Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tenses Review
Prepared By: Esmail Karbalaee E-Mail: eng.ka2005@gmail.com
Simple Present
FORM
[VERB] + s/es in third person Examples:
You speak English. Do you speak English? You do not speak English.
Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do. Examples:
I play tennis. She does not play tennis. Does he play tennis? The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. The train does not leave at 9 AM. When does the train usually leave? She always forgets her purse. He never forgets his wallet. Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. Does the Sun circle the Earth?
The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things. 2
Examples:
Cats like milk. Birds do not like milk. Do pigs like milk? California is in America. California is not in the United Kingdom. Windows are made of glass. Windows are not made of wood. New York is a small city. IT IS NOT IMPORTANT THAT THIS FACT IS UNTRUE.
Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well. Examples:
The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. When do we board the plane? The party starts at 8 o'clock. When does class begin tomorrow?
Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with NonContinuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs. Examples:
I am here now. She is not here now. He needs help right now. He does not need help now. He has his passport in his hand. Do you have your passport with you? 3
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Once a week, Tom cleans the car. ACTIVE Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. PASSIVE
Negative
Question
I run. You run. We run. They run. He runs. She runs. It runs.
I do not run. You do not run. We do not run. They do not run. He does not run. She does not run. It does not run.
Do I run? Do you run? Do we run? Do they run? Does he run? Does she run? Does it run?
Instead of "s," "es" is added to positive, third-person forms of verbs ending with the following sounds: s, z, sh, ch, j or zs (as in Zsa Zsa). These special "es"-forms have been marked below with an asterisk*. Positive
Negative
Question
We do not rush. They do not rush. He does not rush. She does not rush. It does not rush.
Do we rush? Do they rush? Does he rush? Does she rush? Does it rush?
To Have
The verb "have" is irregular in positive, third-person forms. This irregular form has been marked below with an asterisk*. Positive
Negative
Question
I have. You have. We have. They have. He has. * She has. * It has. *
I do not have. You do not have. We do not have. They do not have. He does not have. She does not have. It does not have.
Do I have? Do you have? Do we have? Do they have? Does he have? Does she have? Does it have?
To Be
The verb "be" is irregular in the Simple Present. It also has different question forms and negative forms. Positive
Negative
Question
I am. You are. We are. They are. He is. She is. It is.
I am not. You are not. We are not. They are not. He is not. She is not. It is not.
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs behave differently from other verbs. Notice that they do not take "s" in the third person - there is no difference between first-person, secondperson or third-person forms. Like the verb "be" described above, modal verbs also have different question forms and negative forms in Simple Present. Positive
Negative
Question
I should go. You should go. We should go. They should go. He should go. She should go. It should go.
I should not go. You should not go. We should not go. They should not go. He should not go. She should not go. It should not go.
Should I go? Should you go? Should we go? Should they go? Should he go? Should she go? Should it go?
Present Continuous
FORM
[am/is/are + present participle] Examples:
You are watching TV. Are you watching TV? You are not watching TV.
USE 1 Now
Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now. 6
Examples:
You are learning English now. You are not swimming now. Are you sleeping? I am sitting. I am not standing. Is he sitting or standing? They are reading their books. They are not watching television. What are you doing? Why aren't you doing your homework?
In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second. Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)
I am studying to become a doctor. I am not studying to become a dentist. I am reading the book Tom Sawyer. I am not reading any books right now. Are you working on any special projects at work? Aren't you teaching at the university now?
Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. Examples:
I am meeting some friends after work. I am not going to the party tonight. 7
The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing." Examples:
She is always coming to class late. He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. I don't like them because they are always complaining.
Negative
Question
I am speaking. You are speaking. We are speaking. They are speaking. He is speaking. She is speaking. It is speaking.
I am not speaking. You are not speaking. We are not speaking. They are not speaking. He is not speaking. She is not speaking. It is not speaking.
Am I speaking? Are you speaking? Are we speaking? Are they speaking? Is he speaking? Is she speaking? Is it speaking?
REMEMBER Non-Continuous
Verbs/ Mixed Verbs Types of Verbs
Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs, Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs.
to have:
to hear:
to look:
to miss:
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to see:
to smell:
to taste:
to think:
to weigh:
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NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most commonly done when a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It can also be used when someone's behavior is noticeably different. to feel:
The massage feels great. Non-Continuous Verb THE MASSAGE HAS A PLEASING FEELING. I don't feel well today. Sometimes used as Non-Continuous Verb
I AM A LITTLE SICK.
NOTICE: The second meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real difference in meaning between "I don't feel well today" and "I am not feeling well today."
Negative
Question
I am speaking. You are speaking. We are speaking. They are speaking. He is speaking. She is speaking.
I am not speaking. You are not speaking. We are not speaking. They are not speaking. He is not speaking. She is not
Am I speaking? Are you speaking? Are we speaking? Are they speaking? Is he speaking? Is she
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It is speaking.
speaking? Is it speaking?
2. Usually, I (work)
8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight? Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) friends. to a movie tonight with some
9. The business cards (be, normally ) York. Their prices (be) quite good.
Today (be)
the second day of my trek around Mount Annapurna. I ; I just hope I am able to 14
complete the trek. My feet (kill, really) , but I (want, still) to continue.
Nepal is a fascinating country, but I have a great deal to learn. Everything (be) so different, and I (try) here. I (learn) to adapt to the new way of life
a little bit of the language to make communication foreign languages quickly. much yet, I believe that I (improve, .
with Liam, a student from Leeds a nice guy, but impatient. He (walk, that I am too
stronger than I am. Maybe, I am just feeling sorry for myself because I am getting old.
the differences between life in England and life in Nepal. I (know, not) the real name of the owner, but everybody (call, just) him Tam. Tam (speak) English very well and he (try)
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to teach Liam some words in Nepali. Every time Tam (say) a new word, Liam (try) (seem, also) to repeat it. Unfortunately, Liam
Present Perfect
FORM
[has/have + past participle] Examples:
You have seen that movie many times. Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times.
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. People have traveled to the Moon. People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book yet? Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. 16
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. Examples:
I think I have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages. A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him.
You have grown since the last time I saw you. The government has become more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
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Examples:
Man has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom.
James has not finished his homework yet. Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped.
The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. We have had many major problems while working on this project. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
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Examples:
Have you been to Mexico in the last year? I have seen that movie six times in the last month. They have had three tests in the last week. She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far. My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect. Examples:
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. Examples:
I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl. Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to NonContinuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live,"
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"work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
You have only seen that movie one time. Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Many tourists have visited that castle. ACTIVE That castle has been visited by many tourists. PASSIVE
Negative
Question
I have traveled. You have traveled. We have traveled. They have traveled. He has traveled. She has traveled. It has traveled.
I have not traveled. You have not traveled. We have not traveled. They have not traveled. He has not traveled. She has not traveled. It has not traveled.
Have I traveled? Have you traveled? Have we traveled? Have they traveled? Has he traveled? Has she traveled? Has it traveled?
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You have been waiting here for two hours. Have you been waiting here for two hours? You have not been waiting here for two hours.
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous. Examples:
They have been talking for the last hour. She has been working at that company for three years. What have you been doing for the last 30 minutes? James has been teaching at the university since June. We have been waiting here for over two hours! Why has Nancy not been taking her medicine for the last three days?
You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as "for two weeks." Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of "lately." We often use the words "lately" or "recently" to emphasize this meaning. Examples:
Recently, I have been feeling really tired. She has been watching too much television lately. 21
Have you been exercising lately? Mary has been feeling a little depressed. Lisa has not been practicing her English. What have you been doing?
IMPORTANT
Remember that the Present Perfect Continuous has the meaning of "lately" or "recently." If you use the Present Perfect Continuous in a question such as "Have you been feeling alright?", it can suggest that the person looks sick or unhealthy. A question such as "Have you been smoking?" can suggest that you smell the smoke on the person. Using this tense in a question suggests you can see, smell, hear or feel the results of the action. It is possible to insult someone by using this tense incorrectly.
Sam has been having his car for two years. Not Correct Sam has had his car for two years. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
You have only been waiting here for one hour. Have you only been waiting here for one hour?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Recently, John has been doing the work. ACTIVE Recently, the work has been being done by John. PASSIVE NOTE: Present Perfect Continuous is less commonly used in its passive form.
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Negative
Question
I have been sleeping. You have been sleeping. We have been sleeping. They have been sleeping. He has been sleeping. She has been sleeping. It has been sleeping.
I have not been sleeping. You have not been sleeping. We have not been sleeping. They have not been sleeping. He has not been sleeping. She has not been sleeping. It has not been sleeping.
Have I been sleeping? Have you been sleeping? Have we been sleeping? Have they been sleeping? Has he been sleeping? Has she been sleeping? Has it been sleeping?
Simple Past
FORM
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs Examples: You called Debbie. Did you call Debbie? You did not call Debbie. Complete List of Simple Past Forms
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Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind. Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Japan. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last night? She washed her car. He didn't wash his car.
We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00. Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc. Examples:
I lived in Brazil for two years. Shauna studied Japanese for five years. They sat at the beach all day. They did not stay at the party the entire time. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. 24
A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour.
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples:
I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin. He didn't play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? She worked at the movie theater after school. They never went to school, they always skipped class.
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to." Examples:
She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. He didn't like tomatoes before. Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. She answered my question when I paid her one dollar. When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. Example:
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Tom repaired the car. ACTIVE The car was repaired by Tom. PASSIVE
A
Infinitive arise awake Simple Past arose awakened / awoke Past Participle arisen awakened / awoken
B
backslide backslid backslidden / backslid
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be bear beat become begin bend bet bid (farewell) bid (offer amount) bind bite bleed blow break breed bring broadcast
was, were bore beat became began bent bet / betted [?] bid / bade bid bound bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast / broadcasted browbeat
been born / borne beaten / beat become begun bent bet / betted [?] bidden bid bound bitten bled blown broken bred brought broadcast / broadcasted browbeaten / browbeat built burned / burnt [?] burst
browbeat
bust buy
C
cast catch choose cling clothe come cost creep crossbreed cut cast caught chose clung clothed / clad [?] came cost crept crossbred cut cast caught chosen clung clothed / clad [?] come cost crept crossbred cut
D
daydream daydreamed / daydreamt [?] dealt dug disproved daydreamed / daydreamt [?] dealt dug disproved / disproven dived dived
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did drew dreamed / dreamt [?] drank drove dwelt / dwelled [?]
done drawn dreamed / dreamt [?] drunk driven dwelt / dwelled [?]
E
eat ate eaten
F
fall feed feel fight find fit (tailor, change size) fit (be right size) flee fling fly forbid forecast fell fed felt fought found fitted / fit [?] fit / fitted [?] fled flung flew forbade forecast fallen fed felt fought found fitted / fit [?] fit / fitted [?] fled flung flown forbidden forecast
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forego (also forgo) foresee foretell forget forgive forsake freeze frostbite
foregone foreseen foretold forgotten / forgot [?] forgiven forsaken frozen frostbitten
G
get give go grind grow got gave went ground grew gotten / got [?] given gone ground grown
H
hand-feed handwrite hang have hear hew hand-fed handwrote hung had heard hewed hand-fed handwritten hung had heard hewn / hewed
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I
inbreed inlay input interbreed interweave inbred inlaid input / inputted interbred interwove / interweaved interwound inbred inlaid input / inputted interbred interwoven / interweaved interwound
interwind
J
jerry-build jerry-built jerry-built
K
keep kneel knit know kept knelt / kneeled knitted / knit knew kept knelt / kneeled knitted / knit known
L
lay laid laid
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lead lean leap learn leave lend let lie lie (not tell truth) REGULAR light lip-read lose
led leaned / leant [?] leaped / leapt [?] learned / learnt [?] left lent let lay lied
led leaned / leant [?] leaped / leapt [?] learned / learnt [?] left lent let lain lied
M
make mean meet miscast misdeal misdo mishear mislay made meant met miscast misdealt misdid misheard mislaid
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mislead mislearn
misled mislearned / mislearnt [?] misread misset misspoke misspelled / misspelt [?] misspent mistook mistaught misunderstood miswrote mowed
misled mislearned / mislearnt [?] misread misset misspoken misspelled / misspelt [?] misspent mistaken mistaught misunderstood miswritten mowed / mown
N
No irregular verbs beginning with "N."
O
offset outbid outbreed outdo outdraw offset outbid outbred outdid outdrew offset outbid outbred outdone outdrawn
33
outrode outran outsold outshined / outshone [?] outshot outsang outsat outslept outsmelled / outsmelt [?] outspoke outsped outspent outswore
34
outridden outrun outsold outshined / outshone [?] outshot outsung outsat outslept outsmelled / outsmelt [?] outspoken outsped outspent outsworn
outswim outthink outthrow outwrite overbid overbreed overbuild overbuy overcome overdo overdraw overdrink overeat overfeed overhang overhear overlay overpay override overrun oversee oversell
outswam outthought outthrew outwrote overbid overbred overbuilt overbought overcame overdid overdrew overdrank overate overfed overhung overheard overlaid overpaid overrode overran oversaw oversold
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outswum outthought outthrown outwritten overbid overbred overbuilt overbought overcome overdone overdrawn overdrunk overeaten overfed overhung overheard overlaid overpaid overridden overrun overseen oversold
oversew
oversewed
oversewn / oversewed overshot overslept overspoken overspent overspilled / overspilt [?] overtaken overthought overthrown overwound overwritten
overshot overslept overspoke overspent overspilled / overspilt [?] overtook overthought overthrew overwound overwrote
P
partake pay plead prebuild predo premake prepay presell preset partook paid pleaded / pled prebuilt predid premade prepaid presold preset
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partaken paid pleaded / pled prebuilt predone premade prepaid presold preset
Q
quick-freeze quit quick-froze quit / quitted [?] quick-frozen quit / quitted [?]
R
read read (sounds like "red") reawoke rebid rebound rebroadcast / rebroadcasted rebuilt recast recut redealt redid redrew refit / refitted [?] read (sounds like "red") reawaken rebid rebound rebroadcast / rebroadcasted rebuilt recast recut redealt redone redrawn refit / refitted [?]
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refit (retailor) regrind regrow rehang rehear reknit relay (for example tiles) relay (pass along) REGULAR relearn
refitted / refit [?] reground regrew rehung reheard reknitted / reknit relaid
refitted / refit [?] reground regrown rehung reheard reknitted / reknit relaid
relayed
relayed
relearned / relearnt [?] relit / relighted remade repaid reread reran resold resent reset resewed retook retaught
relearned / relearnt [?] relit / relighted remade repaid reread rerun resold resent reset resewn / resewed retaken retaught
relight remake repay reread rerun resell resend reset resew retake reteach
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retear retell rethink retread retrofit rewake rewear reweave rewed rewet rewin rewind rewrite rid ride ring rise roughcast run
retore retold rethought retread retrofitted / retrofit [?] rewoke / rewaked rewore rewove / reweaved rewed / rewedded rewet / rewetted [?] rewon rewound rewrote rid rode rang rose roughcast ran
retorn retold rethought retread retrofitted / retrofit [?] rewaken / rewaked reworn rewoven / reweaved rewed / rewedded rewet / rewetted [?] rewon rewound rewritten rid ridden rung risen roughcast run
S
sand-cast saw sand-cast sawed
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say see seek sell send set sew shake shave shear shed shine shit shoot show shrink shut sight-read sing sink sit slay (kill)
said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shaved sheared shed shined / shone [?] shit / shat / shitted shot showed shrank / shrunk shut sight-read sang sank / sunk sat slew / slayed
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said seen sought sold sent set sewn / sewed shaken shaved / shaven sheared / shorn shed shined / shone [?] shit/ shat / shitted shot shown / showed shrunk shut sight-read sung sunk sat slain / slayed
slay (amuse) REGULAR sleep slide sling slink slit smell sneak sow speak speed spell spend spill spin spit split spoil spoon-feed spread spring
slayed
slayed
slept slid slung slinked / slunk slit smelled / smelt [?] sneaked / snuck sowed spoke sped / speeded spelled / spelt [?] spent spilled / spilt [?] spun spit / spat split spoiled / spoilt [?] spoon-fed spread sprang / sprung
slept slid slung slinked / slunk slit smelled / smelt [?] sneaked / snuck sown / sowed spoken sped / speeded spelled / spelt [?] spent spilled / spilt [?] spun spit / spat split spoiled / spoilt [?] spoon-fed spread sprung
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stand steal stick sting stink strew stride strike (delete) strike (hit) string strive sublet sunburn
stood stole stuck stung stunk / stank strewed strode struck struck strung strove / strived sublet sunburned / sunburnt [?] swore sweat / sweated swept swelled swam swung
stood stolen stuck stung stunk strewn / strewed stridden stricken struck / stricken strung striven / strived sublet sunburned / sunburnt [?] sworn sweat / sweated swept swollen / swelled swum swung
T
take took
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taken
teach tear telecast tell test-drive test-fly think throw thrust tread typecast typeset typewrite
taught tore telecast told test-drove test-flew thought threw thrust trod typecast typeset typewrote
taught torn telecast told test-driven test-flown thought thrown thrust trodden / trod typecast typeset typewritten
U
unbend unbind unclothe unbent unbound unclothed / unclad [?] underbid undercut underfed underwent
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underlie undersell underspend understand undertake underwrite undo unfreeze unhang unhide unknit unlearn
underlay undersold underspent understood undertook underwrote undid unfroze unhung unhid unknitted / unknit unlearned / unlearnt [?] unsewed unslung unspun unstuck unstrung unwove / unweaved
underlain undersold underspent understood undertaken underwritten undone unfrozen unhung unhidden unknitted / unknit unlearned / unlearnt [?] unsewn / unsewed unslung unspun unstuck unstrung unwoven / unweaved unwound upheld upset
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V
No commonly used irregular verbs beginning with "V." To view our extended dictionary including rare and antiquated forms, Click Here.
W
wake waylay wear weave wed weep wet whet REGULAR win wind withdraw withhold withstand wring write woke / waked waylaid wore wove / weaved wed / wedded wept wet / wetted [?] whetted won wound withdrew withheld withstood wrung wrote woken / waked waylaid worn woven / weaved wed / wedded wept wet / wetted [?] whetted won wound withdrawn withheld withstood wrung written
X
No irregular verbs beginning with "X."
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Y
No irregular verbs beginning with "Y."
Z
No irregular verbs beginning with "Z."
Negative
Question
I waited. You waited. We waited. They waited. He waited. She waited. It waited.
I did not wait. You did not wait. We did not wait. They did not wait. He did not wait. She did not wait. It did not wait.
Did I wait? Did you wait? Did we wait? Did they wait? Did he wait? Did she wait? Did it wait?
Irregular Verbs
Many verbs, such as "have," take irregular forms in the Simple Past. Notice that you only use the irregular verbs in statements. In negative forms and questions, "did" indicates Simple Past. Positive
Negative
Question
I did not have. You did not have. We did not have. They did not have. He did not have. 46
Did I have? Did you have? Did we have? Did they have? Did he have?
To Be
The verb "be" is also irregular in the Simple Past. Unlike other irregular verbs, there are two Simple Past forms: "was" and "were." It also has different question forms and negative forms. Always remember that you DO NOT use "did" with the verb "be" in the Simple Past. Positive
Negative
Question
I was. You were. We were. They were. He was. She was. It was.
I was not. You were not. We were not. They were not. He was not. She was not. It was not.
Was I? Were you? Were we? Were they? Was he? Was she? Was it?
Modal Verbs
Modal verbs behave very strangely in the Simple Past. The most important verb to remember is "must." Notice how it becomes "had to" in the Simple Past. "Must" becomes "had to":
Past Continuous
FORM
[was/were + present participle] Examples:
You were studying when she called. Were you studying when she called? 47
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples:
I was watching TV when she called. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. What were you doing when the earthquake started? I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off. A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding.
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples:
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work. IMPORTANT In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Examples: 48
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples:
I was studying while he was making dinner. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Were you listening while he was talking? I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. What were you doing while you were waiting? Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
USE 4 Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example:
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. 49
Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing." Examples:
She was always coming to class late. He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called.
Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
You were just studying when she called. Were you just studying when she called?
50
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. ACTIVE The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. PASSIVE
Types of Verbs
Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand that NOT all English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three groups: Normal Verbs, Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs.
He is needing help now. Not Correct He needs help now. Correct He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct He wants a drink now. Correct
to have:
to hear:
to look:
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to miss:
to see:
to smell:
to taste:
to think:
to weigh:
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NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most commonly done when a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It can also be used when someone's behavior is noticeably different. to feel:
The massage feels great. Non-Continuous Verb THE MASSAGE HAS A PLEASING FEELING. I don't feel well today. Sometimes used as Non-Continuous Verb
I AM A LITTLE SICK.
NOTICE: The second meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real difference in meaning between "I don't feel well today" and "I am not feeling well today."
Negative
Question
I was singing. You were singing. We were singing. They were singing. He was singing. She was singing.
I was not singing. You were not singing. We were not singing. They were not singing. He was not singing. She was not singing. 54
Was I singing? Were you singing? Were we singing? Were they singing? Was he singing? Was she singing? Was it
It was singing.
singing?
Past Perfect
FORM
[had + past participle] Examples:
You had studied English before you moved to New York. Had you studied English before you moved to New York? You had not studied English before you moved to New York.
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. Examples:
I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai. I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet. Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times. Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand? She only understood the movie because she had read the book. Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance. A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006? B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.
55
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. Examples: We had had that car for ten years before it broke down. By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years. They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years. Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary. Example:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
MOREOVER If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct. Examples:
She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996. 56
She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.
HOWEVER
If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used. Examples:
She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
You had previously studied English before you moved to New York. Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. ACTIVE Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. PASSIVE
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Negative
Question
I had finished. You had finished. We had finished. They had finished. He had finished. She had finished. It had finished.
I had not finished. You had not finished. We had not finished. They had not finished. He had not finished. She had not finished. It had not finished.
Had I finished? Had you finished? Had we finished? Had they finished? Had he finished? Had she finished? Had it finished?
You had been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived. Had you been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived? You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.
58
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until now, it stops before something else in the past. Examples:
They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived. She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business. How long had you been waiting to get on the bus? Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at work. James had been teaching at the university for more than a year before he left for Asia. A: How long had you been studying Turkish before you moved to Ankara? B: I had not been studying Turkish very long.
Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples:
Jason was tired because he had been jogging. Sam gained weight because he had been overeating. Betty failed the final test because she had not been attending class.
59
Examples:
The motorcycle had been belonging to George for years before Tina bought it. Not Correct The motorcycle had belonged to George for years before Tina bought it. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
You had only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived. Had you only been waiting there for a few minutes when she arrived?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Chef Jones had been preparing the restaurant's fantastic dinners for two years before he moved to Paris. ACTIVE The restaurant's fantastic dinners had been being prepared by Chef Jones for two years before he moved to Paris. PASSIVE NOTE: Passive forms of the Past Perfect Continuous are not common.
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Negative
Question
I had been listening. You had been listening. We had been listening. They had been listening. He had been listening. She had been listening. It had been listening.
I had not been listening. You had not been listening. We had not been listening. They had not been listening. He had not been listening. She had not been listening. It had not been listening.
Had I been listening? Had you been listening? Had we been listening? Had they been listening? Had he been listening? Had she been listening? Had it been listening?
2. After I (find)
too sick to go to
at Susan's house a little before 9:00 PM, but there. She (study, at the library) for her final examination in French.
5. Sandy is in the living room watching television. At this time yesterday, she (watch, also) television. That's all she ever does!
6. A: I (call)
you last night after dinner, but you (be, not) there. Where were you?
B: I (work)
7. When I (walk)
on the phone with a customer, several clerks (work, busily) at their desks, and two managers (discuss, quietly) methods to improve customer service.
8. I (watch)
9. Sharon (be)
an
12. When I entered the bazaar, a couple of merchants (bargain, busily) and (try) (hunt) to sell their goods to naive tourists who their
donkeys through the narrow streets on their way home. A couple of men (argue) a man who (sell) over the price of a leather belt. I (walk) fruit and (buy) a banana. over to
14. She was so annoying! She (leave, always) in the sink. I think she (expect, actually)
me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at for class, but she said that the to
professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk) me. I couldn't believe she (make) asked what was going on.
She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually) in class. Some of the students (talk)
about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her (draw) a picture of a horse. When Angela (tell) me that my biology that she switch to my
she was not satisfied with the class, I (mention) professor was quite good and (suggest) class.
64
the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I (cut) vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It (be) Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.
2. Sam (arrive)
5. I (have, not)
a kid.
6. Things (change)
(start)
working here three years ago, the company (have, only) six employees. Since then, we (expand) to include
7. I (tell) (wander)
him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he off into the forest and (be) bitten by a snake.
9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.
10. How sad! George (dream) died, but he didn't make it. He (see, never)
11. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take)
months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) a
great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
66
12. Jonny, I can't believe how much you (change) time I (see) you. You (grow)
climbed by anyone. Several to reach the top, but nobody (succeed, ever)
. The climb is extremely difficult and many people (die) trying to reach the summit.
America several times. The last time I (go) (visit) Amazon, (hike) Brazil and Peru. I (spend)
Since computers were first introduced to the public in the early 1980's, technology (change) a great deal. The first computers (be)
simple machines designed for basic tasks. They (have, not) much memory and they (be, not) very powerful. Early
computers were often quite expensive and customers often (pay) thousands of dollars for machines which actually (do) very little. Most computers (be) separate, individual
Times (change)
. Computers (become)
powerful a
machines with very practical applications. Programmers (create) large selection of useful programs which do everything from teaching foreign languages to bookkeeping. We are still playing video games, but today's games (become) faster, more exciting interactive adventures. on the Internet and (begin)
communicating with other computer users around the world. We (start) to create international communities online. In short, the into an
simple, individual machines of the past (evolve) international World Wide Web of knowledge.
68
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers. Robin: I think the waiter (forget) for over half an hour and nobody (take) us. We (wait) our order yet. here
Robin: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only) or ten minutes and they already have their food.
Michele: He must realize we (order, not) here for over half an hour staring at him.
yet! We (sit)
us. He (run)
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses, then click the "Check" button to check your answers. 1. Judy: How long (be) Claude: I (study) in Canada? here for more than three years.
2. I (have)
the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking
3. I (love) "chocoholic."
5. John (work)
for the government since he graduated from his work, but now he
70
Judy for more than five years and during that time I many changes in her personality.
2. Sid: Where is Gary? Sarah: He (study, at the library) Wednesday. In fact, he (review) last week. for his German test on for the test every day for the
at the fitness
5. Tim: What is that sound? Nancy: A car alarm (ring) somewhere down the street. It (drive) for more
grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent.
7. Dan: You look a little tired. (You, get) Michelle: Yes, I (sleep) (feel)
Dan: I hope you feel better soon. Michelle: Thanks. I (take, currently) should feel better in a couple of days. some medicine, so I
I worked for Met Life for six years and World Insurance for four and a half. 72
During that time, I heard many good things about Hollings Life Insurance and that's why I (apply) for the new sales position.
Mr. Harris: In my spare time, I hike in the mountains outside of town, volunteer at the Sierra Club and play tennis. In fact, I (compete) in a tennis tournament this weekend.
tennis ?
Mr. Smith: Great! We like dedication here at Hollings Life. You mentioned you volunteer at the Sierra Club. I (work, currently) sea turtle project. We (try) bay. with them on the
Mr. Harris: Do you know Frank Harris? He's my brother. He (work, presently) on the same project.
Mr. Smith: I know Frank quite well. Any brother of Frank's would be a welcome addition to Hollings Life. Just one more thing, we (look)
73
for somebody who is fluent in Spanish; many of our clients are from Mexico.
application last week, but I didn't think I had a chance of actually getting it. When I (show) up to take a look around, there were at least before me. Most of them (fill,
I (try)
to fill out the form, but I couldn't answer half of the me to include references, but I didn't want some problems with up
It was total luck that he (decide) out that the landlord and my father (go)
He decided that I could have the apartment before he (look) credit report. I really lucked out!
commercial and a TV drama. However, I (speak, never even) publicly before I came to Hollywood in 1985.
3. By the time I got to the office, the meeting (begin, already) without me. My boss (be) fired. furious with me and I (be)
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4. When I (turn)
a the
song that was popular when I was in high school. I (hear, not) song in years, and it (bring) back some great memories.
each other in years, and both of us (change) deal. I (enjoy) talking to her so much that I (ask)
7. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) the time Europeans first (arrive) in the New World. by
8. I (visit)
to
76
months, and I didn't want to miss it. By the time I finally left the coffee shop where we were supposed to meet, I (have) I (wait) five cups of coffee and
over an hour. I had to leave because I (arrange) to meet Kathy in front of the theater.
up the
tickets and she was waiting for us near the entrance. She was really angry because she (wait) (give, almost) us. for more than half an hour. She said she up and (go) into the theater without
would not make plans with you again in the future. She mentioned that she (miss) several movies because of your late arrivals. I think you
77
John does not get here in the next five minutes, I am going to leave.
2. I was really angry at John yesterday. By the time he finally arrived, I (wait) for over an hour. I almost left without him.
3. Did you hear that Ben was fired last month? He (work) import company for more than ten years and he (work) every department. Nobody knew the company like he did.
4. I (see)
Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.
around the
6. Sarah (climb)
around the
78
on safari in Kenya by the time she turned twentymore by that age than most people do in
7. When Melanie came into the office yesterday, her eyes were red and watery. I think she (cry) .
since 1985, but only recently have I been able to make some real progress. By the time I started high school in 1988, I (study) the language
for almost three years; however, I was only able to introduce myself and utter a few memorized sentences. For a couple more years, I (struggle) through grammar and vocabulary lessons, which made absolutely no difference. Nothing worked, so I decided to study abroad.
I found an exchange program in England that sounded like the perfect answer. I (stay) disappointment! I (sit) with a host family for one month. It was a huge there the whole time staring at the host
mother and father hoping that there would be some breakthrough. Nothing. 79
problems
with the language for years. He recommended that I spend a year in an English speaking country. I decided to go abroad again. I (research) exchange programs for a couple of weeks and finally decided on a school in the United States.
and (study)
2. a. We (be) began. b. We (wait) there for more than half an hour by the time the there for more than half an hour by the time the show
80
show began.
3. a. Sam (sit) of water at me. b. Sam (be) bucket of water at me. in the seat next to me when the clown threw a in the seat next to me when the clown threw a bucket
4. a. One clown was juggling while he (balance) his head. b. One clown was juggling while he (have) head. a glass of wine on his a glass of wine on
5. a. I (love) b. I (go) the circus ever since I was a child. to the circus ever since I was a child.
6. a. Right now, I (see) b. Right now, I (look) two elephants doing tricks in the ring. at two elephants doing tricks in the ring.
81
Tony: We (wait)
here at 6:00 o'clock this morning. More than forty here waiting for tickets when we
this particular showing has been sold out for over a week. We (wait, just) in line to get a good seat in the theater.
Tony: I (buy)
a news
interview with a group of people standing in line to get tickets. They (wait) in line for almost a month to buy tickets for the first showing.
Theater in Los Angeles for about a month because they (want) be the first people to see the movie.
Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will
[will + verb] Examples:
You will help him later. Will you help him later? You will not help him later.
FORM Be Going To
[am/is/are + going to + verb] 83
Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight. Are you going to meet Jane tonight? You are not going to meet Jane tonight. Complete List of Simple Future Forms
I will send you the information when I get it. I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it. Will you help me move this heavy table? Will you make dinner? I will not do your homework for you. I won't do all the housework myself! A: I'm really hungry. B: I'll make some sandwiches. A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep. B: I'll get you some coffee. A: The phone is ringing. B: I'll get it.
I will call you when I arrive. If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance. I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party. Don't worry, I'll be careful. I won't tell anyone your secret.
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not. Examples:
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii. A: When are we going to meet each other tonight? B: We are going to meet at 6 PM. I'm going to be an actor when I grow up. Michelle is going to begin medical school next year. They are going to drive all the way to Alaska. Who are you going to invite to the party? A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake? B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year. John Smith will be the next President. John Smith is going to be the next President. The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards. The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
85
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
You will never help him. Will you ever help him? You are never going to meet Jane. Are you ever going to meet Jane?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
John will finish the work by 5:00 PM. ACTIVE The work will be finished by 5:00 PM. PASSIVE Sally is going to make a beautiful dinner tonight. ACTIVE A beautiful dinner is going to be made by Sally tonight. PASSIVE
Negative
Question
I will help. You will help. We will help. They will help. He will help. She will help. It will help.
I will not help. You will not help. We will not help. They will not help. He will not help. She will not help. It will not help.
Will I help? Will you help? Will we help? Will they help? Will he help? Will she help? Will it help?
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I am going to leave. You are going to leave. We are going to leave. They are going to leave. He is going to leave. She is going to leave. It is going to leave.
I am not going to leave. You are not going to leave. We are not going to leave. They are not going to leave. He is not going to leave. She is not going to leave. It is not going to leave.
Am I going to leave? Are you going to leave? Are we going to leave? Are they going to leave? Is he going to leave? Is she going to leave? Is it going to leave?
Future Continuous
Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable.
You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. 87
REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning. Complete List of Future Continuous Forms
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples:
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives. I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me. He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives. Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples:
REMEMBER In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action. 88
Examples:
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples:
I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television.
NOTICE "IS READING" BECAUSE OF THE TIME CLAUSE CONTAINING "WHILE." (SEE EXPLANATION BELOW)
When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct 89
Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
You will still be waiting for her when her plane arrives. Will you still be waiting for her when her plane arrives? You are still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives. Are you still going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
At 8:00 PM tonight, John will be washing the dishes. ACTIVE At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes will be being washed by John. PASSIVE At 8:00 PM tonight, John is going to be washing the dishes. ACTIVE At 8:00 PM tonight, the dishes are going to be being washed by John. PASSIVE NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Continuous are not common.
I will be waiting. You will be waiting. We will be waiting. They will be waiting. He will be waiting. She will be waiting. It will be waiting.
I will not be waiting. You will not be waiting. We will not be waiting. They will not be waiting. He will not be waiting. She will not be waiting. It will not be waiting.
Will I be waiting? Will you be waiting? Will we be waiting? Will they be waiting? Will he be waiting? Will she be waiting? Will it be waiting?
Negative
Question
I am going to be waiting. You are going to be waiting. We are going to be waiting. They are going to be waiting. He is going to be waiting. She is going to be waiting. It is going to be waiting.
I am not going to be waiting. You are not going to be waiting. We are not going to be waiting. They are not going to be waiting. He is not going to be waiting. She is not going to be waiting. It is not going to be waiting.
Am I going to be waiting? Are you going to be waiting? Are we going to be waiting? Are they going to be waiting? Is he going to be waiting? Is she going to be waiting? Is it going to be waiting?
Future Perfect
Future Perfect has two different forms: "will have done" and "be going to have done." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Perfect forms are usually interchangeable. 91
You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.
You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.? You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S. NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect with little or no difference in meaning. Complete List of Future Perfect Forms
The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future. Examples:
By next November, I will have received my promotion. By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house. I am not going to have finished this test by 3 o'clock. Will she have learned enough Chinese to communicate before she moves to Beijing? 92
Sam is probably going to have completed the proposal by the time he leaves this afternoon. By the time I finish this course, I will have taken ten tests. How many countries are you going to have visited by the time you turn 50? Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses.
With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future. Examples:
I will have been in London for six months by the time I leave. By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week. Although the above use of Future Perfect is normally limited to NonContinuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
I am going to see a movie when I will have finished my homework. Not Correct I am going to see a movie when I have finished my homework. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. 93
Examples:
You will only have learned a few words. Will you only have learned a few words? You are only going to have learned a few words. Are you only going to have learned a few words?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
They will have completed the project before the deadline. ACTIVE The project will have been completed before the deadline. PASSIVE They are going to have completed the project before the deadline.
ACTIVE
Negative
Question
I will have stopped. You will have stopped. We will have stopped. They will have stopped. He will have stopped. She will have stopped. It will have stopped.
I will not have stopped. You will not have stopped. We will not have stopped. They will not have stopped. He will not have stopped. She will not have stopped. It will not have stopped.
Will I have stopped? Will you have stopped? Will we have stopped? Will they have stopped? Will he have stopped? Will she have stopped? Will it have stopped?
I am going to have stopped. You are going to have stopped. We are going to have stopped. They are going to have stopped. He is going to have stopped. She is going to have stopped. It is going to have stopped.
I am not going to have stopped. You are not going to have stopped. We are not going to have stopped. They are not going to have stopped. He is not going to have stopped. She is not going to have stopped. It is not going to have stopped.
Am I going to have stopped? Are you going to have stopped? Are we going to have stopped? Are they going to have stopped? Is he going to have stopped? Is she going to have stopped? Is it going to have stopped?
You will have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. Will you have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? You will not have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives.
95
You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives? You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her plane finally arrives. NOTE: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Perfect Continuous with little or no difference in meaning. Complete List of Future Perfect Continuous Forms
We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous; however, with Future Perfect Continuous, the duration stops at or before a reference point in the future. Examples:
They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives. She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes. James will have been teaching at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. How long will you have been studying when you graduate? We are going to have been driving for over three days straight when we get to Anchorage. A: When you finish your English course, will you have been living in New Zealand for over a year? B: No, I will not have been living here that long.
Notice in the examples above that the reference points (marked in italics) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because these future events are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses. 96
Using the Future Perfect Continuous before another action in the future is a good way to show cause and effect. Examples:
Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour. Claudia's English will be perfect when she returns to Germany because she is going to have been studying English in the United States for over two years.
You won't get a promotion until you will have been working here as long as Tim. Not Correct You won't get a promotion until you have been working here as long as Tim. Correct 97
Ned will have been having his driver's license for over two years. Not Correct Ned will have had his driver's license for over two years. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc. Examples:
You will only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives. Will you only have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives? You are only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives. Are you only going to have been waiting for a few minutes when her plane arrives?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
The famous artist will have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. ACTIVE The mural will have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. PASSIVE The famous artist is going to have been painting the mural for over six months by the time it is finished. ACTIVE The mural is going to have been being painted by the famous artist for over six months by the time it is finished. PASSIVE NOTE: Passive forms of the Future Perfect Continuous are not common.
98
Negative
Question
I will have been sleeping. You will have been sleeping. We will have been sleeping. They will have been sleeping. He will have been sleeping. She will have been sleeping. It will have been sleeping.
I will not have been sleeping. You will not have been sleeping. We will not have been sleeping. They will not have been sleeping. He will not have been sleeping. She will not have been sleeping. It will not have been sleeping.
Will I have been sleeping? Will you have been sleeping? Will we have been sleeping? Will they have been sleeping? Will he have been sleeping? Will she have been sleeping? Will it have been sleeping?
Negative
Question
I am going to have been sleeping. You are going to have been sleeping. We are going to have been sleeping. They are going
I am not going to have been sleeping. You are not going to have been sleeping. We are not going to have been sleeping. They are not 99
Am I going to have been sleeping? Are you going to have been sleeping? Are we going to have been sleeping? Are they going
to have been sleeping. He is going to have been sleeping. She is going to have been sleeping. It is going to have been sleeping.
going to have been sleeping. He is not going to have been sleeping. She is not going to have been sleeping. It is not going to have been sleeping.
to have been sleeping? Is he going to have been sleeping? Is she going to have been sleeping? Is it going to have been sleeping?
Used To
FORM
[used to + VERB] Example:
It is better not to use "used to" in questions or negative forms; however, this is sometimes done in informal spoken English. It is better to ask questions and create negative sentences using Simple Past.
"Used to" expresses the idea that something was an old habit that stopped in the past. It indicates that something was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now. Examples:
Jerry used to study English. Sam and Mary used to go to Mexico in the summer. I used to start work at 9 o'clock. Christine used to eat meat, but now she is a vegetarian. 100
"Used to" can also be used to talk about past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. Examples:
I used to live in Paris. Sarah used to be fat, but now she is thin. George used to be the best student in class, but now Lena is the best. Oranges used to cost very little in Florida, but now they are quite expensive.
You used to play the piano. Did you play the piano when you were young? You did not play the piano when you were young.
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
Jerry used to pay the bills. ACTIVE The bills used to be paid by Jerry. PASSIVE
Would Always
FORM
[would always + VERB] 101
Examples:
You would always take your surfboard with you when you went to the beach. Would you always take your surfboard with you when you went to the beach? You would not always take your surfboard with you when you went to the beach.
Like "used to" and Simple Past, "would always" expresses the idea that something was an old habit which stopped in the past. It says that an action was often repeated in the past, but it is not usually done now. Unlike "used to" and Simple Past, "would always" suggests that someone willingly acted that way and sometimes expresses annoyance or amusement at the habit. It also often suggests the habit was extreme. To express the opposite idea, we can say "would never" to indicate that someone never did something in the past, but now they do. Examples:
She would always send me strange birthday gifts. Sam and Mary would always choose the most exotic vacation destinations. Sally would not always arrive early to class. She came late once or twice. Ned would always show up at our house without calling first. Mindy would not always walk to school. Sometimes, she took the bus. Christine would always come late to the meetings. Jeff would never pay for drinks when we went out together with our friends.
REFUSING TO DO SOMETHING OR NORMALLY NOT DOING SOMETHING IS ALSO A FORM OF HABIT.
Sarah was shy, but now she is very outgoing. Correct 102
Sarah used to be shy, but now she is very outgoing. Correct Sarah would always be shy, but now she is very outgoing. Not Correct
Jerry would come to the parties every weekend. Jerry would constantly bring his girlfriend to the parties. Jerry would often bring his best friend to the parties. Jerry would occasionally bring his older brother to the parties. Jerry would seldom bring his sister to the parties. Jerry would never bring his younger brother to the parties.
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
My mother would always make the pies. ACTIVE The pies would always be made by my mother. PASSIVE
FORM Would
[would + VERB] Examples:
I knew you would help him. I knew you would not help him. 103
I knew you were going to go to the party. I knew you were not going to go to the party.
Future in the Past is used to express the idea that in the past you thought something would happen in the future. It does not matter if you are correct or not. Future in the Past follows the same basic rules as the Simple Future. "Would" is used to volunteer or promise, and "was going to" is used to plan. Moreover, both forms can be used to make predictions about the future. Examples:
I told you he was going to come to the party. PLAN I knew Julie would make dinner. VOLUNTARY ACTION Jane said Sam was going to bring his sister with him, but he came alone. PLAN I had a feeling that the vacation was going to be a disaster. PREDICTION He promised he would send a postcard from Egypt. PROMISE
I already told Mark that when he would arrive, we would go out for dinner. Not Correct I already told Mark that when he arrived, we would go out for dinner. Correct
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
I knew John would finish the work by 5:00 PM. ACTIVE 104
I knew the work would be finished by 5:00 PM. PASSIVE I thought Sally was going to make a beautiful dinner. ACTIVE I thought a beautiful dinner was going to be made by Sally. PASSIVE
2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! B: I (get) you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.
4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) Paris, Nice and Grenoble.
there as
7. I think he (be)
9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people. B: That man at the service counter (help) you.
10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) beach and go swimming.
down to the
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Sam: Sure, what do you want me to do? Mark: I (change) the broken light bulb in the lamp above the
dining room table. I need someone to hold the ladder for me while I am up there. Sam: No problem, I (hold) it for you.
3. Gina: Where are you going? Ted: I (go) Gina: What (you, get) Ted: I (buy) to the store to pick up some groceries. ? some milk, some bread, and some coffee.
4. John: Wow, it's freezing out there. Jane: I (make) of pie as well? John: Coffee sounds great! But I (have) friends later, so I'd better skip the pie. Jane: I (go) anyway. to dinner tonight too, but I'm having a piece of pie dinner with some some coffee to warm us up. Do you want a piece
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5. Frank: I heard you're taking a Spanish class at the community college. Tom: Yeah, I (go) to Guatemala next spring and I thought
knowing a little Spanish would make the trip easier. Frank: I (visit) should take a French class. Tom: I have a course catalog in the other room. I (go) get it, and my brother in Marseilles next year. Maybe I
we can see whether or not they're offering a French course next semester.
2. Susan: We (go) along? Sam: That sounds great, but I don't have a sleeping bag. camping this weekend. Would you like to come
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3. Barbara: I (buy) a new car this weekend, but I'm a little worried
because I don't really know much about cars. I'm afraid the salesman (try) to take advantage of me when he sees how little I know. Dave: I used to work for a mechanic in high school and I know a lot about cars. I (go) with you to make sure you are not cheated.
4. Gina: Fred and I (visit) been there? Margaret: My family lives in Santa Fe! I (give) you my parents' Santa Fe next summer. Have you ever
phone number. When you get to Santa Fe, just call them and they (give) you a little tour of the town. They can show you some of the sights that most tourists never see.
5. Pam: Can you see my future in the crystal ball? What (happen) next year? Fortune Teller: You (meet) a man from the East Coast, that mystery
man. Pam: Forget the man! I want to know if I (get) a new job.
3. A: Do you know what you want to do after you (graduate) B: After I (receive) (go)
to graduate school at UCSD in San Diego. I (plan) to complete a Ph.D. in cognitive science.
skiing near
to pick you up after school today at 3:00 you across the street near the ice cream 110
you
6. If the people of the world (stop, not) stretches of rain forest, we (experience) the environment during the twenty-first century.
me about what happened that day, I (reveal, the truth to a single person.
9. She (make)
her job and go back to school. After she (finish) studying, she (get) house. She is going to improve her life! a better-paying job and buy a
when he (arrive)
in Madrid. He (stay)
with you for two or three days until his new apartment (be) available. 111
grocery store and pick up some milk and bread? Marie: No problem, I (pick) o'clock. Michael: Great. You will probably get home before I (do) . up the groceries and be home by 6
2. Ari: By the time we (get) going to be sold out. Sarah: Don't worry. I told Jane we might be arriving just before the movie (start) lobby. Ari: That place is huge! We (find, never) lobby. Sarah: Calm down, we (meet) each other near the entrance. her in that crowded . She (buy) our tickets and meet us in the to the movie theater, the tickets are
3. Terry: If the weather (be) the beach. 112 good tomorrow, maybe we should go to
Terry: I guess we will have to wait until we (get) to find out what we are going to do.
4. Max: What are you going to do tomorrow after work? Sean: I (meet) you like to come along? Max: No thanks! My brother is coming to town and I (pick) up from the airport at 7 o'clock. Sean: We (be, probably) you join us after you (pick) Max: Sounds good. We (see) at the cafe until 9 o'clock. Why don't him up. you around 8 o'clock. him some friends at the cafe across the street. Would
Lucy: I will. And please don't forget to water my plants and feed the cat. Dwain: I promise I (take) Ireland. care of everything while you are in
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Sandra: And then what? Marcus: We (pick) Michele up at work and go out to dinner.
2. Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) drinks, Beth (dance) (complain) TV, Sam (make) by herself, and Thad
Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things. Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) always do the same things. the same things; they
3. Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) all of those? Jack: I promise I (do) Florence: Thanks. 114 them when I get home from work.
Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes (sit) in the cabinets.
4. Doug: If you need to contact me next week, I (stay) Hoffman Hotel. Nancy: I (call) you if there are any problems. at the
Doug: This is the first time I have ever been away from the kids. Nancy: Don't worry, they (be) be fine.
5. Samantha: Just think, next week at this time, I (lie) beach in Maui drinking Mai Tais and eating pineapple. Darren: While you are luxuriating on the beach, I (stress) out on a tropical
over this marketing project. How are you going to enjoy yourself knowing that I am working so hard? Samantha: I 'll manage somehow. Darren: You're terrible. Can't you take me with you? Samantha: No. But I (send) sand beach. Darren: Great, that (make) me feel much better. you a postcard of a beautiful, white
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to the beach.
3. I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) paperwork and (talk) phone, I (lie) to annoying customers on the
4. We (hide)
5. We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If you (come) over while we (work) you into the house. Just to be safe, we (leave) welcome mat so you will not have to wait outside. out, we will not be able to let a key under the
in class.
to the party, Sally and Doug (dance) drinks, Sue and Frank (discuss)
something controversial, and Mary (complain) about something unimportant. They are always doing the same things. They are so predictable.
for you.
9. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine) .
living room and (finish) perfect when your parents arrive. Margaret: I hope so. They (arrive) Jerry: Everything (be)
2. Nick: I just have two more courses before I graduate from university. By this time next year, I (graduate) job. Stacey: Does that scare you? Are you worried about the future? Nick: Not really. I (go) advice on how to find a good job. Stacey: That's a good idea. Nick: I am also going to do an internship so that when I leave school, I (complete, not only) (work, also) over 13 business courses, but I in the real world. to a career counselor and get some , and I will already be looking for a
3. Stan: Did you hear that Christine (take) America this winter? Fred: I can't believe how often she goes abroad. Where exactly does she want to go? Stan: She (visit) Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. 118 a vacation in South
4. Judy: How long have you been in Miami? Elaine: I have only been here for a couple of weeks. Judy: How long do you plan on staying? Elaine: I love Miami, so I (stay) time. When I go back home, I (be) months. Judy: Wow, that's quite a vacation! You (see, definitely) just about everything there is to see in Miami by then. here for an extended period of here for more than three
5. Jane: I can't believe how late we are! By the time we get to the dinner, everyone (finish, already) eating.
Jack: It's your own fault. You took way too long in the bathroom. Jane: I couldn't get my hair to look right. Jack: Who cares? By the time we get there, everyone (left) Nobody (see, even) your hair. .
119
2. When Sarah goes on vacation next month, she (study) German for over two years. She should be able to communicate fairly well while she is in Austria.
the Grand
Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States.
4. By the time you finish studying the verb tense tutorial, you (master) all twelve tenses including their passive forms.
5. Drive faster! If you don't hurry up, she (have) time we get to the hospital.
6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I (study) months and I (be) in England for exactly one year. for nine
120
7. Margie just called and said she would be here at 8 o'clock. By the time she gets here, we (wait) for her for two hours.
8. Frank just changed jobs again. If he keeps this up, he (change) jobs at least four or five times by the end of the year.
9. Come over to my house around 9 o'clock. By then, I (complete) my history essay and we can go see a movie.
married for
through 80 miles of
121
through
2. Oliver: When are going to get your bachelor's degree, Anne? Anne: I am going to finish my degree next June. By the time I graduate, I (go) to four different colleges and universities, and I (study) for more than seven years. Oliver: Wow, that's a long time! Anne: And I plan to continue on to get a Ph.D. Oliver: Really? How long is that going to take? Anne: By the time I finally finish studying, I (be) over 13 years. a student for
3. Max: Sarah has been in the kitchen all day long. Jake: It doesn't sound like she's having a very good Thanksgiving. Max: She (cook) for over seven hours by the time everyone
arrives for dinner this afternoon. Hopefully, she (finish) everything by then. Jake: Maybe we should help her out.
122
4. Mike: It's 6:00, and I have been working on my essay for over three hours. Sid: Do you think you (finish) Donna's tonight. Mike: I (complete, probably) (work) the essay by 10:00, but I by 10:00? There's a party at
5. Fred: By the time they finish their trip across Yosemite National Park, they (hike) for more than six days. in a bed or (have) a
Ginger: And they (be, not) shower in almost a week! Fred: When we pick them up, they (eat) days, and I am sure they will be starving.
from that language school in Mexico. Isabelle: Hopefully! She (take) months. Simona: She is going to be able to speak Spanish with some of our Latin American clients. Isabelle: Good. Two clients from Peru (visit) us next month classes for more than six
when Margaret returns. We need someone to entertain them while they are here.
2. Jason: I am leaving! Nurse: If you would please wait, the doctor will be with you in ten minutes. The doctor is having some problems with a patient. Jason: The doctor was having problems with that patient an hour ago. If I wait another ten minutes, I am sure he (have, still) the time he's finally ready to see me, I (wait) two hours. problems with her. By for more than
3. Frank: What are you going to be doing tomorrow at five? Debbie: I (paint) my living room walls.
Frank: Still? How long have you been working on your living room? Debbie: Forever. By the time I finish, I (redecorate) living room for over a week. 124 the
Frank: Too bad. I was going to ask if you wanted to see a movie. What about the day after tomorrow? Debbie: Sorry, I (move) drapes. furniture and (put) up
4. Mr. Jones: What are you going to be doing next year at this time? Mr. McIntyre: I (work) for a big law firm in New Orleans.
Mr. Jones: I didn't know you were leaving Baton Rouge. Mr. McIntyre: I got a great job offer which I just can't refuse. Besides, by the time I move, I (live) think it's about time for a change. in Baton Rouge for over twenty years. I
when the accident occurred? to change a light bulb that had burnt out.
3. I (have)
the same car for more than ten years. I'm thinking 125
skiing near
5. A: What do you call people who work in libraries? B: They (call) librarians.
6. I came to England six months ago. I started my economics course three months ago. When I return to Australia, I (study) months and I (be) in England for exactly one year. for nine
7. Sam (arrive)
in Berlin for more than two years. In fact, she there when the Berlin wall came down.
her
10. The Maya established a very advanced civilization in the jungles of the Yucatan; however, their culture (disappear, virtually) the time Europeans first (arrive) 126 in the New World. by
14. I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) up tomorrow morning, the sun (shine) .
the Grand
Canyon and San Francisco by the time I leave the United States.
16. I (see)
Pictures of the monuments are very misleading. The pyramids are actually quite small.
17. In the last hundred years, traveling (become) and very comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take)
months to cross North America by covered wagon. The trip (be) very rough and often dangerous. Things (change) 127 a
great deal in the last hundred and fifty years. Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles in a matter of hours.
grammar every day since he first arrived in San Diego. Soon he will be totally fluent.
2. I (work)
3. Sharon (love)
abroad almost
since he was twenty-eight. Altogether, he seven novels, three collections of short stories and a book
5. We were late because we had some car problems. By the time we (get) to the train station, Susan (wait) than two hours. for us for more
up at 6 o'clock, (eat)
breakfast
for work at 8 o'clock. However, this up at 6:30, (skip) breakfast and to set my
129
the newspaper and Kathy (make) the same the newspaper. the same thing. She . They are very
dinner. Last night at this time, they (do) thing. She (cook) and he (read)
Tomorrow at this time, they (do, also) (prepare) predictable people! dinner and he (read)
a job. I, on the other hand, (accomplish, not) anything. I (study, still) in some new high paying job. and you (work)
************
11. Jane talks on the phone. Bob has been talking on the phone for an hour. Mary is talking on the phone.
130
12. I'm going to make dinner for Frank. I'm making dinner for Judy. I'll make dinner for Mary. I make dinner for Ted. I will be making dinner for Tony.
13. Jane left when Tim arrived. Bob left when Tim had arrived. Tim arrived when Mary was leaving. John had left when Tim arrived. After Tim arrived, Frank left.
14. Jane is talking in class. Bob always talks in class. Mary is always talking in class.
131
15. Jane never left Jamestown. Bob has never left Jamestown.
THE END
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