The 2007-2008 OUTLINE IN POLITICAL LAW

by Dean Mariano F. Magsalin, Jr.

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Definition and Divisions of Political Law Macariola vs. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77 (1982) B. Definition of Constitutional Law; Distinguished from Political Law C. Constitution 1. Definition and theoretical basis (The Social Contract Theory) 2. Function 3. Classification 4. Essential qualities of a written constitution 5. Parts of a constitution 6. Interpretation of the Constitution Francisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003 7. Supremacy of the constitution Mutuc vs. Comelec, 36 SCRA 228 (1970) Alih et., al., vs. Castro, 151 SCRA 279 (1987) Manila Prince Hotel vs. GSIS, G.R. 122156, Feb. 3, 1997 II. AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION Article XVII, Sections 1,2 & 3 A. Amendment vs. Revision B. Proposal 1. By Congress 2. By Constitutional Convention Gonzales vs. Comelec, 21 SCRA 774 (1968) 3. By the people thru initiative (See R.A. 6735 August 4, 1989) Santiago vs. Comelec, G.R. 127325, March 19, 1997 Lambino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006 Lambino v. Comelec Resolution (November 21, 2006) C. Submission Tolentino vs. Comelec, 41 SCRA 702 (1971) D. Ratification - Article XVII, Section 4, Paragraphs 1 & 2 E. The position of the Convention in our system of government III. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND A. The Philippine Revolution and the Malolos Constitution B. The Organic Laws Under the American Period 1. Mckinleys Instructions (Apr. 7, 1900) 2. The Spooner Amendment (1901) 3. The Philippine Bill of 1902 4. The Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law (1916) U.S. vs. Bull, 15 Phil. 259 (1910) C. The Japanese Occupation D. The 1935 Constitution Mabanag vs. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil 1 (1947) E. The 1973 Constitution Planas vs. Comelec, 49 SCRA 105 (1973) Javellana vs. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 (1973) Sanidad vs. Comelec 73 SCRA 333 (1976) Occena vs. Comelec, 104 SCRA 1 (1981) F. The 1986 Provisional Constitution 1.The Snap Elections PBA v. Comelec, 140 SCRA 455 (1985) 2. The February 1986 Revolution 3. Proclamation No. 1, February 25, 1986 4. Proclamation No. 3, March 25, 1986 Lawyers League v. Pres. Aquino, G.R. 73748, May 22, 1986 In Re Saturnino Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1986) G. The 1987 Constitution 1. The Constitutional Commission of 1986

2. Proclamation No. 58 (February 11, 1987) 3. When considered ratified - Article XVIII, Section 27 De Leon vs. Esguerra, 153 SCRA 602 (1987) IV. JUDICIAL REVIEW A. Theory and Justification of Judicial Review Angara vs. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936) Francisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003 B. Requisites of Judicial Review Article VIII, Section 5(2) 1. Actual Case or Controversy Prematurity: PACU vs Secretary of Education, 97 Phil. 806 (1955) Mariano vs Comelec, G.R. No. 119694 March 7, 1995 Cutaran v. DENR, G.R. No. 134958, January 31, 2001 Montesclaros v. Comelec, G.R. No. 152295. July 9, 2002 Mootness: Atlas Fertilizer v. Sec, DAR, G.R. No. 93100, June 19, 1997 Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835. August 14, 2000 Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, May 10, 2001 Defunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974) Exceptions to Mootness: Acop v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134855, July 2, 2002 Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. 159085, February 3, 2004 Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. 164978, October 13, 2005 2. Proper Party Joya vs PCGG, G.R. 96541, August 24, 1993 Agan v. PIATCO, G.R. No. 155001, May 5, 2003 CHR Employees Assoc. v. CHR, G.R. 155336, Nov. 25, 2004 Citizen Standing: Tanada vs. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985) Chavez v. PEA and Amari, G.R. 133250, July 9, 2002 Associational Standing: KMU Labor Center vs. Garcia, G.R. 115381, Dec. 23, 1994 John Hay PAC. v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, Oct. 24, 2003 IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000 Executive Secretary v. CA, 429 SCRA 781, May 25, 2004 Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 (1994) Taxpayers Standing: U.S. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974) ITF v. Comelec, G.R. No. 159139. Jan. 13, 2004 Jumamil v. Caf, G.R. 144570, September 21, 2005 Voters Standing: Tolentino v. Comelec, 420 SCRA 438, January 21, 2004 Legislative Standing: Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (1998) Governmental Standing: People v. Vera, 65 Phil 56, November 16, 1937 Facial Challenge: Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148560, Nov. 19, 2001 3. Earliest Opportunity Umali v. Guingona, 305 SCRA 533 (1999) 4. Necessity of Deciding Constitutional Questions Arceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895. June 15, 2004 Mandatory Notice Mirasol v. CA, G.R. No. 128448, February 1, 2001 C. Functions of Judicial Review Mitra vs Comelec, 104 SCRA 58 (1981) Salonga vs Cruz-Pano, 134 SCRA 438 (1985) Javier v. Comelec, 144 SCRA 194 (1988) D. The Exercise of Judicial Review Ynot vs. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 (1987) E. Effect of Declaration of Unconstitutionality New Civil Code, Article 7

Serrano de Agbayani vs PNB, 38 SCRA 429 (1972) F. Partial Unconstitutionality Salazar vs Achacoso, 183 SCRA 145 (1986) V. THE STATE A. Concept and Definition Distinguished from nation CIR v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23 (1971) B. Territory 1. Definition 2. Components 3. The Philippine Archipelago - Article I a. Article III, Treaty of Paris b. The US-Spain November 7, 1900 Treaty c. The US-Great Britain January 2, 1930 Treaty d. R.A. 3046 (June 17, 1961) e. R.A. 5446 (September 8, 1968) f. P.D. No. 1596, June 11, 1978 (other territories) g. P.D. No. 1599, June 11, 1978 (200 Mile EEZ) h. U.N. Convention on Law of the Sea Reagan vs CIR, 30 SCRA 968 (1969) People vs. Gozo, 53 SCRA 476 (1973) C. People Definition a. As Inhabitants Article III, Section 1 & 2 Article II Sections 15 & 16 b. As Electors Article VII, Section 4 Article XVI, Section 2 Article XVIII, Section 25 c. As Citizens Article II, Section 1 & 4 Article III, Section 7 D. Government 1. Definition Government of the Rep. of the Philippines defined Section 2 (1) Administrative Code of 1987 People v. SB, G.R. No. 145951, August 12, 2003 MIAA v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 155650, July 20, 2006 2. Constituent vs Ministrant Functions ACCFA v. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 649 (1969) Valmonte vs. Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989) 3. Parens Patriae Government vs. Monte de Peidad, 35 Phil. 728 (1916) Cabanas vs. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94 (1974) Gonzales v. Marcos, 65 SCRA 624 (1975) 4. De Jure Government/Criteria for Legitimacy 5. De Facto governments a. Kinds & Characteristics Co Kim Cham vs. Valdez, 75 Phil 113, 371 (1946) Lawyer's League v. Aquino, G.R. no. 73748, May 22, 1986 6. Government distinguished from Administration 7. Other classifications of Governments a. based on accountability to the people b. presidential vs. parliamentary c. national, local, federal E. Sovereignty 1. Definition 2. Dual Aspect, Kinds & Characteristics 3. Dominium & Imperium 4. Effects of Change in Sovereignty Macariola vs. Asuncion, supra 6. Effects of Military Occupation 7. Territorial, personal and extraterritorial jurisdiction 8. Acts of State Harvey vs. Commissioner, 162 SCRA 840 (1988)

VI. CITIZENSHIP A. Definition B. Importance of Citizenship Lee. V. Dir. of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, October 3, 2001 C. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship D. Who are Philippine Citizens - Article IV, Section 1 1. Citizens at the time of adoption of the 1987 Constitution a) Citizens under the 1935 Constitution i. Philippine Bill of 1902 & Jones Law ii. The Caram Rule iii. Those whose fathers were citizens Republic v. Chule Lim, G.R. No. 153883, January 13, 2004 iv. Those who elected upon reaching majority age v. Those who were naturalized b) Citizens under the 1973 Constitution i. Those already citizens ii. Those whose fathers and mothers are citizens iii. Those who elected iv. Those who were naturalized 2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens 3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. E. Natural Born Citizens - Article IV, Section 2 Advantages of natural born citizens Article XII, Section 8 Article VII, Sections 2 & 3 Article VI, Sections 3 & 6 Article VIII, Section 7 (1) Article XI Section 8 Art. IX-B Section 1(1) Art. IX-C Section 1(1) Art. IX-D Section 1(1) Article XII, Section 20 Article XIII, Section 17 (2) 1. Those whose fathers and mother are citizens. 2. Those who elect Filipino citizenship 3. Reacquisition of natural born citizenship by repatriation Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004 In re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999 Co vs HRET, 199 SCRA 692 (1991) Villahermosa vs Commissioner, 80 Phil 541 (1948) Bengzon v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001 F. Naturalization 1. By Judicial Proceeding a) Com. Act No. 473 (Revised naturalization Law) Sections 2,3,4,5,7,8,15 & 18 b) R.A. No. 530 Section 1 - effect on the wife and children Republic vs De La Rosa, G.R. No. 104654, June 6, 1994 Republic vs. Liyao, 214 SCRA 748 (1992) Moya Lim Yao v. Commissioner, 41 SCRA 292 2. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9138) 3. By Direct Act of Congress 3. Denaturalization G. Loss of Citizenship - Article IV, Section 3 Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002 Yu vs Santiago, 169 SCRA 364 (1989) H. Reacquisition of Citizenship Com. Act. No. 63, Section 1(2) Frivaldo vs. Comelec, 174 SCRA 245 (1989) Frivaldo vs. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727 (1996) Altarejos v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163256. Nov. 10, 2004) Tabasa v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125793, August 29, 2006 Angat v. Republic, GR. No. 132244, September 14,1999 Jao vs. Republic 121 SCRA 358 (1983)

I. Dual Citizenship R.A. No. 9225 (September 17, 2003) Nicholas-Lewis v. Comelec, G.R. No. 162759, August 4, 2006 J. Dual Allegiance - Article IV, Sections 4 & 5 (See Sec. 40, R.A. 7160, Local Govt. Code) Aznar vs Comelec, G.R. No. 83820, May 25, 1990 Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 (1999) Valles v. Comelec, G.R. 137000, August 9, 2000 VII. DOCTRINE OF STATE IMMUNITY 1. Basis - Article XVI, Section 3 2. When is a suit against a State? Republic vs. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424 (1987) Phil. Agila Satellite v. Lichauco, G.R. No. 134887, July 27, 2006 3. Express Consent a. Money claims arising from contract Act. No. 3083 C.A. no. 327 as amended by P.D. No. 1445 Sayson vs. Singson, 54 SCRA 282 (1973) Republic vs. Purisima, 78 SCRA 470 (1977) b. Torts committed by special agents - NCC Article 2180 Meritt vs Government, 34 Phil. 311 (1916) c. Incorporated Government Agencies (Note: Unincorporated Agencies exercising principally proprietary functions may be sued) PNB vs. CIR, 81 SCRA 314 (1978) SSS vs. CA. 120, SCRA 707 (1983) Rayo v. CFI, 110 SCRA 450 (1981) Farolan v. CTA, 217 SCRA 298 (1993) 4. Implied Consent a. Government submits itself to the courts jurisdiction b. The State itself files a complaint RP vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 85384, Feb. 28, 1990 Froilan vs. Pan Oriental Shipping Co., 95 Phil. 905 (1954) Lim vs. Brownell, 107 Phil. 344 (1960) c. Government entering into business contracts Malong v. PNR, 138 SCRA 63 (19850 Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486 (1991) d. When Inequitable for government to claim immunity Santiago vs. Republic, 87 SCRA 294 (1978) Amigable vs; Cuenca, 43 SCRA 360 (1972) 5. Suits against Municipal Corporations Torio vs. Fontanilla, 85 SCRA 99 (1978) 6. Suits against Foreign States The Holy See vs. Hon. Rosario, Jr., December 17, 1994 U.S.A. vs. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487 (1985) U.S.A. vs. Guinto, G.R. No. 76609, Feb. 26, 1990 Minucher v. CA, G.R. No. 142396, February 11, 2003 Rep. of Indonesia v. Vinzon, G.R. 154705, June 26, 2003 7. Suits against International Agencies WH0 v. Aquino, G.R. No. L-35131, November 29, 1972 DFA v. NLRC, G.R. No. 113191, September 18, 1997 8. Suits against Public Officers Animas v. PVAO, 174 SCRA 214 (1989) U.S.A. vs. Reyes, G.R. No. 79233, March 1, 1993 Lansang v. CA, G.R. No. 102667, February 23, 2000 Shauf v. Court of Appeals, 191 SCRA 713 (1990) Republic v. Sandoval, G.R. No. 48607, March 19, 1993 9. Consent to execution PNB vs. Pabalan, 83 SCRA 595 (1978) Municipality of Makati vs. CA. 190 SCRA 206 (1990) Nessia vs. Fermin, 220 SCRA 615 (1993) Caloocan City v. Allarde, G.R. No. 107271, Sept. 10, 2003

VII. PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES A. Preamble - Nature, purpose and aims B. Principles 1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism a. Direct and Indirect Democracy b. Representation and renovation c. Accountability to the people d. Rule of the Majority Pablo Ocampo v. HRET, G.R. No. 158466. June 15, 2004 e. The Rule of Law Article II, Section 1 (sovereignty resides in the people) Article V, (Suffrage) Villavicencio vs. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778 (1919) 2. Adherence to International Law Article II, Section 2, 7 & 8 (Independent foreign/nuclear-free policy) a. Renunciation of War - Article VI, Section 23 (1) b. Adoption of International Law Mejoff vs. Director of Prisons, 90 Phil. 70 (1952) Agustin vs. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 (1979) Ichong vs. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 115 (1957) In Re Garcia; 2 SCRA 984 (1961) c. Adherence to policy of peace, freedom, amity 3. Supremacy of Civilian Authority Article II, Section 3 Article VII, Section 18 (commander0in0chief clause) Article XVI, Section 5(4) (AFP in active service) Article XVI, Section 5(2) (respect for people's rights) 4. Government as protector & People as Defenders of the State Article II, Sections 4 & 5 (no extension of service) People vs. Lagman and Zosa, 66 Phil. 13 (1938) Resident Aliens 5. Separation of Church and State Article II, Section 6 Article III, Section 5 (freedom of religion clause) Article IX-C, 2(5) (political party ban on sects) Article VI, Section 5(2) (no sectoral rep. from religious sector) Exceptions : Article VI, Section 28(3) (tax exempt. of churches) Id., Section 29(2) (no appropriation for sects; exemptions) Article XIV, Section 3(3) (optional religious instruction) Id., Section 4(2) (Filipino ownership for schools, exceptions) Estrada v. Escritor, A.M. No. P-02-1651, August 4, 2003 C. Policies 1. Independent foreign policy and a nuclear-free Philippines Article II, Sections 7-8 Article XVIII, Sections 4 & 25 (on foreign military bases) Bayan v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000 Lim v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002 2. A just and dynamic social order Preamble Article II, Section 9 a. The promotion of social justice Article II, Section 10 Article XIII, Section 1-2 Article II, Section 26 Pamatong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872. April 13, 2004 Article VII, Section 13 par. 2 Calalang vs. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940) APCD v. PCA, G.R. No. 110526, February 10, 1998 PLDT v. NTC, 190 SCRA 717 (1990) Maquera v. Borja, G.R. No. L-24761, September 7, 1965 b. Respect for human dignity and human rights Article XIII, Sections 17-19

Article II, Section 11 Article XVI, Section 5(2) Simon v. CHR, G.R. No. 100150, January 5, 1994 c. Fundamental equality of women and men Article II, Section 14 Article III, Sections 14 PASEI vs. Drilon, 163 SCRA 386 (1988) d. Independent people's organization Article II, Section 23 Article XIII, Sections 15-16 e. The priority of education, science, technology, etc. Article II, Section 17 Article XIV, Section 2 Tablarin vs. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 (1987) PRC v. de Guzman, G.R. No. 144681, June 21, 2004 U.P. BOR v. C.A., G.R. No. 134629, August 31, 1999 Camacho v. Coresis, G.R. No. 134372, August 22, 2002 f. Urban land reform and housing Article XIII, Section 9-10 Mandaluyong v. Francisco, G.R. 137152, January 29, 2001 g. Reform in agriculture and other natural resources Article II Section 2 Article XIII, Sections 4-8 h. Protection of Labor Article II, Section 18 Article XIII, Section 3 The right of government workers to form unions Article III, Section 8 Article IX-B, Section 2(5) SSS Employ. Assn. vs. CA, 175 SCRA 686 (1989) i. Promotion of health and ecology. Article II, Sections 15-16 Article XIII, Sections 11-13 Prov. Of Rizal v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 129546, Dec. 13, 2005 3. The family as basic autonomous social institution Article II, Section 12 Article XV (The Family) Article II, Section 13 Family Code, Article 1 a. Protection of the Unborn Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113 b. Natural Right and Duty of Parents Meyer vs. Nebraska, 262 US 390 Pierce vs Society of Sisters, 262 US 510 Angeles vs Judge Sison, 112 SCRA 26 (1982) 4. A self-reliant and independent economic order Article II, Sections 19 - 20 Article XII (National economy and patrimony) Tanada vs. Angara, G.R. 118295, May 2, 1997 5. Communication and information in nation-building Article II, Section 24 Article XVI, Sections 10 - 11 Article XVIII, Section 23 PLDT v. NTC, G.R. No. 88404, October 18, 1990 6. Autonomy of local governments Article II, Section 25 Article X (Local Government Code of 1991 (R.A. No. 7160) 7. Recognition of rights of indigenous cultural communities Article II, Section 22 Article VI, Section 5(2) Article XII, Section 5 Article XIII, Section 6 Article XIV, Section 17 Article XVI, Section 12 R.A. No. 8371 (1997), The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act

8. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure Article II, Section 27 Article XI, Sections 4,5,6 (Ombudsman) Article II, Section 28 (full public disclosure) Article XI, Section 17 (statement of assets/liabilities) Article VII, Section 12 (president's health) Article VII, Section 20 (publication of loan applications) Article XII, Section 21 (make public foreign loans) Article XII, Section 2(5) (contracts with foreign groups) Article VII, Sections 12,20 (con. of interest/books of acc.) Article IX-D, Section 4 (COA annual report) Article III, Section 7 (right to information) Legaspi vs CSC, 150 SCRA 530 (1987) Valmonte vs Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989) De Jesus vs. COA, G.R. 109023, August 12, 1998 Chavez v. PEA & Amari, G.R. No. 133250, July 9, 2002 VIII. SEPARATION OF POWERS A. Purpose B. Interdepence, Blending of Powers and Checks and Balances In Re: Laureta and Maravilla, 148 SCRA 382 (1987) Demetria vs Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987) Mantruste System vs CA, 179 SCRA 136 (1989) INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983) C. Justiciable and Political Questions La Bugal-BLaan v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882. Dec. 1, 2004 Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil 358 (1955) Goldwater v. Carter, 444 U.S. 996 (1979) Article VIII, Section 1 Article VII, Section 18 IX. DELEGATION OF POWERS a) Tariff Powers (Article VI, Section 28(2)) Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 (1992) b) Emergency Powers (Article VI, Section 23 (2)) c) Rule Making Power of the SC )(Article VIII, Sec. 5(5)) d) Local Government Units (Article X, Section 15) e) Constitutional Commissions Articles IX-A, Section 6; IX-C, Sec. 3, IX-D, Section 2(2) e) Administrative Bodies f). Tests for Valid Delegation Jaworski v. Pagcor, G.R. No. 144463, January 14, 2004 U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil 1 (1922) Conference v. POEA, 243 SCRA 666 (1995) Pelaez vs Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569 (1965) People vs. Judge Dacuycuy, 173 SCRA 90 (1989) X. THE STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVT. A. Congress 1. Composition, Qualification and Term of Office a. Senate - Article VI, sections 2-4 b. House of Representatives - Article VI, Sections 5-8 Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969) Macias vs. Comelec, 3 SCRA 1 (1961) Tan vs Comelec, 142 SCRA 727 (1986) Vets. Fed. Party v. Comelec, G.R. 136781, October 6, 2000 PM v. Comelec, G.R. No. 164702, March 15, 2006 Bag. Bayani v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001 Aquino v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 400 (1995) Marcos v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 300 (1995) Dumpit Michelena v. Boado, G.R. Nos. 163619, November 17, 2005 2. Election a. Regular election - Article VI, Section 8 b. Special election - Article VI, Section 9

R.A. No. 6645, December 28, 1987 3. Organizations and Sessions a. Election of Officers - Article VI, Section 16(1) Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. 134577, November 18, 1998 b. Quorum - Id Section 16(2) Avelino vs. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 (1949) c. Rules of Proceedings Id., Section 16(3) Id., Section 21 Pacete vs. Comm. On Appointments, 40 SCRA 58 (1971) Arroyo vs. De Venecia, G.R. 127255, August 14, 1997 d. Discipline of members - Id., Section 16(3) Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil 83 (1924) Osmena vs. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863 (1960) Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. 126055, April 19, 2001 De Venecia v. SB, G.R. No. 130240, Feb. 5, 2002 e. Journal and Record - Article VI, Section 16(4) 1. The Enrolled Bill Theory Casco Chemical Co. vs. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963) 2. Probative Value of the Journal United States vs. Pons, 34 Phil. 729 (1916) 3. Matters to be entered in the Journal a. Yeas and Nays on third and final reading of a bill Article VI, Section 26(2) b. Veto message of the President Article VI, Section 27(1) c. Yeas and Nays on the re-passing of a bill vetoed by the President. [Article VI Section 27(1)] d. Yeas and Nays on any question at the request of 1/5 of members present [Article VI Section 16(4)] 4. Journal Entry Rule vs. Enrolled Bill Theory 5. Congressional Record - Article VI, Section 16(4) par.2 f. Session 1. Regular sessions Article VI, Section 15 Id., Section 16(5) 2. Special sessions Article VII, Sections 10-11 Id., Section 16 Article VII, Section 18 par. 2 3. Joint sessions Article VII, Section 4 Id., Section 11 par. 4. Id., Section 9 Article VII Section 23(1) Article XVII, Section 1(1) Article VII, Section 18 4. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualifications a. Salaries Articles VI, Section 10 Article XVIII, Section 17 Phiconsa vs. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300 (1966) Ligot vs. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823 (1974) b. Freedom from Arrest Article VI, Section 11 Revised Penal Code, Article 145 b. Speech and Debate Clause Article VI, Section 11 Jimenez vs. Cabangbang 17 SCRA 876 (1966) People v. Jalosjos, G.R. 132875, February 3, 2000 d. Disqualifications 1. Incomp. and Forbidden Officers - Id., Section 13 / Adaza vs Pacana, Jr. 135 SCRA 431 (1985) 2. Other Prohibitions - Article VI, Section 14 Puyat vs De Guzman, 113 SCRA 31 (1982) e. Duty to Disclose Article XI, Section 17 Article VI, Section 12 Id., Section 20 5. Electoral Tribunals - Id., Sections 17-19 Abbas vs. SET, 166 SCRA 651 (1988) Sampayan vs Daza, 213 SCRA 807 (1992)

Bondoc vs Pineda, 201 SCRA 792 (1991) Pena vs. HRET, G.R. No. 123037, March 21, 1997 Guerrero v. Comelec, G.R. No. 137004 (July 26, 2000) Codilla v. De Venecia, G.R. 150605, December 10, 2002 6. Commission on Appointments- Id., Sections 18-19 Cunanan v. Tan, 5 SCRA 1 (1962) Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989) Coseteng vs. Mitra, Jr. 187 SCRA 377 (1990) Guingona vs. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789 (1992) 7. Powers of Congress a. General Plenary Powers - Article VI, Section 1 b. Limitations on the Legislative Power 1. Substantive limitations Article III (Bill of Rights) Article VI, Sections 25 & 28 Article XIV, Section 4(3) Article VI, Section 29 Id., Section 30 Id., Section 31 Implied substantive limitations Prohibition against delegation of legislative power Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws 2. Procedural limitations - Article VI. Sec. 27 8. Legislative Process a. Requirements as to bills 1. As to titles of bills - Article VI, section 26(1) Tio vs Videogram Regulatory Board, 151 SCRA 208 Lidasan vs. Comelec, 21 SCRA 479 (1967) 2. Requirements as to certain laws a. Appropriation laws - Article VI, Section 25 Demetria vs. Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987) Guingona vs. Caraque, 196 SCRA 221 (1991) Tolentino vs. Sec. of Finance, G.R. 115455, Aug. 25, 1994 Philconsa vs. Enriquez, G.R. 113105, August 19, 1994 c. Tax laws Art. VI, Section 28; Article XIV, Section 4(3) Abakada Guro v. Ermita, G.R. No. 168207, October 18, 2005 Lung Center v. Q. C., G.R. No. 144104. June 29, 2004 Tan v. Del Rosario, 237 SCRA 324 (2000) Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 (1992) John Hay PAC v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, October 24, 2003 c) Appellate jurisd. of the Supreme Court (Art. VI, Sec. 30) First Lepanto Ceramics v. CA, 237 SCRA 519 (1994) Fabian v. Desierto, G.R. No. 129742, September 16, 1998 b. Procedure for the passage of bills Article VI, Section 26(b) Id., Section 27 Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, supra Philconsa v. Enriquez, supra Gonzales vs Macaraig. G.R. No. 87636, Nov. 19, 1990 Bengzon vs Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992) INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983) Bowsher v. Synar, 476 U.S. 714 (1986) Miller vs. Mardo, 2 SCRA 898 (1961) c. Effectivity of laws - Civil Code, Article 2 Tanada vs. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985) PVB Empl. Union v. Vega, G.R. No. 105364, June 28, 2001 Same, resolution of motion for reconsideration, 146 SCRA 446 Executive Order No. 200, June 18, 1987 d. Question Hour - Article VI, Section 27 e. Legislative investigation - Article VI, Section 21 Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006 Sabio, v. Gordon, et al. - G.R. No. 174340, October 17, 2006 Armault vs. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29 (1950) Armault vs., Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358 (1955) Bengzon vs. Sen. Blue Rib. Comm., 203 SCRA 767 (1991) Other Powers: a). Act as board of canvassers for presidential election

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Article VII, Section 4 par. 4 Pimentel v. Joint Com., G.R. No. 163783. June 22, 2004 Brillantes v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163193. June 15, 2004 b) Call a special election for Presidency (Article VII, Section c) Decide on disability of the President (Art. VI, Sec. 11) d).Legislative veto or approval for habeas corpus or declaration of material law Article VII, Section 18 e).Presidential amnesties - Article VII, Section 19 f). Concur in treaties - Article VII, Section 21 Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158988, July 6, 2005 g). Declaration of Existence of War h) Delegation of emergency powers, Article VI, Section 23 i.) Utilization of natural resources, Article XII, Section 2 j). Amendment of Constitution, Article XVII, Sections 1-2 k) Power of Impeachment 1. Who are subject to impeachment - Article XI, Section 2 2. Grounds for impeachment - Article, Section 2 3. Procedure for impeachment - id., Section 3(1)-(6) 4. Consequences of impeachment - Id., Section 3(7) Francisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003 Nixon v. U.S., 113 S. CT. 733 (1933) B. Executive Department 1. The President a. Qualifications, election, term and oath - Article VII, Sections 1,4 & 5 b. Privileges and salary - Article VII, Section 6 Republic v. SB, G.R. No. 152154, July 15, 2003 c. Succession 1. In case of vacancy at the beginning of term Article VII, Section 7 Id., Section 10 2. In Case of vacancy during term Article VII, Section 8 Id., Section 10 3. In case of temporary disability - Article VII, Sections 11-12 Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001 d. Removal - Article XI, Sections 2-23 e. Prohibitions - Article VII, Section 13 Article VI, Section 13 Article IX, Section 2 Article IX-B, Section 7 Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office: a. Vice-President as member of the cabinet Article VII, Section 3 par. 2 b. Sec. of Justice as member of Judicial and Bar Council Article VIII, Section 8(1) CLU vs. Exec. Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991) Cruz v. COA, G.R. No. 138489, Nov. 29, 2001 NAC v. COA. G.R. 156982, September 8, 2004 Powers and Functions of the President 1. Executive Power Article VII, Sections 1 & 17 Laurel vs. Garcia, G.R. No. 92013, July 25, 1990 Marcos vs. Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760 (1989) DENR v. DENR Empl., G.R. No. 149725, August 19, 2003 2. Control of executive departments - Article VII, Section 17 De Leon v. Carpio. 178 SCRA 457 (1989) Blaquera v. Alcala, G.R. 109406, September 11, 1998 Hutchison Ports V. SBMA, G.R. No. 131367, Aug. 31, 2000 NEA v. COA, 377 SCRA 233 (2002) Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139554, July 21, 2006 3. General supervision over local governments/autonomous regions Article X, Section 4; Id., Section 16 Pimentel v. Aguirre, G.R. 132988, July 19, 2000 4. Power of Appointment Bermudez v. Torres, G.R. No. 131429, August 4, 1999 a. With consent of Commission on Appointment i. Heads of Departments - Article VII, Section 16

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5.

6.

7. 8.

9.

ii. Ambassadors, public Ministers and Consuls Article VII, Section 16 iii. Officers of Armed Forces from the rank of Colonel and Naval Captain - Article VII, Section 16 iv. Chairman and members of Constitutional Commissions Article IX-B, Section 1(2) Id., C., Section 1(2) Id., D, Section 1(2) v. Regular members of the Judicial and Bar Council Article VIII, Section 8(2) Sarmiento vs. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 (1987) Concepcion-Bautista vs. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160 (1989) Calderon vs. Carale, G.R. No. 91636, April 23, 1992 Manalo v. Sistoza, G.R. 107369, August 11, 1999 Soriano v. Lista, G.R. No. 153881, March 24, 2003 b. Upon recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council c. Those whose appointments are not otherwise provided by law d. Those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint Limitations on appointing power of the President - Article VII, Sections 13 & 15 Interim or recess appointments - Article VI, Section 19; Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. 164978, October 13, 2005 Article VII, Section 16 par. 2 In Re Valenzuela, A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC, Nov. 9, 1998 De Rama v. CA, G.R. No. 131136, February 28, 2001 Matibag vs. Benipayo,. G.R. No. 149036 , April 2, 2002 The Removal Power Larin v. Exec. Secretary, G.R. 112745, October 16, 1997 Limitations on appointing power of Acting President - Article VII, Sections 14 & 16 Exec. Clemencies - Article VII, Section 19 Article IX-C, Section 5 a. Pardon distinguished from probation b. Pardon distinguished from parole c. Pardon distinguished from amnesty d. Reprieves, Commutations and Remissions of Fines e. Effects of Pardon Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, 301 SCRA 96) (1999) People vs. Casido, G.R. 116512, March 7, 1997 People v. Nacional, G.R. No. 11294, September 7, 1995 Monsanto vs. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 (1989) Sabello vs. DECS, 180 SCRA 623 (1989) Llamas v. Orbos, 202 SCRA 844 (1991) Cristobal vs. Labrador, 71 Phil. 34 (1941) Pelobello vs. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 27 (1987) In Re Lontok, 43 Phil 293 (1923) Garcia vs. Chairman, COA G.R. 75025, September 14, 1993 Torres v. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 273 (1987) Powers as Commander-in Chief Article VII, Section 18 Article II, Section 15 Article VIII, Section 1 par. 2 IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000 Sanlakas v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 159085. Feb. 3, 2004 Aquino v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183 (1974) Olaquer vs. MC No. 4, 150 SCRA 144 (1987) Navales v. Abaya, G.R. No. 162318, October 25, 2004 Lansang vs. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 (1971) In Re De Villa, G.R. No. 158802, November 17, 2004 David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171390, May 3, 2006 Emergency Powers - Article XII, Section 2 Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans Article VII, Section 20 Article XII, Section 21 Republic Act No. 4860 Constantino v. Cuisia, G.R. No. 106064, October 13, 2005 Power over foreign affairs a. Treaty making - Article XII, Section 21 People's Movement vs. Manglapus, September 13, 1988

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Comm. of Customs vs. Easter Sea, 3 SCRA 351 (1961) b. Deportation of undesirable aliens Go Tek vs Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17 (1977) 10. Power over-legislation a. Address Congress - Artcle VII, Section 23 b. Preparation and submission of the budget - Id., Section 22 c. Veto-Power - Article VII, Section 23(2) d. Emergency Powers- Article VI, section 23(2) 11. Executive Privilege Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006 Gudani v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165. August 15, 2006 12. Immunity from suit Beltran vs. Macasiar, G.R. 82585, November 14, 1998 Gloria v. CA, G.R. No. 119903, August 15, 2000 Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001 Nixon v. Fitgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982) Harlow v. Fitgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982) Clinton v. Jones, 117 S. Ct. 1636 (1997) Vice President a. Qualifications, election, term and oath Article VII, Section 3 Id., Section 4 Id., Section 5 b. Privileges and salary - Article VII, Section 6 c. Prohibitions - Article VII, Section 13; Id., Section 3 par. 2 d. Succession - Article VII, Sections 2-3 B. The Judicial Department Judicial Power Miranda v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 133064, September 16, 1999 1. The Supreme Court a. Composition - Article VII, Section 4 b. Mode of Sitting MMDA v. Jancom, G.R. 147465, April 10, 2002 People v. Gacott, G.R. No. 116049, July 13, 1995 c. Appointments and qualifications Article VII, Section 7(1) Id., Section 8(5) Id., Section 9 SB v. J. Estrella, A.M. No. 01-1608-RJT, January 16, 2001 d. No nonjudicial work for judges - Article VIII, Section 12 Meralco vs. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600 (1933) Garcia vs. Macaraig, 30 SCRA 106 (1969) e.Salary Article VIII, Section 10; Article XVIII, Section 17 Nitafan vs. CIR, 152 SCRA 284 (1987) f. Tenure Article VII, Section 11 Id., Section 1 Id., Section 2 par. 2 g. Removal - Article XI, Section 3 In Re Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771 (1988) h Fiscal autonomy - Article VIII, Section 3 i. Jurisdiction Article VIII, Section 1, Id., section 2 par. 1 Id., Section 5 Article VI, Section 30 Article VII, Section 18 Tirol v. CA, G.R. Bo. 133954, August 3, 2000 People vs. Ramos, 88 SCRA 486 (1979) People v.Teng, G.R. No. 141496, October 3, 2001 Santiago vs. Bautista, 32 SCRA 188 (1970) Felipe vs. Leuterio, 91 Phil. 482 (1952) j. Deliberations Prudential Bank v.Castro. 158 SCRA 646 (1988) Consing v. Court of Appeals, 177SCRA 14 (1989) k. Voting Cruz v. DENR, G.R. No. 135385, December 6, 2000 l. Requirements as to decisions - Article VIII, Sections 13-14 Valladolid vs. Inciong, 121 SCRA 205 (1992)

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Nunal vs. COA, 169 SCRA 356 (1989) People v. Bugarin, 273 SCRA 384 (1996) Hernandez v. Court of Appeals, 228 SCRA 429 (1993) Yao v. CA, G.R. No. 132428, October 24, 2000 Dizon v. Judge Lopez, A.M. 96-1338, September 5, 1997 Asiavest v. CA, G.R. No. 110263, July 20, 2001 m. Petition for Review/Motion for Reconsideration Tichangco v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 150629, June 30, 2004 Mendoza vs. CFI, 51 SCRA 369 (1973) Martinez v. CA, G.R. 123547, May 21, 2001 n. Periods for deciding cases Article VIII, Section 15 Article VII, Section 18 par. 3 Article XVIII, Section 12-14 Maquiran v. Judge Lopez, A.M. RTJ=00=1606 RE: Delays in the SB, A.M. No. 00-8-05-SC, Nov. 28, 2001 o. Act as PET - Article VII, Section 4 par. 4 p. Administrative powers 1. Supervision of lower courts - Article VIII, Section 6 Maceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 (1993) Caoibes v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 132177, July 19, 2001 In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001 2. Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest ` Article VIII, Section 5(3) 3. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice Article VIII, Section 5(4) People v. Sola, 103 SCRA 393 (1981) 4. Appointment of officials and employees of entire judiciary Article VIII, section 5(6) 5. Promulgate rules concerning the enforcement and protection of constitutional rights RE: Req. for Special Div., A.M. 02-1-09-SC, Jan. 21, 2002 6. Promulgate Rules Concerning Pleading, Practice and Procedure 7. Admission to the Practice of Law Zaldivar vs. Gonzales, 166 SCRA 316 (1988) In re : Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 (1954) Aguirre v. Rana, Bar Matter No. 1036, June 10, 2003 8. Integration of the Bar In re : Edillion, 84 SCRA 554 (1978) In re : IBP Elections Bar Matter No. 491 (October 6, 1989) 9 Legal Assistance to the Underprivileged q. Report on the Judciary - Article VIII, Section 16 2. Lower courts a. Qualifications and appointment Article VIII, Section 7(1)(2) Id., Section 7(5) Id., Section 9 b. Tenure - Article VIII, Section 11; Id., Section 2 par. 2 De La Llana vs. Alba, 122 SCRA 291 (1983) 3.The Judicial and Bar Council - Article VIII, Section 8 4.Automatic release of approp. for the judiciary - Article VIII, Section 3 D. The Constitutional Commissions a) Guarantees of Independence b) Qualifications Cayetano v.Monsod, G.R. No. 100113, September 3, 1991 c) Appointment & Term d) Rotational Scheme Gaminde v. COA, G.R. No. 140335, December 13, 2000 e) Vacancies Brillantes vs. Yorac, G.R. No. 93867, December 18, 1990 f) Disqualifications g) Salary/Removal/Appointment of Personnel h) Fiscal Autonomy CSC v. DBM, G.R. 158791, July 22, 2005 CHREA v. CHR, G.R. 155336, November 25, 2004 CHREA v. CHR, G.R. 155336, July 21, 2006

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i) Submission of Reports and Recommendations j) Rule Making K) Decisions Cua v. Comelec, 156 SCRA 582 (1987) Sarmiento v. Comelec, 212 SCRA 307 (1992) l) Appeals Ambil v. Comelec, G.R. 143398, October 25, 2000 Reyes v. COA, G.R. No. 125129, March 29, 1999 E. The Civil Service Commission A.. Scope of the Civil Service - Article IX-B, Section 2(1) Camporedondo v. NLRC, G.R. No. 129049, August 6, 1999 NSC vs. NLRC, 168 SCRA 122 (1988) SSSEA vs. CA, 175 SCRA 686 (1989) Leyson v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 134990, April 27, 2000 Baluyot v. Holganza, G.R. No. 136374, February 9, 2000 PNCC v. Fabion, G.R. No. 131715, December 8, 1999 B. The Career and Non-Career Service De Leon v. CA, G.R. No. 127182 General v. Roco, G.R. No. 143366, January 29, 2001 C. Terms and conditions of employment in the Civil Service 1. Oath and allegiance to the Constitution Article IX-B , Section 4 Article XI, Section 18 2. Merit system CSC v. Salas, G.R. No. 123708, June 19, 1997 PAGCOR v. Rilloraza, G.R. No. 141141, June 25, 2001 Cadiente vs. Santos, 142 SCRA 280 (1986) Grino v. CSC, 194 SCRA 458 (1991) Samson v. CA, 145 SCRA 654 (1986) Triba v. Sto. Tomas, 199 SCRA 833 (1991) Corpus vs. Cuaderno, 15 SCRA 591 (1965) 3. Appointment of lameducks - Article IX-B, Section 6 4. Appointment and designation of elective/appointive officials Article IX-B, Section 7 Article VII, Section 13 Article VI, Section 13 5. Exemptions from exam requirement Office of the Ombudsman v. CSC, G.R. No. 159940 February 16, 2005 6. Standardization of pay and ban on double compensation Article IX-B, Section 5Id., Section 8 CB Empl. Assoc. v. BSP, G.R. No. 148208, Dec. 15, 2004 NAC v. COA, G.R. No. 156982, Sept. 8, 2004 7. Ban on partisan political activities Article IX-B, Section 2(4) Compare Article XVI, Section 5(3) (with respect to members of the AFP) Trinidad v. Valle, 105 SCRA 606 (1981) Vistan v. Nicolas, 201 SCRA 524 (1991) 8. Removal or suspenson only for cause - Article IX-B, Section 3 Pastor v. City of Pasig, G.R. No. 146873, May 9, 2002 Domingo v. Zamora, G.R. No. 142283, February 6, 2003 David v. Gania, G.R. No. 156039, August 14, 2003 Miranda v. Carreon, G.R. No. 143540, April 11, 2003 Office of the Pres. v. Buenaobra, G.R. No. 170021, Sept. 8, 2006 9. Summary Removal 10. . Right of self-organization Article III, Section 8 Article IX, Section 2(5) 11. Review of decisions of the CSC - Article IX, Section 7 12. Fiscal independence - Article IX-A, Section 5 U.P. vs. Regino, G.R. 88167, May 3, 1993 Luego v. CSC, 143 SCRA 327 (1986) Central Bank vs. CSC, 171 SCRA 744 (1989) 2. Commission on Elections a. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners Article IX-C, Section 1(1) Article VII, Section 13 par. 2 b. Appointment, term of office and decisions Article IX-C, Section 1(2)

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c. Appointment of personnel - Article IX-A, Section 4 d. Salary - Article IX-A Section 3; Article XVII, Section 17 e. Disqualification - Article IX-A, Section 2 f. Impeachment - Article XI, Section 2 g. Powers and Functions - Article IX-C, Section 2 1. Enforce election laws - Article IX-C, Section 2(1) ; Id Sec. 10 Brillantes v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163193. June 15, 2004 Typoco v. Comelec, G.R. No. 136191, Nov. 29, 1999 Loong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 133676, April 14, 1999 Pangandaman v. Comelec, G.R. 134340, Nov. 25, 1999 Domino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 134015, July 19, 1999 Sandoval v. Comelec, G.R. No. 133842, January 26, 2000 Al Haj v. Comelec, G.R. 151046, February 5, 2002 R.A. No. 9189 (2003), The Overseas Absentee Voting Act 2. Decide administrative question pertaining elections, except the right to vote./ Article IX, Section 2(3) Guevarra v. Comelec, 104 Phil 269 (1968) Jaramilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 155717, October 23, 2003 Petition for inclusion or exclusion of voters - Article IX-C, Section 2(6) 3. Prosecution election law violators - Article IX-C, Section 2(6) EO 134, Section 11, February 27, 1987 De Jesus vs. People, 120 SCRA 760 (1983) People vs. Judge Inting, 187 SCRA 788 (1990) Baytan v. Comelec, G.R. No. 153945, February 4, 2003 4. Recommend pardon, parole or suspension of sentence of election law violators. Article IX-C, Section 5 5. Deputize law enforcement agents, etc Article IX-C, Section 2(4) Id., Section 2(8) People v. Judge Basilia, 179 SCRA 87 (1989) 6. Registration of political parties, organization/coalitions and accreditation of citizens' arms - Article IX-C, Section 2(5) Registration under the party-list Article IX-C, Section 6 Id, Section 7; Id., , Section 8 Article VI, Section 5(2) Article XVIII, Section 7 7 Regulation of public utilities and media of information Article IX-C, Section 4Id., Section 9 UNIDO vs. Comelec, 104 SCRA 17 (1981) 8. Decide election contest and cases Article IX-C, Section 2(2) Id., Section 3 Sebastian vs. Comelec, G.R. No. 139573, March 7, 2000 3. Commission on Audit a. Powers and Functions Article IX-D, Section 2 Id., Section 3 Article VI, Section 20 DBP v. COA, 231 SCRA 202, (1994) Sambeli vs. Province of Isabela, 210 SCRA 80 (1992) Albert v. COA, G.R. No. No. 126537, March 6, 2001 Bustamante v. COA, 216 SCRA 164 (1992) DBP v. COA, G.R. No. 88435, January 16, 2002 E. Sandiganbayan - Article XI, Section 4 P.D. 1606, December 10, 1979 Nunez vs. Sandiganbayan, 111 SCRA 433 (1982) F. Office of the Ombudsman See also P.D. 1630, July 18, 1979 ; R.A. 6770, Nov. 17, 1989 1. Composition - Article XI, Section 5 2. Qualifications - Article XI, Section 8 3. Appointment and term - Article XI, Sections 9 & 11 4. Rank and salary - Article XI, Section 10 5. Disqualifications - Article XI, Section 8; Article IX-A, Section 2 6. Jurisdiction - Article XI, Section 12 Roxas v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 114944, June 19, 2000 PCGG v. Desierto, G.R. No. 140232, January 19, 2001 People v. Velez, G.R. No. 138093, February 19, 2003 7. Powers and Functions - Article XI, Section 13 Ledesma v. CA, G.R. 161629, July 29. 2005

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Ombudsman v. Madriaga, G.R. No. 164316, September 27, 2006 8. Fiscal autonomy - Article XI, Section 14 9. Appointment of personnel - Article XI, Section 6 G. Office of the Special Prosecutor - Article XI, Section 7 Zaldivar vs. SB, 160 SCRA 843/Resolution, May 19, 1988 Orap vs. Sandiganbayan, 139 SCRA 252 (1985) See P.D. No. 1630, Sections 10, 12-15 (admin. investigations) Section 17 (criminal investigation) H. Central Monetary Authority 1. Composition and qualifications of members - Article XII, Section 20 2. Functions - Article XII, Sections 20-21 I. Economic and Planning Agency - Article XII, Section 9-10 J. National Commissions 1. Commission on Human Rights a. Composition and qualifications of members - Article XIII, Section 17 b. Powers and Functions - Article XIII Section 18-19 c. Fiscal autonomy - Article XIV, Section 17(4) Carino v. CHR, G.R. No. 96681, December 2, 1981 2. National Language Commission - Article XIV, Section 9 3. National Police Commission - Article XVI, Section 9 Canonizado v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 133132. January 25, 2000 3. Comm. on Indigenous Peoples - Article XVI, Section 12

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