Energy Transfer in Turbomachines

Energy transfer in
Turbo machines
Configuration of a basic turbine
Configuration of a basic turbine
Relative motion 1D
No wind
U
W = - U
Tail wind
Head wind
U
V
W = 0
W = V + ( U) (vectorial addition)
U
V
U is the frame velocity
V is the absolute velocity or the velocity that an observer experiences.
W is the relative velocity or the velocity experienced by the walker.
Relative motion 2D

W = U
Velocity Triangles for an Aircraft Landing
Note : Absolute velocity is the vector sum of the frame velocity and the relative velocity. V = U + W
Graphical addition and subtraction of vectors
To add two vectors A + B graphically : Place them nose to tail
and the result is given by movement from the tail of the first to
the nose of the second.

To subtract two vectors A - B graphically : Reverse the direction
of B and proceed with addition of vectors as before.
1
2
3
1 2 3
x
Stator
Cascade and Meridional Views of a Turbine Stage
Flow through turbomachines
1
2
3
Velocity triangle at 2
Velocity triangle at 3
Velocity Triangles for a Turbine Stage
Energy transfer in turbomachines
According to Newtons second law of motion, the sum of all the
forces acting on a control volume in a particular direction is equal to
the rate of change of linear momentum of the fluid across the
control volume.
That is,
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
V V m
dt
V V m
F =
=
-
( )
1 2
V V m dt F =
or,
Where,
m = mass of the body (kg)
V
1
= initial velocity of the fluid (m/s)
V
2
= final velocity of the fluid (m/s)
This equation is a modified form of Newtons second law of motion
and is known as Impulse Momentum Equation
Impulse acting on the
body Change in momentum of the
body in the time period dt
Energy transfer in turbomachines
The impulse momentum equation is used to study the impact of
fluid jet striking a stationary or moving plate and also to study
general fluid flow characteristics.
When the flowing fluid with initial velocity V
1
is obstructed by a
surface such as vane, blade etc., the fluid undergoes a change in
momentum. The impulsive force acting on the fluid by the surface
is:

According to Newtons third law of motion for every action there is
equal and opposite reaction. Therefore, the fluid reacts to this and
exerts equal and opposite force on the obstructing surface, given by

Similarly, the sum of all torques acting on the system is equal to the
rate of change of angular momentum.
( )
1 2
V V m F =
-
( )
2 1
V V m F =
-
Energy transfer components
Fig. shows rotor of a generalized turbomachine. o-o is the
axis of the shaft which rotates with an angular velocity .
The fluid enters the rotor at 1 and leaves at 2 after passing
through the rotor by any path. The angle of entry and exit
may be arbitrary.
Let V be the absolute velocity of the fluid entering the rotor
at 1 at any angle. This velocity vector may be resolved into
three mutually perpendicular components:
Axial component V
a
Radial component V
r

Tangential component V
w

Axial component : This is parallel to the axis of rotation.
Axial force is produced due to change in magnitude of this
component. This axial force is taken by the thrust bearing
of the machine which is finally transferred to the housing.
Radial component : This is parallel to the radius of the
rotor. Radial force is produced due to change in the
magnitude of this component. Radial forces are taken by
journal bearings.
It should be noted that no torque is exerted on the rotor by
these two forces, i.e., axial and radial.
Tangential component : The torque is exerted on the rotor
only due to the change in the angular momentum of the
tangential component.
Assumptions:
Fluid enters and leaves the vane in a direction tangential to the
vane tip at inlet and outlet.
There is no frictional resistance as the fluid flows over the vane.
Let
V = absolute velocity of fluid (m/s)
N = speed pf rotation of the rotor (rpm)
r = radius of the rotor (m)
= angular velocity of the rotor (rad/s) = 2N/60
u = linear velocity of vane tip (peripheral velocity) (m/s) = dN/60
= mass flow rate of fluid (kg/s)
d = rotor diameter (m)
-
m
Euler turbine equation

Tangential momentum of fluid at entry =
Angular momentum (moment of momentum) at entry =
Angular momentum at outlet =
T = torque on the rotor = change of angular momentum

Work done = rate of energy transferred = T x

But we know that
1
r
1
= u
1
and
2
r
2
= u
2
. Therefore,

Work done per unit mass flow rate
-
m V
w1
1 1
r m V
w
-
2 2
r m V
w
-
( )
-
= m r V r V
w w 2 2 1 1
( ) e
-
= m r V r V
w w 2 2 1 1
( )
-
= m u V u V D W
w w 2 2 1 1
. .
( )
2 2 1 1
u V u V
w w
=
----- (1)
----- (2)
Euler turbine equation
Equations (1) and (2) are two forms of Euler turbine equation or
Euler equation.
Euler equation applies to all turbomachines pumps, fans,
blowers, compressors and turbines (steam, gas, water).
If V
w1
u
1
> V
w2
u
2
, the RHS of equation (2) is positive and then the
machine is called turbine.
If V
w2
u
2
> V
w1
u
1
, the RHS of equation (2) is negative and then
the machine is called pump, fan, blower or compressor.
If V
w1
u
1
> V
w2
u
2
and V
w2
is negative, i.e., V
w2
is opposite to that
of V
w1
, then equation (2) can be written as:

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
/ u v u v u v u v rate flow mass unit done Work
w w w w
+ = =
Alternate form of Euler turbine equation
u
2

w
2

v
w2

v
2

v
r2

v
r1

u
1

v
w1

w
1

v
1

1

Inlet velocity triangle
Outlet velocity triangle
Let
v = absolute velocity of fluid
w = relative velocity of fluid (relative to the rotor)
v
r
= radial component of absolute velocity (flow velocity)
v
w
= tangential component of absolute velocity
Suffixes 1 and 2 indicate inlet and outlet conditions respectively
From inlet velocity triangle,

2
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
w w w
v v u u w v v + =
( )
2
1 1 1
2
1
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
2
1
2
w w w r
v v u u w v u w v + = =
-------- (3)
-------- (4)
Also,
Equating equations (3) and (4), we get

2
1
2
1
2
1 w r
v v v =
On simplification we get,

Similarly,

Substituting these values in the Eulers equation

( )
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
1 1
w u v
v u
w
+
=
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
w u v
v u
w
+
=
( )
2 2 1 1
/ . u v u v rate flow mass unit D W
w w
=
we get,
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
w u v w u v
rate flow Mass
done Work +
+
=
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
w w u u v v
rate flow Mass
done Work + +
=
Components of energy transfer
First component (v
1
2
-v
2
2
)/2 is the change in absolute kinetic
energy. Due to this, a change in dynamic head or pressure
takes place through the machine. The exit kinetic energy will be
more in power absorbing machines(e.g., pump) while it will be
less in power producing machines (e.g., turbine)
Second component (u
1
2
-u
2
2
)/2 is the change in centrifugal
energy of the fluid due to change in radius of rotation. This
causes a change in static head or pressure through the rotor.
Third component (w
1
2
-w
2
2
)/2 is the change in relative kinetic
energy due to change in relative velocity. This also causes a
change in static head or pressure through the rotor.
This is an alternate form of Euler turbine equation
Radially outward and inward flow machines
For radially outward flow machines, u
2
> u
1
and hence the fluid
gains in static head, while, for a radially inward flow machine,
u
2
< u
1
and the fluid loses its static head. Therefore, in radial
f low pumps or compressors the flow is always directed radially
outward, and in a radial flow turbine it is directed radially
inward.
Energy transfer in axial machines
For an axial flow machine, the main direction of flow is parallel
to the axis of the rotor, and hence the inlet and outlet points of
the flow do not vary in their radial locations from the axis of
rotation. Therefore, u
1
=u
2
and equation of energy transfer will
be

( ) ( )
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
w w v v
rate flow Mass
done Work +
=
Conventions in drawing velocity triangles

V or C
W or V
r

u or U
V
w
or C
u

V
f

o
r

V
r

o
r

C
m

u or U : Peripheral velocity, DN/60
V or C : Absolute velocity
W or V
r
: Relative velocity
V
f
or V
r
or C
m
: Component of absolute velocity in the flow direction
V
w
or C
u
: Component of absolute velocity in the tangential direction
: Angle between absolute velocity and peripheral velocity vectors
: Angle between relative velocity and peripheral velocity vectors
Steady flow equation 1
st
law of thermodynamics
The steady flow equation of the 1
st
law of thermodynamics is

where,
Q = rate of heat transfer
W.D. = Work output
V
2
/2 = kinetic energy
Z = potential energy
Suffixes 1 and 2 refer to inlet and outlet values respectively
(
+ + + =
(
+ + +
- -
2
2
2
2 1
2
1
1
2
. .
2
Z
V
h m D W Z
V
h m Q
st
If h
0
= stagnation or total enthalpy and h
0
= change in total
enthalpy, then

For isentropic process, q = 0 and hence h
0
= -w or in
differential form, -dh
0
= w. Therefore,

Z
V
h h + + =
2
2
0
0
0 01 02
. .
h w q
h h h
m
D W
m
Q
A =
A = =
- -
that is,
or,
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
0
w w u u v v
w dh
+ +
= =
st
P
1
= Static
condition
P
01
= Stagnation
condition
P
2
= Static
condition
S
T
or
h
Isentropic
Adiabatic
1
02
02
2
W
a

W
st

W
iE

W
iE
> W
st
> W
a

W.D. per unit mass flow rate is
known as ideal Euler work (W
iE
).
If the flow is not perfect and
reversible, the work done is known
as stage work (W
st
) or isentropic
work.
If the flow is not perfect and the
process is irreversible, then the
work done is called the actual
work (W
a
) or adiabatic work.
The pressure drop during stage
work and adiabatic work is the
same
Euler, stage (isentropic), and actual (adiabatic) work on T -s or h-s diagram
Impulse and Reaction
In general, turbomachines can be classified into the impulse
type and the reaction type depending upon the type of energy
change that occurs in the rotor blades.
An impulse stage is one in which the static pressure at inlet
and outlet of the rotor remains the same (P=0 in the rotor).
This also means that the relative velocity of fluid flow is
constant in the rotor.
A reaction stage is one where static pressure changes during
flow of fluid in the rotor (P>0 in the rotor).
The degree of reaction is a parameter that describes the
relation between the energy transfer due to static pressure
change and the energy transfer due to dynamic pressure
change.
Degree of Reaction
The degree of reaction (R) is defined as the ratio of energy
transfer by static pressure in the rotor to the total energy
transfer in the rotor.

or,

For axial flow machines, u
1
= u
2
and hence,

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
w w u u v v
w w u u
R
+ +
+
=
02 1
2 1
h h
h h
change enthalpy Total
change enthalpy Static
R
o

= =
( )
( ) ( )
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
w w v v
w w
R
+

=
Static energy
Total energy
Degree of Reaction
The value of R may be zero, negative or positive in a turbomachine
If there is no change in the static pressure in the rotor and u
1
= u
2
,
then such a machine is called an impulse type of machine.
Therefore, for impulse type machine, R = 0.
In an impulse type machine, if the fluid enters and leaves the rotor
at different radii, a change of static pressure occurs in one
direction. An equal amount of change in static pressure occurs in
the opposite direction to render p=0.
In an impulse type machine (i.e., zero degree of reaction), the rotor
can be of open type, i.e., an open jet of fluid with no connection with
the rotor.
A machine with any degree of reaction (R = 0) must have the rotor
enclosed in order avoid expansion of fluid in all directions. Such
machines are called reaction type machines.
General analysis of a turbomachine
Effect of blade outlet angle
2
on energy transfer
The blade outlet angle
2
in a radial machine significantly affects the
work done and the degree of reaction
Its effect can be studied by making the following assumptions:
Centrifugal effect at outlet = 2 x centrifugal effect at inlet (u
2
= 2 u
1
)
Radial velocity (flow velocity) is constant (V
f1
= V
f2
= V
f
)
No tangential component at inlet (V
w1
= 0;
1
= 90; V
f1
= V
1
)
Inlet blade angle (and hence fluid angle) is 45 (u
1
= V
1
= V
f
)
Outlet blade angle
2
is variable
From equation for work done,

( )
2 2 2 2 1 1
/ . . u V u V u V rate flow mass unit D W
w w w
= =
Therefore it follows that

g
u V
H
w 2 2
=

V
W
u
V
w

V
f

( )
2 2 2
2
| Cot V u
g
u
H
f
=
Q K K H
Q
gA
Cot u
g
u
H
A
Cot Q
u
g
u
H
A
Q
V or V A Q Q
f f
2 1
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2 2
;
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= = =
|
|
Considering rotor operating at
a given speed and putting

2
2 2
2
2
2
1
gA
Cot u
K
g
u
K
|
=
=
2
on energy transfer
For a given pump or a compressor u, A and
2
are fixed and the
only variables are H and Q. Centrifugal pumps and compressors can
be classified as under:
Backward curved blades
2
< 90
Radial blades
2
= 90
Forward curved blades
2
> 90
For backward curved blades:

2
< 90 (and
1
= 90, V
w1
= 0, V
f1
= V
1
as assumed)
Hence,
K
2
is positive
H-Q line has negative slope
Outlet tip of the blade is in the direction opposite to that of
rotation.
Flow and wheel rotation are in the same direction.
2
on energy transfer
For radial blades:

2
= 90, V
w2
= u
2
, W
2
= V
f2
(and
1
= 90, V
w1
= 0,
V
f1
= V
1
as assumed)
Hence,
K
2
= 0, H = K
1
= = Constant.

Head is constant for all flow rates.
Flow and wheel rotation are in the same direction.
Outlet tip of the blade is in the radial direction.
g
u
2
2
2
on energy transfer
For forward curved blades:

2
> 90 (and
1
= 90, V
w1
= 0, V
f1
= V
1
as assumed)
Hence,
K
2
is negative.
H-Q line has positive slope
Flow and wheel rotation are in the same
direction.
Outlet tip of the blade is in the direction of
rotation.

2
on energy transfer
< 90
Backward curved blade
= 90
Straight radial blade
> 90
Forward curved blade
= 90
Backward
Radial
Forward
Flow, Q
H
e
a
d
,

H

It can be seen that the tangential
component V
w2
is least for blade
with
2
< 90 and maximum with

2
> 90.
Very high V
2
is not preferred due
to requirement of large diffusers
for pressure recovery.
Practically
2
> 90 is not
preferred
Radial blade with
2
= 90 is used
for applications requiring high
pressures.
2
on energy transfer
General analysis power absorbing centrifugal machines
0
2
2
2
2 2 2
. . h
u
V
u V u D W
w
w
A =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
1 1 2 1 1
tan | u V V V
f f
= = =

V
W
u
V
w

V
f

2 2
2
2
w
f
V u
V
Tan
= |
2
2
2
w
f
V
V
Tan = o
Work done in an adiabatic process, assuming
1
=90, V
w1
=0, V
1
=V
f1

For constant flow velocity,

From exit velocity triangle,

This is also known as stage work
( )
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|

=
+
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
u
V
V u
V
V
V
V u V
Tan Tan
Tan
w
w
f
w
f
w f
| o
|
Substituting in the equation for W.D.,
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
. .
| o
|
Tan Tan
Tan
u
u
V
u V u D W
w
w
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
= A = A = =
-
- - - -
2 2
2
2
2
2 2 0 0
. .
| o
|
Tan Tan
Tan
u m P
V u m T C m h m D W m P
w p
The power absorbed therefore, will be
Degree of reaction

From inlet velocity triangle,
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
. . . . ,
2 2 2
. .
2 2
.
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
V V
D W D W or
V V w w u u
D W
w w u u
D W
static total
total
static
+ =
=
( )
( )
total
static
p
p
stage the in rise pressure
rotor the in rise pressure
R
A
A
= =
u
1

W
1

V
f1
=V
1

o
1

|
1

2
1
2
1
2
1
V u w =
We know that the static pressure rise (p)
static
through the impeller
is due to the change in centrifugal energy and the diffusion of the
relative flow.

Similarly, the total pressure rise through the impeller is,

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
= = A
2 2
. .
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
w w u u
D W p
static static

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|

+ A = A
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
= = A
2
,
2 2 2
. .
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
V V
p p
or
V V w w u u
D W p
static total
total total

For the assumption of
1
= 90 and V
1
= V
f1
= V
f2
we have, from inlet
velocity triangle,

We know that the static pressure change can be written as

Substituting for W
1
2
from equation (a) and simplifying, we get

From exit velocity triangle for
2
> 90, we get
2
1
2
1
2
1
V u w =
( )
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|

+
= A
2 2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
w w u u
p
static

..(a)
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= A
2
2
1
2
2
2
2 f
static
V w u
p
(Since V
1
= V
f1
)
W
2
V
f2

o
2

|
2

V
2

V
W2

u
2
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
u V V w
w f
=
..(b)
Simplifying, we get

Substituting in the equation (b) of the previous slide,

Substituting in the equation for degree of reaction, R

2
2 2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
w w f
V V u V w u = +
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2 w w
static
V V u
p

= A
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
2
2
2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2
2
1
, ,
2
2 1
2
2
u
V
R
or
u V
V u V
V u
V V u
R
w
w
w w
w
w w

Degree of reaction for different types of blades:
For backward curved blades (
2
< 90)

therefore, R is always less than 1

For radial blades (
2
= 90)
V
w2
= u
2
. Therefore, R = 0.5

For forward curved blades (
2
> 90)
V
w2
> u
2
. Therefore, R < 0.5

1
2
2
<
u
V
w
Efficiencies
The concept of efficiency of any machine comes from the
consideration of energy transfer and defined as the ratio of useful
energy delivered to the energy supplied.
Two efficiencies are considered for fluid machines
Hydraulic efficiency (or isentropic efficiency) which relates
energy transfer between fluid and rotor.
Overall efficiency which relates energy transfer between fluid
and shaft.
The difference between the two efficiencies represents the energy
absorbed by bearings, glands, couplings etc. or, in general, energy
loss that occurs between the rotor and the point of actual power
input or output.
Efficiencies
Efficiencies for a pump or a compressor:

Efficiencies for a turbine:

The ratio of rotor and shaft efficiency is represented by mechanical
efficiency,
m
.

rotor
fluid
hyd
W
W
rotor to delivered energy mechanical
outlet at fluid the in energy useful
= = q
shaft
fluid
overall
W
W
shaft to delivered energy mechanical
outlet at fluid the in energy useful
= = q
fluid
shaft
overall
W
W
fluid the from available Energy
shaft output at energy mechanical
= = q
fluid
rotor
hyd
W
W
fluid the from available Energy
rotor the by delivered energy mechanical
= = q
hyd
overall
mechanical
q
q
q =
General analysis Turbines
Impulse type turbines have only the kinetic energy available at inlet
of the machine for the production of power or energy
transformation. That means, the static pressure at inlet and outlet of
the machine remains the same. Hence, W
1
= W
2
. E.g., Pelton wheel.
Reaction turbines are those in which in addition to the kinetic
energy of the fluid at inlet, pressure energy is also available in
course of energy transformation. This implies that there is a change
of static pressure during the flow over each rotor stage. E.g., Lawn
sprinkler or Parsons turbine.
Turbines run on compressible fluids (e.g., steam / gas turbines) and
incompressible fluids (e.g., hydraulic turbines).
Turbines must have a residual exit velocity to maintain flow. Even if
we have idealized frictionless flow, it is not possible to transfer all
the energy in the fluid due to the need to have a minimum exit
velocity.
General analysis Turbines
Impulse Turbine
Reaction Turbine
General analysis of Turbines Utilization factor
The hydraulic efficiency (or isentropic efficiency) of a turbine is a
product of two terms and is given by,

where,
v
is the vane efficiency and takes care of frictional losses,
and is the utilization factor.
The utilization factor is defined as the ratio of the actual work
transferred from the fluid to the rotor in an ideal condition to the
maximum possible work that could be transferred in an ideal
condition.

v hyd
q c q =
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
max
W W u u V
W W u u V V
W
W
actual
+
+
= = c
2
2
2
max
V
W W
actual
+ =
We also have, work done (W) as per Eulers equation,

Substituting we get,

Similarly, can also be expressed in terms of degree of reaction, R

( )
2 2 1 1
u V u V W
w w actual
=
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
V
u V u V
u V u V
w w
w w
+
= c
dyn static
static
H H
H
R
+
=
( )
) 1 (
) 1 (
R
RH
H
R H RH
H RH RH
H H H R
d
s
s d
s s d
s s d
=
=
= +
= +
therefore,

( ) ( ) ( ) { }
( ) ( ) { }
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
max
V
W W u u
W W u u V V
W
W
actual
+
+
= = c
H
dyn

H
static

H
static

Substituting for H
static
,

( ) ( ) R
V
RH
H
R
V
RH
RH H RH
V
R
RH
H
R
RH
dyn
dyn
dyn
dyn dyn dyn
dyn
dyn
dyn
+
=
+
+
=
+
=
1
2
1
2 2 ) 1 (
) 1 (
2
1
2
1
2
1
c
Writing H
dyn
in terms of V
1
and V
2
,

( )
( ) R
V V V
R
V V
R
V
RH
H
dyn
dyn
+
|
|
.
|
\
|

=
+
=
1
2 2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
c
( )
( )
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1 RV V RV RV
V V
V V
R V
V V R
V V
+

=
= c
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
RV V
V V
= c
This expression holds good for 0 < R < 1 but
not for R=1 because then the utilization factor
=1 indicating 100% utilization with the result
that the exit velocity V
2
becomes zero.
Axial flow Turbines
In axial flow machines, the fluid enters and leaves the rotor at the
same radius and hence u
1
= u
2
.
The axial flow velocity V
f
is assumed to be constant from inlet to
outlet.
With u
1
= u
2
the equation for degree of reaction becomes:

From this equation, the different values of R can be obtained
depending on the magnitude of velocity components.
( )
( ) ( )
( )
actual
W
W W
W W V V
W W
R
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2

=
+

=
Axial flow Turbines
When R < 0 (negative reaction)
If R is negative, W
1
should be greater than W
2
. In this case, even
though R is negative, the energy transfer, W
actual
is positive.
u u
W
2

W
1

V
1

V
2

o
1
o
2
|
1
|
2

Velocity triangle for R < 0
When R = 0 (Impulse type)
If R is 0, W
1
= W
2
and hence |
1
= |
2
.. In this case, there is no change
in static pressure across the rotor and the energy transformation
occurs purely due to the change in absolute kinetic energy
(V
1
2
V
2
2
)/2.
u u
V
1

V
2

o
1

o
2

|
1

|
2

Velocity triangle for R = 0
W
2

W
1

Axial flow Turbines
When R = 0.5 (50% reaction)
If R is 0.5, V
1
2
- V
2
2
= V
r2
2
-Vr
1
2
and hence V
1
= V
r2
and V
2
= V
r1
. In this
case, 50% energy transformation occurs in the rotor and the other
50% in the stator.
u u
W
2

W
1

V
1

V
2

o
1
o
2
|
1

|
2

Velocity triangle for R = 0.5
When R = 1 (Fully reaction)
If R is 1, V
1
= V
2
. In this case, the energy transformation occurs
purely due to change in relative kinetic energy of fluid.
u u
V
1

V
2

o
1
o
2
|
1

|
2

Velocity triangle for R = 1
W
1

W
2

Axial flow Turbines
When R > 1
If R is > 1, V
2
> V
1
. In this case, the energy transformation can be
negative or positive.
Velocity triangle for R > 1
u u
V
1

V
2

o
1

o
2

|
1
|
2

Maximum utilization factor
For maximum utilization, the value of V
2
should be minimum and
this is possible when V
2
is axial.
u
u
V
1

V
2

o
1

o
2

|
1

|
2

Velocity triangle for maximum utilization (c
max
)
W
2

W
1

W
1

W
2

We have the utilization factor

From velocity triangle for maximum utilization factor c
max
,V
2
= V
1
sino
1.

Therefore,

This shows that the utilization factor is maximum when o
1
= 0. Then
V
2
= V
1
sino
1
= 0 which is a zero angle turbine that is impossible to
attain.

Condition for maximum utilization
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
RV V
V V
= c
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
1
2 2
1
max
1
2 2
1
2
1
1
2 2
1
2
1
max
sin 1
cos
sin 1
sin 1
sin
sin
o
o
o
o
c
o
o
c
R R V
V
RV V
V V
=
Condition for maximum utilization-Impulse Turbine
D
Condition for c
max
in impulse turbine
For impulse turbine, R=0 (and V
r1
=V
r2
). Substituting in the equation for
c
max
,

Triangles OBC and OCD are similar. Hence
BC = u. Thus for c
max
the impulse stage
must have cos
1
=(u+u)/V
1
=2u/V
1
.

But (u/V
1
)==speed ratio=cos
1
/2

For zero angle (
1
=0) turbine, the speed ratio (u/v)=0.5

1
2
max
1
2
1
2
max
cos , 0
sin 1
cos
o c
o
o
c
= =
=
R For
R
u u
V
1

V
2

o
1

o
2

|
1

|
2

A B
C
O
W
2

W
1

Condition for maximum utilization-Turbine with 50% reaction
u
V
1

V
2

o
1

o
2

|
1

|
2

u
When R = 0.5, V
1
= V
r2
and V
2
= V
r1
and hence

1
=
2
and
2
=
1
. For maximum utilization,
V
2
must be axial.
From velocity triangle,

1 1 2
sino V V =
( )
( )
1
2
1
2
max
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
max
1
2 2
1
2
1
1
2 2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
max
sin 5 . 0 1
cos
, 5 . 0
sin 1
cos
sin 1
sin 1
sin
sin
o
o
c
o
o
o
o
c
o
o
c
=
=

=
=
R f or
R R
V R V
V V
RV V
V V
1
1
coso = =
V
u
ratio Speed
Also, for 50% reaction
turbine,
W
2

W
1

Comparison of energy transfer between Impulse and
Reaction turbines
u
r

V
1

V
2

o
1

o
2

|
1

|
2

u
r

u
i

u
i

V
1

V
2

o
1

o
2

|
1

|
2

Velocity triangle for c
max
Impulse Turbine Velocity triangle for c
max
50% Reaction Turbine
Case (1): When both have the same blade speed
Let u
i
and u
r
be the blade speed of impulse turbine and 50% reaction
turbine.
Energy transfer by impulse turbine is given by

From velocity triangle for impulse turbine, V
w1
= 2u
i
. Hence,

( ) ( )
1
2 1 2 2 1 1
. .
. .
w i impulse
w w i w w impulse
V u D W
V V u u V u V D W
=
= =
2
2 . .
i impulse
u D W =
W
2
W
2

W
1

W
1

Reaction turbines
Energy transfer by the 50% reaction turbine is given by:

From velocity triangle for 50% reaction turbine, V
w1
= u
r

By comparing W.D.
impulse
and

W.D.
0.5 reaction
we note that the energy transfer
per unit mass of fluid in Impulse turbine is twice that of 50% reaction
turbine for the same blade speed when utilization factor is maximum.
Case (2): When both have same energy transfer
For the same amount of energy transfer, E
r
= E
i

i.e.,
1 5 . 0
. .
w r R
V u D W =
2
5 . 0
. .
r r r R
u u u D W = =
i i r
i r
u u u or
u u
414 . 1 2 ,
2
2
2 2
= =
=
For the same amount of energy transfer under maximum utilization condition, the
peripheral speed of a 50% reaction turbine should be 1.414 times that of an impulse
turbine
Reaction turbines
Case (3): When V
1
and
1
are the same in both the machines
Speed ratio for impulse stage for maximum utilization is:

Speed ratio for 50% reaction stage for maximum utilization is:

1 1
1
1
cos 2 ,
2
cos
o
o
|
V u or
V
u
i
i
=
= =
i r
r
r
u u
Theref ore
V u or
V
u
2
,
cos ,
cos
1 1
1
1
=
=
= =
o
o |
When V
1
and
1
are the same, when operating under maximum utilization condition,
the rotational speed for 50% reaction turbine should be double that of impulse
turbine.
( )
( )
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 max
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
tan 2
2
cot
cot
1
tan
sin sin
cos
1
cos
sin
tan
2 2 . cos . .
2
cos
2
cos
o
o
o
|
o o
o
o
o
|
o
o
| |
o
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= = = =
= = =
=
+
= =
V
u
V
V
u V
V
u V
V
u u u V u V u D W
V
u
V
u
V
u u
V
V
w
f
w
opt
w
Optimum blade speed ratio (
opt
) for different types of
turbines for max. energy transfer (W.D.)
max

Impulse Turbine:
For max. utilization, AB = BC = u

V
1

V
2

o
1

o
2

|
1

|
2

A B
C
O
D
u
u
W
1

W
2

Optimum blade speed ratio (
opt
) for different types of
turbines for max. energy transfer (W.D.)
max

50% Reaction Turbine:
For max. utilization,

u
r

V
1

V
2

o
1

o
2

|
1

|
2

u
r

2
1 1 1 1
2 2 1 1
1
1
1
1
1
. .
. .
cos
u V u V u D W
V u V u D W
V
u
V
V
w
w w
opt
w
= = =
=
= = = =
|
| | o
W
1

W
2

Energy Transfer in Turbomachines

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Energy Transfer in Turbomachines

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Energy transfer in

General analysis power absorbing centrifugal machines

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