dist=dlong x coslat dlat = dep x coscourse grid kuzeyde ise hakiki yn + w boylam, - e boylam grid gneyde ise hakiki

yn - w boylam , + e boylam t as LHA 180 byk ise 360-LHA , kk ise LHA=t

GREATCIRCLE LHA=dlong dec= lat2 semt=kalk rotas lat=lat1

dep=dlong x cosmeanlat

YATAYSEXTANTAISI mesafe(mil)=cismin genilii(mil) / sextant as(derece) X 57.3 mesafe(mil)=madde ykseklii(metre) / sextant as(dakika) X 1.854 mesafe(kadem,feet)=madde ykseklii(kadem,feet) / sextant as(derece) X 0.565