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Makromodeller, herhangi bir elemann veya devrenin lineer ve lineer olmama yg zelliklerini aslna olabildiince uygun modellemek zere, lineer elemanlar, baml ve bamsz kaynaklar ve az sayda diyot, tranzistor gibi lineer olmayan elemanlarla oluturulan edeer d l l l l t l d devreler. l
Makromodellerin amac:
ok tranzistorlu yaplarda benzetim sresini ksaltmak Geni lekli yaplarn benzetiminde nmerik analiz problemlerinin giderilmesi Aktif elemanlarn id l i lik analizi k if l l idealsizlik li i
-V EE
Tranzistorlar, yariletken diyotlar, baml ve bamsz kaynaklar ve lineer elemanlar kullanlarak kurulan ilemsel kuvvetlendirici makromodeli (Boyle 1974)
yapda ok fazla sayda yer alan fiziksel g gerek elemanlar yerine basit ideal y elemanlar Basit bir diferensiyel g y giri kat y yardmyla y lineer olmayan giri karakteristiinin modellenmesi.
T1-T2 tranzistorlar ve bunlarla ilikili dier elemanlar ile yapnn fark ve ortak iaret davran. CE kondansatr ykselme eimi, C1 kondansatr faz yant Ara kattaki Gcm , Ga , R2 , RO2 elemanlar Fark ve ortak i k k iaret kazanlar k l
k katnda D1 , D2 , RC elemanlar yapnn ksadevre akmnn maksimum , deeri, D3 ,VC ve D4 ,VE elemanlar k l l k geriliminin maksimum deerini ve krplma snrlar
Yapnn k kat devreye tam anlamyla benzemeyen, ancak d b k devre llikl i i zelliklerini salayan bir topoloji kullanlarak kurulmutur. Tm makromodeller, bir tmdevre benzetim program ile birlikte kullanlacaklar dncesi ile tasarlanrlar.
dip
rd1 d1 4 -VEE
Giri k t kanall JFETlerle k l Gi i kat p k ll JFETl l kurulmu olan ilemsel l il l kuvvetlendiriciler iin gelitirilen makromodel (LF351 ).
din +VCC 3 Cee 1+ 24 -VEE iee dp re2 Q2 C1 ve rc2 + rp + vc 9 r2 2 dc 6 de gcm + vb C2 ga + egnd fb 7 + hlim vip vlim 6 -ro1 5 +VO vin ro2 dip + +
Giri kat pnp tranzistorlarla kurulmu olan ilemsel kuvvetlendiriciler iin gelitirilen makromodel (LM324) .
+ vc 9 r2 dc 6
+ vb -egnd C2 ga
+ fb
ro2
dip
4 -VEE
Giri kat npn tranzistorlarla kurulmu olan ilemsel kuvvetlendiriciler iin gelitirilen makromodel (LM301A ).
R O2 +V 4 V OS P R ID/2 R
+V
RO1 + VO
+V5 C1 I2 + R2 C2 V5
VA IC
-
D 5 D6 + VO -
I B1
I1
R1
R ID/2 CM R IC N +' K V CM CM
D2 I B2 VB I 1 = G1 .( VA-V B) ( V
+ V1 -V2 D1 +
D3 - V +V4 D 3 4 I 2 = G2 .V 4 V
Yariletken diyotlar, baml ve bamsz kaynaklar ve diyotlar lineer elemanlar kullanlarak kurulan ilemsel kuvvetlendirici makromodeli (Peic, 1991).
Birinci ara katta V1 D1 ve V2-D2 gerilim V1-D1 V2 D2 snrlama devreleri Birinci hcrede C1 ve R1 elemanlar yapnn transfer fonksiyonunun baskn olmayan ikinci kutbu ikinci ara hcrede G2.V4 kontrollu kayna C2 k d kondansatr i d ki gerilimin zerindeki ili i ykselme hz kinci kazan katnda R2 ve C2 elemanlar y kuvvetlendiricinin transfer fonksiyonunun f1 baskn kutbu
rnek 2: G i iletkenlii k k 2 Gei il tk lii kuvvetlendiricisi tl di i i i (OTA) makromodeli (Kuntman 1994) lemsel kuvvetlendiricilerden daha geni bandl olmalar ve eimlerinin kontrol y edilebilir olmas nedeniyle OTA'lar da gittike yaygnlaarak kullanm alan bulmaktadr. bulmaktadr
IO , Gm = V I1 - V I 2
Gm = f ( I A)
IA kontrol akm
CMOS t k l ji i il kolayca teknolojisi ile k l tmletirilebilme OTA-C aktif szgeleri ok sayda OTA ieren aktif szgelerin benzetim srelerinin ksaltlmas Geni lekli devrelerde nmerik sorunlarn, raksama sorunlarnn giderilmesi
B:1 T5
1
1:B T3
4
+VDD T6
T4
5
T1
+VI1
6
T2 IA
VO CL T8
+VI2
T7 1:1
-VSS
I Omaks = - I Omin = - B. I A
KV = G m . R O
fd 1 = 2. . RO .( C n7 + C L )
f nd1
g m4 = 2. .C n5
g m7 f nd 2 = 2. .C n6
f z = 2. f nd 2
GBW = KV . f d
B. I A YE = C L + Cn7
D4 D3
+ V2 Cn6 I 2 R4 I3 I 4 R O2
R +VO D2 O1 CO V B2 +
I 2 = B g m4 .V 1 B.g V R 3 =1/g m4
= G (VA - V O) G.
Benzetim Sonular
Model parametreleri, IA = 100 A
eleman Cn6 RO2 RO1 CO RC RE gm1 1 gm5 gm7 G KCM eleman VOS VB1 VB2 VC VE RI1 RI2 C2 C3 C1 R3 Cn5 5 R4 deer 59E-3 V 10.7V 10 7V 13.11V 1.46V 1.673V 12.0E+12 12.0E 12 12.0E+12 0.028pF 0.028pF 0.153pF 12.626 k 0.338pF 4.132 k deer .06018 pF 42 k 31 k 0.15pF 2.2 k 2.2 k 2.72E 4 2.72E-4 A/V 3.04E-4 A/V 2.42E-4 A/V 2.2E-5 A/V 1E-3
Ardarda bal iki 2. derece szge 2 Btn OTA'larn eimleri eit ve Gm = 1.041 A/V 1 041 mA/V lk hcrenin deer katsays QP1 = 1.307, ikinci hcrenin deer katsays QP2 = 0.541 ke frekans P = 2 34 x 106 rad/sn 2.34 normalize gei fonsiyonu
Drdnc dereceden alak geiren OTA-C aktif szgecinin d c de ecede a a ge e O C a t s gec DC gerilim gei erisi.
vx vy
x y CCX + z
iz
vz
iy
rnek 3: Akm tayc makromodeli CCII, aada verilen bantlarla tanmlanan ulu bir devredir:
,
,
v X = vY
iY = 0
iZ = m i X
deal bir akm taycda, g ve y , giri k empedanslar sonsuz, band genilii sonsuz, sonsuz X ucundan ieriye doru bakldnda grlen empedans sfrdr. U byklklerinin snrlar
I X min < i X (t ) < I Xmaks V X min < v X (t ) < V Xmaks
VZ min < v Z (t ) < VZmaks
T14
T5
T7 T12
T15
T16
VDD
T8 M9
T10 T11
Z iz = ix
T13
I
bias
X
R
in -
in + T1 T2 Y
Rz
R
bias
Cc
T3
T4
T6
T17
T18
VSS
T5
T6
T9 M11
T10 T12
V
DD
T3
T4
v T1 T2 I V V Y v y
B
iz = ix Z i x Rx Rz
X
I T13
B
T7 T8
bias1 bi 1
bias 2
V
SS
CCII devresi II
Benzetim Sonular
RX = 5k RZ = oo iin eleman modeli ve makromodel yardmyla elde 5k, edilen VX-VY ve VZ-VY deiimleri.
RX = iin VX - VY deiimi
X ucundan grlen ZX empedansnn frekansla deiimi iin makromodel ve eleman modeli yardmyla elde edilen simlasyon sonular.
Z ucundan grlen ZO empedansnn frekansla deiimi iin makromodel ve eleman modeli yardmyla elde edilen simlasyon sonular.
vx/vy ve vz/vy gerilim transfer oranlarnn frekansla deiimi iin makromodel ve eleman modeli yardmyla elde edilen simlasyon sonular. l
Y
CCII- Z
R2
10k
C1 R1
10k .1nF
Y
CCII- Z
Vo
R3
10k
R4
10k
C2
.1nF
fp = 159kHz, Qp = 0707 p ,
Kaynaklar:
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