Arabic Alphabet

Learning the Arabic alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. Without it, you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words. The better you pronounce a letter in a word, the more understood you will be in speaking the Arabic language. Below is a table showing the Arabic alphabet and how it is pronounced in English, and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word. End of the word Middle of the word Beginning of the word

Sound / b t j (kh, x) d (dh, ) r z s

Example 'a' as in 'father' 'b' as in 'bed' 't' as in 'tent' 'th' as in 'think' 'j' as in 'jam' Sharp 'h' 'ch' as in German 'Bach' 'd' as in 'deer' 'th' as in 'there' 'r' as in 'run' 'z' as in 'zoo' 's' as in 'sit'

End of the word

Middle of the word

Beginning of the word

Sound (sh) (gh) f q k l m n h w y

Example 'sh' as in 'shut' 's" as in 'sold' 'd' as in 'bulldozer' 't' as in 'Tazmania' 'th' as in 'those' 'a' in 'agh' when suprised 'r' as in 'Paris' 'f' as in 'free' 'q' as in 'Qum' 'k' as in 'king' 'l' as in 'lift' 'm' as in 'moon' 'n' as in 'net' 'h' as in 'house' 'w' as in 'wonder' 'y' as in 'yellow' 'o' as in 'oh'.

Top vowel

Sounds like 'a' in Alabama Sounds like 'o' in Open Sounds like 'I' in India

Top vowel

Bottom Vowel

The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left. It has no capital letters. (Originally Eurpoean alphabet didnt have capitals either, the Roman alphabet, from which we got ours, existed out of what we now call capital letters, the Capitalis Quadrata. There was also a handwritten script derived from the

Capitalis Quadrata, used by the roman soldiers and merchants. Only during the Middle Ages under Charles the Great, capitals where introduced). The Arabic script is called a running script. In Latin script there is the option to write the letters separate or attached to each other, In Arabic however you are forced to write most of the letters attached and some not. In Latin script when a word doesnt fit on a line, you split the word up into syllables and break it on that, in Arabic that is not possible. So instead of braking the word into syllables making the word smaller as to fit on a line they make the word bigger by extending the letter, like so Ana aktub lak risalatan mamlua bil-hhub I write you a letter ful of love. Some Arabic letters are almost impossible to pronounce, like the hh (a hot h as if you are cleaning a mirrors, or like if you eat hot sambal and your throat is on fire) the 3 as if you burb or like in English I say with a cracking voice and the q which is pronounced very deep in your throat with your huig. The g is like our Dutch g in Scheveningen. The glottal stop lik in English Cooperation or in Cockney bolle is also a letter in Arabic.

The Arabic Alphabet: Vowels

Name Character Explanation Damma is an apostrophe-like shape written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. It represents a short vowel u (like the "u" in "but"). Ww is the long vowel (like the "oo" in "moon"). It also represents the consonant w. When Waw is used to represent the long vowel, damma appears above the preceding consonant. Fatha is a diagonal stroke written above the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. It represents a short vowel a (a little like the "u" in "but"; a short "ah" sound). Alif is the long vowel (a long "ahh" sound as in English "father"). Kasra is a diagonal stroke written below the consonant which precedes it in pronunciation. It represents a short vowel i (like the "i" in English "pit"). Ya' is the long vowel (like the "ee" in English "sheep"). It also represents the consonant y. When Ya' is used to represent the long vowel, kasra appears above the preceding consonant. Pronunciation Example Transcription

Damma

but

Ww

bt

Fatha

5 5

bat

Alif

bt

Kasra

bit

Ya'

bt

Sukn

Shadda (or tashdd)

Whenever a consonant does not have a vowel, it receives a mark called a sukn, a small circle which represents the end of a closed syllable (CvC or CvvC). It sits above the letter which is not followed by a vowel. Shadda represents doubling (or gemination) of a consonant. Where the same consonant occurs twice in a word, with no vowel between, instead of using consonant + sukn + consonant, the consonant is written only once, and shadda is written above it.

bintu

thabbata

English Pronouns Pronouns I you he she we they me you him her us them my your his her our

Arabic Pronouns - althamaa'er - aanaa - aant - how - heee - nahn - hom - aanaa - aant - lah - lahaa - lanaa - menhom - leee - lakom - lah - lahaa - lanaa

English Pronouns their mine yours his hers ours theirs

Arabic Pronouns - men - manjam - lak - lah - khaasatahaa - lanaa - lahom

As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Pronouns in Arabic has a logical pattern. Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic. In Arabic the possessive is written attached and behind the noun possessed. It is used both for the possessive and accusative only the first person differs yi for a noun and ni for a verb (accusative) Huwa yaddrabuni bi kitabi, he hits me with my book. List of Pronouns in Arabic Below is a list of the Personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Arabic placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary.

English Pronouns I speak you speak he speaks she speaks we speak they speak give me give you give him give her give us give them my book

Arabic Pronouns - aanaa aatakalam - ant tatakalam - how eeatakalam - hea tatakalam - nahn natakalam - hom eeatakalamown - aa'teneee - ao'teeeak - a'teeeah - a'teeeahaa - a'taeenaa - a'teeehom - ketaabeee

English Pronouns your book his book her book our book their book

Arabic Pronouns - ketaabek - ketaabah - ketaabehaa - ketaabonaa - ketaabahom

Personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal or reflexive pronouns have a very important role in Arabic, therefore they need very special attention.

one 1 wahed | five 5 khamsah | nine 9 tes'ah |

two three 2 3 ethnan | thalathah | six seven 6 7 setah | sab'ah | ten 10 'asharah |

four 3 arba'eh | eight 8 thamaneyah |

Arabic Plural
Learning the Arabic Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language. But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Arabic Plurals are grammatical numbers, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In the English language, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers. In Arabic the formation of the plural is difficult, since there are many patterns. It is advised to learn the plural with the singular, a good Arabic dictionary like the Hans Wehr Arabic dictionary will include the plural or plurals (sometimes there are more) in each entry. Examples are kitaab kutub, [book books], walad awlad [boy boys], sayara sayaraat [car cars], radjul rejaal [man men]. The last two are examples of the sound plural which for masculine adds un at the end and for feminine aat at the and. (Note the ta marbuta has to be change to a normal open t).

Here are some examples: Plural my book my books - seeeghah aljam' - ketaabeee - kotobeee

our daughter our daughters I'm cold we're cold his chickens their chicken

- abnatanaa - banaatenaa - ana ash'or bealborowdah - nahn nash'or bealborowdah - dajaajah dajaajahom

English Plural alligator alligators bear bears bird birds bull bulls cat cats cow cows deer many deer dog dogs donkey donkeys eagle eagles elephant elephants giraffe

Arabic Plural - temsaah eestewa'eee - tamaaseeeh - dab - debabah - taa'er - toeeowr - thawr - theeearaan - qat - qatat - baqarah - aabqaar - aaeeel - alghezlaan - kalb - kelaab - hemaar - hemeear - nasr - nosowr - feeel - feeealah - zaraafah

English Plural giraffes goat goats horse horses lion lions monkey monkeys mouse mice rabbit rabbits snake snakes tiger tigers wolf wolves

Arabic Plural - zaraafaat - maa'ez - maa'ez - hesaan - khoeeel - aasad - aaswad - qerd - qorowd - faar - fe'raan - aarnab - aaraaneb - tho'baan - tha'aabeeen - namer - - namowr - the'b - the'aab

Arabic Prepositions
Learning the Arabic Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language. But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Arabic prepositions link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. Here are some examples:

English Prepositions Prepositions inside the house outside the car with me without him

Arabic Prepositions - horowf aljar - daakhel almanzel - khaarej alsaeeaarah - ma'eee - bedowneh

English Prepositions under the table after tomorrow before sunset but I'm busy

Arabic Prepositions - taht altaawlah - ba'd ghad - qabl alghorowb - walaken aanaa mashghowl
Arabic Prepositions

English Prepositions about above across after against among around as at before behind below beneath beside between beyond but by despite down during except for from in inside

- hawl - fawq ' - abr - ba'd - thed - baeen - hawl - kamaa - feee - qabl - waraa' - aaqol men - taht - bejaaneb - baeen - waraa' - laken - men qabl ' - alaa alraghm men - aasfal - khelaal - eelaa - eelaa - men - feee - daakhel

English Prepositions into near next of on opposite out outside over per plus round since than through till to toward

Arabic Prepositions

under unlike until up via with within without two words according to because of close to due to except for

- eelaa - qorb - altaaleee - men - feee - mo'aakes - khaarej - khaarej - khelaal - lekol - zaa'ed - jawlah - month - men - men khelaal - hataa - eelaa - nahw - taht ' - alaa 'aks - hataa - fawq - bewaasetah - ma' - themn - bedown - kalemataeen - behasab - besabab - qareeebah men - besabab - beastethnaa'

English Prepositions

Arabic Prepositions

far from inside of instead of near to next to outside of prior to three words as far as as well as in addition to in front of in spite of on behalf of on top of demonstratives this that these those Arabic Articles

- bo'aeed 'an - daakhel - badalaa men - bealqorb men - qorb - khaarej - qabl - thalaath kalemaat - beqadar maa - wakathalek - bealeethaafah eelaa - aamaam ' - alaa alraghm men - beasm - fawq - borhaaneeeah horowf aljar - hathaa - aan - ha'olaa' - ha'olaa'

Learning the Arabic Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language. But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Arabic articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun. Examples are "the, a, and an". Here are some examples:

English Articles Arabic Articles articles - maqaalaat the - al a no equivalent in arabic - no equivalent in arabic

English Articles Arabic Articles one - waahed some - ba'th few - qaleeel the book the books a book one book some books few books - alketaab - alkotob - ketaab - ketaab waahed - ba'th alkotob - alqaleel men alkotob

In Arabic the definite article is al. As for the indefinite article, there is none. An indefinite noun in Arabic is indicated by a declension, or rather nunation of the noun. Each definite noun in Arabic has the definite article attached to it and ends on u, a or I, depending if it is a subject, object ore possessive. When the noun is indefinite, the nouns end on respectively un, an or in, hence the name nunation, th n in Arabic is pronounced nun .For example Ar-rajalu yaqrau al djaridata, The man reads the newspaper, Muhammed jaakulu gubzan - Muhamad eats a bread. A very important rule in Arabic is Al-mudhaf wa-al-mudhaf ilaihu. This is used to denote the passive like in the book of the man is translated as kitaab ar-radjuli. According to the Arabic grammarians, book is made definite by the man so it doesnt need a definite article! Also the man is declined with I the sign of the possessive. If one wants to say the book of this man, then this must be put at the end of the construction, since nothing may break it. Book (of) the man this.

Like English, Arabic has one definite article "the", but it has no indefinite article a. Instead the Arabs use a declension to indicate that a noun is indefinite. For example the book is translated as Al-Kitabu having al- in front (note the indefinite article is written attached to the noun it describes, so is , meaning and) and ending on the vowel u indicates that the noun is indefinit wa where a n is added at the end of the vowel to indicate the A book however is written as Kitabun .noun is indefinite, Arab grammarians call this nunnation Sun Moon letters The l of the definite article al assimilates with the letter following it. If the pronouncation of the letter following the l is pronounced in the same region of the l, i.e. in front, the l changes to the consonant following the l, making this consonant effectively spoken twice, when the consonant following the l is pronounced in the back then the pronunciation of the l is maintained. The Arabs call this sun and moon HHarf(u)-asj-sjamsi and letters

The l in case of sun letters is written but in pronnounsiation replace by the sound following . .it

Arabic Verbs
Learning the Arabic Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language. But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Arabic verbs are words that convey action (bring, read, walk, run), or a state of being (exist, stand). In most languages a verb may agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object. Arabic to has only 2 times, the perfect and the imperfect, but there is a difference, in the west we look at the points in time in where a action takes place, the Arabs however look at the aspect of a verb meaning they ask is the action finished or not (They dont ask themselves when did it finish or not). Of course a finished action corresponds with the past as does a unfinished action with the present, but not necessarily so. Here are some examples: English Verbs Verbs Past I spoke I wrote Arabic Verbs - alaaf'aal - almaatheee - tahadatht - kotebat

I drove I loved I gave I smiled I took he spoke he wrote he drove he loved he gave he smiled he took we spoke we wrote we drove

- qodat - kont aoheb - aa'taeet - abtasamat - aakhathat - tohadeth - koteb - qaad - aheb - qadem - abtasem - akhath - takalamnaa - katabnaa - qodnaa

English Verbs

Arabic Verbs

we loved we gave we smiled we took Future I will speak I will write I will drive I will love I will give I will smile I will take

- aahbabnaa - ao'teeeanaa - abtasamnaa - akhathnaa - mostaqbel - sawf aatakalam - sawf aaktob - sawf aaqowd - sawf aoheb - sawf ao'teee - sawf aabatasem - sawf aakheth

he will - sawf eeatahdoth speak he will write - sawf eeaktob he will drive - sawf eeaqowd he will love - sawf eeoheb he will give - sawf eeo'teee he will smile - sawf eeabtasem he will take - sawf eeaakhoth we will speak we will write we will drive we will love we will give we will smile we will take - sawf natakalam - sawf naktob - sawf noqowd - sawf noheb - sawf no'taa - sawf nabatasem - sawf naakhoth

English Verbs

Arabic Verbs

Present I speak I write I drive I love I give I smile I take he speaks he writes he drives he loves he gives he smiles he takes we speak we write we drive we love we give we smile we take

- alhaaleee - aanaa aatakalam - aanaa aaktob - aanaa aaqowd - anaa aahab - aana a'taa - anaa aabtesem - anaa aakheth - eeatakalam - eeoktab - eeaqowd - eeoheb - eeo'teee - eeabtasem - eeaakhoth - nahn natakalam - thahn naktob - nahn noqowd - nahn noheb - nahn no'teee - nahn nabtasem - nahn naakhoth

Arabic verb conjugation is a bit complex, although very regular the so called semivowels alif, waw and ya and the glottal stop hamza cause irregularity in Arabic verb conjugation. The simplest Arabic verb excist out of three consonants like KaTaBa meaning he wrote or he has written. The past tense is conjugated by suffixes, the present tense by prefixes. The Arabs use the verb fa3ala (to do) to represent all possible forms a verb may have. The problem lies in the fact that any of those root consonants might be an hamza, the glottal stop or an alif, a waw or a ya, the so called semi-consonants. They might be retained or disappear according to certain rules. Arabic verbs have ten (even more) forms. To give you an example,third rule allama means to know, The second form allama with the second consonant doubled means to let know meaning to teach, the fifth form ta3allama means to let your self know meaning to study! The tenth form

istaf3ala means in general to think to act out an action described by the verb, so istahhasana to think to be beatifull from hhasana to be beautiful. I once made a joke during my Arabic studies. In Holland we call a street car (an electric street car) a tram. This exactly fits the Arabic verb paradigm. Back in those days I sometimes sat in the tram without a ticket which we Dutch call zwart rijden (driving black). So I said if tram would be an Arabic verb TRM the zwart rijde would be translated as IstTarama thinking to ride on a tram (with a ticket). As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Verbs in Arabic has a logical pattern. Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic.

List of Verbs in Arabic

Below is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Arabic placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary. English Verbs Arabic Verbs

I can accept that she added it we admit it they advised him I can agree with that she allows it we announce it I can apologize she appears today they arranged that I can arrive tomorrow she can ask him she attaches that we attack them they avoid her I can bake it she is like him we beat it they became happy I can begin that we borrowed money they breathe air

/ iomkin an aqbalah / waadaafat anah / nahn na'tarif bithalik / waashaarowa 'alaih / waiomkinonii an atafiq ma'ah / anahaa tasmah lahaa / no'lin thalik / waiomkinonii an a'tathir / iabdow anahaa aliawm / lakinahaa warotibat / waiomkinonii an iasil ghada / tastatii' an asalah / anahaa to'aliq 'alaih / nahn nhaajamihom / iatajanabown lahaa / waiomkinonii an khabaz / fahii mithlih / faaz nahn 'alaih / asbahowa sa'iid / iomkinonii tashghiilah / nahn aqtaradat almaal / tatanafas alhawaau

English Verbs

Arabic Verbs

/ laa astatii' ja'alah / waiomkinonii an nabnii 'alaih / anahaa tashtarii almawaad she buys food alghithaaiiiah we calculate it / nahsob anah they carry it / anahaa tahmiloh they don't cheat / anahom laa khidaa' she chooses him / akhtaarat lah we close it / nahn iighlaaqah he comes here / iaatii honaa I can compare that / iomkinonii moqaaranatohaa she competes with me / anahaa tatanaafas ma' lii we complain about it / nahn nashkow minhaa they continued / anahaa waasalat alqiraauah reading he cried about that / sarakh 'an thalik I can decide now / waiomkinonii an toqarir alaan she described it to me / wawosifat lii we disagree about it / nakhtalif hawl hathaa almawdow' they disappeared / akhtifaaiihaa bisor'ah quickly I discovered that / aktoshifat anahaa she dislikes that / anahaa laa tohib an we do it / nahn naf'al thalik they dream about it / iahlomown 'an thalik I earned / hasal lii thalik he eats a lot / anah iaakol alkathiir we enjoyed that / astamta'naa thalik they entered here / dakhalowa honaa he escaped that / harab how I can explain that / laa astatii' sharh thalik she feels that too / tash'or anahaa aida we fled from there / harabnaa min honaak I can bring it I can build that

English Verbs

Arabic Verbs

they will fly tomorrow I can follow you she forgot me we forgive him I can give her that she goes there we greeted them I hate that I can hear it she imagine that we invited them I know him she learned it we leave now they lied about him I can listen to that she lost that

/ sawf iatiir ghada

/ waiomkinonii an totbi' lakom / nasiit minii / nahn iaghfir lah / iomkin an ao'tiiahaa lahaa / tathhab honaak / astaqbal wanahn minhom / akrahoh / waiomkinonii an tasma'ah / iotasawar anahaa kaanat / da'awnaa lahom / anaa a'rifoh / ta'alamt anah / natrok alaan / kathab 'anh / laa astatii' aliastimaa' iilaihaa / anahaa khasirat / alatii qata'naahaa 'alaa we made it yesterday anfosinaa ams they met him / ajtama'owa lah I misspell that / anaa kitaabatihaa anahaa I always pray / aosalii daaiimaa she prefers that / anahaa tofadil thalik we protected them / mahmiiah nahn minhom they will punish her / sawf mo'aaqabatahaa I can put it there / laa astatii' wada'ah honaak she will read it / anahaa sawf iaqraaohaa we received that / talqiinaa thalik they refuse to talk / -rafadowa altahadoth I remember that / atathakarohaa she repeats that / anahaa tokarir thalik we see it / naraah

English Verbs

Arabic Verbs

they sell it I sent that yesterday he shaved his beard it shrunk quickly we will sing it they sat there I can speak it she spends money we suffered from that they suggest that I surprised him she took that we teach it they told us she thanked him I can think about it she threw it we understand that they want that I can wear it she writes that we talk about it they have it I watched it I will talk about it he bought that yesterday we finished it

/ tabii'ohaa / aorsilt bialams / anah hilaq lihiatih / anahaa taqalasat bisor'ah / sanaqowm ghinaaiihaa / jalasowa honaak - / laa astatii' altahadoth bihaa / iinahaa tonfiq almaal '/ aanainaa minh / fahii towhii anahaa / fowojiit bih / waqaalat iinahaa / nahn na'lam anah / qaalowa lanaa / shakart lah / laa astatii' altafkiir fii alamr / alqaa qaalat iinahaa / nafham / kaanowa ioriidown thalik / laa astatii' artidaau alhijaab / waqaalat anahaa taktob 'alaih / natahadath 'an thalik / ladaihim 'alaih / shaahadt thalik / waanaa arqos ma'ak / ashtaraa ams anahaa / antahainaa thalik

Arabic Negation
Learning the Arabic Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language. But first we need to

know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Arabic negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy). In Arabic there are a few words for negation la ,ma and lan. Lan is used to negate the future. In Arabic slang they use the negation ma plus sh the word being negated put in between, like in French ne pas (je ne parle pas), for example ma 3araf sh I dont know, ma 3ali sh , this is a very common phrase meaning It doesn't matter. Here are some examples:

Arabic Negation - nafee - anah laees honaa - hathaa laees that is not my book ketaabeee do not enter - laa tadkhol As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Negation in Arabic has a logical
pattern. Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Arabic.

English Negation Negation he is not here

List of Negation in Arabic

Below is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Arabic placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary.

English Negation I don't speak I don't write I don't drive I don't love I don't give I don't smile I don't take he doesn't speak he doesn't write he doesn't drive he doesn't love he doesn't give he doesn't smile he doesn't take

Arabic Negation - aanaa laa aatakalam - aanaa laa aaktob - aanaa laa aqowd - aanaa laa aoheb - aanaa laa ao'teee - aanaa laa abtasem - aanaa laa aakhoth - anah laa eeatahadath - anah laa eeaktob - anah laa eeaqowd - anah laa eeoheb - anah laa eeo'teee - anah laa eeabtasem - anah laa eeaakhoth

English Negation we don't speak we don't write we don't drive we don't love we don't give we don't smile we don't take

Arabic Negation - nahn laa natahadath - nahn laa naktob - nahn laa noqowd - nahn laa noheb - nahn laa no'teee - nahn laa nabtasem - nahn laa naakhoth

Arabic Questions
Learning the Arabic Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language. But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Arabic questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or else the request itself made by such an expression. Usually it starts with why, how, where, when ... In Arabic there are two question word, ( hal) and ( a) Are you from Egypt? Hal anta min masri He is a Morrocan isnt he? Huwa maghrabiyun alais kadhalik? Here are some examples: English Questions Arabic Questions

Questions how? what? who? why? where?

- alaas'elah - kaeef? - maathaa? - men? - lemaathaa? - aaeen?

List of Questions in Arabic

Below is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Arabic placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Arabic vocabulary. English Questions Arabic Questions

where is he? what is this? why are you sad?

- aaeen how? - maa hathaa ? - lemaathaa aant hazeeeen?

English Questions

Arabic Questions

how do you want to pay? can I come? is he sleeping? do you know me? do you have my book? how big is it? can I help you? can you help me? do you speak English? how far is this? what time is it? how much is this? what is your name? where do you live?

- kaeef toreeed aldaf'? - hal eeomken an aatea? - hal how naa'em? - hal ta'refoneee? - hal ladaeek ketaabeee? - maa madaa kabor hathaa? - hal eeomkenonea mosaa'adatek? - hal eeomkenok mosaa'adateee? - hal tatakalam alanjeleeezeeeah? - maa madaa ba'd hathaa? - maa how alwaqt? - kam thaman hathaa? - maa how asmok? - aaeen ta'eeesh?

Arabic Verbs Form

Learning the Arabic Verbs Form is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The table below shows all possible forms an Arabic verb can have. It is a so called Arabic verb-paradigm. By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended, for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive. The table below shows all the possible forms a verb might take, examine it carefully:
verbs active imperfectperfect I Fa3aLa yaF3aLu passive imperfect perfect Fu3iLa yuF3aLu Fa`3ieLun maF3uuLun to many derived patrticiples active passive masddar

II

Fu33iLa

'

' $
muFa33aLun Fa3ieLun

Fa33aLa yuFa33iLu

yuFa33aLu muFa33iLun

- $

,
Fuu3iLa

- $

' -

' ,
muFaa3aLun

'
Fi3aaLun

III Faa3aLa yuFaa3iLu

yuFaa3aLu muFaa3iLun

`uF3iLa

yuF3aLu

'
muF3iLun

'
muF3aLun `iF3aaLun

IV `aF3aLa yuF3iLu

' -

' -

' $

taFa33a yataFa33aL tuFa33iL yutaFa33aL muttaFa33iLu muttaFa33aLu taFa33uLu a a a n n n V La

' -

' ,

' 3

taFaa3a yataFaa3aL tuFaa3iL yutaFaa3aL muttaFaa3iLu muttaFaa3aLu taFaa3uLu u a u n n n VI La

, ,
n/a

,
n/a n/a

' - -
munFa3iLun n/a

' , -

'
`inFi3aaLu n

VI inFa3aL yanFa3iLu I a

$ n/a

' $ n/a
muFta3iLun muFta3aLun

' $
`iFti3aaLun

VI II iFta3aLa yaFta3iLu

uFta3iLa yuFta3iLu

$
IX iF3aLla

$
yaF3aLlu

$
n/a n/a n/a

' $
muF3aLlun n/a

' $

`iF3iLalun

, $

n/a 3 $

n/a 7 $

' $

istaF3aL yastaF3iLu X a

ustuF3iL `istiF3aaLu a yustaF3aLu mustaF3iLun mustaF3aLun n

$ $ $ $ $ $

' $ $

$ ' $ $

uF3uu3iL yuF3aw3aL `iF3i3aaLu XI iF3aw3a yaF3aw3iLu a u muF3aw3iLun muF3aw3aLun n I La

$ $ $ $

' $ $

' $ $

' $

The table above shows all possible forms a Arabic verb can have. It is a so called Arabic verb-

paradigm. By changing the root the meaning of a verb is extended, for example form II a intransitive verb I transitive, for example KaRaMa mean to e noble (it is intransitive since it doesnt carry over on a object like the verb DDaRaBa to hit someone, Intransitive verbs usually denote a state or condition.) in its second form is Kabbara which means to make (someone) noble i.e. to honor. Form V makes a verb of form I reflexive, as in 3aLaMa ta3aLlaMa meaning to let oneself know, i.e. to study. The paradigm shows the active perfect and imperfect and the passive perfect and imperfect forms. When the passive is used in Arabic, the actor must not be mentioned. So the letter was written can be translated in the Arabic passive, but the letter was written by the man can not, since it mentions the actor! Note the passive is made by changing the vocalization KaTaBa he wrotes / has written KuTiBa he is /has been written. This makes Arabic particularly difficult to read, since the vowels are not written. Verbs therefore can be read actively or passively. There where the right interpretation is important, sometimes only the first passive vowel is written. The verb Fa3aLa (he did or has done) is used as standard verb. Forms VII and 9 IX in them selves are already passive forms, hence they have no passive forms.

Arabic Cases
Learning the Arabic Cases is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you master it the more you get closer to mastering the Arabic language. But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Arabic. Cases

The Arabic language has three cases, ( The nominative case (subject) in Arabic ar-raf3(u ( The accusative case (object) in Arabic an-nasb(u ( The genitive case (to denote possession) al-jarr(u
The nominative case ends on u when definite and on un when indefinite, the accusative case on a or an, and the genitive case on i or in. When indefinite the noun will not be preceded by the definite article Al and it will end on a n, this n however will not be written, instead the vowels u, a, i are written twice, and in case of a when the noun does not end on a .an allif is added at the end ta marbuta Infect this is very common in Arabic, many standard phrase are written in this form, like

! Welcome My place is yours

English Transcription

Subject Object Possive

The book A book I read a book I read the book I gave him a book

al-kitabu kitabun Ana Iqraa kitaban Ana Igraa al-kitaba Ana 3ataitaha kitabin

; <

I gave him the Ana 3ataitaha albook kitabi

In normal speech these declensions are not pronounced, so in either three of these you will hear alkitab, Ana i3ttaiha alkitab etc. Only when reading the quran and in official speeches the declension ending are pronounced and only then in connection, i.e. when it is followed by an other word, not at the end of a sentence. The construct state The construct state is a very important rule in the Arabic language the Arabs call Al-muddaf wa-al. muddaf ilaihi Look at the following expression the house of the man. Both nouns have the definite article the. But according to the Arab grammarians, the house is already definite since it is the house of the man, not the house of the woman. So the in the house is not needed so according to the Arabs one should write house the man. To indicate that there is a strong relationship between those nouns, the second known with the definite article is in the genitive case so it reads: bait-u-r-radjuli This construct is so important and strong that nothing can separate it. If you want to say the house of this men you have to place this after the construction so literally house the man this. The house of the man burned down the house of this men yahhraqu baitu-rradjuli baitu-r-radjuli hadha

< <

Plural nouns ending on a n or dual nouns ending on a n, will lose the n in this construct.

instead of For example the house of the teachers would be baitu-l-mu3alami

.baitu-l-mu3alamin Below is a table with all possibilities with nouns with and without the definite article al, two of them are the construct state, the two others imply to be, which usually is not translated in Arabic in the present tense. Construct state The house of the man Baitu-a-r-radjuli

A house of a man The house is big A house is big

Baitu radjulin Al-baitu kabirun Baitun Kabirun

4 - -

Hebrew Alphabet
Learning the Hebrew alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. Without it, you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words. The better you pronounce a letter in a word, the more understood you will be in speaking the Hebrew language. Below is a table showing the Hebrew alphabet and how it is pronounced in English, and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word.

Hebrew Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example a b g d h v z sharp h as in Albert as in Bob as in galaxy as in door as in hotel as in vest as in zebra as in Hamburg

Hebrew Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example t y k (final) k l m m n (final) n s a p (final) p ts (final) as in town as in year as in neck as in kit as in light as in home as in moon as in man as in nice as in sweet no equivalent as in loop as in pony as in cats

Hebrew Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example ts qu r sh t as in tsunami as in queen as in room as in show as in team

Other Nikkudim

A A A B C

b k p t u v a a

as in bank as in king as in park as in time as in ultimate as in vanity as in Albert as in alphabet

Hebrew Alphabet

English Sound Pronunciation Example sh s o as in shine as in small as in olympics

D E F

Long "Filled" Vowels

Hebrew Name of the vowel The Sound

Vowel

6 6;

Kholam Maleh

O (as [aw] in law) U (as [oo] in food) E, EI, EY

"Stable" long O, which is not changing with name declination.

Shuruk

"Stable" long U, which is not changing with name declination.

; B 6;

Tzeireh Maleh

(as in Eh or Hey!)

Strictly speaking, Tzeireh Maleh can be "filled" not only with Yud, but also with Aleph, or theoreticaly with any of "matres lectionis" (in practice, it's either Yud or Aleph.)

Either EY or E works for both Tzeires (Male and Khaser.) However, in some cases EY is preferred. First of all, there are certain words where EY is traditionally pronounced:

[ _hey] (name of letter Hey) versus more common case like c[ sefer] (book) _
or:

f[ _beytza] (egg) versus more common case like c[ sefer] (empty) _

Please note, that the Yud in the word is part of Tzeireh Maleh diacritic, because it does not have a diacritic of its own! Sometimes EY is preferred when we want to distinguish between different grammatical constructs:

_k[ shirenu] (our song) _k[ shireynu] (our songs)

Also, European-born Jews of senior age oftenly pronounce any Tzeire as EY (which is a rule in Ashkenazi/Yiddish tradition.) Bottom line: the rule of thumb is, Tzeire Male is rather pronounced as EY, while Tzeire Khaser (see below) - as E in most cases. If you use this rule, it will be totally correct, and also understandable and acceptable by native Hebrew speakers. It's important to not confuse Tzeire Male with a case when comes as an indication of Segol (see below "Special Cases of Filled Vocalization").

E E 6;

Khirik Maleh

I (as [ee] in feed)

In modern Hebrew pronunciation there is no difference between long [ee] and short [i]

Long "not filled" vowels

n f _

6 6; 6 6 6 ; ; 6 B

Kholam Khaser

O (as [aw] in law)

Kamatz Gadol

A (as [a] in father)

Tzeire Khaser

E (as [e] in mess)

Short vowels

f
fpf pf f p

66 6 6

Kamatz Katan

O (as [aw] in law)

The general rule is: Kamatz Katan (Small Kamatz) can appear in unstressed closed syllable only; in open or stressed syllable Kamatz should be read as Kamatz Gadol. Examples: [khokhma ] [yoshro] [omnam] wisdom his straightforwardness, his honesty however

Of course, every rule has exceptions. Here is the most classic one:

kff

[shorashim]

roots

u v c k

N 6P B 6;EE

Kubbutz

U (as [oo] in book)

Patakh

A (as [a] in father)

Segol

E (as [e] in mess)

Khirik Khaser

I (as [ee] in feed)

Ultra-short (or Reduced) vowels

w x y

PW 6 6 PW 6P PW B

KhatafKamatz

Ho

The Khatafs are pronounced same way as corresponding short vowels (kamatz katan, patakh, and segol), but the Khatafs are shorter. Some scholars claim, that in modern language this shortness is pretty much theoretical; however my personal observation (and my personal sense of language too) approve the opposite. The Khatafs always appear with guttural sounds (with maybe couple of exceptions all over Hebrew vocabulary.)

KhatafPatakh

Ha

KhatafSegol

He

6Y

Schwa [shva]

He sometimes Ha

Pronunciation of Schwa diacritic mark (the name is pronounced shva) depends on where it stands in a word. It either means absense of any vowel ("silent schwa"); or a reduced unstressed vowel, something like the "a" in "about" ("moving schwa".)

Daggesh
Daggesh is a dot inside a letter ( ) used to distinguish between different ways to read that letter.There are two types of dagesh: "light" (dagesh qal) and strong (dagesh khazaq).

without dagesh at all reads as V (f - kavod). with dagesh qal is B (cn - boqer), and with dagesh chazaq, which is "theoretically" BB: f v
Here is a simple example: shabbat. We say "theoretically" because consonant gemination is hardly heard in modern Hebrew (as well as in some other languages which have consonant gemination in writing.

Patakh Ganuv
There is a special case, when a Patakh is pronounced before the consonant rather than afterwards. This is so-called sneaky Patakh. It appears under the letters , , when those letters are located in the very end of the word, and the sound preceiding the consonant is "incompatible" with the guttural nature of those consonants. To make long story short, if the preceding vowel is not an "A"-sound, the sneaky Patakh is going to sneak in. By the way, this Patakh is never stressed.
profession wind; spirit brain affecting, influencing miqtzoa` ruakh moakh mashpia`

v p k v vn k v p v

high (m) neglecting

gavoah mazniakh

vf vkpv

Most Israelis though pronounce the Patakh ganuv with Hei and Ain as a regular Patakh: gavoha, miqtzo'a -- or just
gavoa, miqtzoa

Mappiq
Rarely found, the Mappiq has the following meaning: it indicates that the letter which you might think was a Mater Lectionis, is indeed a consonant. In Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) the Mappiq is found in the letters and ;but in the modern language it's used only in in the following cases: 1. Words derived from the root ,like: vn govah (hight), gavoah (high), kp magbiah (raising). v 2. Suffixes -ah (meaning "her") of noun and preposition derivation: f shelah c (her)
The modern Israeli pronunciation is just skipping the Hei with Mappiq, pronouncing it like a Mater Lectionis - an indication of a final A-sound: gavoa, shela.

Hebrew Pronouns
Learning the Hebrew Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language. But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew. Hebrew pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about), indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verb's subject). Here are some examples:

English Pronouns Pronouns I you he she we aney - ateh - hoa - heya -

Hebrew Pronouns shemot kheynoey -

aneeno -

English Pronouns they me you him her us them my your his her our their mine yours his hers ours theirs hem -

Hebrew Pronouns

aotey - lekh - aoto - leh - aoteno - lehem - sheley - shelekh - shelo - sheleh - sheleno - shelehem - sheley - shelekh - shelo - sheleh - sheleno - shelehem -

As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Pronouns in Hebrew has a logical pattern. Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew.

List of Pronouns in Hebrew

Below is a list of the Personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary.

English Pronouns I speak you speak he speaks she speaks we speak they speak give me give him give her give us give them my book your book his book her book our book their book Hebrew Articles

Hebrew Pronouns aney meever - ateh meever - hoa meever - heya meeveret - aneeno meevereym - hem meevereym - ten ley - ten lo - ten leh - ten leno - ten lehem - hesefer sheley - hesefer shelekh - hesefer shelo - hesefer sheleh - hesefer sheleno - hesefer shelehem -

Learning the Hebrew Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language. But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew. Hebrew articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun. Examples are "the, a, and an". Here are some examples:

English Articles articles the h-

Hebrew Articles meylot eyes oeyvor -

English Articles a one some few the book the books a book one book some books few books h- ae - khemeh -

Hebrew Articles

me'eeym - hesefer - hesefereym - sefer - sefer ae - khemeh sefereym -

khemeh sefereym -

Hebrew Plural
Learning the Hebrew Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language. But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew. Hebrew Plurals are grammatical numbers, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In the English language, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers. Here are some examples: English Plural Hebrew Plural

Plural my book my books our daughter our daughters I'm cold we're cold his chickens their chicken

reveym - hesefer sheley - hesefereym sheley - hevet sheleno - hevenot sheleno - ker ley - ker leno - heterenegueolot shelo - heterenegueol shelehem -

English Plural

Hebrew Plural

As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Plural in Hebrew has a logical pattern. Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew.

List of Plurals in Hebrew

Below is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Hebrew placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary.

English Plural alligator alligators bear bears bird birds bull bulls cat cats cow cows deer many deer dog dogs donkey donkeys eagle eagles elephant elephants giraffe

Hebrew Plural teneyn - teneyneym - ov - oveym - tseyfor - tseyforeym - shor - shooreym - etol - etoleym - fereh - ferot - tsevey - tseveyeym - khelev - kheleveym - emor - emoreym - nesher - neshereym - feyl - feyleym - gue 'eyrefeh - '

English Plural giraffes goat goats horse horses lion lions monkey monkeys mouse mice rabbit rabbits snake snakes tiger tigers wolf wolves Feminine he is happy she is happy he is American she is American man woman father mother

Hebrew Plural gue 'eyrefot - ' 'ez - 'ezeym - sos - soseym - areyh - areyot - kof - kofeym - 'ekhever - 'ekhevereym - arenev - areneveym - neesh - neesheym - nemer - nemereym - zeav - zeaveym - nekeveh - hoa meaosher - heya meaosheret - hoa amereykeaey - heya amereykeaeyt - aeysh - asheh - avea - amea -

brother sister uncle aunt bull cow boy girl

a - aot - o - oeh - shor - fereh - eyle - eyleeh -

Hebrew Prepositions
Learning the Hebrew Prepositions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language. But first we need to know what the role of Prepositions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew. Hebrew prepositions link nouns, pronouns and phrases to other words in a sentence. The word or phrase that the preposition introduces is called the object of the preposition. Here are some examples: Hebrew Prepositions English Prepositions meylot eyes - Prepositions vetokh heveyt - inside the house

outside the car with me without him under the table after tomorrow before sunset but I'm busy

meots lemekhoneyt - atey - vele'eeyo - meteet lesholeen - meereteyeym - lefeney heshekey'eh - avel aney 'esok -

List of Prepositions in Hebrew

Below is a list of the Time place and demonstrative pronouns in Hebrew placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary. English Prepositions Hebrew Prepositions

about above

'el - me'el -

English Prepositions

Hebrew Prepositions

across after against among around as at before behind below beneath beside between beyond but by despite down during except for from in inside into near next of on opposite out

me'ever - aerey - negue / mol - / veyn - meseveyv - khemo - ley / v - / lefeney - meaorey - melemeeh - meteet - ley - veyn - me'ever - avel - 'el eyey / 'el ey / v - / / lemerot - meeh - vemehelekh / vezemen sh - / ots m - 'evor - men - vetokh / v - / vetokh / vefeneym - / letokh - ley / 'el ey - / hevea - shel - 'el - mol - ots -

English Prepositions

Hebrew Prepositions

outside over per plus round since than through till to toward under unlike until up via with within without two words according to because of close to due to except for far from inside of instead of near to next to

veots - me'ever - lekhel / l - / o'o / felos - / 'egueol - meaz - measher / m - / erekh - 'e - al - al - meteet - shelea khemo - 'e - leme'eleh - veametse'ot / erekh - / 'em - vetokh - lelea - shetey meyleym - 'el fey / lefey - / veguelel - vesemokh - veguelel - ots m - reok m - vetokh - vemekom - semokh l - ley -

English Prepositions

Hebrew Prepositions

outside of prior to three words as far as as well as in addition to in front of in spite of on behalf of on top of Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those

meots l - lefeney - shelosh meyleym - khekhel sh / 'e l - / khemo guem - nosef 'el / nosef l - / mol / veezeyt h - / lemerot - mee'em - me'ever l -

zeh - zeh - aleh - alo -

Hebrew Negation
Learning the Hebrew Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language. But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew. Hebrew negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy). Here are some examples: English Negation Hebrew Negation

Negation he is not here that is not my book do not enter

sheleyleh - hoa lea khean - zeh lea hesefer sheley - lea leheykhenes -

As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Negation in Hebrew has a logical pattern. Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew.

List of Negation in Hebrew

Below is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Hebrew placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary.

English Negation Negation he is not here that is not my book do not enter I don't speak I don't write I don't drive I don't love I don't give I don't smile I don't take he doesn't speak he doesn't write he doesn't drive he doesn't love he doesn't give sheleyleh -

Hebrew Negation hoa lea khean - zeh lea hesefer sheley - lea leheykhenes - aney lea meever - aney lea khotev - aney lea nohegue - aney lea aohev - aney lea noten - aney lea meeyeykh - aney lea loke - hoa lea meever - hoa lea khotev - hoa lea nohegue - hoa lea aohev - hoa lea noten -

he doesn't take we don't speak we don't write we don't drive we don't love we don't give

hoa lea loke - aneeno lea meevereym - aneeno lea khoteveym - aneeno lea nohegueeym - aneeno lea aoheveym - aneeno lea noteneym -

we don't smile we don't take Hebrew Questions

aneeno lea meeyeykheym - aneeno lea lokeeym -

Learning the Hebrew Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language. But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew. Hebrew questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or else the request itself made by such an expression. Usually it starts with why, how, where, when ... Here are some examples: English Questions Hebrew Questions

Questions how? what? who? why?

shealot - aeykh? - ? mehe? - ? mey? - ? lemehe? - ?

Hebrew Numbers
Learning the Hebrew Numbers is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Hebrew language. But first we need to know what the role of Numbers is in the structure of the grammar in Hebrew. Hebrew cardinal number convey the "how many" they're also known as "counting numbers," because they show quantity. Here are some examples:

English Numbers numbers one two three four five six seven eight

Hebrew Numbers mesefereym - aet - sheteym - shelosh - areve' - emesh - shesh - sheve' - shemoneh -

English Numbers nine ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty hundred one thousand

Hebrew Numbers teshe' - 'esher - aet 'eshereh - sheteym 'eshereh - shelesh 'eshereh - areve' 'eshereh - emesh 'eshereh - shesh 'eshereh - sheve' 'eshereh - shemoneh 'eshereh

teshe' 'eshereh - 'eshereym - meah - alef -

million meyleyon - As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Numbers in Hebrew has a
logical pattern. Locate the Numbers above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Hebrew.

List of Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew

Hebrew Ordinal numbers tell the order of things in a set: first, second, third, etc. Ordinal numbers do not show quantity. They only show rank or position. Below is a list of the Cardinal Numbers and Ordinal Numbers in Hebrew. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Hebrew vocabulary.

English Numbers Ordinal Numbers first second third fourth fifth sixth

Hebrew Numbers reashon - sheney - sheleyshey - revey'ey - emeyshey - sheysheyt -

English Numbers seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelfth thirteenth fourteenth fifteenth sixteenth seventeenth eighteenth nineteenth twentieth once twice Greek Alphabet

Hebrew Numbers shevey'eyt - shemeyneyt - teshey'eyt - 'esheyrey - ae 'esher - sheneym 'esher - shelosh 'esher - areve'eh 'esher - emeysheh 'esher - sheysheh 'esher - sheve'eh 'esher - shemoneh 'esher - teshe' 'esher - 'eshereym - fe'em - fe'emeym -

Learning the Greek alphabet is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. Without it, you will not be able to say words properly even if you know how to write those words. The better you pronounce a letter in a word, the more understood you will be in speaking the Greek language. Below is a table showing the Greek alphabet and how it is pronounced in English, and finally examples of how those letters would sound if you place them in a word.

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta

Pronunciation Example a as in smart v as in very between y as in yes and g as in go th as in that e as in very z as in zoo

Greek Alphabet

English Sound Eta Theta Iota Kappa Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega

Pronunciation Example ee as in bee th as in think ee as in bee k as in look l as in log m as in man n as in not x as in wax o as in box p as in top, close to 'b' rolled r as in Roma s as in sap t as in hot, but softer and close to 'd' ee as in bee ph as in photo ch as in the scottish loch ps as in upside o as in box

Vowels
short
as in father as in bed as in pit as in top as in deja vu

long
as in father

as in they
as in machine as in tote as in deja vu

BREATHING MARKS
Every word that begins with a vowel will have a breathing mark above the initial vowel (or vowel sound). For lower case letters, the breathing mark is placed just above the vowel. For upper case letters, the breathing mark is placed just before the initial vowel. If the breathing mark is concave to the right (like a reverse comma), as in

the mark is called a "rough" breathing mark and indicates an initial "h" sound is to be pronounced.

is pronounced, "hay-ME-ra". Notice the "h" sound.

If the breathing mark is concave to the left (like a comma), as in

the mark is called a "smooth" breathing mark and indicates that there is no initial "h" sound.

is pronounced, "a-LAY-thay-a". Notice the absence of an "h" sound.

Every word beginning with the letter (rho) will have a rough breathing mark.

DITHONGS
Vowels are categorized as either "close" or "open". Pronounce the sound of "a" as in father, and make note that your throat is wide open. Then pronounce the sound of the letter "i" as in pit, and make note that your throat is constricted. Pronounce the sound of the letter "u" in deja vu and although your lips are differently formed, notice that your throat again is constricted. The open vowels are , , , , The close vowels are , A diphthong is a combination of two vowels, but not every pair of vowels is a diphthong. The first vowel of a Greek diphthong will be an open vowel, and the second

vowel will always be a close vowel. Therefore, is a diphthong, but is not a diphthong. The following are diphthongs: , , , , , , In addition to these, there are three "improper dipthongs," diphthongs wherein the second vowel, , is written as a subscript to the first letter. These are , , (named respectively, "alpha iota subscript," "eta iota subscript," "omega iota subscript") Finally, there is one exception to the rule that the first vowel must be an open vowel. Even though is a close vowel, is a diphthong. Although a diphthong is a combination of two sounds with one sliding into the other, for purposes of syllabification, a diphthong is considered to be one vowel sound. contrast the oi in Illinois with the io in Ohio. The i and o in Ohio are clearly two distinct sounds. But the oi in Illinois is a diphthong and makes one vowel sound. The sounds made by Greek diphthongs are these

is pronounced ai as in Thailand is pronounced ei as in eight1 is pronounced oi as in Illinois is pronounced ow as in cow is pronounced eu as in feud2 is pronounced the same as eu is pronounced ou as in soup is pronounced uee as in queen
"Improper Diphthongs" is pronounced the same as is pronounced the same as is pronounced the same as

In the volume on Accidence & Word-Formation by J. H. Moulton and W. F. Howard, (Grammar of New Testament Greek, vol. 2) it is said that in Hellenistic times, was pronounced i as in machine. (p. 118) There are a number of instances where the pronunciation typically taught in schools today is known to be different than the pronunciation that existed in Hellenistic times. And in fact, there is some difference of opinion as to which of various pronunciation schemes makes the most sense for modern students. In recent years, some have advocated using Modern Greek pronunciation in New Testament Greek courses. What is important is that the student learn to use a given pronunciation scheme consistently so as to better facilitate committing the vocabulary to memory.
2

Edward Hobbs sent me the following explanation of as an improvement over the illustrative word "feud" : Most textbooks suggest something like "e as in 'get,' followed by -oo- as in 'food'" or the like. Goetchius suggests pronouncing my name (Edward) dropping the "d" between E and d, or saying "house" as they do in some parts of Virginia! [my place of residence, JS] In any case, it is "eh" followed quickly by "oo".

Diphthongs are always long, except final and final . For example:

in is final and is short.

 in is not final (it is followed by ) and is long.

When a word begins with a diphthong, the breathing mark goes over second letter. For example

SYLLABLES
Each syllable must have one and only one vowel sound. A diphthong is considered one vowel sound. In general, syllable divisions should be made immediately following a vowel or diphthong.

--

is not a diphthong, and therefore

the two vowels belong to different syllables.

-- ---

is not split. The syllables are

divided after the vowel preceding .

is a diphthong, and therefore is not divided. is not a diphthong, and

therefore the two vowels are divided.

Exceptions arise when there are two consecutive consonants or even three consecutive consonants. In these cases, if the combination of consonants is not one that can appear at the beginning of a word, they are usually divided.

--

goes with the preceding vowel because cannot begin a word or a

syllable.

--

goes with the preceding vowel because cannot begin a word or a

syllable.

goes with the preceding vowel because cannot begin a word.or a

syllable.

Of course, at this point, you don't know what combinations of consonants can appear at the beginning of a word. You could memorize a list of such combinations, but the value

of such is not worth the effort. If you only know that there is one vowel sound per syllable, you can identify the number of syllables and pronounce the word. In time, you will develop a feel for how to allocate consonants to syllables.

ACCENTS
The importance of learning accent rules fixing the sound in memory is an aid to learning accent mark helps indentify the form in some cases Terminology ultima, penult, antepenult acute, grave, circumflex Significance Originally, words were not written with accent marks. That does not mean they were not fixed. In fact, the various accents were distinct musical pitches. The following anecdote is related on p. 52 in A Grammar of New Testament Greek, Vol. II, "Accidence and WordFormation," by J. H. Moulton and W. F. Howard: We recall the well-known story of the actor Hegelochus, who in declaiming a line of Euripides ending with ' = ("I see a calm") pronounced a circumflex instead of an acute, and sent the audience into roars of laughter: = "I see a weasel." As the Greek language became a world language, spreading to lands where it was not indigenous, the subtleties of pitch were being lost. In a retrenching effort, Greek grammarians encouraged the writing of the accent mark. But the effort succeeded only in retaining a stress on the accented syllable. Distinctions of pitch between the different accents were lost. General Rules 1 . Only the last three syllables of a word may be accented.

2 .

An acute accent may stand on any of the last 3 syllables. A circumflex may stand only on the last 2 syllables. A grave may stand only on the last syllable.

3 . 4 . 5 . 6 .

The antepenult may be accented only if the ultima is short. A circumflex may stand only on a long syllable. An accented penult will have a circumflex if and only if the penult is long and the ultima is short. An acute on the ultima is changed to a grave when the word is followed immediately by another word without intervening punctuation mark. Special Rule for Verbs For verbs, the accent is recessive. That is, within the constraints of the general rules, the accent will stand on the syllable closest to the beginning of the word. For example, in the case of , rule #1 prevents the accent from being placed on any of the first three syllables, but because the ultima is short, the accent can come all the way back to the antepenult. Because this is a verb, the accent must come all the way back to the antepenult.

PUNCTUATION
A period is represented in Greek by a period. A question mark is represented in Greek by a semicolon. A colon or a semicolon is represented in Greek by a dot above the line.

WORD PRONUNCIATION
To pronounce a word, First, count the number of vowels Then, where there are two or more vowels in succession, identify pairs of vowels that form diphthongs Next, counting each diphthong as one vowel sound, and every other vowel as a vowel sound, count the total number of vowel sounds. This is the number of syllables in the word. Pronounce the syllables, syllable by syllable Identify the syllable that has an accent mark indicating that syllable should be stressed. Pronounce the whole word, stressing the accented syllable. Example: Count the vowels Identify diphthongs Count the vowel sounds Pronounce each syllable Identify the accented syllable Pronounce the whole word, stressing the accented syllable 5 vowels, , , , , 1 diphthong, 4 vowel sounds, , , , , and therefore, 4 syllables

Greek Pronouns
Learning the Greek Pronouns is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Greek language. But first we need to know what the role of Pronouns is in the structure of the grammar in Greek. Greek pronouns include personal pronouns (refer to the persons speaking, the persons spoken to, or the persons or things spoken about), indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns (connect parts of sentences) and reciprocal or reflexive pronouns (in which the object of a verb is being acted on by verb's subject). Grammar Tips: In English personal pronouns are (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they), and (me, you, him,

her, it, us, you, them), In Greek, the personal pronouns are:

(I), (you), (he), (she), ... () (we), (they masc.), (they fem.) ... (), () Examples: (I learn), (you learn), (he learns), (she learns), (it learns), (we learn), (you learn), (they learn [masculine]), aprenden (they learn [feminine]), aprenden (they learn [neuter]). Direct Object Personal Pronouns Direct object pronouns are words that replace the direct object: (me), (you), (him), (her), (it), (us), (you), (them masc.), (them fem.), (them neut.) Examples: . (I can see you.) ; (Did you read them?) Indirect Object Personal Pronouns: Indirect object pronouns are words that replace the indirect object, which is usually a person. (me), (you),

 (him), (her), (its), (us), (you), (them): Examples: (give me the book). (I tell you). Possessive Pronouns: One possession (mine masc.), (mine fem.), (mine, neut.) / / (yours) / / (his) , , (hers) , , (its) / / (ours) / / (yours) / / (theirs) Examples: . (The computer is mine.) . (The salad is yours.) . (The house is ours.) Many possessions , , (mine) , , (mine,) , , (mine, plural fem.) , , (mine, plural fem.) , , (mine, plural fem.) , , (mine, plural fem.) , , (mine, plural fem.)

 , , (mine, plural fem.) Examples: . (The computers are mine.) . (The salads are yours.) . (The houses are ours.)
Here are some examples: English Pronouns Greek Pronouns

Pronouns I you he she we they me you him her us them my your his her our their mine yours his hers

Antwnymies - Egw - eseis - aftos - afth - emeis - aftoi - mou - esas - afton - afthn - mas - tous - mou - sas - tou - ths - mas - tous - oryxeio - dikos sas - dikos tou - dikos ths -

English Pronouns

Greek Pronouns

ours theirs

dikos mas - dikes tous -

As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Pronouns in Greek has a logical pattern. Locate the Pronouns above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek.

List of Pronouns in Greek

Below is a list of the Personal pronouns, indefinite pronouns, relative pronouns, reciprocal or reflexive pronouns in Greek placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary.

English Pronouns I speak you speak he speaks she speaks we speak they speak give me give him give her give us give them my book your book his book her book our book their book

Greek Pronouns Milaw - milate - Milaei - milaei - milame - miloyn - dwse mou - na sas dwsei - dwse tou - dwse ths - dwse mas - dwse tous - to vivlio mou - to vivlio sas - to vivlio tou - vivlio ths - to vivlio mas - to vivlio tous -

one 1 ena five 5 pente nine 9 ennea

two 2 dyo six 6 eksi ten 10 deka

three 3 tria seven 7 epta

four 4 tessera eight 8 oktw

Greek Articles
Learning the Greek Articles is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Greek language. But first we need to know what the role of Articles is in the structure of the grammar in Greek. Greek articles are words that combine with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Generally articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun. Examples are "the, a, and an". Grammar Tips:

Definite Article: Unlike English, which has only one definite article the", Greek has 3 definite articles and their corresponding plural forms: Singular Plural Masculine o (the father) (the fathers) Feminine (the mother) (the mothers) Neuter (the child) (the children) Indefinite Article: While we have (a / an) in English as indefinite articles, we also have / / in Greek . In general, whenever (a, an) are used in English you, you need to use (), () or () to say the equivalent in Greek. (a man) (a woman) (a house)
Here are some examples:

English Articles articles the a one some few

Greek Articles arthra - o- ena - enas - peripou - ligoi -

the book to vivlio - the books ta vivlia - a book ena vivlio - one book ena vivlio - some books kapoia vivlia - few books merika vivlia - As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Articles in Greek has a logical
pattern. Locate the Articles above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek.

Greek Plural
Learning the Greek Plural is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Greek language. But first we need to know what the role of Plural is in the structure of the grammar in Greek. Greek Plurals are grammatical numbers, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In the English language, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers. Grammar Tips: While in English, the plural is formed by adding (s) to the singular. In Greek, to form the plural of nouns we have to take into account the gender of the word and change the singular suffix accordingly. Here are some examples for each gender:

Masculine:
- becomes , for example: (one friend) becomes (two friends) - , (one pupil) becomes - , (one race) becomes - , becomes (one grandfather) - , (one coffee) becomes

Feminine:
- , for example: (one daughter) becomes (two daughters) - , (one country) becomes - , (one street) becomes -, -, (one fox) becomes

Neuter:
- , (one gift) becomes - , (one child) becomes - , (one body) becomes - , (one forest) becomes - , (one monster) becomes
Note that these rules only apply to the Nominative case of nouns. The other three cases (Genitive, Accusative and Vocative) have their own suffixes.

Here are some examples:

Greek Plural Plhthyntikos - to vivlio mou - ta vivlia mou - H korh mas - oi kores mas - Krywnw - Krywnoume - Oi kotes tou - Ta kotopoula tous - their chicken As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Plural in Greek has a logical pattern. Locate the Plural above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek. List of Plurals in Greek
Below is a list of the Plurals and Singulars in Greek placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary.

English Plural Plural my book my books our daughter our daughters I'm cold we're cold his chickens

English Plural alligator alligators bear bears bird birds bull bulls cat cats cow cows deer many deer dog dogs donkey donkeys eagle eagles elephant elephants giraffe giraffes goat goats horse horses lion lions monkey monkeys mouse

Greek Plural alligatoras - alligatores - arkoyda - arkoydes - pthno - pouli - - pthna - poulia - - tayros - tayroi - gata - gates - agelada - agelades - elafi - polla elafia - skylos - skyloi - gaidaros - gaidoyria - aetos - aetoi - elefantas - elefantes - kamhlopardalh - kamhlopardaleis katsika - aiga - - katsikes - aiges - - alogo - aloga - liontari - liontaria - maimoy - maimoydes - pontiki -

English Plural mice rabbit rabbits snake snakes tiger tigers wolf wolves

Greek Plural pontikia - kouneli - kounelia - fidi - fidia - tigrh - tigreis - lykos - lykoi -

Greek Feminine
Learning the Greek Feminine is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Greek language. But first we need to know what the role of Feminine is in the structure of the grammar in Greek. Greek feminine refers to female qualities attributed specifically to women and girls or things considered feminine. The complement to feminine is masculine. Here are some examples: English Feminine Greek Feminine

Feminine he is happy she is happy he is American she is American man woman father mother brother sister uncle aunt bull cow boy girl

THhlykos - einai efxaristhmenos - Einai eftyxhs - einai Amerikanos - afth einai h amerikanikh - anthrwpos - gynaika - pateras - mhtera - adelfos - adelfh - theios - theia - tayros - agelada - agori - koritsi -

Greek Verbs
Learning the Greek Verbs is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Greek language. But first we need to know what the role of Verbs is in the structure of the grammar in Greek. Greek verbs are words that convey action (bring, read, walk, run), or a state of being (exist, stand). In most languages a verb may agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments, such as its subject, or object.

- Present Tense In Greek, verbs in the Present Tense of the Active Voice are divided into two groups, which take the following endings: Group A: -, -, (, ) -, -, -, (, ) -. Example: , , (, ) , , , (, ) . Group B: -, -, (, ) -, -, -, (, ) -. , , (, ) , , , (, ) . These endings can help you a lot, because with them you can conjugate most of verbs into the present tense, you only need the stem of the verb, for example the stem of (: to play) is ().

- Future Tense (Continuous) Forming the future continuous in Greek is very easy; just use the whole present tense verb preceded by the future particle : Example: , , , , , (=I will be playing)

Here are some examples:

English Verbs Verbs Past I spoke I wrote I drove I loved I gave I smiled I took he spoke he wrote he drove he loved he gave he smiled he took we spoke

Greek Verbs Rhmata - To parelthon - Milhsa - Egrapsa - Odhghsa - Agaphsa - Edwsa - Xamogelasa - Phra - milhse - egrapse - odhghse - agaphse - edwse - xamogelase - phre - milhsame -

English Verbs we wrote we drove we loved we gave we smiled we took Future I will speak I will write I will drive I will love I will give I will smile I will take he will speak he will write he will drive he will love he will give he will smile he will take we will speak we will write we will drive we will love we will give we will smile we will take Present I speak

Greek Verbs grapsame - odhghsame - agaphsame - dwsame - xamogelasame - phrame - Mellon - THa milhsw - THa grapsw - tha odhghsw - THa agapw - THa dwsw - tha xamogelw - THa lavw - tha milhsei - tha grapsei - tha odhghsei - tha agaphsei - tha dwsei - tha xamogelasei - tha lavei - tha milhsoume - tha grapsoume - tha odhghsoume - tha agaphsoume - tha dwsoume - tha xamogelasoume - tha lavoume - Paron - Milaw -

English Verbs I write I drive I love I give I smile I take he speaks he writes he drives he loves he gives he smiles he takes we speak we write we drive we love we give we smile we take

Greek Verbs Grafw - Odhgw - Agapw - Dinw - Xamogelw - Pairnw - Milaei - grafei - odhgei - agapa - dinei - xamogelaei - pairnei - milame - grafoume - odhgoyme - agapame - dinoume - xamogelame - pairnoume -

As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Verbs in Greek has a logical pattern. Locate the Verbs above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek.

List of Verbs in Greek

Below is a list of the conjugated Verbs in the present past and future in Greek placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary. English Verbs Greek Verbs

I can accept that she added it we admit it they advised him I can agree with that

Borw na dexthw oti - To prosthese - To paradexomaste - Ton symvoylepsan - Borw na symfwnhsw me afto -

English Verbs

Greek Verbs

she allows it we announce it I can apologize she appears today they arranged that I can arrive tomorrow she can ask him she attaches that we attack them they avoid her I can bake it she is like him we beat it they became happy I can begin that we borrowed money they breathe air I can bring it I can build that she buys food we calculate it they carry it they don't cheat she chooses him we close it he comes here I can compare that she competes with me we complain about it they continued reading he cried about that I can decide now she described it to me we disagree about it

Afth to epitrepei - tha to anakoinwsoume - Borw na zhthsw syggnwmh - afth emfanizetai shmera - To kanonisan etsi wste - Brow na erthw avrio - Borei na to rwthsei - To episynaptei - Tous epititheme - Thn apofeygoun - Borw na to pshsw - Einai san kai afton - To kerdizoume - Eginan eftyxismenoi - Borw na ksekinhsw - Daneisthkame xrhmata - anapneoun aera - Borw na to ferw - Borw na to oikodomhsw - agorazei trofima - to ypologizoume - To metaferoun - Den eksapatoyn - Ton epilegei - To kleinoume - erxetai edw - Borw na sygkrinw - agwnizetai mazi mou - Diamarthrwmaste gia afto - , synexisan thn anagnwsh - , fwnakse gi 'afto - ' Bor'w na apofasisw twra - ' Mou to periegrapse - diafwnoyme gia afto -

English Verbs

Greek Verbs

they disappeared quickly I discovered that she dislikes that we do it they dream about it I earned he eats a lot we enjoyed that they entered here he escaped that I can explain that she feels that too we fled from there they will fly tomorrow I can follow you she forgot me we forgive him I can give her that she goes there we greeted them I hate that I can hear it she imagine that we invited them I know him she learned it we leave now they lied about him I can listen to that she lost that we made it yesterday they met him I misspell that I always pray

eksafanisthkan grhgora - Anakalypsa oti - Den ths aresei afto - to kanoume - to oneirevomaste - Kerdisa - trwei poly - To apolafsame - bhkan edw - drapetefse oti - Borw na ekshghsw oti - Aisthanetai kai afth - Fygame apo ekei - THa petaksoun avrio - Borw na sas akolouthhsw - Me ksexase - tha ton synchwrhsoume - Borw na ths to dwsw - phgainei ekei - Tous xairethsame - To misw afto - Borw na to akoysw - Afth fantasthke - Tous kalesame - Ton kserw - afth to emathe - feygoume twra - Eipan psemata gi 'afton - ' Borw na akoysw afth th - To exase - To kaname xthes - Ton synanthsan - I anorthografw oti - I Panta proseyxomai -

English Verbs

Greek Verbs

she prefers that we protected them they will punish her I can put it there she will read it we received that they refuse to talk I remember that she repeats that we see it they sell it I sent that yesterday he shaved his beard it shrunk quickly we will sing it they sat there I can speak it she spends money we suffered from that they suggest that I surprised him she took that we teach it they told us she thanked him I can think about it she threw it we understand that they want that I can wear it she writes that we talk about it they have it I watched it

ekeinh protima na - Tous prostatepsame - THa thn timwrhsoun - Borw na to valw ekei - THa to diavasei - to lavame - arnoyntai na milhsoun - THymamai oti - afth epanalamvanei oti - ton vlepoume - To poulane - To esteila xthes - aftos ksyrisai geneiada tou - syrriknwthhke grhgora - tha to tragoudhsoume - Kathisan ekei - Borw na milhsw - ksodeyei xrhmata - emeis pou ypesth apo thn en logw - ypodhlwnoun oti - Tou ekana ekplhksh - to phre - to didaskoume - mas eipan - afth ton efxaristhse - Borw na skeftw - ekeinh erikse - katalavainoume oti - theloun na - borw na to foresw - grafei oti - milame gi 'afto - ' kai oti to exoun - to eida -

English Verbs

Greek Verbs

I will talk about it THa milhsw gi 'afto - ' he bought that yesterday to agorase xthes - we finished it to teleiwsame -

Greek Negation
Learning the Greek Negation is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Greek language. But first we need to know what the role of Negation is in the structure of the grammar in Greek. Greek negation is the process that turns an affirmative statement (I am happy) into its opposite denial (I am not happy).

Grammar Tips: In Greek, negation can be made simply by placing "" before the main verb. But sometimes a double negative is required. "" is the most common negative. . (I can't do this). . (they don't have anything to do Double Negative). . (I don't want it)
Here are some examples: English Negation Greek Negation

Negation he is not here that is not my book do not enter

Arnhsh - den einai edw - afto den einai to vivlio mou - Mhn eiserrxesthe -

As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Negation in Greek has a logical pattern. Locate the Negation above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek.

List of Negation in Greek

Below is a list of the Negation and negative expressions in Greek placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary. English Negation Greek Negation

I don't speak I don't write I don't drive

De milw - den grafw - Den odhgw -

English Negation

Greek Negation

I don't love I don't give I don't smile I don't take he doesn't speak he doesn't write he doesn't drive he doesn't love he doesn't give he doesn't smile he doesn't take we don't speak we don't write we don't drive we don't love we don't give we don't smile we don't take

Den agapw - Den dinw - Den xamogelw - Den pairnw - aftos den mila - aftos den grafei - aftos den odhgei - aftos den agapa - aftos den dinei - aftos den xamogela - aftos den lamvanei - den milame - Den grafoume - den odhgoyme - den agapoyme - den dinoume - den xamogeloyme - den lamvanoume -

Greek Questions
Learning the Greek Questions is very important because its structure is used in every day conversation. The more you practice the subject, the closer you get to mastering the Greek language. But first we need to know what the role of Questions is in the structure of the grammar in Greek. Greek questions may be either a linguistic expression used to make a request for information, or else the request itself made by such an expression. Usually it starts with why, how, where, when ... Here are some examples: English Questions Greek Questions

Questions how? what? who?

Erwthseis pws; - ; ti; - ; poios; - ;

English Questions

Greek Questions

why? where?

giati; - ; poy; - ;

As you can see from the example above, the structure of the Questions in Greek has a logical pattern. Locate the Questions above and see how it works with the rest of the sentence in Greek.

List of Questions in Greek

Below is a list of the Questions and interrogative expressions in Greek placed in a table. Memorizing this table will help you add very useful and important words to your Greek vocabulary.

English Questions where is he? what is this? why are you sad? how do you want to pay? can I come? is he sleeping? do you know me? do you have my book? how big is it? can I help you? can you help me? do you speak English? how far is this? what time is it? how much is this? what is your name? where do you live?

Greek Questions Poy einai; - ; ti einai afto; - ; giati eisai lyphmenh; - ; Pws thelete na plhrwsete; - ; borw na erthw; - ; Koimatai aftos - eseis me kserete; - ; exete to vivlio mou; - ; poso megalo einai; - ; borw na sas vohthhsw; - ; mporeite na me vohthhsete; - ; milate Agglika; - ; poso makria einai afto; - ; Ti wra einai; - ; poso einai afto; - ; pws einai to onoma sou - poy zeite; - ;