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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

TITLE: SHEAR FORCE IN A BEAM ________________________________________________________________________ 1.0 OBJECTIVE 1.1 1.2 To examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load. To examine how shear force varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading conditions. 2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 The application of engineering knowledge in practical application. To enhance technical competency in structural engineering through laboratory application. To communicate effectively in group. To identify problem, solving and finding out appropriate solution through laboratory application.

3.0

INTRODUCTION AND THEORY A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting bending The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending moment . If the ends of a beam are restrained longitudinally by its support or if a beam is a component of a continuous frame, axial force may also develop. If the axial force is small, the typical situation for most beams can be neglected when the member is designed. In the case, of reinforced concrete beams, small values of axial compression actually produce a modest increase (on the order of 5 to 10 percent) in the flexural strength of the member.

To design a beam, the engineer must construct the shear and moment curves to determine the location and magnitude of the maximum values of these forces.
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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

Except for short, heavily loaded beams whose dimensions are controlled by shear requirements, the proportion of the cross section are determined by the magnitude of the maximum moment in the span. After a section is sized at the point of maximum moment, the design is completed by verifying that the shear stresses at the point of maximum shear usually adjacent to a support are equal to or less than the allowable shear strength of the material. Finally, the deflection produced by service loads must be checked to ensure that the member has adequate stiffness. Limits on deflection are set by structural codes. To provide this information graphically, we construct shear and moment curves. These curves, which preferably should be drawn to scale, consist of values of shear and moment plotted as ordinates against distance along the axis of the beam. Although we can construct shear and moment curves by cutting free bodies at intervals along the axis of a beam and writing equation of equilibrium to establish the values of shear and moment at particular section, it is much simpler to construct these curves from the basic relationships that exist between load, shear and moment. Bending moment at any section of a beam is defined to be the algebraic sum of the moment at the sectioning developed by vertical components of external forces applied on the beam by considering the left or the right of assumed section, or unbalanced moment at the sectioning, to the left or the right of the assumed section. Variation of bending moment along beam can be visualized by Bending Moment Diagram (BMD), which is defined as a diagram that shows variations of bending moment along the beam considered. The final step in the design of a beam is to verify that it does not deflect excessively. Beams that are excessively flexible undergo large deflections that can damage attached nonstructural construction: plaster, ceiling, masonry walls, and rigid piping for example may crack. Since most beams are span short distances, say up to 30 or 40 ft, are manufactured with a constant cross sections, to minimize cost, they have excess flexural capacity at all sections except the one at which maximum moment occurs.

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

Beams are typically classified by the manner in which they are supported. A beam supported by a pin at the one end and a roller at the other end is called a simply supported beam. If the end of the simply supported beam extends over a support, it is referred to as a beam with an overhang. A cantilever beam is fixed at the one end against translation and rotation. Beams are supported by several intermediate support are called continuous beam. If both ends of a beam are fixed by the support, the beam is termed fixed ended. Fixed ended beams are not commonly constructed in practice, but the values of end moments in them produced by various types of load are used extensively as the starting point in several methods of analysis for indeterminate structures.

Fig. 1 : Shear Force and Bending Moment

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

Fig. 2 : Change of Shape due to Shear Force

There are a number of assumptions that were made in order to develop the Elastic Theory of Bending. These are: 3.1 The beam has a constant, prismatic cross-section and is constructed of a flexible, homogenous material that has the same Modulus of Elasticity in both tension and compression (shortens or elongates equally for same stress). 3.2 The material is linearly elastic; the relationship between the stress and strain are directly proportional. 3.3 The beam material is not stressed past its proportional limit. 3.4 A plane section within the beam before bending remains a plane after bending (see AB & CD in the image below). 3.5 The neutral plane of a beam is a plane whose length is unchanged by the beam's deformation. This plane passes through the centroid of the cross-section. Theory Part 1

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

a RA L

cut RB

Figure 1 Shear force at left of the section, Sc = W ( L-a ) ..equation 1 L Shear force at the right of the cut section, Sc = -Wa equation 2 L Part 2 Use this statement : The shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the force acting to the left or right of the cut

4.0

APPARATUS

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

Figure 1 : Measuring Force Machine

Figure 2 : Load

Figure 3 : Data Analysis (Group members)

5.0

PROCEDURE 5.1 Part 1

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3

Check the Digital Force Display meter reads zero with no load. Place a hanger with a 100g mass to the left of the cut. Record the Digital Force Display reading in Table 1. Repeat using any masses between 200g and 500g. Convert the mass into a load in Newton (multiply by 9.81). Shear Force at the cut (N) = Displayed Force.

5.1.4

Calculate the theoretical Shear Force at the cut and complete the Table 1.

5.2

Part 2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 Check the Digital Force Display meter zero with no load. Carefully load the beam with the hangers in any positions and loads as example in Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4 and complete Table 2. Record the Digital Force Display reading where : Shear Force at the cut (N) = Displayed Force. Calculate the support reaction (RA and RB) and calculated the theoretical Shear Force at the cut.

140mm

RA

cut RB

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

W1 = 200g (1.96N) Figure 2

RA

220mm

W1

W2

cut

RB

260mm Where ; W1 & W2 any load between 100g to 500g Figure 3

RA

220mm

W1 400mm

cut W2

RB

Where ; W1 & W2 any load between 100g to 500g Figure 4 6.0


Mass *(g)

RESULT
Load (N) Force (N) Experimental Shear Force (N) Theoretical Shear Force (N)

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

0 100 200 300 400 500

0 0.981 1.962 2.943 3.924 4.905

0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.8

0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.8

0 0.401 0.803 1.204 1.605 2.01

* Use any mass between 200g to 500g Table 1

No

Mass1 (g)

Mass2 (g)

W1 (N)

W2 (N)

Force (N)

Experimental

Theoretical RA (N) RB (N) Shear Force (Nm)

Shear Force (N)

2 3 4

200 200 200

0 300 300

1.962 1.962 1.962

0 2.943 2.943

- 0.50 2.60 0.70 Table 2

- 0.50 2.60 0.70

2.586 2.185 1.248

- 0.624 2.720 3.657

- 0.624 2.720 0.713

7.0

DATA ANALYSIS 7.1 For Table 1 (Part 1) From Figure 1; W

a L

cut

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

RA

RB

For :Mass, g =100 Load, N =100 x 9.81 / 1000 = 0.981 N Force , N = 0.6 N Experimental shear force , N = displayed forced (shear force at a cut , N ) = 0.6 Theoretical shear force N, Sc = W (L-a) / L
= 0.981 x (0.44 0.26) / 0.44

= 0.401 N
For ; Mass, g = 200 Load, N = 200 x 9.81 / 1000 Force, N = 1.2 N Experimental Shear Force, N (Shear Force at a cut, N) = Displayed Force = 1.2 N = 1.962 N

Theoretical Shear Force, N, Sc = W (L a) / L = 1.962 x (0.44 0.26) / 0.44 = 0.803 N

For ; Mass, g = 300 Load, N = 300 x 9.81 / 1000 Force, N = 1.8 N Experimental Shear Force, N (Shear Force at a cut, N) = Displayed Force = 1.8 N = 2.943 N

Theoretical Shear Force, N, Sc = W (L a) / L = 2.943 x (0.44 0.26) / 0.44

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

= 1.204 N

For ; Mass, g = 400 Load, N = 400 x 9.81 / 1000 Force, N = 2.3 N Experimental Shear Force, N (Shear Force at a cut, N) = Displayed Force = 2.3 N = 3.924 N

Theoretical Shear Force, N, Sc = W (L a) / L = 3.924 x (0.44 0.26) / 0.44 = 1.605 N Fore ; Mass, g = 500 Load N = 500 x 9.81 / 1000 = 4.905 N Force , N = 2.8 N Experimental shear force , N = displayed force (shear force at a cut , N ) = 2.8 N Theoretical shear force , N, Sc = W (L-a) /L = 4.905x (0.44-0.26 )/0.44 = 2.01 N

7.2

For Table 2 (Part 2) From Figure 2;

140mm

RA

cut

RB

W1 = 200g (1.962N)

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

Force, N = - 0.9N
Experimental Shear Force, N (Shear Force at a cut, N) = Displayed Force = - 0.9 N

M = 0, Fx = 0, Fy = 0 MB = 0 ; -2943 (0.58) + RA (0.44) = 0 RA = 3879.41N Fx = 0, Fy = 0 ; RB + 3879.41 2943= 0 RB = -936.41 N = - Wa/ L = - (2943) x (0.14) / 0.44 = - 0.936 N

Theoretical Shear Force, N

From Figure 3 ;

RA 220mm

W1

W2

cut

RB

260mm

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

Force, N = 2.0 N
Experimental Shear Force, N (Shear Force at a cut, N) = Displayed Force = 2.0 N

M = 0, Fx = 0, Fy = 0 MA = 0 ; RB (0.44) 2.943(0.26) 1.962(0.22) = 0 RB = 1.197 / 0.44 RB = 2.720 N Fx = 0, Fy = 0 ; RA 1.962 2.943 + 2.720 = 0 RA = 1.962 2.943 2.720 RA = 2.185 N W1 a Wa ) ( 2 ) L L 1.962 x0.22 2.943 x0.26 ) ( ) 0.44 0.44

Theoretical Shear Force, N = ( = (

= 0.981 + 1.739 = 2.720 N

From Figure 4 ;

RA 240mm

W1 400mm

cut W2 RB

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

Force, N = 0.70 N
Experimental Shear Force, N (Shear Force at a cut, N) = Displayed Force = 0.70 N

M = 0, Fx = 0, Fy = 0 MB = 0 ; -1.962 (0.22) 2.943(0.04) + RA (0.44) = 0 RA = 0.549 / 0.44 RA = 1.248 N Fx = 0, Fy = 0 ; RB + 1.248 1.962 2.943 = 0 RB = 1.962 + 2.943 1.248 RB = 3.657 N W2 [ L a ] Wa ) ( 1 ) L L 2.943[ 0.44 0.4] 1.962 x 0.22 ) ( ) 0.44 0.44

Theoretical Shear Force, N = (

= (

= - 0.268 (-0.981) = 0.713 N

8.0 8.1

DISCUSSION Part 1 8.11 Derive equation 1 From Figure 1; W a cut

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

RA

RB

Let ; MB = 0 ( RA x L ) W ( L a ) = 0 RA = W ( L a ) L Since the force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the force acting to the left or right of the cut; Therefore, SC = RA Sc = W ( L a ) L Let ; MA = 0 ( -RB x L ) ( W x a ) = 0 RB = ( - W x a ) L Therefore ; SC = ( - W x a ) L W = Load a = Cut section from RA L = Length from RA to RB This equation is used to determine the value of Shear Force by theory. W is a load place upon the cut section with the length of a. L is total length from RA to RB.

Where,

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

8.12

Plot a graph, which compare your experimental result to those you calculated using theory. Please see graph 1, as attached.

8.13

Comment on the shape of the graph. What does it tell you about how Shear Force varies due to an increased load? From the Shear Force versus Load graph we plotted in this experiment, a linear graph was obtained for both Experimental Shear Force and Theoretical Shear Force values. Both graphs are linear and go through the origin (0,0) which tell us that, Shear Force does not exist when no load was applied on the beam. From the graph, we can notice that, when the load applied on the beam was increase, the Shear Force will also increase. This indicate that, Shear Force is linearly proportional (positive) to the load apply on the beam : Shear Force Load

8.14

Does the equation you used accurately predict the behavior of the beam? Yes, the equation, Sc = W(L a) / L that we used in this experiment for Theoretical Shear Force calculation accurately predict the behavior of the beam. This is because, from the Graph 1 plotted, we can notice that, when the load we placed at the beam was increased, the value of Shear Force also increased. This indicate that, Shear Force is linearly proportional (positive) to the load apply on the beam.

Wong Siew Hung AF040176

BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

Example ; From the experiment, when a 2.453 N load was applied on the beam at the cut, the Experimental Shear Force obtained was 1.40 N. From the calculation done for Theoretical Shear Force by using the Sc = W(L a)/L equation, the Shear Force we obtain was 1.45 N. This indicates that, this equation can accurately predict the behaviors of the beam. 8.2 Part 2 8.21 Comment on how the results of the experiments compare with those calculated using the theory? From the experiments done by our group, we found that, there is only a small difference between the values of Experimental Shear Force and the Theoretical Shear Force. For figure 2 and figure 3, the value of the Experimental Shear Force is almost the same compare to the Theoretical Shear Force. While for the figure 4, the value of the Theoretical Shear Force is higher than the value of the Experimental Bending Moment. Referring to this results, we conclude that the differences between the value of the experiment and theory was probably cause by the mistake done by our group member when taking the value for the force when it was hang on the beam. 8.22 Does the experiment proof that the shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces acting to the left or right of the cut. If not, why? Yes, the experiment proof that the shear force at the cut is equal to the algebraic sum of the forces acting to the left or right of the cut. This is because, from the value of W1, W2, RA and RB , we can conclude that, W1 + W2 = RA + RB For the example, from data in the table 2,

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

Figure 2 W1 + W2 = RA + RB 1.962 N + 0 = 2.586 N + (-0.624 N) = 1.962 N Figure 3 W1 + W2 = RA + RB 1.962 N + 2.943 = 2.185 N + 2.720 N = 4.905 N Figure 4 W1 + W2 = RA + RB 1.962 N + 2.943 = 1.248 N + 3.657 N = 4.905 N

8.23

Plot the shear force diagram for load cases in Figure 2,3 and 4. Please see graph 2 and 3 as attached.

8.24

Comment on the shape of the graph. What does it tell you about how Shear Force varies due to various loading condition? From GDR Graph for Figure 2 we obtained in Graph 2, we can noticed that when a loading, -1.962 N is put at the end of the beam (left side of RA), the value of the shear force cause by this load is negative. Reaction Force at A is equal to 2.586 N and therefore the total Shear Force at this point is + 0.624 N. Negative force of -0.624 N at B balances the Shear Force at A and thus, total Shear Force at B is zero.

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

From GDR Graph for Figure 3 we obtained in Graph 2, when a loading, -1.962 N and -2.943 N are both place at the length of 220 mm and 260 mm from the right side of RA, calculation reveal that reaction force at A is + 2.185 N and reaction force at B is + 2.720 N. The graph also indicates that Shear Force on the negative part is equivalent to the positive part, that is equal to zero. From GDR Graph for Figure 4 we obtained in Graph 3, we can conclude that, when a loading of 1.962 N and 2.943 N are both place 240 mm and 400 mm from the right side of RA, calculation reveal that reaction force at A is + 1.248 N and reaction force at B is + 3.657 N. The graph also tells us that Shear Force on the negative part is equilibrium to the positive part, that is zero. From both GDR graph obtained from the Graph 2 and Graph 3, the shape of the graph is close at the both end of the origin. This indicate that Shear Force will change according to the load apply to the beam. This happens to ensure that Shear Force at left side is equal to the Shear Force at the right side to create equilibrium.

9.0

CONCLUSION From this experiment, our group managed to examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load. We also managed to examine how shear force varies at the cut position of the beam for various loading conditions. For part one experiment, we conclude that, when the load we place at beam is increase, the Shear Force will also increase. Thus, we conclude that, Shear Force is linearly proportional (positive) to the load apply on the beam.

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BFC 2091 Structure Lab Shear Force In A Beam

While for the part two experiment, we conclude that, from the GDR graph draw by our group in this experiment, we noticed that, Shear Force normally will happen at any point on the beam when a load is apply at the cut. The result from the experiment also indicate that Shear Force at the cut section is equal to the forces acting at both right and left side of the cut section on the beam.

10.0

REFERENCES Yusof Ahamad (2001). Mekanik Bahan Dan Struktur. Malaysia: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Skudai Johor Darul Tazim. R. C. Hibbeler (2000). Mechanic Of Materials. 4th. ed. England: Prentice Hall International, Inc.

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