STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

2 Marks: Questions and Questions

1. Define stress and strain.
Stress: When a body is subjected to a system of external forces, it undergoes a
deformation. At the same time, the internal resistance against this deformation is formed.
This internal deformation per unit area of cross section is called as stress.
Stress ( f ) = P = Load .
A Cross Sectional Area
Strain: The ratio between change in length to original length is called as strain
Strain (e) = l = Change in length
l Original length
2. Write the different types of stresses.
The different types of stress are
1. Simple Stress or Direct Stress
a.Tensile Stress
b.Compressive Stress
c.Shear Stress
2. Indirect stress
a.Bending Stress
b.Torsion
3. Combined stress
3. Define Tensile Stress and Tensile Strain.
When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite pulls, the body tends to
lengthen in the direction of the pull. It is termed as Tensile Force and the Stress thus
induced is called as Tensile Stress.
Tensile Stress ( f
t
) = Tensile Force .
Cross Sectional Area
Tensile Strain ( e
t
) = Increase in length
Original length
4. Define Compressive Stress and Compressive Strain.
When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite pushes, the body tends to
contract in the direction of the push. It is termed as Compressive Force and the Stress thus
induced is called as Compressive Stress.
Compressive Stress ( f
t
) = Compressive Force .
Cross Sectional Area
Compressive Strain ( e
t
) = Decrease in length
Original length
1
5. Define Lateral Strain.
The ratio between change in lateral dimension to original dimension is called as
Lateral Strain.
6. Define Volumetric Strain.
The ratio between change in volume to original volume is called as Volumetric
Strain.
7. Define Hookes Law.
The Stress is directly proportional to the Strain within Elastic Limits. This is called
as Hookes Law.
Stress Strain
Thus, Stress = constant
Strain
8. What are the different types of Elastic Constants?
The different types of Elastic Constants are
a. Youngs Modulus (or) Modulus of Elasticity ( E )
b. Shear Modulus (or) Modulus of Rigidity ( G )
c. Bulk Modulus ( K )
9. Define Shear Modulus.
It is defined as the ratio between Shear Stress to Shear Strain. It is denoted by G
G = Shear Stress
Shear Strain
10. Define Bulk Modulus.
It is defined as the ratio between Direct Stress to Volumetric Strain. It is denoted by
K
K = Direct Stress .
Volumetric Strain
11. Write the expression for relationship between the Three Moduli.
E = 9KG .
3K+G
12. Explain the Poissons Ratio.
The ratio between Lateral Strain to Linear Strain is called as Poissons Ratio. It is
represented by (1 / m).
1 = Lateral Strain
m Linear Strain
2
13. Define Factor of Safety.
It is defined as the ratio between Ultimate Stress to the Available Stress.
Factor of Safety = Ultimate Stress
Available Stress
14. Define Compound Bars.
When a bar of same material consists of varying cross-section of different lengths
connected with one another, the bar is called as Compound Bar.
15. Write an expression for Elongation in the Compound Bar.

l
= f
1
l
1
+ f
2
l
2
+ f
3
l
3
+
E E E
16. Define Thermal Stress.
The stresses induced in a body due to change in temperature are known as Thermal
Stresses or Temperature Stress.
17. What is meant by Composite Bar.
A composite Bar is made up of two or more bars of equal lengths but of different
materials rigidly fixed with each other and behaving as one unit for extension or
compression.
18. Write the expression for Relationship between Shear Modulus and Youngs
Modulus.
E = 2G (1 + 1 )
m
19. Write the expression for Relationship between Youngs Modulus to Bulk
Modulus.
E = 3K( 1 2 )
m
20. Define Linear Strain.
The ratio between change in length to original length is called Linear Strain.
3
Unit II: Beams - Loads And Stresses
1) Define shear force and bending moment

Shear force: The algebraic sum of vertical forces distributed to the right or the left side of
the beam.
Bending moment: The algebraic sum of moments of the forces distributed to the right or
left side of the beam.
2) What is the relationship between intensity of load and shear force and shear force
and bending moment?
dV/dx = intensity of load
i) slope of shear force diagram at any point is equal to the intensity of load.
dM/dx = shear force = V
ii) slope of bending moment diagram at any point is equal to the shear force at that
point.
3) Define point of contraflexure.
Point of contraflexure is the point where the bending moment changes the sign.
Obviously, the bending moment at the point of contraflexure is zero.
4) What is shear force in a beam and relate it to the load?
Shear force: refer question 1
Relation:
Load is equal to the rate of change of shear force
5) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for a cantilever beam subject
to UDL over its entire span.
4
6) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram of a simply supported beam
subjected to a point load.
7) Draw the shear force and bending moment diagram for a cantilever beam
subjected to a constant moment m at the free end.
8) Derive the relation between the shear force and bending moment in bending
theory.
Taking moment about left,
M + Fx/2 + (F + F)x/2 = M + M
Omitting small quantities, and in the limit
F = M/x = M/x
9) Draw the SFD and BMD of a simply supported beam when the UDL is acting over
the entire span.
5
2
w
(+)
(-)
SFD BMD
SFD
BMD (-)
M
M +x
F +x dx
m
w

m
w
2
wl
2
wl
(-)
(+)
SFD
BMD
2
2
wl
A
wl
2
w
10) Find out the reactions of the simply supported beam of length 4m having a
clockwise moment of 20Nm at the midspan.
Taking moment about A,
R
B
* 4 20 = 0
R
B
= 20/4 = 5 N
R
A
= -5 N
11) Draw the SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam subjected to a point load of 10KN
at its midspan if the total span of the beam is 4m.
12) A simply supported beam of span 6m carries a clockwise moment of 100kNm at
the left support. Find the reactions.
Taking moment about A,
RB * 6 = 100
RB = 16.67 kN
Taking moment about B,
RA * 6 + 100 = 0 RA = - 16.67 kN
13) List out the SFD and BMD type for various types of loading arrangement.

S.No. Type of Load SFD BMD
1 Point load (or)
Concentrated load
Rectangle Triangle
2 Uniformly Distributed Load
(UDL)
Triangle Second degree curve
(Parabola)
3 Uniformly Varying Load
(UVL)
Second degree curve
(Parabola)
Third degree curve
(Cubic Curve)
6
B
A
4m
20N.m
10kN
4m
2m
10
A
B C
A
C B
20kN-m BMD
B
A
6m
100 kN-m
+
C
SFD
-
Theory of Simple Bending
14) Write down the bending equation.
The bending equation is M/I = f/y = E/R
Where M- Bending moment
F Moment of inertia of the section.
y Distance from the neutral axis.
E Youngs modulus of the beam.
15) What are neutral axis and neutral plane?
Neutral Plane: The surface in which there are no longitudinal stresses acting is
called neutral plane or layer. In such planes there is neither compression nor expansion
takes place due to transverse load.
Neutral Axis: A trace of this plane of the beam is called the neutral axis.
16) What are the assumptions made in the theory of bending?
1) The material is perfectly homogenous and isotropic. It obeys Hookes law.
2) The value of youngs modulus is the same in tension as well as in compression.
3) The radius of curvature of the beam is very large compared to the cross section
dimension of the beam.
4) The resultant force on a transverse section of the beam is zero.
17) Define section modulus
It is the ratio of moment of inertia of the section to the distance of plane from
neutral axis.
Section modulus Z= 1/y
18) What is the moment of resistance of the section?
It is the product of section modulus and the bending stress at that section.
M = f x z
19) What is flitched beam? Why is it used?
A beam which is considered by two different materials is called flitched beam or
composite beam.
It is mainly used to reinforce the material which has lower strength and reduce the
cost.
20) State the theory of simple bending
If a beam is bend only due to application of constant bending moment and not due
to shear then it is called simple bending.
Leaf Springs
21) What is a leaf spring and where it is used?
7
A leaf spring is a beam of uniform strength supported at the centre and loaded at the
ends. These are built up of number of plates or leaf each other.
It is commonly employed in the suspension systems of rear axles of cars and both
axles of heavier vehicles.
22) List the type of leaf springs.
1) semi- elliptical leaf spring
2) quarter- elliptical leaf spring.
23) What are other names for leaf springs?
Carriage springs, Laminated springs.
24) A leaf spring has 6 plates of width 50 mm and thickness 5mm. Find the section
modulus at mid-span section.
Section modulus, Z = bt
2
/6
At mid span, thickness t = 6plates x 5mm thickness
T = 30mm
Z = (50 x 30
2
) / 6 = 7500 mm
3
25) Write the equation for the deflection of leaf springs.
Deflection at the centre, = (3/8) x WL
3
/nEbt
3
8
Unit III: Torsion
Shear Stress Distribution
1) What types of stresses are caused in a beam subjected to a constant shear force?
Vertical and horizontal shear stress
2) What are the main assumptions while deriving the general formula for shear
stresses?
1) The material is homogeneous, elastic and isotropic.
2) The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same
3) The shear stress is constant along the beam width.
4) The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of the bending
stress.
3) Define shear stress distribution.
The variation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear stress
distribution.
4) Write down the expression for shear stress distribution in a beam subjected to a
shear force F.
Shear distribution q = Say / I b

Where,
q- Shear stress
S- Shear force
Ay- Moment sectional area
b- Beam width
I-Moment of inertia
5) Define Torsion?
If the shaft is subjected to two opposite turning moments, it is said to be in pure torsion and
it will exhibit the tendency of shearing off at every cross-sections which is perpendicular to
longitudinal axis. (or)
A shaft is said to be in Torsion when equal and opposite torques are applied at the two ends
of a shaft.
6) Write Torsion equation?

L
G
R
f
I
T
s
P

T Torque, Nm. I
p
Polar moment of inertia, m
4
f
s
Shear stress, N/m
2
R Radius of shaft. G Modulus of Rigidity, N/m
2
= Angle of twist in
radians.
9
L Length of shaft.
7) Why hollow shafts are considered compared to a solid shaft?
Comparison by strength:
The shafts have same length, material, and same weight and hence maximum shear
stress is same. The torque transmitted by the is greater than the solid shaft thus proving that
hollow shaft is stringer than solid shaft.
Comparison by weight:
Both shafts have same length, material but the given torque, weight of hollow
shaft will be less than solid shaft. So, hollow shaft are economical compared to solid shaft.
8) Define stiffness of the spring?
Stiffness of the spring is the load required to produce unit deflection.
Deflection
applied Load
m
N
unit
W
S Stiffness

: ; ) (

9) Define Polar Modulus?

Polar modulus is the ratio of polar moment of inertia to the radius of the shaft.
( )
3
: ; m unit
R
I
Z
P
P

Polar modulus for circular section =
16
2
32
3
4
D
D
D

( I
p
= I
XX
+ I
YY
)
10) Define Torsional rigidity?
Torsional rigidity (GI
P
) is the product of modulus of rigidity and polar moment of inertia.
(or)
Torsional rigidity is defined as torque required to produce a twist of one radian per unit
length of the shaft.

TL
GI
P

11) Write the assumptions in torsion?
1. Material of the shaft is uniform throughout.
2. Twist along the length of shaft is uniform throughout.
3. Shaft circular in section remains circular after loading.
12) What is the power transmitted by circular shaft subjected to a torque of 700 kNm
at 100 rpm.
Given: T = 700 kNm = 700 X 10
3
Nm.
N= 100 rpm
Power
kw
NT
p
000 , 60
2

(T-mean average torque in Nm)

000 , 60
10 700 100 2
3
x x x
p

10
kw p 38 . 7330
13) A circular shaft running at 150 rpm transmits a power of 120 kW determine the
mean torque.
Given: circular shaft
N = 150 rpm
p = 120 kW
Power kw
NT
p
mean
000 , 60
2

000 , 60
150 2
120
mean
T x

Nm T
mean
4 . 7620
14) Write an expression for the angle of twist for a hollow circular shaft with external
diameter (D), internal diameter (d), length (l) and rigidity modulus (G)
Given: Hollow circular shaft
l
G
I
T
p

p
GI
Tl

) (
32
1
4 4
d D
x
G
Tl

) (
32
4 4
d D G
Tl

15) A solid circular shaft of 50 mm diameter is subjected to a torque. If the maximum

permissible shear stress for the material is 50 N/mm
2
; determine the maximum torque
than can be applied of material is 80 GPa.
Given: solid circular shaft
d = 50mm = 50 x 10
-3
m
2
6
2
10 50 50
m
N
x
mm
N
fs
Determine: max. Torque, angle of twist if
(i) Torque, G = 80 GPa = 80 X 10
9
N/m
2
Torque ( )
3
3 6
3
10 50
16
10 50
16

x x x
d
fs T

= 1.227 kNm (or)
= 1.227 x 10
6
Nmm
11
(ii) Angle of twist ()
l
G
R
fs

( ) m l assum
x x x
x x
GR
fsl
1
10 25 10 80
1 10 50
3 9
6

= 2.5 x 10
-5
rad
16) A constant moment is applied to a straight circular rod of 10mm diameter.
Determine the maximum stress developed in the rod if the radius of curvature due to
the applied moment is 2500mm. E = 200GPa.
Given: M = moment is constant.
d = 10mm = 10 x 10
-3
m

R = 2500mm = 2500 x 10
-3
m
E = 200 x 10
9
N/m
2

R
E
I
M

R
E D
R
I E
M
4
64

( )
3
9
4
3
10 2500
10 200 10 10
64

. 27 . 2513 Nm M
y
f
I
M

y
I
M
f
( )

,
_

2
10 10
10 10
64
27 . 2513
3
4
3

E
= 2.55 x 10
10
N/m
2
.
17) Write the expression to determine.
i. Shearing stress
ii. Deflection
iii. Strain energy
iv. Stiffness
v. Length of coil.
vi. Solid length
vii. Frequency of free vibration in a closely coiled helical spring.
12
i. Shear stress, f
s =
( )
2
3
:
16
m N unit
d
WR

( ) mm or m unit
Gd
n WR
Deflection ii :
64
, .
4
3

Volume
G
f
U energy Strain iii
s

4
, .
2

( )
W U
or
Nm unit
Gd
n R W
2
1
:
32
4
3 2

IV. ( )
m
N
unit
W
S Stiffness : ) (

V. Length of coil = 2Rn

VI. Solid length = nd
VII. Frequency of free vibration (f) =

g
2
1
18) Laminated spring (or) Leaf spring.
Write the expression to determine bending stress, deflection and strain energy in a leaf
spring.
1. Bending stress
2
2
3
Nbt
Wl
f
b

2. Deflection
3
3
8
3
ENbt
Wl

3. Strain energy .
6
2
spring of Volume
E
f
U
b

19) Write the expression to determine the deflection in a open coiled helical spring.
1
1
]
1

+
I E I G
n WR Deflection
p


2 2
3
sin cos
sec 2 ,
13
f
s
Shear stress (N/m
2
)
W Applied load (N)
R Radius of coil (m)
d Dia of wire (m)
n Number of turns
G - Modulus of rigidity (N/m
2
)
- Deflection (m)
U - Strain energy (Nm)
g -acceleration due to gravity (m
2
/s)

W
d
D
b - Width of plate
t -Thickness of each plate.
a - Over lap at each end.
N - Number of plates in the spring
L - Length of spring span.
f - Bending stress.
E - Youngs modulus of elasticity.
1
1
]
1

I E I G
n WR rotation Angular
p
1 1
sin 2 ,
3

20) Give the equation for Wahls correction factor
Wahls correction factor (K) =
C C
C 615 . 0
4 4
1 4
+

Where C is spring index

14
Unit IV: Beam Deflection
1. Define flexural rigidity
The product of Youngs modulus and area moment of inertia is called as flexural
rigidity.
Flexural rigidity = EI
Where, E Youngs modulus; I Area moment of inertia
2. Write the expression for Relationship among slope, deflection and load intensity ,
shear force and bending moment.
Relationship for loading = EI
4
4
dx
y d
Relationship for shear force = EI
3
3
dx
y d
Relationship for bending moment= EI
2
2
dx
y d

Relationship for slope = EI
dx
dy
Relationship for deflection = EIy
3. Write the differential equation for deflection. Or equation of elastic curve

2
2
dx
y d
EI
M

4. What is double integration method?

Double integration method is one of the methods to find slope and deflection at
section of a beam. In this method, the differential equation
2
2
dx
y d
EI
M

is integrated
twice to get a control equation for finding slope and deflection.
5. What are the assumptions made by the double integration method?
i. The whole deflection is due to bending moment only and that the deflection
caused by shear force is negligible.
ii. Deflection is small compared to cross sectional dimension of the beam.
iii. The beam is of uniform cross section and straight before application of load.
iv. Modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are equal.
15
6. What are the methods used for finding the slope and deflection of beams?
i. Double integration method
ii. Moment area method
iii. Macaulays method
iv. Strain energy method
V.Conjugate beam method
7. State the moment area theorem for beam slope
a. First moment - area theorem:
The angle between the tangents to the deflection curve at two points is equal to the
negative of the area of the M/EI diagram between these points.
b. Second moment - area theorem:
The offset of point B from the tangent at A is equal to the negative of the first
moment of area of the M/EI diagram between A and B, taken with respect to the last B.
8. A cantilever 1.5 m long carries a uniformly distributed load over the entire length.
Find the deflect ion at the free end if the slope at the free end is 1.5.
Solution:
Length of the cantilever, l =1.5m
Slope at the free end= 1.5= 1.5x /180 radian
w/unit run
A B
y
b
1.5m

Slope at the free end=wl
3
/6EI = 1.5x /180
wl
3
/EI = 1.5x x6/180 =/20
Deflection at the free end,
y
b =
wl
4
/8EI = (wl
3
/EI) xl/8 = (/20)x(1.5/8) =29.45 mm
9. State castiglianos theorem for the deflection of beams
It stares that the partial derivative of the strain energy with respect to any
displacement is equal to the corresponding force P
i,
provided that the strain energy is
expressed as a function of the displacements.
16
P
i=
i
U

Where, Pi
=
Force

i
U

=
Rate of change of strain energy
10. What is Macaulays method?
In Macaulays method a single equation is formed for all loadings on a beam, the
equation is constructed in such a way that the constants of integration apply to all portions
of the beam. This method is also called method of singularity functions. This is a
convenient method for determining the deflection of a beam subjected to point loads or in
general discontinuous loads.
11. What is the formula for slope and deflection of a cantilever of length L subjected
to concentrated load W at free end by double integration method?
Slope=
EI
WL
2
2
12. When is Macaulays method found to be very useful?
i. When the problem of deflection in beams are a bit tedious and laborious.
ii. When the beam is carrying several point loads.
iii. It is used to find deflection where BM is discontinuous
13. What is the main difference between Macaulays method and double integration
method?
In Macaulays method, even though the bending moment varies from section to
section, the constant of integration are valid for all sections of the beam. This is the main
difference between Macaulays method and double integration method.
14. What is the relation between maximum bending stress and maximum deflection
of a simply supported beam of span l, carrying uniformly distributed load w per unit
run over the whole span?
i. Maximum bending stress f =
I
d wl
16
2
ii. Maximum deflection
EI
wl
4
384
5


E
f
l
d
l 24
5

17
15. Define slenderness ratio
It is the ratio of unsupported length of the column to the minimum radius of
gyration of the cross-sectional ends of the column. It has no units.
16. Define buckling factor
It is the ratio between the equivalent lengths of the column to the minimum radius
of gyration.
17. What is equivalent length of a column?
The distance between adjacent points of inflexion is called equivalent or effective
length or simple column length. A point of inflexion is found at every column end that is
free to rotate and at every point where there is a change of the axis.
18. What are the assumptions made in deriving Eulers formula?
i. The column is initially straight and of uniform lateral dimension
ii. The compressive load is exactly axial and passes through the centroid of the column
section
iii. The material of the column is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic.
iv. Pin joints are frictionless and fixed ends are perfectly rigid.
v. The column fails by buckling alone.
vi. Limit of proportionality is not exceeded.
19. Write the Eulers formula to determine the critical load for a column.
P
Euler
=
2
2
e
l
EI
Where, P=critical load, E=modulus of elasticity, I=Least moment of inertia of section of
the column, l
e
=equivalent of the column.
20. Write the Rankine for columns.
P
Rankine
=
2
1

,
_

+
k
l
a
A
e
c

Where, P=crippling load, A=Sectional area,

c
=Maximum possible compressive stress
column, l
e
=equivalent of the column, a=
E
c
2

, E = modulus of elasticity, k=least radius

of gyration.

18
Unit V: Analysis of Stresses in Two Dimensions

1. Define hoop stress circumference or stress.
The stress acting along the circumference of the shell is called hoop stress
2. Define longitudinal stress.
The stresses acting along the axis of the cylinder is called longitudinal stress.
3. Write the expression for longitudinal stress & Hoop stress
Longitudinal stress
t
pd
f
l
4

Circumference stress
t
pd
f
c
2

Where p pressure force

d Diameter of cylinder
t Thickness of cylinder
4. Write the expression for change is dimensions of the thin cylindrical shell.
(i) Change in diameter
,
_

m tE
pd
d
2
1
2
2

(ii) Change in length

,
_

m tE
pdl
l
2
1
4

(iii) Change in volume

,
_

m tE
pdv
v
2
2
5
2

Where l
d
v
4
2

5. Define principal plane and principal stresses.

The planes which have no shear stress are known as principal planes.
These planes carry only normal stresses. The normal stresses acting on the principal
plane are known as principal stresses.
6. Write the expression for body subjected to two mutually perpendicular
stresses acting
(i) Normal stress 2 cos
2 2
2 1 2 1
f f f f
f
n

+
+

(ii) Tangential stress 2 sin

2
2 1
f f
f
t

(or) shear stress

(iii) Resultant stress
2
2
2
f f f
n r
+
19
(iv) Direction of the plane
r
t
f
f

7. Write the expression for two mutually perpendicular stresses and shear
stresses acting on the body.
(i) Normal stress 2 sin 2 cos
2 2
2 1 2 1
q
f f f f
f
n
+

+
+

(ii) Tangential stress 2 cos 2 sin

2
2 1
q
f f
f
t

(or) shear stress

(iii) Maximum shear stress
2
2 1
max
f f
f
t
+

8. Write the expression for major principal stresses and principal planes.
(i) Major Principal stress
2
2
2 1 2 1
2 2
q
f f f f
+
,
_

+
+

(ii) Minor principal stress

2
2
2 1 2 1
2 2
q
f f f f
+
,
_

(iii) Principal planes:

2 1
2
2 tan
f f
q

(iv) Maximum shear stress =
2
2
2 1
2
q
f f
+
,
_

9. In biaxial loading system, where does the maximum shear stress occurs?
Maximum shear stress occurs in a biaxial loading system at 45 and 135 to the
normal section.
10. Define thin cylinder
If the thickness of the wall of the shell is less than 1/10 to 1/15 of its diameter, then
it is known as thin cylinder.
11. Define thick cylinder
If the ratio of shell diameter to its thickness is less than 10 to 15, then it is known as
thick cylinder.
12. What is the intensity of fluid pressure in thin and thick cylinders?
i. Thin cylinder- 5N /mm
2
ii. Thick cylinder 20 N/mm
2
13. List out the stresses that occur in thin cylinders
i. Radial stress (negligible)
ii. Circumferential stress or hoop stress
iii. Longitudinal stress
20
14. Define Mohrs circle
A circle with centre at a point and radius in a Cartesian system with direct stresses
along one axis, shearing stresses along another axis is called Mohrs circle.
15. Define- Obliquity.
The angle that the line of action of the resultant stress makes with the normal to the
plane is called obliquity ( )
tan =
n
t
P
P
16. What is the formula for obliquity to be greatest on a plane?
2 =
2
max
2

+

17. Define- Diagonal tensile and diagonal compressive stresses

On one principal plane, there will be tensile stress and the other principal plane will
carry a compressive stress. These principal stresses are called as diagonal tensile and
diagonal compressive stresses.
18. Define pure shear.
The shear thus produced on a plane in which, normal stress is zero and only
shearing stresses exist is known as pure shear.
19. Define stress tensor
The state of stress at a point can be defined by three components on each of the
three mutually perpendicular axes in mathematical terminology is called as stress tensor.
20. Define stress transformation
The process of changing stresses from one set of co-ordinate axes to another is
termed as stress transformation.
21
Part B Questions
Unit I Stress, Strain and Deformation of Solids.
1) A bar 300mm long, is 50mm square in section for 120mm of its length and then
25mm diameter circular section for 80mm of its length and 40mm diameter
circular section for the rest of its length. If a tensile force of 10 tons is applied to the
ends of the bar, determine the maximum and minimum stresses induced in it and
calculate the total elongation of the bar.
2) A copper rod of 30mm diameter is surrounded tightly by a cast iron tube of 60mm
external diameter, the ends being firmly fastened together. When this compound
bar is subjected to 12kN compressive load, what will be the share of load carried by
copper rod and cast iron tube? How much will be the shortening of the bar in 1m
length.
3) Two vertical rods one of steel and the other of copper are each rigidly fixed at the
top and are 500mm apart. Diameter and length of each rod are 20mm and 4m
respectively. A cross bar fixed to the rods at the lower ends carries a load of 6000N
such that a cross bar remains horizontal even after loading. Find the tension in each
rod and the position of the load on the bar. Es=2x10
5
N/mm
2
; Ec=1x10
5
N/mm
2
.
4) A reinforced concrete column is 300mm x 300mm in section. The column is
provide with 8 bars of 16mm diameter. The column carries the load of 400KN. Find
the stress in concrete and the steel bars. Take Es=2.1x 10
5
N/mm
2
and
Ec=0.14x10
5
N/mm
2
.
5) A solid circular rod of diameter 30mm and length 2m when subjected to an axial
tensile load, the diameter of the bar is reduced by 0.005mm. If the youngs modulus
of the material of the rods is 200KN/mm
2
. And the modulus rigidity is 80KN/mm
2
.
Determine the following.
i. Axial load on the bar
ii. The normal stress induced in the bar
iii. Change in length of the bar
iv. Bulk modulus of the material of the bar.
6) Find the value of p and change in length of each component and the total change in
length of bar shown in figure. E = 200kN/mm
2
.
22
800 1600 400
50kN 120kN
P
130kN
20mm
30mm
25mm
7) A bar 30mm x 30mm x 250mm long was subjected to a pull of 90kN in the direction of
its length. The extension of the bar was found to be 0.125mm, while the decrease in each
lateral dimension was found to be 0.00375mm. Find the Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio,
Rigidity modulus and Bulk modulus for the material of the bar.
8) The principal tensile stress at a point across two perpendicular planes is 120MN/m
2
and
60MN/m
2.
Find the normal and tangential stress and the resultant stress and its obliquity on
a plane at 20 with the major principal plane.
9) An element in a stressed material has tensile stress of 450MN/m
2
and a compressive
stress of 300MN/m
2
acting on two mutually perpendicular planes and equal shear stresses
of 90MN/m
2
on these planes. Find principal stresses and position of principal plane. Find
also maximum shearing stress.
Unit II: Beams - Loads And Stresses
1) A simply supported beam AB of span 9m carries a UDL of 2000N/m over the part CD
of the beam so that AC = 2m, CD = 4m and DB = 3m. Draw the SFD and BMD.
2) Draw the SFD and BMD with the principle values marked on it for the following beam.
3) Draw the SFD and BMD with the principle values marked on it for the following beam.
4) Draw the SFD and BMD with the principle values marked on it for the following beam.
5) Draw the SFD and BMD with the principle values marked on it for the following beam.
23
1m 1m 2m
B
24 kN/m
D
C
60 kN
A
2m 2m 1m
B
E
D
A
30 kN 50 kN
5 kN/m
2m
C
C B A
D
5 Kn/m 30 kNm
10 kN
2m 1m 1m
2m 2m 2m
2m
100 kN
6 Kn/m
4 Kn/m
6) Draw the SFD and BMD with the principle values marked on it for the following beam.
7) Draw the SFD and BMD with the principle values marked on it for the following beam.
8) Draw the SFD and BMD with the principle values marked on it for the following beam.
9) Draw the SFD and BMD with the principle values marked on it for the following beam.
Theory of Simple Bending
1) A beam is freely supported at a distance of 16m apart carries a UDL of 25kN/m and also
a point load of 15kN at 6m from the left support. Calculate the maximum bending
moment, if the permissible stress in timber is 60MPa. Design a suitable rectangular section
by making the depth twice the width.
24
1.2m 1.2m 1.2m
1.2m
30 kN
30 kN
30 kN
C
B
A
D
E
2m 2m 1m
B
E
D
A
2m
C
60 kN 100 kN
10 kN/m
1m 1m 3m
8 kN/m
12 kN/m
40 kN
20 Kn
3m 3m 3m 3m
10 kN
6 kN
16 kN
B
E
D
A
C
2) A beam of symmetrical section has a depth of 55m and a moment of inertia of 8000cm
4
about its axis of bending. Calculate the length of the beam if, simply supported at the ends,
it has to carry a UDL of 8kN/m without exceeding a bending stress of 120N/mm
2
.
3) A mild steel cantilever 35mm wide and 20mm deep is fixed at one end in a wall. The
overhanging length is 4m. At the free end a clockwise moment of 65x 10
6
N-mm is applied.
Determine the radius to which the cantilever will bend. Find also the vertical displacement
of the free end. Assume E = 2.5x 105 N/mm
2
.
4) A beam 42mmx60mm of symmetrical section simply supported over a span of 6m.
Calculate
a) The uniformly supported load it may carry,
b) The concentrated load it may carry at the centre, if the maximum bending stress is
not to exceed 25N/mm
2
5) A 150mmx100mm roller steel joist of I-sections has flanges 15mm and web 10mm
thick. It is simply supported over a length of 5m. Determine the total UDL on the entire
span that the beam could carry in addition to a concentrated load of 8kN at its center in
order that the extreme fiber stress is limited to 19.5 N/mm
2
.
Unit III: Torsion
Shear stress distribution
1) A hollow beam of square section of outside width 130mm and the thickness of material
30mm. Calculate the maximum intensity of shear stress and sketch the distribution of
shear stress and sketch the distribution of shear stress across the section, if the shear force
at the cross section being 210kN.
2) A beam of square section is used as beam with one diagonal horizontal. Find the
magnitude and location of maximum shear stress in the beam. Sketch the shear stress
distribution across the section.
3) A 350mmx125mm I-girder has 30mm thick flanges and 20mm thick web subjected to a
shearing force of 145kN. Calculate the maximum intensity of shear stress and sketch the
distribution of shear stress across the section. Calculate the percentage of shear force
carried by the web.
1) A solid shaft of 40mm diameter is running at 120r.p.m. If the angle of twist is limited to
1 degree in a length of 2.5m, determine the power transmitted by the shaft and the
maximum shear stress induced in the shaft. G = 80GPa.
2) A hollow shaft of length 2m is subjected to a torque of 50kN-m. Determine the
diameters of the shaft if the maximum shear stress is limited to 60 MPa and the angle of
twist to 1 in a length of 2m. Modulus of rigidity G = 80 GPa.
25
3) A maximum shear stress of 500N/mm
2
is induced in a hollow circular shaft of 100mm
and 60mm external and internal diameters respectively. What maximum shear stress will
be developed in a circular solid shaft of the same weight, material and length subjected to
the same torque?
4) A hollow shaft is to have an outside diameter d and inside diameter d / 2. Calculate the
minimum value of d if it is to transmit 375kw at 105 r.p.m. with a working stress of
35N/mm
2
. Determine the twist in a length equal to 10 times the external diameter. Take C =
8 x 10
4
N/mm
2
.
5) A close coiled helical spring 100mm mean diameter is made of 20 turns of 10mm
diameter steel rod. The spring carries an axial load of 100N. Determine the shear stress
developed in the spring, Stiffness and the deflection of the load. G = 80 GPa.
6) A close coiled helical spring of mean diameter is made out of 4mm diameter wire. The
coil has 10 turns. If the maximum shear stress is limited to 60 MPa, determine the safe
axial load that the spring can carry. Determine also the following. G = 80GPa.
I. Deflection of the spring.
ii. Stiffness of the spring.
iii. Strain energy stored in the spring.
7) A carriage spring is to be 600mm long and made of 9.5mm thick steel plates and 50mm
broad. How many plates required to carry a load of 4.5kN, with out the stress exceeding
230MN/m
2
. What would be the central deflection and would be the initial radius of
curvature, if plates straighten under the load. E = 200GN/m
2
.
8) A closed coil helical spring of 100mm mean diameter is made up of 10mm diameter rod
has 20 turns. The spring carries an axial load of 200N. Determine the shearing stress.
Taking the value of Modulus of Rigidity = 8.4 x 10
4
N/mm
2
, determine the deflection when
carrying this load. Also calculate the stiffness of the spring and the frequency of free
vibration for a mass hanging from it.
Leaf Springs
1) A laminated steel spring simply supported at the ends and centrally loaded with a span
of 700mm is required to carry a proof load of 8kN and the central deflection is not to
exceed 40mm. The bending stress is not to exceed 425N/mm2. Plates are available in
multiples of 2mm for thickness and multiples of 5mm for width. Determine the suitable
values of thickness, width and the number of plates and also the radius to which the plate
should be formed. Assume the width to be eleven times the thickness. E = 210kN/mm2.
2) A laminated spring consists of 8 plates, each 45mm width and 4mm thick. What should
be the length of the spring if it is to carry a central load of 5kN without the stress exceeding
125MPa? Calculate also the deflection at the center of the spring. Take E = 200GPa.
Unit IV: Beam Deflection
26
1) A cantilever of length 2a is carrying a load of W at the free end, and another load of W
at its centre. Determine by moment area method, the slope and deflection of the cantilever
at its free end.
2) A beam is simply supported at its ends over a span of 10m and carries two concentrated
loads of 100kN and 60 kN at a distance of 2m and 5m respectively from the left support.
Calculate (i). Slope at the left support (ii). Slope and deflection under the 100kN load.
Assume EI=36x10
4
kN-m
2
.
3) Find the Euler critical load for hollow cylindrical cast iron column 150mm diameter,
20mm wall thickness if it is 6m long with hinged at both ends. Assume Youngs modulus
of cast iron as 80 kN/m
2
.
Compare this load with that given by Rankine formula. Using
Rankine constants =1/1600 and 567 N/mm
2
.
4) Find the deflection at B for the cantilever loaded as shown in Figure 1 using moment
area method. Take EI=30000 kN/m
2

6 kN 5kN

3EI I
B
4m
C
A 4m
Figure 1
5) A horizontal girder of steel having uniform section is 14m long and is simply supported
at its ends. It carries a concentrated load of 120 kN and 80 kN at two points 3m and 4.5 m
from the two ends respectively. Take I for the section as 16x10
-4

m
4
E=2.1x10
11
N/m
2
.
6) Determine the slope at B and deflection at C for the beam shown in figure 2

12kN/m 36kN
A B C D

2m 1m 1m
Figure2
27
7) A beam ABC of length 4m is supported at A and B.The beam carries a concentrated
load of 60 kN at the free end C.Determine the slope at supports A and B and the
deflection at C. Use area moment method. Length AB=3 m
Unit V: Analysis of Stresses in Two Dimensions
1. A pipe of 200 mm internal diameter and 50 mm. thickness carries a fluid at a
pressure of 5 MN/m
2
calculate the maximum and minimum intensities of
circumferential stress across the section.
2. Calculate the thickness of metal necessary for a steel cylindrical shell of internal
diameter 0.15 m to with stand an internal pressure of 50 MN/m
2
. the maximum
permissible tensile stress is not to exceed 150 MN/m
2
.
3. A cylindrical shell 4 m long, 1.2 m internal diameter and 15 mm thick is subjected
to an internal pressure of 2.5 N/mm
2.
Calculate the change in length, diameter and
volume of the cylinder. E = 200 KN / mm
2
. Poissons ratio = 0.3.
4. The principal tensile stress at a point across two perpendicular planes is 120MN/m
2
and 60MN/m
2.
Find the normal and tangential stress and the resultant stress and its
obliquity on a plane at 20 with the major principal plane.
5. An element in a stressed material has tensile stress of 450MN/m
2
and a compressive
stress of 300MN/m
2
acting on two mutually perpendicular planes and equal shear
stresses of 90MN/m
2
on these planes. Find principal stresses and position of
principal plane. Find also maximum shearing stress.
6. The stresses at a point in a strained material are 200 N/mm
2
(Tensile) and 150
N/mm
2
(Compressive) and shear stress 80 N/mm
2
. Find the principal plane and
principal stresses.
28