CHINA

From STRUGGLE to STREGNTH

Critical Historical Junctures

One of oldest continuous civilizations Dynastic control (emperors) = isolation from the outside world Opium Wars w/ UK (1839-42 &1956-60) Treaty Ports & Extraterritoriality Sino-Japanese war (1937-45) & Foreign Domination

Opium War

China under Foreign Domination

French political cartoon, 1890s. Pie represents "Chine" (French for China) being divided between Queen Victoria of Great Britain, William II of Germany, Nicholas II of Russia, the French and the Meiji Emperor of Japan. A stereotypical Qing official throws up his hands to try and stop them, but is powerless.

Fall of Qing Dynasty

Beginning of Modern China
Frustrated with failure of Emperors to deal w/ foreign influence Many seek political & economic modernization Sun Yat-Sen inspires young officials, military officers & students to overthrow Qing dyansty & create a republic 1920s-he organizes revolutionary base in South. Sets out to unite fragmented nation (conservatives v. reformers) Sun dies of cancer (1925), replaced by protg Chiang Kai-shek

Sun Yat-Sen
Father of Modern China

Chiang Kai-Shek v. Mao Zedong

Civil War: 1946-1949

KMT-Nationalist Party
Military campaign to unite the Chinese Defeats warlords, unites most of S. & central China Sets sights on CCP

CCP-Chinese Communist Party

Backed by Soviets Frustrated w/ Chinas vulnerability Favored a violent peasant revolution, modeled after the Bolshevik revolution Leads to LONG MARCH

Maos Long March

Massive military retreat from the KMT Gave CCP the isolation it needed & time to recuperate & rebuild army Maos leadership during the March gained him support & respect of party & peasants

The Long March is a manifesto. It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes, while the imperialists and their running dogs, Chiang Kai-shek and his like, are impotent. It has proclaimed their utter failure to encircle, pursue, obstruct and intercept us. The Long March is also a propaganda force. It has announced to some 200 million people in eleven provinces that the road of the Red Army is their only road to liberation. Mao Zedong 1935

War of Liberation

China under Mao Zedong 1949 - 1976

Maos Agenda
A revolution to remove 3 big mountains imperialism feudalism bureaucrat-capitalism A United Front of workers peasants

Peoples Republic of China

10-01-1949, PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong 5-Star Red Flag Chiangs Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan Villified along w/ US & Japan

Maos First Political Campaigns

Land reform & suppression of counterrevolutionaries-mass executions before organized crowds Mass repression targeting former KMT, businessmen, former employees of W. companies, intellectuals, rural gentry B/w 700,000-1 mil killed b/w 1949-53-most say #s are as high as 2-5 mil Up to 1.5 mil sent to reformed through labor camps

Economic Reconstruction
First 5 Year Plan (1953-58)
Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) Zhou Enlai Premier Foreign Minister

Mao & Stalin on postage stamp

Mao & Stalin

Great Leap Forward

Second 5 Year Plan (1958-60)
Abandon Soviet model of econ. development Private food production banned; livestock & farm implements brought under collective ownership mass mobilization peoples communes

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

Unrealistic output targets
industry agricultural and human disaster Largest famine in human history

Official stat = 20 m died. Other sources put the # b/w 20-72 mil.

Growing Division (1962-1965)

Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping charismatic leadership vs. pragmatic policies

Deng

Cultural Revolution 1966-76

Liu & Dengs prominence leads Mao to launch the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
commitment to revolution &class struggle power struggle to succeed Mao

Goal: Purge society of the 4 Olds --Old Custom, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas.

The Little Red Book

Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)

Purge of party cadres
Liu and Deng

Purge of intellectuals

Red Guards
Traveled throughout China, going to schools, universities, and institutions, spreading the teachings of Mao. Attacked the The Four Olds Made posters, speeches, criticized Party leaders, & some committed violent acts in the name of the Revolution. Ppl in academic, media, & literature were attacked and labeled by the Red Guards as "capitalist roaders Ransacked museums Destroyed old books and works of art throughout China. Many famous temples, shrines, & other heritage sites were destroyed. In total, 4,922 out of 6,843 were destroyed.

Phase II: Lin Biao (1969-71)

Maos assumed successor 1971 - Lin allegedly tried but failed
to assassinate Mao to flee to Soviet Union

Eroded the credibility of

the entire leadership the Cultural Revolution

Phase III: the Gang of Four

1972 1976

Power struggle between

the radical Gang of Four,
led by Jiang Qing (Maos estranged wife): continue mass mobilization

Moderates: central planning, return to Soviet model Reformers: Deng Xiaoping; overhaul economy based on market policies, deemphasize Maoist ideology

Mao Died in 1976

Turning point in Chinas postwar era Gang of Four were arrested Ends Cultural Revolution

Maos legacies

Rise of Deng Xiaoping

Goal = help China achieve wealth & power
Four modernizations:
Modernize agriculture Expand industry Develop science & technology Upgrade defense

Deng, Times Man of the Year, 1978

Tianenmen Square Protests 1989

Labor activists, students, intellectuals believed reforms had not gone far enough Organized a protest against authoritarian policies of CCP Wanted a voice for democratic reform Started small, gains momentum as news of confrontation b/w police & students spread
"The Goddess of Democracy" carved by students from the Central Academy of Fine Arts & erected during the protest.

Go Home!
June 1989, govt. order students to return home Students refuse Army opens fire on crowd(~150,000) Several thousand killed or wounded Govt. arrested, tortured, and even executed leaders of this democracy movement

Tiananmen Square as seen from the Tiananmen gate in 2004.

The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on June 5, 1989, depicts an unknown man who stopped the advancing tanks, and later supplied food and drinks to the tank soldier.

Legacy.

Dengs Economic Reforms

Black cat, white cat, who care as long as it catches mice. Economic growth under Deng = significant

Leads to.
Large, low paid workforce Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Introduction of Free markets Spectacular growth & rising standard of living Consumerism

New China