ELECTRICAL

1. a. Explain why is it necessary to have reverse power protection for alternators intended for operation. b. i. Sketch a reverse power trip. ii. Explain briefly the principle on which the operation of this power trip is based and how tripping is activated. [7/07], [6/07], [9/05], [3/08], [10/08], [2/09], [12/09], [7/10], [Em 08/09], [11/10],

2.

a. Describe a brush less alternator with a.c. exciter and static A.V.R. b. State the output voltage characteristics for this type of machine. [7/07], [1/07], [Em 06/07], [3/06], [9/05], [3/08], [10/08], [2/09], [12/09], [3/10], [7/10], [Em 08/09],[1/10],

3. With the aid of sketch describe the main features and principle of operation of a D.C. moving coil meter. If such a meter is designed to give full scale deflection with 150m, state how it may be adapted: i. As an ammeter to read up to 150A; ii. As a voltmeter to read up to 150V; No calculations are required. [7/07], [9/05], [3/08], [10/08], [2/09], [12/09], [7/10], [Em 08/09], [11/10], 4. With reference to U.M.S. operation: a. State with reasons the essential requirements for unattended machinery spaces; b. As second engineer, describe how you would respond to the irretrievable failure of the machinery space fire alarm system whilst the ship is on voyage. [7/07](ekg47), [3/07], [9/05], [8/05], [2/05], [7/04], [2/04], [1/04], [3/08], [10/08], [2/09], [12/09], [4/10], [Em 08/09], [11/10], 5. With reference to preferential tripping in a marine distribution system: a. State why this facility is required; b. With the aid of a sketch, describe a typical arrangement to provide three stages of tripping an instantaneous protection against short circuit. [7/07], [5/06], [9/05], [8/05], [3/08], [10/08], [2/09], [12/09], [7/10], [Em 08/09], [11/10], 8. List at least two factors that cause a deterioration of the frequency response of a transistor amplifier. Explain how each factor affects the performance of the amplifier and the portion of the frequency range where it is effective. [6/07], [9/05], [10/07], [1/08], [8/09], 9. Differentiate with the aid of simple sketches between two of the following types of electronic circuits. a. Rectifier circuit; b. Amplifier circuit; c. Oscillator circuit. [8/09], [Em 10/11], [6/07], [9/05], [8/05], [2/05], [10/07], [1/08], 10. a. Sketch a M/E shaft driven generator arrangement with an electronic system for Hz correction. b. Describe the operation of the generator arrangement sketched in (a). [5/07], [9/06], [5/06], [8/05], [10/04], [9/04], [8/04], [6/08], [8/08], [8/09],

11. With reference to electronic control systems: a. Draw a simple block diagram for temperature control. [3/10], b. Describe each component shown in the diagram in (a). [5/07], [4/07], [1/07], [9/06], [7/06], [6/06], [5/06], [3/06], [5/04], [Em06-07], [6/08], [8/08], [8/09], 12. a. Sketch a circuit diagram for an automatic voltage regulator illustrating how the A.V.R. utilizes a silicon-controlled rectifier to control the excitation system for an alternator. b. Describe how the A.V.R. monitors output and controls the excitation system. [5/07], [9/06], [10/04], [9/04], [7/04], [6/08], [8/08], [8/09], 13. It is proposed to operate a bow thruster unit from a 3.3 kV electrical supply. Outline suitable options for the design of installation under each of the following headings: a. Protection of the main switchboard;

b. Overload of bow thruster motor; c. Cable protection. [5/07], [9/06], [4/06], [10/04], [9/07], [6/08], [Em07-08], [8/08], [8/09], 14. With reference to a three phase shipboard electrical distribution system: a. Enumerate the advantages of an insulated neutral system; b. Enumerate the disadvantages of an insulated neutral system; c. Describe how the earthed neutral system is earthed; d. Compare the use of an insulated neutral system as opposed to the use of an earthed neutral system with regard to the risk of electric shock from either system. [5/07], [9/06], [9/05], [4/05], [2/05], [10/04], [5/04], [4/04], [10/07], [6/08], [Em07-08], [8/08], [8/09], 15. With reference to the provision of shore electrical supply to a ship: a. Sketch an arrangement for taking A.C. shore supply and checks to be carried out prior taking shore b. Describe the method of safely connecting the arrangement sketched in (a) to the shore supply. c. What checks and tests are carried out before connecting shore supply to the ships system, when the ships alternators are shut down. [6/06], [4/07], [3/07], [6/06], [1/05], [6/04], [1/04], [9/08], [11/08], [3/09], [7/09], [11/09], [8/10], [1/11], [3/11], 16. D/electric propulsion is now being chosen as the power plant for an increasingly wide variety of vessels., a. Sketch a simple layout of such an installation. b. Explain the advantages of selecting such a plant. [8/04], [6/04],[9/08],[7/09], [11/09], [8/10], [1/11], [3/11], [4/07](ekg69), [2/06], [Em05/06], [4/05], [3/05], 17. With reference to an emergency source of electrical power in cargo ships: a. Describe a typical power source. b. Give a typical list of essential services, which must be supplied simultaneously. c. Explain how the emergency installation can be periodically tested. [4/07], [6/04], [9/08], [7/09], [11/09], [8/10], [1/11], [3/11], 18. The direct on line start squirrel cage motor is used for most electrical drives on A.C. powered ships. Describe with sketches as necessary one method of overcoming each of the following problems: a. High starting current; b. Low starting torque; [4/07], [2/07], [6/05], [6/04], [9/08], [7/09], [11/09], [8/10], [1/11], [3/11], 23. a. State the necessary conditions required prior to the synchronizing of electrical alternators. b. Describe the type of cumulative damage that may be caused when alternator are incorrectly synchr c. Explain how the damage referred to in (b) can be avoided/reduced. [6/11(9/10)], d. For two alternators operating in parallel the consequences of: [1/07], [8/06], [2/04], [Em03/04], i. Reduced torque from the prime mover of one machine. ii. Reduced excitation on one machine. [4/08], [4/10], [Em03/04], [8/07], [6/09], [3/10], [2/07], [1/07], [8/06], [4/06], [3/06], [11/05], [2/04], [9/07], a. Sketch a circuit diagram of a push button direct online connector starter for three phase incorporating overload and short circuit protection. [Em06-07], [3/10], b. Indicate, on a sketch of the typical characteristic curves of current and torque against speed disadvantages of a direct on line start squirrel cage induction motor. [2/07], [4/05], [4/04], [2/04],

24.

25. Describe:- [2/07], [6/05], [3/10], a. A safety lamp approved as part of a ships statutory equipment. b. A self-igniting lamp suitable for attachment to a lifebuoy. State the attention required to maintain them in a satisfactory working condition. 28. Direct on line starting for large induction motors such as those for bow thrust units, may not be viable.

a. State the reasons for this. [Em 06/07], [7/06], [6/06], [1/06], [1/05], [1/04], [11/08], [3/09] b. Sketch a starting system that may be used for such motors. c. Describe the starting method sketched in (a) & (b). 32. In the event of a failure of the main electrical power supply on a ship, an emergency source of power must be available. State the circuits which must be fed from such a source and discuss the reasons governing the selection of such circuits. [8/06], [11/05], [8/07], [1/08], [4/08], [6/09], [8/09], [6/11(9/10)], 33. With reference to squirrel cage, induction, electric motors: a. Describe the construction of such a motor; b. Sketch the torque against speed curve of such a motor; c. Describe a method employed by a retro-fitted device used to improve the part load performance of an induction motor. [8/06], [11/05], [Em05/06], [8/07], [4/08], [6/09], [6/11(9/10)], 34. With reference to a 3 speed a.c. cage motor driven cargo winch: a. Sketch a circuit diagram for a pole change motor; b. Describe how speed change and braking are achieved. [8/06], [11/05], [Em05/06], [8/07], [4/08], [6/09], [1/10], [2/10], [6/11(9/10)], 35. With reference to the condition monitoring of electrical machinery: a. State two important parameters that may be recorded; b. Explain how the parameters are measured and what defects may be revealed. [8/06], [2/06], [11/05], [Em05/06], [8/07], [4/08], [6/09], [1/10], [2/10], [6/11(9/10)], 39. a. Describe the protection incorporated in A.C. electrical switchboards. [6/06], [1/05], [11/08], [3/09], b. State with reasons what maintenance is required for switchboards and associated equipment.

40. Explain why, upon heavy impact loading, self-excited compounded alternators provide the best response in limiting voltage dip and recovery time. [6/06],[6/05], [1/05], [11/08], [3/09], 41. Explain what is meant by, and the significance of, four of the following terms. a. Voltage stabilization; b. Filter choke; c. Impedance; d. Rectification; e. Grid bias voltage. [5/06], [4/07](S-2), [6/04](S-2), [9/08], [2/09], [7/10], [11/10], [3/11], 42. Explain the meaning of p and n type semi-conductor materials and give a brief description of the mechanism by which current passes through them. [5/06], [5/04], [4/10], 43. With reference to electronic control systems. [3/09], [6/09], [11/09], [4/10], [Em 10/11], [1/11], [3/11], a. Draw a simple block diagram for temperature control; b. Describe each component shown in the diagram in (a). [5/06], [6/05], [Em05/06], [4/05], [1/05], [10/04], [8/04], [6/04], [6/04], [Em03/04], [9/08], [11/08], 48. a. Describe the circuit breaker for an a.c. generator using a sketch to show how arcing controlled. b. Explain the sequence of events that might occur if the breaker opens on a short circuit and state the check you would require following such event. c. Give a safe procedure to follow should a main circuit breaker fail to open under fault condition. [2/08], [9/09], [10/09], [Em 10/11], 9/05], [3/05], [10/07], [Em06-07], [1/08], a. Give a brief outline of the care and maintenance that should be given to the stator and rotor of an a.c. generator. [7/05], [1/10], [2/10], b. Explain what is likely to occur if the driving power of one a.c. generator suddenly fail when two generators are running in parallel. What safety devices are usually provided for such events.

49.

50. Compare methods of obtaining speed regulation of three-phase induction motors generally used in tankers by means of: a. Rotor resistance; b. Cascade system; c. Pole-changing

Give examples where each system may be employed with advantage. [7/05], [1/10], [2/10], 51. a. Explain how the efficiency and regulation of a transformer can be assessed by open circuit and short circuit tests? b. What is meant by equivalent resistance? [7/05], [1/10], [2/10], a. Describe with the aid of a simple sketch the arrangement of the three phase winding of an alternator showing the neutral point. b. Explain why for most ships the neutral point is insulated. c. Explain why in some installation the neutral point is earthed. [5/05], [2/08], [10/09],

56.

61. Explain the matching of an induction electric motor to a pump required for main circulating duty, With the aid of pump characteristic and torque/slip diagrams. [3/05], [2/05], [Em 10/11], 69. With reference to U.M.S. operation: [3/04], [7/10], [Em 10/11], a. State with reasons the essential electrical requirements for unattended machinery spaces; b. As second engineer, describe how you would respond to the irretrievable failure of the electric part of the machinery space fire alarm system whilst the ship is on voyage. Suggest where would you look for the likely faults. 70. With reference to alkaline batteries used on board ship: a. Describe the operation of a battery cell and state the materials used; b. Describe how the cells are mounted to form a battery; c. State the advantages and disadvantages compared with lead-acid batteries. [2/04], [4/10], 74. a. What are the causes of overheating of an induction motor [1/08], [9/09], b. What preventive measures are provided against damage to an induction motor in installed cond c. What is the purpose of fuse back up protection provided to an induction motor. d. How does an induction motor develop torque? e. What is the condition to be satisfied for achieving maximum running torque in an induction motor

75. Discuss each of the following with respect to a squirrel cage induction motor: [10/09], a. Starting current; b. Starting torque; c. Speed. 76. With reference to p and n type germanium crystals, explain the meaning of the following terms a. Donor ion; b. Acceptor ion; c. Valency electrons; d. Co-valent bonds. [10/09], 77. 78. a. Describe, with the aid of a sketch , an instrument type earth leakage detector. [Em07-08], b. State why an instrument type detector may be fitted in preference to simple earth lamps a. State the necessary operations for paralleling an A.C generator; [Em07-08], b. With the aid of a sketch, show how the emergency synchronizing lamps are connected.

SECTION 2 (THEORY)
1. Explain the significance of the root mean square value of an alternating current or voltage waveform. Define the form factor of such a wave form. [7/07], [10/05], [4/08], [10/08], [6/09], [7/09], [11/09], [12/09], [1/10], [2/10], [8/10], [1/11], 2. By the means of a schematic circuit diagram illustrate the peak rectifier. If the supply voltage is v(t) = Vm sin t, what is the voltage across the load resistor? [7/07], [10/05], [4/08], [10/08], [6/09], [7/09], [11/09], [12/09], [7/10], [11/10],

3. Why is it important to maintain high efficiency of operation and low values of voltage regulation for power transformers? [7/07], [10/05], [4/08], [6/09], [7/09], [11/09], [12/09], [7/10], [Em 10/11], [11/10], 4. List the factors that determine the starting torque of the three phase induction motor. How does this torque generally compare with the value of the rated torque. [7/07], [8/06], [11/05], [10/05], [Em05/06], [8/07], [3/08], [4/08], [8/08], [10/08], [6/09], [7/09], [11/09], [12/09], [Em 08/09], [Em 10/11], [8/10],[1/11], 5. With the aid of delta star connection diagrams, state the basic equation from which the delta star and star delta conversion equation can be derived. [7/07], [10/05], [4/08], [10/08], [6/09], [7/09], [11/09], [12/09], [Em 10/11], [8/10], [1/11], 7. What is leakage flux as it applies to the iron-core transformer? How is it taken into account in the analysis of the transformer? [6/07], [7/06], [9/05], [10/07], [1/08], [6/08], [9/09], 8. What is a silicon controlled re ctifier (SCR) ? How is the breakover voltage of the SCR defined? [6/07], [9/05], [10/07], [1/08], [6/08], [9/09], 9. Show how the power that is transferred across the air gap of the three-phase induction motor is presented. Explain the terms. What portion of this is useful power? [6/07], [Em06/07], [7/06], [1/06], [1/10], [2/10], 10. A series circuit having resistance, inductance and capacitance is to be operated on a constant voltage supply of available frequency. Indicate graphically how changes will take place in the resistive terms, reactive terms, i.e., capacitive reactance and inductive reactance. [5/07], [9/06], [10/04], [Em07-08],[8/09], [6/11(9/10)], 11. Explain the working principle of a three phase induction motor. What are the various types of rotors? [5/07], [3/07], [9/06], [10/04], [1/04], [2/08], [Em07-08], [8/09], [10/09], [6/11(9/10)], 13. Sketch a graph of starting current and torque against the speed of rotation for single cage motor. [5/07], [9/06], [4/05], [10/04], [Em07-08], [8/09],[6/11(9/10)], 14. Compare the effectiveness of a current limiting circuit breaker with that of a HRC fuse. [5/07], [9/06], [10/04], [Em07-08], [8/09], [6/11(9/10)], 15. Describe the effect of the following loads on power factor: [4/07], [9/08], [2/09], [7/10], [11/10], i. Induction motors; ii. Transformers; iii. Partly loaded motors; iv. Cage type motors. 16. Sketch an arrangement showing the principal of a proportional plus integral (P + I) control loop. [4/07], [Em05/06], [9/08], [2/09], [8/10], [1/11], 17. Explain the potential hazards if liquid cooled transformers are used. [4/07], [Em05/06], [9/08], [2/09], [8/10], [1/11], 18. Which of the following three motors has the poorest speed regulation: shunt motor, series motor, or cumulative compound motor? Explain. [4/07], [4/06], [9/07], [9/08], [2/09], [4/10], [11/10],

24. Distinguish between power efficiency and all-day efficiency. Why is all-day efficiency considered more reasonable basis for comparison than ordinary efficiency. [2/07], [Em03/04], [2/04], [2/08], [10/09], 26. Discuss different methods of speed control of a d.c. series motor by adjusting field ampere turns. [2/07], [5/06], [2/04], [3/10],

28. What is the effect on the field flux of an alternator current in the synchronous motor that leads the terminal voltage? [1/07], [3/06], [Em 10/11], 34. Electric motors contain a stationary member as well as a rotating member. For each of the following machines, identify in which part of the motor the field winding and the armature winding are located : three phase induction motor, three phase synchronous motor, d.c. motor. [Em06/07], [1/06], [1/10], [2/10], 35. Explain the preference for a 60Hz system. Describe the dangers of running a 50Hz system from a 60 Hz supply. [Em06/07], [1/06], [1/10], [2/10], 36. i. What is a direct-connected alternator? ii. How is a direct-connected exciter arranged in an alternator? [Em06/07], [9/06], [5/06], [1/06], [8/09], [1/10], [2/10], [3/10], [6/11(9/10)],

37. What are the characteristics of PN junction diode? Point out its specifications. Also point out the significance of dynamic and static resistances. [8/06], [11/05], [8/07], [3/08], [8/08], [9/09], [Em 08/09], 38. Describe the no-load saturation characteristic of a d.c.generator. [8/06], [4/06], [11/05], [8/07], [9/07], [3/08], [8/08], [Em 08/09], 39. Describe the situations in which hand regulation might be desirable for operation of generators. [8/06], [3/08], [Em 08/09], 40. Explain why the outputs from phases are fed up to separate bus bars. [8/06], [3/08], [9/09], [Em 08/09], 41. Describe briefly the effect of varying excitation upon the armature current and p.f. of a synchronous motor when input power to the motor is maintained constant. [7/06], [9/09], 49. What are the factors which determine the synchronous speed of a motor? [5/06], [11/05], [Em05/06], [2/05], [8/07], [8/08], [3/10], 50. Explain the purpose of Interpoles and state their magnetic polarity relative to the main poles of both generators and motors. [5/06], [5/05], [3/10], 51. What is meant by negative and positive feed backs? Explain the characteristics of negative feed back. [4/06], [9/07], 52. What is slip? What are the factors on which the torque of an induction motor depends? [4/06], [9/07], [4/10], 53. How does change in frequency affect the operation of the transformer? What makes this ratio different from the ratio of transformation? [4/06], [7/05],[9/07], [4/10], 56. What are the factors on which the speed of a motor depends? Discuss them for series and shunt motors. [2/06], [5/05], [Em03/04], [2/08], [3/09], [10/09], 57. Derive an expression for the emf induced in an a.c. generator. [2/06], [5/05], [4/05], [9/04], [8/04], [3/09], 58. How do the leakage fluxes effect the operation of a transformer? How are they minimized? [2/06], [3/09], 59. What is the operational impedance of an r c circuit? Describe its usefulness. [2/06], [3/09], 60. What is back emf? Derive the relation for the back emf and the supplied voltage in terms of armature

resistance. [2/06], [11/05], [Em05/06], [2/05], [8/07], [8/08], [3/09], 61. Explain what is meant by the terms wave form, frequency and average value. [9/05], [10/07], [1/08], [6/08], [9/09], [Em 10/11], 62. List the factors that determine the maximum developed torque of the induction motor. [9/05], [10/07], [1/08], [6/08], [9/09], 94. Define power factor. Explain the effects of low power factor. [2/08], [10/09], 95. Derive the expression for current and voltage relations between line and phase values in the star and delta cases. Draw vector diagram. [4/10], Total 78+95= 173 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS A.C. CIRCUITS 1. A series circuit having resistance, inductance and capacitance is to be operated on a constant voltage supply of available frequency. Indicate graphically how change takes place in the current and voltage in resistance, inductance and capacitance and also capacitive reactance and inductive reactance. [6/11(9/10)], 2. A resistance of 130 and a capacitor of 30 F are connected in parallel across a 230 volt, 50 Hz supply. Find the current in each component, total current, Phase angle and the power consumed. [6/11(9/10)], [8/09], [Em07-08], [5/07], [9/06], [10/04], 3. A coil having a resistance of 10 ohm and an inductance of 0.15 H is connected in series with a capacitor across 100V, 50 Hz supply. If the current and the Voltage are in phase what will be the value of the current in the circuit and the voltage drop across the coil? [6/11(9/10)], [8/09], [Em07-08], [5/07], [9/06], 10/04], 4. Compare the series and parallel resonance circuits. Find the frequency at which the following circuit resonates. [3/11], [1/11], [8/10], [2/09], [9/08], [9/07], [4/07], [4/06], [Em 05-06(june05)], [6/04], I > {R1 = 15 L1= 0.1H} (C1= 2 F) {R2 = 10 L1= 0.2H} (C2= 0.5 F) 5. A total load of 8000 kW at 0.8 power factor is supplied by two alternators in parallel. One alternator supplies 6000 kW at 0.9 power factor. Find the kVA Rating of the other alternator and the power factor. [1/11], [8/10], [7/09], [4/08], 6. The low- voltage release of an a.c. motor-starter consists of a solenoid into which an iron plunger is drawn against a spring. The resistance of the solenoid is 35 ohm. When connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz, a.c. supply the current taken is at first 2 A, and when the plunger is drawn into the full-in position the current Falls to 0.7A. Calculate the inductance of the solenoid for both positions of the plunger, and the maximum value of flux-linkages in weber-turns for the full-in position of the plunger. [1/11], [8/10], [Em10-11], [12/09], [11/09], [7/09], [6/09], [10/08], [4/08], [Em06-07], [7/07], [10/05], 7. A moving coil ammeter , a thermal ammeter and a rectifier are connected in series with a resistor across a 110 V sinusoidal a.c. supply. The circuit has a Resistance of 50 ohm to current in one direction and due to the rectifier, an infinite resistance to the current in the reverse direction. Calculate i) the readings on the ammeter; ii) the form and peak factors of the current wave. [Em10-11], [10/09], [9/09], [6/08], [1/08], [10/07], [6/07], [9/05],

8. If an alternator supplies the following loads: a) 200 kW lighting load at unity power factor; b) 400 kW induction-motor load at 0.8 (lagging), power factor c) 200 kW synchronous-motor load. Find the power factor of the synchronous motor load to give an overall power factor of 0.97 (lagging). [Em10-11], 9. Three impedances Z= 5 + j 4 are connected in the form of a delta to the three loads of a balanced 3-phase circuit. The line voltage is 120 volts. Find a. the Phase current, b. power factor, c. the volt-ampere in the circuit. [4/10], [5/06], 10. A total load of 8000 kW at 0.8 power factor is supplied by two alternators in parallel. One alternator supplies 6000 kW at 0.9 power factor. Find the kVA rating of the other alternator and the power factor. [2/10], [1/10], [12/09], [11/09], [6/09], [7/07], 11. A 440 V load of 400 kW at 0.8 (lagging) power factor is jointly supplied by two alternators A and B. The kW load on A is 150 kW and the kVAr load on B is 150 kVAr (lagging). Determine the kW load on B, the kWAr load on A, the power Factor of operation on each machine and the current loading of each machine. [2/10], [1/10], [Em06-07], [1/06], 12. A ring main, 900m long, is supplied at a point A at p.d. of 220 V. At a point B, 240 m from A a load of 78 A is taken from the main. If the resistance of The main (lead and return) is 0.25 ohm per kilometer, calculate the current which will flow in each direction round the main from the supply point A and the potential difference across the main, at the load where it is lowest. [2/10], [1/10], [Em06-07], [1/06], 13. An electric supply system has the following tariff in force at the time; Rs 100 per kVA of maximum demand plus 5 p per unit. A consumer installs a phase Advancing plant, in order to improve the power factor of his installation. The cost of the plant is Rs. 40 per kVA. Assuming the interest and depreciation as 10 % , calculate the most economical power factor to which it should be improved. [10/09], [2/08], 14. The earth lamp on a main switch board comprise two 240 V 60 W lamps connected in the usual manner. The potential difference at the busbars is 220V. Damage by sea water occurs to a distribution cable so that the insulation resistance to the earth is reduced to 16 ohms and 6 ohms for +ve and ve cables Respectively. Find by calculation i) which of the two lamps burns the brighter, and ii) the additional load on the generators occasioned by the fault. The resistance of the cables and the ships structure may be neglected, and and that of the lamps taken as constant at the value corresponding to the 60 W rating. [3/09], [2/06], [10/04], 15. A coil of 0.84 H inductance and 50 ohm resistance is connected in series with a capacitor of 14F . i) Find the frequency for resonance and the potential differences across the capacitor, across the coil and the across the two, when a current of 5 A at this frequency, is flowing. ii) find the three potential differences when the same current flows at 60 Hz. [3/09], [2/06], 16. A heater unit of inductance has a resistance of 6.5 ohms and is intended for use with 100 V mains. For what 50 Hz voltage would it be suitable when placed in series with an external apparatus, of negligible R , having an inductance of 0.01H? If the frequency rises by 5 % and this voltage remains constant what would be the resulting change of voltage at the heater terminals? [11/08], [2/07], [6/06], [6/05],[4/05], [1/05], 17. A section of supply cable AB 1 km long has a fault to earth such that, when end B is disconnected, the resistance measurement from end A to earth is 5 ohm when end A is disconnected, the resistance reading from end B to earth is 3 ohm. The length of the cable AB has a resistance of 4 ohm when intact. Find the distance of the fault from end A. [11/08], [6/06], [6/05], [1/05],

ELECTROCHEMISTRY 1. Three batteries A,B and C have their negative terminals connected together. Between the positive terminals of A and B there is a resistor of 0.5 ohm and between B and C there is a resistor of 0.3 ohm.

Specifications of the three batteries are given below: Battery A 105V Internal resistance 0.25 ohm Battery B 100V Internal resistance 0.25 ohm Battery C 95V Internal resistance 0.25 ohm Determine the current values in the two resistors and the power dissipated by them. [1/11], [8/10], [Em10-11], [12/09], [11/09], [7/09], [6/09], [10/08], [4/08], [7/07], [10/05], 2.A battery-charging circuit is shown below in Fig. The forward resistance of the diode can be considered negligible and the reverse resistance infinite. The Internal resistance of the battery is negligible. Calculate the necessary value of the variable resistance R so that the battery charging current is 1.0 A. [11/10], [7/10], [12/09], [11/09], [7/09], [6/09], [10/08], [4/08], [7/07], [10/05],

Supply voltage V= 200 sint 100 V

D.C. MOTOR 1. A 230 V motor, which normally develops 10 KW at 1000 rev/min with an efficiency of 85 %, is to be used as generator. The armature resistance is 0.15 ohm and the shunt field resistance is 220 ohm. If it is diven at 1080 rev/min and the field current is adjusted to 1.1A, by means of the shunt regulator, what output in kW could be expected as a generator, if the armature copper loss was kept down to that when running as a motor? [6/11(9/10)], [8/09], [Em07-08],[5/07], [9/06], [4/05], [10/04], 2. A 440 V shunt motor takes an armature current of 30 A at 700 rev/min. The armature resistance is 0.7 ohm. If the flux is suddenly reduced 20%, to what value will the armature current rise momentarily? Asuming unchanged resisting torque to motion, what will be the new steady values of speed and armature current? Sketch graphs showing armature current and speed as functions of time during the transition from initial to final, Steady-state conditions. 3/11], [4/10], [3/10], [2/09], [6/06], [4/06], [6/05], [1/05], 3. A 440V shunt motor takes an armature current of 30 A at 700 rev/min. The armature resistance is 0.7 ohm . If the flux is suddenly reduced by 20% to what value will the armature current rise momentarily? Assuming unchanged resisting torque to motion, what will be the new steady values of speed and armature current? Sketch graphs showing armature current and speed as functions of time during the transition from initial to final, steady-state conditions. [11/10], [7/10], [10/09], [11/08], [9/08], [2/08], [9/07], [4/07], [5/06], [6/04], 4. A d.c. motor takes an armature current of 110 A at 480 V. The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.2ohm. The machine has six poles and the armature is lap-connected with 864 conductors. The flux per pole is 0.05Wb Calculate i) The speed; ii) The gross torque developed by the armature. [Em08-09(9/10)], [9/09], [8/08], [6/08], [3/08], [1/08], [10/07], [8/07], [6/07], [8/06], [11/05], [9/05], 5. A 230 V, d.c. shunt motor runs at 1000 rpm and takes 5 amperes. The armature resistance of the motor is 0.025 ohm and shunt field resistance is 230 ohm.Calculate the drop in speed when the motor is loaded and takes the line current of 41 amperes. Neglect armature reaction. [3/10], [2/07], [5/06], [2/04],

6. A 220 V, d.c. shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.5 ohm and an armature current of 40 A on full load. Determine the reduction in the flux necessary For 50% reduction in speed. The torque for both conditions can be assumed to remain constant. [2/10], [1/10], [Em06-07], [1/06], 7. A shunt motor supplied at 230V runs at 900 rpm. When the armature current is 30A, the resistance of the armature circuit is 0.4ohm, calculate the resistance Required in series with the armature circuit to reduce the speed to 500 rpm. Assume the armature current is 25 Amps. [10/09], [3/09], [2/08], [2/06], [5/05],[Em03-04(dec04)], 8. A shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.2 ohms and with an armature current of 120 amperes runs at 750 r.p.m off a 400-volt supply. Calculate the Speed and armature current of the motor if the flux per pole is reduced to 75 % of its initial value, the total torque remaining unaltered. [9/09], [1/08], 9. A shunt motor runs at 900 rev/min when connected to a 440 V supply, the armature current being 60 A and armature resisance 0.4 ohm. At what speed will it Run on a 220V supply with an current of 40 A. Assume 60 % reduction in flux for the 220V connection. [11/08], [6/06], [6/05], [1/05], SOLID STATE ELECTRONICS AND DEVICES 1. Draw the circuit of half-wave rectifier and its output waveform. A diode whose internal resistance is 20 ohm is to supply power to 1000 ohm load from 110 V (RMS) source. Calculate i) peak load current, ii) DC load current, iii) AC load current. [Em08-09(9/10)], [8/08], [3/08], [8/07], [8/06], [11/05], INDUCTION MOTOR 1. An 18.65 KW, 6-pole, 50 Hz, 3-slip-ring induction motor runs at 960 rpm on full load with rotor current per phase of 35 A. Allowing 1 KW for mechanical losses, find the resistance/phase of 3-phase rotor winding. [6/11(9/10)], [8/09], [Em07-08], [5/07], [3/07], [9/06], [10/04], [1/04], 2. A 4-pole, 3-phase induction motor operates from supply whose frequency is 50 Hz. Calculate i) Speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating, ii) Speed of the rotor when the slip is 0.04 iii) The frequency of the rotor current when the slip is 0.03. [3/11], [Em03-04(dec04)], [6/04], 3. A three-phase induction motor is wound for four poles and is supplied from a 50 Hz system. Calculate: i) The synchronous speed; ii) The speed of the rotor when the slip is 4 % iii) The rotor frequency when the speed of the rotor is 600 rev/min. [Em08-09(9/10)], [3/09], [8/08], [3/08], [8/07], [8/06], [2/06], [11/05], [Em 05-06(june05)], 4. A 220-V, 3- , 4-pole, 50Hz, Y-connected induction motor is rated 3.73 kW. The equivalent circuit parameters are: R1= 0.45ohm, X1= 0.8 ohm; R2= 0.4 ohm; X2 = 0.8 ohm; Bo = -1/30 mho The stator core loss is 50 W and rotational loss is 150 W. For a slip of 0.04, find i) input current ii) p.f iii) air-gap power iv) mech. power v) electro- magnetic torque vi) o/p power and vii) efficiency? [4/10],[9/07], 5. The star-connected rotor of an induction motor has a stand still resistance of 4.5 ohms/phase and a resistance of 0.5 ohm/phase. The motor has an induced emf of 50V between the slip rings at stand still on open circuit when connected to its normal supply voltage. Find the current in each phase and the power Factor at start when the slip-rings are short-circuited. [3/10], [5/06], [2/05], 6. A 50 Hz, 4 pole induction motor has an emf in the rotor. The frequency of the rotor current is 2 Hz. Determine the i) the synchronous speed, ii) the slip, iii) the speed of the motor. [10/09], [2/08],

ALTERNATOR

1. A twelve pole, three phase, delta-connected alternator runs at 600 rev/min and supplies a balanced starconnected load. Each phase of the load is a coil of resistance 35 ohm and inductive reactance 25 ohm. The line terminal voltage of the alternator is 440V. Determine i) frequency of supply; ii) current in each coil; iii) current in each phase of the alternator, iv) total power supplied to the load. [6/11(9/10)], [8/09], [11/08], [Em07-08], [9/06], [6/06], [6/05], [1/05], [5/04], 2. In a 50-kVA, star-connected, 440-V, 3-phase, 50 Hz alternator, the effective armature resistance is 0.25ohm per phase. The synchronous reactance is 3.2 ohm/ phase and leakage reactance is 0.5ohm per phase. Determine at rated load and unity power factor: a. Internal e.m.f. Ea b. no-load e.m.f. Eo c. percentage regulation on full load d. value of synchronous reactance which replaces armature reaction [11/10], [7/10], [2/09], [9/08], [4/07], 3. Three conductors are fitted side by side in the stator of a salient-pole alternator. Each generate a maximum voltage of 200 V (sinusoidal). The angle subtended at the centre of the stator between adjacent conductor is 20 electrical degrees. If the three conductors are connected in series, find i) the r.m.s value of the effective voltage and ii) the breadth factor. Using the theory that is the basis of this problem, give one reason why three-phase current has been introduced. [Em08-09(9/10)], [8/08], [3/08], [8/07], [8/06], [11/05], [Em 05-06(june05)], 4. A twelve-pole, three-phase, delta-connected alternator runs at 600 rev/min and supplies a balanced starconnected load. Each phase of the load is a coil of resistance 35 ohm and inductive reactance 25 ohm. The line terminal voltage of the alternator is 440 V. Determine i) frequency of supply ii) current in each Coil , iii) current in each phase of the alternator; iv) total power supplied to the load. [Em08-09(9/10)], [8/08], [3/08], [8/07], [8/06], [11/05], [Em 05-06(june05)], 5. A 2000-kVA, 3-phase, 8-pole alternator runs at 750 rpm in parallel with other machines on 6000 V busbars. Find synchronizing power on full-load 0.8 p.f Lagging per mechanical degree of displacement and the corresponding synchronizing torque. The synchronous reactance is 6 ohm per phase. [3/10], [2/07], 6. Find the synchronous impedence and reactance of an alternator in which a given field current produces an armature current of 200 A on short circuit and a Generated e.m.f of 50 V on open circuit. The armature resistance is 0.1 ohm. To what induced voltage must the alternator be excited if it is to deliver a load Of 100 A at a p.f . of 0.8 lagging, with a terminal voltage of 200 V. [2/10], [1/10], [Em06-07], [1/06], 7. A 3000 kVA, 6 pole alternator runs at 1000 r.p.m in parallel with other machines on 3300V bus-bars. The synchronous reactance is 25%. Calculate the Synchronizing power for one mechanical degree of displacement and the corresponding synchronizing torque. [3/09], [2/06], [5/05], [4/05], [10/04], [8/04], TRANSFORMER 1. In a 25 KVA, 3300/233 V , single phase transformer, the iron and full-load Cu losses are respectively 350 and 400 W. Calculate the efficiency at half full Load 0.8 power factor. [3/11], [1/11], [8/10], [2/09], [9/08], [4/07], [Em 05-06(june05)], [6/04], 2. A 100 kVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary and 80 turns on the secondary. The primary and secondary resistance are 0.3 ohm and 0.01 ohm respectively, and the corresponding leakage reactances are 1.1 ohm and 0.035 ohm respectively. The supply voltage is 2200V. Calculate: i) The equivalent impedence referred to the primary circuit; ii) The voltage regulation and secondary terminal voltage for full load having a power factor of (a) 0.8 lagging and (b) 0.8 leading. [11/10], [7/10], [Em10-11], [12/09], [11/09], [7/09], [6/09], [10/08], [4/08], [7/07], [10/05],

3. A 550 kVA, 50 Hz, single phase transformer has 1875 and 75 turns in the primary and secondary windings respectively. If the secondary voltage is 220 V, Calculate i) Primary voltage ii) Primary and secondary currents. iii) Maximum value of flux. [4/10], [9/07], [4/06], 4. The no-load current of a transformer is 5.0 Amps, power factor 0.25, when supplied at 235 V, 50 Hz. Turns on the primary winding is 200. Calculate i) the maximum value of flux in the core; ii) the core loss. [10/09], [2/08], [2/07], [Em03-04(dec04)], [3/04], 5. The following results were obtained on a 50 kVA transformer; open circuit test- primary voltage, 3300 V; secondary voltage, 415 V; primary power, 430 W short circuit test primary voltage, 124 V; primary current, 15.3 A; primary power, 525 W; secondary current, to be assumed at full load value. Calculate i) The efficiencies at full load and at half load for 0.7 power factor. ii) The voltage regulation for power factor 0.7 i) lagging ii) leading. iii) The secondary terminal voltages corresponding to i) and ii). [9/09], [6/08], [1/08], [10/07], [6/07], [1/07], [3/06], [9/05], 6. the primary and secondary windings of a 500 kVA transformer have resistance of 0.42 and 0.0019 respectively. The primary and secondary voltages are 11000 V and 415 V respectively and the core loss is 2.9 kW, assuming the power factor of the load to be 0.8. calculate the efficiency on i) full load; ii) half load; [6/08], [10/07], [6/07], [9/05],