
In the early 1980's the SDI initiated research at West Virginia University to investigate "real world" effects on composite behavior. End restraints from common attachments, shear studs, and pour stops were tested. Also the effects of multiple panel widths and deck continuity were examined. In 1989 multi span full scale testing began at Virginia Polytech. The SDI supported the existing shear bond method but wanted to show that a more ductile failure resulted with common construction practices. The SDI program resulted in confirmation of the ductile failure premise and also quantified the effect of shear studs which were the most influential of the restraints investigated. The resulting design methodology is again consistent with reinforced concrete methods.
The tables from the United Steel Deck, Inc. design manual show the results of the SDI work.

The SDI also sponsored research at West Virginia University to determine concentrated load distributions in composite slabs. The results of the research are summarized in figure 6.

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Designing with Composite Deck

The SDI tables show all of the necessary information for any composite slab design problem with the exception of diaphragm composite diaphragms are covered in the SDI Diaphragm Design Manual. figure 6

Service Loads - Composite Slabs and Vibrations The foremost authority on floor vibrations in steel framed buildings is Professor Thomas M. Murray of Virginia Polytechnic Institute. The AISC has publications and software written by Professor Murray on the subject. The SDI software on floor design (composite beams) calculates the damping requirements for floor systems and shows the result in the printout. The Murray criterion is the formula: (In USA units) (In international units)

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Designing with Composite Deck

If the damping (D) provided by the system is greater than the right side of the inequality, then the system will not exhibit annoying vibrations according to most scales. D is expressed as a percent of critical, A o is the maximum (initial) amplitude of the system, and f is the first natural frequency. Murray's paper, Floor Vibrations in Buildings (presented at the Pacific Structural Conference of 1989, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia) provides example calculations for A o and f and also gives damping ranges for different constructions. All three variables include the slab thickness and this means that analyzing vibrations is a review process. Our concern is the deck/slab combination which will provide a starting point for the review.
Most deck/slab combinations are selected to provide a fire rating and to be unshored during construction. These constraints will provide a deck/slab that will be a good starting point for the vibration analysis. However an additional check would be to keep the span depth ratio below the following limits:
Single Span NW Single Span LW Multi Span NW Multi Span LW 25 22 27 25

Where heavier gage deck (16 or 18) is used the limit of the ratio can, in most cases, be increased by adding two.

These limits are based on an item in Murray's paper,

"Ellingwood and Tallin (1984) have recently suggested that, to provide sufficient static stiffness against floor motions during walking, a stiffness criterion of 1 mm due to a concentrated load of 1 kN should be used. The criterion is recommended by them for floors used for normal human occupancy (e.g. residential, office, school), particularly for light residential floors. This criterion does not include damping, which many researchers believe to be the most important parameter in controlling transient vibrations. In addition, no test data is presented to substantiate the criterion. Since the criterion is relatively new, acceptance by structural designers and performance of floor systems so designed is unknown at this time."
The limits were calculated by assuming the 1 kN load was only distributed over a 12" width which would be very conservative. Although Murray says the criterion is relatively new, it is quite familiar to some as being close to the "rule of thumb" used in the early sixties and is not too far off of the limits suggested in the ASCE Standard on Composite Deck Slabs.
Murray also cites Ellingwood and Tanner (1986) as recommending a stiffness criterion for commercial, i.e. shopping centers, as limiting deflection to 0.02" (1/2 mm) under a load of 450 pounds (2kN). The previous listing of deck/slab span to depth ratios was determined by assuming a 12" load distribution. The following example shows that these limits are a good guide for commercial applications when the load is properly distributed.

Example: The deck span is 10'; use a span to depth ratio of 27.

(use normal weight concrete). With 19 gage 2" Lok Floor shoring is not needed for continuous spans.

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Designing with Composite Deck

Using and putting the load at center span:

load distribution per foot of width

Deflection of a continuous beam with a point load at center:

Transformed l of 19 gage with 4.5" slab = 6.7 in.4 per foot of width. With which is O.K. for office and residential. With which is O.K. for commercial. Both Ellingwood requirements are satisfied. Any beam that is selected should be checked with the point load at center span, but it is probably rare for either criterion to control the beam selection. It could be argued that the deck/slab should be checked as a single span rather than as continuous.

Murray's paper does not deal with the deck/slab individually, but states that the floor system will be satisfactory if the critical damping, D, is greater than (in USA units). is the initial amplitude from a heel drop (600 lbs.). f is the first natural frequency, 10% to 25% of the

design live load can be included in the frequency calculation.

For the 19 gage 2" Lok Floor with the 4.5" slab assume a live load of 80 psf. In Murray's example problem he estimates the damping, D, of a particular system to be: slab + beam

hung ceiling duct work

D
Partitions, not included in his example problem, could add significantly to the damping.

If the bay size were 40' x 40' a floor beam might be selected to limit the concrete deflection to Concrete + Deck = 44 psf Steel = 6 psf

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Designing with Composite Deck

Either a 21 x 44 or 18 x 50 (with reduced studs) could be used For the vibration analysis the complete (100%) composite l is used regardless of the number of studs. The Murray paper provides the required formulas. With only the dead load applied: O.K. slightly greater than D With 10% of the live load and the dead: O.K. O.K. The Murray paper does an excellent job of providing insight and guidelines into vibration problems. However, we must realize that the analysis is not precise. Even the definition of "annoying" is fuzzy. So, from a deck/ slab standpoint the span to depth ratio limits are probably the best way to check the "normal" starting point. The normal starting point is to fulfill the fire rating needs and to do the job without shoring. Service Loads - Horizontal Loads There are two references used in the United States for evaluating the diaphragm strength and stiffness of composite deck slabs. These references are the Army, Navy, Air Force publication Seismic Design for Buildings (The Tri Service Manual) and the Steel Deck Institute, Diaphragm Design Manual, Second Edition. Part of the imput for calculating the SDI diaphragms is the weld size attaching the deck to the frame. When 3/4" diameter welds and sidelap welds are used in the SDI formulas, the values obtained are close to those obtained using the Tri Service Manual. Both references present design strength values. The SDI Manual shows the safety factor for these concrete diaphragms as 3.25, so, to obtain the ultimate strength the tabulated SDI values can be multiplied by 3.25 The stiffness using the SDI formulas is given as G' in kips per inch. The SDI stiffness can be converted to the tri service flexibility factor, F, by the relation F = 1000/G'. In most cases composite slab diaphragms would be classified as "rigid". Typical SDI Design Diaphragm Strengths Span/Gage G', kips per inch Q, plf 1810 2500 8/20 1800 10/20 2500 12/18 1880 2540 1950 2560 14/16
Note: 5/8" welds to structure - Side lap welds @ approximately 2'.

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction Inc All rights reserved

Example Problems
These example problems use 20 gage (t = 0.0358") 2" x 12" composite deck made from steel with a 33 ksi (minimum) yield point. The deck properties (per foot of width) have been calculated in accordance with the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) Specifications and are: (section modulus in positive bending); (section modulus in negative bending); lbs.; is the ASD interior web crippling capacity based on a 5" bearing and is the factored deck shear strength. SDI tolerances apply. The concrete properties are: density = 145 pcf. The ratio of the moduli, The LRFD method is used in all of the example problems. Since the examples are "hand worked" there may be some round off differences from computer generated answers shown in the table.

Example Problem Number 1. Unshored Span Calculation

Calculate the maximum unshored clear span for the three span condition of the deck (20 gage 2" x 12") with a 4.5" slab. The resistance factors and the load factors are provided by the AISI Specifications. The load factors are 1.6 for concrete weight, 1.4 for construction loading of men and equipment, and 1.2 for the deck dead load. It is important to remember that these factors are for the deck under the concrete placement loads; when the slab has cured, and the system is composite, the factors are different.

Check negative bending with two spans loaded:

Check positive bending with one span loaded with concrete and the concentrated load:

Web crippling, shear, and the interaction of bending and web crippling are checked with two spans loaded.

Check interior web crippling (note the 1/3 stress increase allowed for ASD temporary loading for web crippling):
Check shear: Shear alone will not control, but the interaction of shear and bending could. The AISI equation for interactions is:

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Example Problems

Solving for Check deflection with

and with

limits;

These "hand" calculations show the maximum unshored span is controlled by combined shear and bending. The computer generated tables show a maximum unshored span of 9.27'.

Example Problem 2. Composite section properties Calculate the composite section properties and the allowable uniform load for the deck slab combination of Example Problem Number 1. The clear span is 9'. No negative bending reinforcing is used over the beams, so the composite slab will be a simple span. and l are per foot of width. Determine the "cracked" I. This calculation is the standard ASD calculation which assumes all concrete below the neutral axis is cracked. The concrete is transformed into equivalent steel.

Moments (of areas) about the neutral axis (N.A.) are summed in order to locate the N.A.
Solving for a shows

The cracked section modulus shows 1.26, which checks.

The table printout

Determine the "uncracked" moment of inertia steel.

The concrete is again transformed into equivalent

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Example Problems
Using the top of the slab as the reference line:

and the uncracked l is:

Calculate the Unfactored (allowable) live load for the case with no studs. The clear span is 9'. The factored moment is; , where is the section modulus of the cracked section as previously determined, and the f factor is 0.85. inch pounds = 35.34 inch kips. The printout shows 35.43 which checks within 1%. Unless negative bending reinforcement is present, the composite slab is assumed to be single span. For a single span, the Unfactored uniform (live) load is found by:

Solving for

shows

rounded to the nearest 5 psf.

Check the deflection if the applied load is 150 psf. With no negative reinforcing, the composite slab is a single span.
which is and should be OK

Check the factored vertical shear capacity:

Check the concrete shear control limit:

5450 < 6080 pounds. (The tabulated value is 5450 - checks) The Unfactored (allowable) live load if shear controls is found by: So obviously shear does not control the Unfactored live load. The number of studs required to develop 100% of the factored moment is given by: the numerator of this equation is specific to the deck being used and the denominator is AISC equation 15-1. For this 20 gage 2" x 12" deck (The printout shows 0.43 because of round off.) The inverse 1.0/0.43 = 2.33 which means a stud is required every 2.33' in order to achieve the full factored moment. The full factored moment is In this equation a is the depth of the concrete compression block and is given by where b is 12". a = 0.54(33000)/(0.85 x 3000 x 12) = 0.58"; d is measured from the top of the slab to the centroid of the deck and is 3.5". The printout shows 48.60 inch kips, which checks. Since studs spaced at 1' and 2' will develop the full factored moment of 48.60 inch kips, and with no studs the composite slab develops 35.43 inch kips. If studs are spaced at 3' (1/3 =0.33 studs per foot) then the composite slab capacity is found by interpolation:

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Example Problems
Example Problem 3. Point Load

This problem is designed to demonstrate how to check the ability of a composite slab to carry a 2000 lb point load over an area of 4.5" x 4.5" occurring anywhere in the span. (See figure 6 for distribution formulas.)
There will be no other live load acting simultaneously, and there is no negative bending reinforcement present over the supports, therefore we assume a single span condition. For this example the following data obtained from problems 1 and 2 are used: Clear Span Slab Thickness 9 ft. 4.5 in. 35.43 in.k 48.60 in.k 42 psf 6.3 in4/ft

Thickness of concrete cover over the top of the deck Thickness of any additional topping Total thickness exclusive of topping

For moment and for determining the distribution steel, put the load in the center of the span. where x is the location of the load x = l/2 However in feet therefore Check vertical shear: Put the load one slab depth away from the beam

For Moment For Shear Live load moment (per foot of width) = Pl/4 = (1.6)(2000)(9/4)(12/59)(12)/1000 Pl/4 = 17.54 in.k ; 1.6 is the load factor and 12/59 is the distribution factor 1.2 is the load factor.

Dead load moment

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Example Problems
Factored resisting moment when studs are not present on the beams

Find the required distribution steel (welded wire mesh)

Assume the wire mesh is located 1/2 in above top of deck. is the area per foot of the wire mesh which has an of 60 ksi. If the bars are being investigated the would have to be adjusted accordingly. NOTE: in ACI but SDI uses 0.85 b=12in. Assume is the area of 6x6w1.4x1.4 mesh, which is SDI and ASCE minimum

2816 > 2582

O.K.

SDI minimum welded wire mesh is sufficient

Check Deflection under concentrated load: Put load in center of span and use concentrated load coefficients

Should be O.K.

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2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Load Tables - 2 x 12" DECK

145 pcf concrete

DECK PROPERTIES

Gage
22 20

t
0.0295

w
1.5

As
0.440 0.540 0.338 0.420 0.490 0.560 0.700 0.284 0.367 0.445 0.523 0.654 0.302 0.387 0.458 0.529 0.654 714 1010 1330 1680 2470 1990 2410 2810 3180 3990

studs
0.36 0.43 0.51 0.57 0.72

The Deck Section Properties are per foot of width. The l value is for positive bending (in.4); t is the gage thickness in inches; w is the weight in pounds per square foot; and

0.0358
0.0418 0.0474 0.0598

1.8
2.1 2.4 3.1

19 18 16

0.630
0.710 0.900

are the section moduli for positive and negative bending

(in.3); and are the interior reaction and the shear in
COMPOSITE PROPERTIES

pounds (per foot of width); studs is the number of studs required per foot in order to obtain the full resisting moment,

Slab Depth

Max. unshored spans, ft. 1span 2span 3span

40.27 46.44 49.53 52.61

22 gage

4.50 5.00
5.25 5.50 6.00

32.6 37.5
40.0 42.6 48.0 50.8 53.6 59.5 61.9 64.3 32.6 37.5 40.0 42.6 48.0 50.8 53.6 59.5 61.9 64.3 32.6 37.5 40.0 42.6 48.0 50.8 53.6

0.292 0.333
0.354 0.375 0.417 0.438 0.458 0.500 0.521 0.542 0.292

The Composite Properties are a list of values for the

58.78
61.87 64.95 71.12 74.21 77.29 48.60 56.18

composite slab. The slab depth is the distance from the

bottom of the steel deck to the top of the slab in inches as shown on the sketch. U.L. ratings generally refer to the cover over the top of the deck so it is important to be aware of the difference in names. is the factored resisting moment provided by the composite slab when the "full"

6.25
6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 4.50 5.00 5.25 5.50 6.00 6.25 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50

"uncracked" moments of inertia of the transformed composite slab; in.4 per foot of width. The transformed

19 gage

number of studs as shown in the upper table are in place; inch kips (per foot of width). is the area of concrete available to resist shear, in.2 per foot of width. Vol. is the volume of concrete in ft.3 per ft.2 needed to make up the slab; no allowance for frame or deck deflection is included. W is the concrete weight in pounds per ft.2. is the section modulus of the "cracked" concrete composite slab; in.3 per foot of width. is the average of the "cracked" and section analysis is based on steel; therefore, to calculate deflections the appropriate modulus of elasticity to use is 29.5 x 106 psi. is the factored resisting moment of the composite slab if there are no studs on the beams (the deck is attached to the beams or walls on which it is resting) inch kips (per foot of width). is the factored vertical shear resistance of the composite system; it is the
sum of the shear resistances of the steel deck and the concrete but is not allowed to exceed pounds (per foot of width). The next three columns list the maximum unshored spans in feet; these values are obtained by using the construction loading requirements of

59.96 63.75
71.32 75.11

78.90
86.47 90.26 94.05 55.85 64.68 69.10 73.52 82.35 86.77 91.19 100.03 104.44 108.86 62.08 72.04 77.02 82.00 91.95 96.93 101.91 111.87 116.85 121.83

0.333 0.354 0.375 0.417 0.438 0.458 0.500 0.521

0.542

20 gage

42 48 51 54 60 63 66 73 76 79 42 48

1.05 1.23
1.32 1.42 1.61 1.71 1.81 2.01 2.11 2.21 1.26 1.48 1.60 1.71 1.95 2.07 2.19 2.43 2.55 2.67 1.45 1.71 1.84 1.97 2.24 2.38 2.52 2.80 2.94

5.9 8.0 9.2

10.5 13.5 15.3 17.1 21.2 23.5 26.0 6.3 8.6

29.40 34.53 37.16 39.81 45.21 47.95 50.70 56.26 59.07 61.88 35.43 41.65

51
54

9.8
11.3 14.5 16.3 18.2 22.6 25.0 27.6 6.7 9.0 10.4 11.9 15.2 17.1 19.2 23.8 26.3 29.0 7.0 9.5 10.9 12.4 15.9 17.9 20.0 24.8 27.4 30.2 7.7 10.4 11.9

44.84
48.07

60 63 66
73 76 79 42 48 51 54 60 63 66 73 76 79 42 48 51 54

54.63 57.96
61.31

68.09
71.50 74.93 40.69 47.87 51.56 55.30 62.90 66.76 70.65 78.50 82.46

4.50
5.00 5.25 5.50

0.292 0.333 0.354 0.375

0.417 0.438 0.458 0.500 0.521 0.542 0.292 0.333 0.354 0.375 0.417 0.438 0.458 0.500 0.521 0.542 0.292 0.333 0.354 0.375 0.417

6.00
6.25

6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50

4.50 5.00 5.25 5.50 6.00 6.25 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 4.50

59.5
61.9 64.3 32.6 37.5 40.0 42.6 48.0 50.8 53.6 59.5 61.9

3.08
1.62 1.90 2.05 2.20 2.50 2.66

86.45
45.34 53.36 57.48 61.66 70.18 74.50 78.85 87.66 92.10 96.57 45.34 53.36 57.48 61.66 70.18 74.50 78.85

60
63

66 73
76 79

16 gage

the SDI; combined bending and shear, deflection, and interior reactions are considered in calculating these values. is the minimum area of welded wire fabric recommended for temperature reinforcing in the composite slab; square inches per foot.

5.00 5.25 5.50 6.00 6.25 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50

62.08 72.04 37.5 77.02 40.0 82.00 42.6 91.95 48.0 96.93 50.8 101.91 53.6 111.87 59.5 116.85 61.9 121.83 64.3

64.3 32.6

0.438 0.458 0.500

0.521 0.542

42 48 51 54 60 63 66 73 76 79

2.81 3.13 3.28 3.44 1.99 2.35 2.53

2.72 3.10

13.6
17.4

3.29 3.48 3.88

4.08

19.5 21.8
27.0 29.8 32.8

87.66
92.10

4.28

96.57

5030 5480 5720 5960 6460 6720 6980 7530 7750 7970 5450 5900 6140 6380 6880 7140 7400 7950 8170 8390 5850 6300 6540 6780 7280 7540 7800 8350 8570 8790 6080 6670 6910 7150 7650 7910 8170 8720 8940 9160 6080 6980 7450 7940 8460 8720 8980 9530 9750 9970

5.82
5.54 5.41 5.30 5.09 5.03 4.97 4.85 4.79 4.74 6.81 6.47 6.32 6.18 5.94 5.86 5.79 5.65 5.58 5.52 7.65 7.26 7.09 6.93 6.65 6.56 6.48 6.32 6.24 6.17 8.42 7.98 7.79 7.61 7.30 7.20 7.11 6.93 6.85 6.77 9.58 9.08 8.85 8.65 8.29 8.17 8.07 7.86 7.77 7.67

7.83 7.47 7.31 7.16 6.89 6.76 6.65 6.43 6.32 6.22 8.97 8.55 8.36 8.18 7.85 7.70 7.56 7.29 7.17 7.05 9.76 9.30 9.09 8.90 8.54 8.38 8.23 7.94 7.81 7.68 10.48 9.99 9.77 9.56 9.18 9.01 8.85 8.54 8.40 8.26 11.63 11.10 10.85 10.63 10.21 10.02 9.84 9.50 9.35 9.20

7.92 7.56 7.39 7.24 6.97 6.84 6.72 6.51 6.41 6.31 9.27 8.83 8.63 8.45 8.11 7.95 7.80 7.53 7.41 7.28 10.08 9.61 9.39 9.19 8.83 8.66 8.50 8.20 8.07 7.94 10.83 10.32 10.10 9.88 9.49 9.31 9.14 8.82 8.68 8.54 12.02 11.47 11.22 10.98 10.55 10.35 10.17 9.82 9.66 9.50

0.023 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.036 0.038 0.041 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.023 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.036 0.038 0.041 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.023 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.036 0.038 0.041 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.023 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.036 0.038 0.041 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.023 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.036 0.038 0.041 0.045 0.047 0.050

18 gage

16-16
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Load Tables - 2 x 12" DECK

L, Uniform Live Loads, psf *

145 pcf concrete

8.00
230 265 300 335
370

Slab Depth
4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25
7.50

6.00 40.27
46.44

6.50 365
400 400 400

7.00 310 360 400 400 400 400 400 400 380 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
400 400 400

7.50 265 305 350 390 400 400 400 400 325 380 400 400 400 400 400 400 380 400 400
400 400 400

8.50 200
230

9.00
175

9.50
155 175 200 225 250 275 285 295 190 220 250 285 315 345 360 375 225 260 295 335 370 400 400 400 255 295 335 375 400 400 400 400 255 295 335 375 400 400 400 400 105 120 140 160 185 205 215 225 130 155 180
205 230

10.00
135 155 175 200 220 240 250 260 170 195 225 250 280 305 320 330 200 230 265 295 330 360 375 395 225 260 300 335 375 400 400 400 225 260 300 335 375 400 400 400 90 105 125 140 160 180 190 200 115 135 160 180 205 230
240

10.50 120 140 155 175 195 215 225 230 150 175 200 225 245 270 285 295 180 205 235 265 295 320 335 350 200 235 265 300 335 365 385 400 200 235 265 300 335 365 385 400 80 95 110 125 140 155 165 175 100 120 140 160 180 200 210 225 120 145 165 190 215 240 255 265
140 165 190 220 245 275

11.00
105

11.50 95 110 125 140

155

12.00 85 95 110 125 135 150 155 165 110 125 140 160 175 195 205 210 130 150 170 190 210 235 245 255 145 170 195 220 245 270 280 290 145 170 195 220 245
270

52.61 58.78 64.95 71.12

74.21 77.29 48.60

19 gage

56.18 63.75 71.32 78.90 86.47 90.26 94.05 55.85 64.68 73.52
82.35 91.19

16 gage

4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00
6.50 7.00

7.25
7.50

4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25

7.50 4.50

5.00
5.50 6.00

6.50 7.00
7.25

7.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50

4.50 5.00

100.03 104.44 108.86 62.08 72.04 82.00 91.95 101.91 111.87 116.85 121.83 62.08 72.04 82.00 91.95 101.91 111.87 116.85 121.83 29.40 34.53 39.81 45.21 50.70 56.26 59.07 61.88 35.43 41.65 48.07 54.63 61.31 68.09 71.50 74.93 40.69 47.87 55.30 62.90 70.65 78.50 82.46 86.45
45.34

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
400 400 400

22 gage

400 400
400 400

400 400
400

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
400 400 400 400 400

400 400 400 400

400 400

400 400 400 400 400

400

305 360 400 400 400 400 400 400

375

400 255 305 350 400 400 400 400 400

315

19 gage 20 gage

400 400
400 400 400 400 400

375
400 400 400 400 400 400 370 400

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 215 255 295 340 380 400 400 400 270 315 365
400 400

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400
400

285 330 375 400 400 400 400 400 330 385 400 400 400 400 400 400 370 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 370 400 400
400 400 400 400

400
400

185 220 255 290 325 360 380 400 230 270 315 360 400 400
400 400

400 160 185 215 250 280 310 325 345 200 235 270 310 350 390 400
400

260 295 325 355 370 385 245 285 325 365 400 400 400 400 290 335 380 400 400 400 400 400 325 375 400 400 400 400 400 400 325 375 400 400 400 400 400 400 135 160 190 215 240 270 285 295 170 205 235
270 300

200 230 255 285 310

325

125 140 155 175 190 200

205

170
175 185 120 140 160

340 215 250 285 320 355 390 400 400 255 295 335 375 400 400 400 400 285 335 380 400 400 400 400 400 285 335 380 400 400 400 400 400 120 140 165 185 210 235 245 260 150 175 205
235 265

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

400 400 400 400

400 400 400 400 400

400 400 400 400 400 400 400

400 315 370 400 400 400 400 400 400

350 400 400 400

18 gage

270 315 365 400 400 400 400 400 300

355 400 400

5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50

53.36 61.66 70.18 78.85 87.66 92.10 96.57 45.34 53.36 61.66 70.18 78.85 87.66 92.10 96.57

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

400 400 400 400 350 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

400 400 400 400 300 355 400 400 400 400 400 400

230 275 320 365 400 400 400 400 260 310 360 400 400 400 400 400 260 310 360 400 400 400 400 400

335 355 370 200 240 275 315 355 395 400 400
230 270

315 360 400 400 400 400 230 270 315 360 400 400 400 400

295 310 325 175 210 240 275 310 350 365 385 200 235 275 315 355 395 400 400 200 235 275 315 355 395 400 400

260
270 285

155 185 215 245 275 305 320 340 175 210 240 275 310 350 365 385 175 210 240 275 310 350 365 385

250 135 160 190 215 245 270 285 300 155 185 215 245 275 310 325 340 155 185 215 245 275 310 325 340

135 155 175 200 220 240 255 265 160 185 210 235 265 290 300 315 180 210 240 270 300 330 345 360 180 210 240 270 300 330 345 360 70 80 95 110 125 140 145 155 90 105 125 140 160 180 190 200 105 125 150 170 190 215 225 235 125
145 170

20 gage

180 195 215 225 235 145 165 190 215 235 260 270 280 160 190 215 245 270 295 310 325 160 190 215 245
270 295

area above the arrow indicates 1 STUD/FT. area below arrow indicates NO STUDS
* The Uniform Live Loads are based on the LRFD equation Although there are other load combinations that may require investigation, this will control most of the time. The equation assumes there is no negative bending reinforcement over the beams and therefore each composite slab is a single span. Two sets of values are shown; is used to calculate the uniform load when the full required number of studs is present; is used to calculate the load when no studs are present. A straight line interpolation can be done if the average number of studs is between zero and the required number needed to develop the "full" factored moment. The tabulated loads are checked for shear controlling (it seldom does), and also limited to a live load deflection of 1/360 of the span. An upper limit of 400 psf has been applied to the tabulated loads. This has been done to guard against equating large concentrated to uniform loads. Concentrated loads may require special analysis and design to take care of servicibility requirements not covered by simply using a uniform load value. On the other hand, for any load combination the values provided by the composite properties can be used in the calculations. Welded wire fabric in the required amount is assumed for the table values. If welded wire fabric is not present, deduct 10% from the listed loads. Refer to the example problems for the use of the tables.

18 gage

310 325 60 70 85 95 110 120 130 135 80 95 110 125

140

290 305 140 165 190 220 245 275 290 305

195 220 245 260 270 125 145 170 1a95 220 245 260 270

160 165 175 95 115 130 150 170 190 200 210 110 130 150 175 195 220 230 245 110 130 150 175 195 220 230 245

280 290 50 65 75 85 95 105 115 120 70 85 95 110 125 140 150 155 85 100 120 135 155 170 180 190 100 115 135
155 175 195

22 gage

210 220 100 115 135 155 175 195 210 220

16 gage

16-17
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.

Load Tables - 2 x 12" DECK

145 pcf concrete

Slab depth
4.50 5.00

wc psf
42 48 54 60 66 73 76 79

Sc

Ac

in3
1.26 1.48 1.71

lbs.
5448 5902

in

lav in4
6.3
8.6 11.3 14.5 18.2 22.6 25.0 27.6

Max. Unshored Spans, ft. 1 spans 2 spans 3 spans

6.81 6.47 8.97 9.27

WWF 0.023 0.027 0.032 0.036 0.041 0.045 0.047 0.050

32.6
37.5 42.6 48.0 53.6

5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00

7.25 7.50

1.95 2.19 2.43 2.55

2.67

6379 6879 7403 7950

8171

6.18 5.94 5.79

5.65 5.58 5.52

59.5
61.9 64.3

8.55 8.18 7.85 7.56 7.29 7.17

7.05

8.83 8.45 8.11 7.80 7.53

7.41 7.28

8392

Superimposed Live Load, psf

Slab Depth
4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.25 7.50 48.60

6.0

6.5 400

7.0

7.5 325 380 400

400 400 400 400 400 325 380 400 400 400 400 400 400 305

8.0

8.5 245
285 325 365 400 400 400 400 245 285 325 365 400 400 400 400 230 265 305 340 380 400 400 400 170 205 235 270 300 335 355 370

9.0 215 250 285 320 355 390

400 400 215 250 285 320 355 390

9.5
190 220 250 285 315 345 360 375 190 220 250 285 315 345 360 375 175 205 235 265 295 325 340 355 130 155 180 205 230 260 270 285

10.0
170 195 225 250 280

10.5 150
175 200

11.0 135

11.5 120

12.0 110 125 140 160 175 195 205 210 110 125 140 160 175 195 205 210 100 115 130 150 165 180 190 200 70 85 95 110 125 140 150 155

1 foot

56.18 63.75
71.32

78.90 86.47
90.26 94.05 48.60 56.18 63.75 71.32 78.90 86.47

90.26
94.05 45.57

3 feet

52.83
60.14 67.48 74.84 82.23 85.93 89.64 35.43 41.65 48.07 54.63 61.31

68.09 71.50 74.93

400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 375 400 400 400 400 400 400 400

400 400
400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 315 375 400 400 400

380 400 400 400

400 400 400 400 380 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 355 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 270 315 365 400 400 400

285 330 375 400 400

400 400 400 285 330 375 400 400 400 400 400 265 305 350 395 400 400 400 400 200 235 270 310 350

225
245 270 285 295 150 175 200 225 245 270 285 295 140 160 185 210 230 255 265 280 100 120 140 160 180 200 210 225

155 175 200

220 240 255 265 135 155 175 200 220 240 255 265 125 145 165 185 205 225 240 250 90 105 125 140 160 180 190 200

140 160 180

195 215 225 235 120 140 160 180 195 215 225 235 110 130 145 165 185 205 215 220 80 95 110 125 140 160 165 175

305
320 330 170 195 225 250 280 305 320 330 155 180 210 235 260 285 300 315 115 135 160 180 205 230 240 250

2 feet

400
400 200

355
400 400 400 400 400 400 230 270 315 360 400 400

235
265 300 335 365 385 400 150 175 205 235 265 295

no studs

400 400 400

400 400

400 400

390 400
400

310 325

16-18
2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publisher.