Bibliography Primary Sources:

Abramson, Larry. npr, "Sputnik Left Legacy for U.S. Science Education." Last modified 2012. Accessed March 1, 2012. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? From this website we used a quote that described the educational impact that Sputnik had on America. It says that this man covered a full year of high school physics in just six weeks, clearly showing that education was at a high point at this point in time. This quote tells us just how much of an emphasis America put on education and that even the general public was noticing the difference.

Akasnuh. "Launch of Sputnik, October 4, 1957." Feb 22, 2008. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TbAXkWPasYw. This primary source is a video on the launch of Sputnik showing the Soviet Unions countdown as they launch the first man made satellite into space. From this video we learned what people were feeling in the Soviet Union and what the scientists who were in charge of this satellite responded. We cut this video into two clips and put it on the Sputnik page to demonstrate the significance of the satellite and to help the audience visualize this revolution. This video led us to other videos about Sputniks construction, launch preparations, people behind the satellite, and the immediate reaction.

Akasnuh."Sputnik beeps overhead, Americans in awe, including a young John Glenn." Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHaJDuq6tBM. This video shows the reaction of Americas public to the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union. It shows how awed they were by this new achievement that mankind had made, yet how scared Americans were with the dangers that their enemy was suggesting. Sputnik encouraged some, like John Glenn, to want to go into space now that it was a possibility. This video also led us to more sites on John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth. Castaneda, Dianne. World PressAdmin, "Sputnik Pictures." Last modified August 23, 2010. Accessed February 17, 2012. http://www.universetoday.com/71856/sputnik-pictures/

This article contained a large variety of pictures of Sputnik related events. It comprised of all kinds of useful pictures such as the launch pad of Sputnik, the satellite itself, people working on the satellite, and the exploded view of Sputnik. These are all great and beneficial images that will help us demonstrate our point. They helped us learn more about what this satellite looked like and just how big the launch pad was.

Ceruzzi, Paul. NPR, "Sputnik's Influence On U.S. Education, Society." Last modified January 26 2011. Accessed March 16, 2012. http://www.npr.org/2011/01/26/133249640/SputniksInfluence-On-U-S-Education-Society. From this sound clip we found out about exactly how America pushed the teen generation into more scientific and mathematical studies. We learned of the New Math where they pushed all the general learning into a more fundamental and concentrated form of education on science, physics, and math. This sound clip led us to another source where we found a sound clip about the legacy that Sputnik left behind and how it is still reforming and changing our education to this day. Coffey, Jerry. World PressAdmin, "Explorer 1." Last modified November 14, 2011. Accessed February 18, 2012. http://www.universetoday.com/91799/explorer-1/. This article contains a picture of Explorer 1 being launched. This helped to give us an image of the differences between American and Russian satellites. This image shows the power of the rockets that America used, but you can still see that Sputniks launch pad was larger. From this site we also gained a lot of information on the satellite itself. This source also led us to other pictures on American satellites and the differences in how they looked throughout history.

CONELRAD6401240. "How to Spot a Communist." July 10, 2010. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkYl_AH-qyk. This video was a great primary source as it demonstrates how people felt about communism during the second red scare. This was real propaganda, and we put it on our Red Scare page to help illustrate how Americans became so untrusting of each other. This video led us to a video on McCarthyism and the raids that were being performed during this time period.

Conn Videos.. "McCarthy and McCarthyism." 2011. Web,

http://vimeo.com/21168697. This video is on the raids that were performed during the second red scare in America. It shows Joseph McCarthy talking about what he thinks of Communism and how it should be contained. We put this video on our Red Scare page to help show our audience what this event was like in America and how people were reacting to communists.

DonPMitchell.. "R-7 and Sputnik Launches." Feb 8, 2007. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YdDDXRNwBvU&feature=player_embedded. This video is on the final stages of the launch of Sputnik using the R-7 missile. We learned about the very last steps that needed to be taken before the launch. This video also showed us about how the Soviets didnt think the launch would succeed. From this site we also found some more videos on some of the satellites and rockets launched by the Soviet Union.

Foster, John. Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, "John Foster, Dulles to James C. Hagerty, October 8, 1957" Last modified January 27, 2005. Accessed February 25, 2012. http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/15.html This document is a letter to the White House written by John Foster Dulles. In this letter is information as to why the Soviet Union was the country to send the first man made satellite into space instead of America. A very interesting fact that we learned from this letter is that the Germans had made a major advance in the same fields and the results of their effort were taken over by the Soviets when they took over the German base for research and experiment in the use of outer space. Genereux, Bill. Tech Intersect, "NDEA." Last modified May 8, 2009. Accessed March 16, 2012. http://billgx.edublogs.org/2009/05/08/federal-aid-to-education/. From this website we retrieved a signed document by President Eisenhower of him talking about why he signed the National Defense Education Act. We read further to find out that this was a bill that was passed in August of 1958 that poured billions into the education programs all around America. The way of learning that revolved around hands off activities became a distant memory and kids everywhere were learning about science and physics faster than any other generation.

Goldberg, Larry. Ira & Larry Goldberg Coins & Collectibles, "Sale 64." Last modified 2011. Accessed March 13, 2012. http://images.goldbergauctions.com/php/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=64&lot=1591&lang=1 . This site contains a newspaper article on Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. It was printed in the Soviet Union and is therefore in Russian, telling about the death of this space visionary. We learned from this article that the Soviets did give Tsiolkovsky credit to the achievements made in space. One of the things that this reporter says about this man is that He called us to the stars! Before reading this article, we had thought that during his life he never received any credit for the equation he created but this informed us otherwise.

Guillemette, Roger. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, "Sputnik and the Crisis That Followed ." Last modified 2000. Accessed February 13, 2012. http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/SPACEFLIGHT/Sputnik/SP16.htm This source contains a quote from a man, Homer H. Hickam Jr., that was alive and a citizen during the time that Sputnik was first launched. It helped us understand the public point of view on this event. We had assumed that everyone was terrified after this event and thought that the Soviets were going to kill them all, but this corrected us in informing that some of the public just found Sputnik fascinating and a symbol of what mankind was capable of doing.

historycomestolife.. "Ike opens International Geophysical year 1957." 1957. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzOzNSB5iNY. This primary source is a video of President Eisenhowers speech on International Geophysical Year (IGY). He discusses that during this eighteen month long period scientists from all over will work together to make the most extensive studies ever. Eisenhower thinks that the best thing coming from this time period will be many countries coming together peacefully to work for the better of the world. Iafastro.. "1957: Sputnik 2 (USSR)." May 6, 2008. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pz63twfoW3c. This video is on the second satellite launched by the Soviet Union, sending a dog named Laika into space. From this video we learned that this spacecraft was a four meter high cone-shaped

capsule with a base diameter of two meters. It contained several compartments for radio transmitters, a telemetry system, a programming unit, regeneration and temperature control system for the cabin, and scientific instruments. We had not known any of these details before we watched the video.

Iafastro.. "1958: Explorer 1 (USA)." 1958. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShOMrKGyLgM&feature=related. This video is the launch of Explorer 1, the first artificial orbiting satellite of the United States. From this video we learned that Explorer 1 was made by three different programs, the military, private industry, and academic science. We also learned that tens of thousands of things could have gone wrong at the initial launch and that tensions were very high. This video led us to do further research on the programs that worked together to make this first working satellite for America.

Iafastro. "1961: Kennedy Speech to Congress." 1961. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_JFxPHpls0. This video is John F. Kennedys Space Speech of 1961. We learned that the dramatic achievements in space have made the impact of this adventure on the minds of men everywhere a new drive to work for the space program. Kennedy says that this is a time for America to a leading role in space achievement and that this, in many ways, will control our role in this world. This is also when Kennedy announces their goal to send a man to the moon by the end of the decade.

Johnson, Lyndon. Haaba, "Sputnik 1: Quotes from a moment in History." Last modified October 4, 2007. Accessed February 22, 2012. http://www.haaba.com/news-story/sputnik-1-quotesmoment-history This primary source was a website that contained all kinds of quotes from the time period that Sputnik was launched in. The people quoted vary from Lyndon Johnson, senator at the time, to Edward Teller, the inventor of the US hydrogen bomb, to the French daily Le Figaro. These quotes tell us what people from all over and of all different classes thought of Sputnik. It gave us a wider perspective when we learn how other countries of the world reacted to this metal ball that orbited the world.

Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. BrainyQuote.com, Xplore Inc, 2012. accessed March 1, 2012. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/k/konstantin_tsiolkovsky.html This site gave us a couple of quotes from Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, the creator of the equation of how to send an artificial satellite into orbit around the Earth. He had a dream that we wouldnt just have space stations but an entire civilization living in outer space. We learned that even as a child Tsiolkovsky wanted to leave the Earth behind and travel out of the atmosphere.

Khrushchev, Sergei. Air & Space Museum, "We Shocked the World." Last modified August 2007. Accessed February 23, 2012. http://www.airspacemag.com/space-exploration/sputchev.html. This primary source was a great article for our website, written by the son of Nikita Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union at the time Sputnik was launched. Therefore, this article was a firsthand account of the Russian reaction to Sputnik and we were also able to see it from the governments perspective. We learned that at first the Ukrainian leaders didnt think much of Sputnik, at least not until they heard the beeping of it on the radio. This article led us to conduct an interview with Sergei Khrushchev. Khrushchev, Sergei. March 12, 2012. Interview with the authors. This interview with the son of Nikita Khrushchev was a very informative and reliable source. We learned so much from this man who experienced it all firsthand from within the Soviet government. We learned that the Soviets, before the launch of Sputnik, had a very proud atmosphere and that both countries had the same starting point after receiving the same scientific research from Germany. It was also a fantastic opportunity for us to be able to interview the son of one of the dictators of the Soviet Union.

Michael, Donald N., and Raymond A. Bauer. International Affairs Seminars of Washington, "AMERICAN REACTIONS TO CRISIS." Last modified January 27, 2005. Accessed February 25, 2012. http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/oct58.html. This site is a document written October 15-16, 1958, recording the governments discussion on the American public reaction to Sputnik. This document gave us an insight on the publics reaction. Before this we had assumed that everyone was terrified when Sputnik was launched and that they all thought that it meant that their country was no longer such a wonderful country.

This site also led us to other documents written by the American government and also some documents written by the USSR government. Newcurioushop.. "Sputnik Beeping." March 1, 2009. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lPFKd5p_t0s. This primary source is the beeping that the world heard on their radios when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik. This beeping had a significant impact on the world, as it helped to make this event more real to the world. The public didnt know how to respond, some terrified and some just blown away with this achievement that mankind had made.

News Group Newspapers. The Sun, "1903: Rockets... a dream of space." Last modified 2010. Accessed February 22, 2012. http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/hold_ye_front_page/science/2682395/red1903red -blueRockets-a-vision-of-space-flightblue.html?print=yes This primary source is the cover page of a magazine from 1903. It is the article that was written by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky on the new found revelation of how to develop orbit with a manmade satellite. We used this on the page Origins to show the impact that this man had and how he created the spark that eventually led to Sputnik. From this site we also learned about how this man discovered this equation. He immersed himself in his work, in the technical details of space flight like multi-stage rockets, space stations, and airlocks. Pearlman, Robert. "Rocket designer Boris Chertok." collectSpace. December 14, 2011. Web, http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum38/HTML/001452.html. This video is on Boris E. Chertok, one of the last surviving men from the Sputnik Engineering team. We put this video on the reaction page as he talks about how the Soviet Union responded to this satellite. He also talks about how the team did not think this satellite would not be a big deal. This video led us to more sites and information on the team that designed and built the satellite Sputnik.

Raymond, Matt. "Beep, Beep, Beep, Beep...." Library of Congress Blog (blog), October 4, 2007. accessed February 15, 2012. http://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2007/10/beep-beep-beep-beep/

This primary source is a political cartoon made in the time period of Sputnik to demonstrate the reaction of America to Sputnik. It shows a man in bed, in pajamas that say USA, with sputnik flying past the window beeping. Down at the bottom it says, Awake at last? This is showing that America had fallen behind the Soviets without even realizing it.

Renatazahra.. "50th Anniversary of Sputnik (Part I)." October 3, 2007. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H686qJkuFos. This video is of Sergei Khrushchev, the son of Nikita Khrushchev. He is telling us about his first-hand experience to Sputnik from inside the Soviet Union government. We learned about why they thought they were ahead of America technologically and how they had reached that point. We also learned some more information about the superpowers of the world. This video led us to interview with Sergei Khrushchev. Swivelchair Media. SEO Design Solutions, "ART STAMP ART RUSSIA SPUTNIK USSR 1967 ROCKET." Last modified 2010. Accessed February 23, 2012. http://vintageprintable.com/wordpress/vintage-printable--art-and-design/art-stampart/art-stamp-art-russia-sputnik-ussr-1967-rocket/. This source is a stamp art that was made by Russia. It was made in 1967 and is showing a rocket going into space. We used this on our thesis page in the collage of pictures demonstrating the main idea of the revolution of Sputnik and what our entire project is all about. It was made by the Russian stamp art, science fiction and space series as it was created during the space race. The space programs were what was big and important during that time, and this illustrates Russias pride and joy of this time period.

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin. Dreams of Earth and Sky. Barcelona, Singapore: Athena Books, 2004. http://books.google.com/books?id=HmnZYqXxc3gC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ ge_summary_r&cad=0 This book was a great primary source as it was written by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky himself, the man who created the equation that made it possible to send satellites and rockets into space. In this book he goes into detail as to exactly how to send a satellite into successful orbit around the

earth. He also talks about all his ideas that are space related, all his dreams of living in outer space.

U.S. National Archives, . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, "Traveling Exhibit: "American Originals" Treasures from the National Archives." Last modified 2012. Accessed March 4, 2012. http://www.archives.gov/press/press-kits/american-originals-traveling.html. This is a picture of the inaugural of President Kennedy for his speech of 1961. In this speech he addresses the issue of the space race to the country. He tells them of the progress they have made since the launch of Sputnik in 1957. He lets the public know what successes America has had and what their goals for the future are. From this site we found more reliable resources from the archives on Americas reaction to the launch of Sputnik. Yong, Zhao. "Education Reform due to Sputnik." April 24, 2012. Interview with the authors. This is an interview we managed to get with the Presidential Chair and Associate Dean for Global Education, College of Education at the University of Oregon. He provided us with valuable information on the reform and innovation that the launch of Sputnik caused on education. He explained to us how because of the technology and advancements that Sputnik caused in technology, they spread into education and made it have a global connectivity that had never been achieved. This was a very valuable interview for us to help us stock our education page on our website with current and accurate information from someone in the field itself. Yoon, Joe. Ask A Rocket Scientist, "Nedelin Disaster." Last modified June 6, 2004. Accessed February 21, 2012. http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/spacecraft/q0179.shtml. This is a picture of Sputnik on the launch pad being prepared for liftoff. It has the rocket that was used to launch it out of the atmosphere and helped us to better understand the size of this satellite. From this webpage we learned an interesting fact about the R-7 missile that was used to launch Sputnik. We learned that the same missile was used to launch Sputnik 2 as Sputnik 1. This page also led us to other pictures on Sputnik and the rocket that was used.

Secondary Sources:

Angelo, JR, Joseph A. Frontiers in Space. Satellites. Edited by Erika K. Arroyo. New York, NY: Joseph A. Angelo, JR, 2006. This secondary source is a book in the series Frontiers in Space. We gained lots of useful and credible information on Sputnik and communication satellites in general. We learned that there was an International Council of Scientific Unions who created a year dedicated to the space development programs. America was planning to launch a satellite in 1958, but the Soviets beat them and launched Sputnik in October of 1957.

Beckstrom, Andy. David W. Koeller, "Sputnik is Launched." Last modified March 26, 2000. Accessed February 15, 2012. http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/Technology/Sputnik.html. This secondary source is a website created by the World History Chronology team. We gained many useful pieces of information from this site, including the fact that interest of space exploration began in the late 1920s. We also learned a lot about Sputnik II, which carried the first life into space; a Russian dog named Laika. This source all in all gave us some general information on the Sputnik Series. Bellis, Mary. NASA, "Konstantin Tsiolkovsky." Last modified 2012. Accessed February 24, 2012. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrocketTsiolkovsky.htm. This site is a website on Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. It gave us his bibliography and we were able to learn all about his life. We learned that he lost his hearing when he was ten and couldnt go to school because of it. A very interesting fact that we learned about him is that his ultimate goal in space travel was to have mankind eventually live in space as a civilization.

Borenstein, Seth. msnbc.com, "Sputnik started a satellite revolution." Last modified October 3, 2007. Accessed February 12, 2012. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21091418/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/sputnikstarted-satellite-revolution/ From this article we learned about how Sputnik is still affecting us today. We learned about how all different satellites affect our everyday lives. Today we rely on satellites so much as we learned in May of 1998 when just one communication satellite didnt work. This site led us to some pictures on current satellites that are in space today.

Dickson, Paul. Novabeta, "Sputnik's Impact on America." Last modified November 6, 2007. Accessed February 14, 2012. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/sputnik-impact-on-america.html. This site was a valuable source as it contained so much reliable information. A lot of what we know about the impact Sputnik had directly on America came from this site. Some of the facts that we learn include that President Dwight D. Eisenhower and those around him did not react with alarm over Sputnik going into space before an American satellite.

Dunbar, Brian. NASA, "Explorer 1 Overview." Last modified January 31, 2011. Accessed February 29, 2012. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/explorer/explorer-overview.html. This secondary source is a website written by NASA on Explorer 1. We learned that in this satellite was a cosmic ray detector that was designed to measure the radiation environment in Earth orbit. We also learned that Explorer 2 was a failed attempt but Explorer 3 was launched successfully. However, Explorer 5 was another failed attempt when the rockets booster collided with its second stage after separation.

Encyclopdia Britannica Online School Edition. "Inner Mongolia," accessed February 13, 2012, http://school.eb.com/eb/article-71494. This source is an article on the education effect of Sputnik. We learned a lot from this site, all about how education wasnt very advanced in America, and they used mobile schools and a strategy involving half-study, half-work. This site also led us to research more into the education point of view.

Encyclopdia Britannica Online School Edition. "international relations," accessed February 13, 2012, http://school.eb.com/eb/article-32947. This article gave us the background information that we needed on this time period. We learned all kinds of interesting facts on the Cold War and how it affected Sputnik. Some interesting facts that we learned from this site include that America was ensured to win the cold war, but after five to seven years people began to be uncertain. This site was a very informative source with background information.

Encyclopdia Britannica Online School Edition. "space exploration," accessed February 10, 2012 http://school.eb.com/eb/article-237039 This source is an article from Encyclopedia Britannica. It contains all kinds of background information on Sputnik and the Soviet Unions plans. We learned that Americas first attempted satellite, Vanguard, rose only slightly off its launch pad and then fell sideways and was launched into a Florida beach. We also learned about how America disagreed with whom to assign the development of the satellites to.

Feldman, Heather. Sputnik: The First Satellite. New York, NY: The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc, 2003. This book gave us a lot of useful information on the satellite of Sputnik. We learned that the instruments in Sputnik radioed data to Russian scientists about cosmic rays, meteoroids, and the density of the upper atmosphere. Prior to this book, we did not know this. An interesting fact that we learned from this book is that some scientists are beginning to worry that space will become overcrowded with satellites.

Finney, Ben. University Hawaii, "The life of Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky." Last modified 2008. Accessed February 23, 2012. http://www.informatics.org/museum/tsiol.html This source is a website that gave us a lot of good reliable background information. We learned all about the man who showed the world how we would be able to send an artificial object into orbit around the Earth. Sergei Korolev, the man who made Sputnik, used his theories and his idea to send the first man made satellite into space. Fox, Mary Virginia. Inventors & Inventions. Satellites. Edited by Benchmark Books. Hong Kong: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 1996. This secondary source is a book written by Mary Virginia Fox. One thing that we learned about America and the Soviets in the space race is the reason that America was so far behind. This book led us to go to the library to get more books that we could use to get reliable information on the revolution of Sputnik.

Garber, Steve, and Roger Launius. NASA, "A Brief History of NASA." Last modified July 5, 2005. Accessed February 28, 2012. http://history.nasa.gov/factsheet.htm. This secondary source is a website written by NASA. From this site we gained all the history that we needed to know about the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Some interesting facts that we learned about this topic include that this program was related directly to the pressures of national defense. We also learned that the first American man to go into space was Alan B. Shepard Jr., and the first United States astronaut to orbit the Earth was John H. Glenn Jr.

Garber, Steve. NASA, "Sputnik and The Dawn of the Space Age." Last modified October 10, 2007. Accessed February 15, 2012. http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/ This source is a website made by the National Aeronautics and Space Act, or more commonly known as NASA. We gained all kinds of information from this website, including some background information about the first space organization starting in 1952. From this website we also branched out and learned more about Explorer 1 and Vanguard as we browsed the other sites made available by the NASA website.

Greene, Nick. The New York Times Company, "Sputnik 1." Last modified 2012. Accessed February 13, 2012. http://space.about.com/cs/history/a/sputnik1.htm This website is an article written by Nick Greene on Sputnik 1. It contains information on the International Geophysical Year that was created as it was timed to coincide with the high point of the eleven year cycle of sunspot activity. An interesting fact that we learned was that the name of Sputnik comes from a Russian word for traveling companion of the world.

Guillemette, Roger. U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission, "Sputnik and the Crisis That Followed ." Last modified 2000. Accessed February 13, 2012. http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/SPACEFLIGHT/Sputnik/SP16.htm This source is a website written on Sputnik and the impact of the satellite. It gave us a lot of useful and surprising information. To begin with, we learned that the Soviet Union had been revealing their plan of Sputnik for months, which means that it should not have been as big of a

surprise. This site also gave us some primary sources as it contained a couple quotes and quite a few pictures.

Harford, James J. NASA, ""Korolev's Triple Play: Sputniks 1, 2, and 3,"." Last modified February 2, 2005. Accessed February 22, 2012. http://inventors.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pa o/History/sputnik/harford.html This webpage is an article written by a James J. Harford, a man employed by NASA. We learned a lot about the Soviet reaction to Sputnik, which we had before this not known a lot about. This site also led us to a couple other articles written by NASA.

Jarlsberg, Stilton. HopeNChangeCartoons.com, "Barack to the Future." Last modified January 27, 011. Accessed March 2, 2012. http://hopenchangecartoons.blogspot.com/2011/01/barack-to-future.html. This political cartoon demonstrates the impact of Sputnik in todays world. It uses irony and a sense of humor as the two children sit at the table and discuss what Sputnik was. When one of them says they will look it up on their iPhone, irony is used as they would not have an iPhone if Sputnik hadnt been launched. Therefore, even though it is also suggesting that the general population does not know what this satellite was, it clearly shows us the impact and reform that Sputnik has produced in our world today.

Launius, Roger D. NASA, "Sputnik the Origins of the Space Age." Last modified February 2, 2005. Accessed February 14, 2012. http://history.nasa.gov/sputnik/sputorig.html. This site is a report written by Roger D. Launius, an expert employed by NASA. From this report, we gained a lot of information on Americas direct reaction to Sputnik. We learned that many people accused Eisenhower of letting the Soviets best the United States. There were poems written about Sputnik, and people couldnt believe that this other country, communist none the less, had gotten the best of them technologically.

Launius, Roger D. NASA, "The History of SatellitesSputnik and the Dawn of the Space Age." Last

modified 2012. Accessed February 23, 2012. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsatellite.htm. This webpage is an article written by Roger D. Launius. From this site we learned more about how Sputnik changed history. We learned that it was translated into the capability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the United States. We also learned exactly what programs were made in America when Sputnik was launched.

Mellowcat. WordPress.com, "You are here." Last modified January 26, 2011. Accessed February 23, 2012. http://btwashburn.wordpress.com/2011/01/26/you-are-here/. This is a picture/diagram of the satellite Sputnik. We used it on the thesis page in the collage of pictures that we have there. From this webpage we also learned about how President Reagan was the one who declared that the technology used for satellite based positioning should be made available across political boundaries and to commercial entities so that people like airliners could tell where they were.

Mukherjee, Bidisha. Buzzle.com, "Sputnik Satellite." Last modified 2012. Accessed February 12, 2012. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/sputniksatellite.html. From this webpage we learned a lot of general information about the satellite Sputnik. We learned that it was not a satellite of very high standard when it comes to technology. Something that we had not known before we read this site is that Sputnik was the first device to ever be able to detect meteoroids.

MyEarbot.. "First Satellite Sputnik Launched 50 Years Ago VOA Story." October 7, 2007. Web, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuZguR37A4o. This video is telling us about the deputy to chief Soviet rocket designer Sergei Korolev. We learned from this that those involved in the launch were just as surprised as everyone else. This man is one of the very few still alive of this design team. He says that there was an element of creative luck as they achieved what they had thought was not going to be a success. We had thought that Sputnik was a guaranteed launch.

NEW YORK TIMES. The Age Company Ltd., "The Sputnik revolution." Last modified 2007. Accessed

February 11, 2012. http://www.theage.com.au/news/in-depth/the-sputnikrevolution/2007/10/02/1191091112870.html?page=4. This website is an article written by the New York Times. From this site we learned what major events have happened because of Sputnik. \ If the Soviet Union had not sent the first satellite into space then America would never have felt such an urge to advance their country. NASA would never have been created, and that is the space program that has sent a man on the moon and all the other probes and satellites that are currently in space today.

Parker, Steve. Tomorrow's Technology. Now And Into The Future. Edited by Thameside Press. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, 1998. This secondary source is a book in the series Tomorrows Technology. From this book we gained a lot of information on satellites in general. We learned that the first time a satellite affected daily life was in 1962 with the satellite Telstar. It also led us to the book Sputnik; The First Satellite.

Raymond, Matt. "Beep, Beep, Beep, Beep...." Library of Congress Blog (blog), October 4, 2007. accessed February 15, 2012. http://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2007/10/beep-beep-beep-beep/ This website was an article written by Matt Raymond and was found in the Library of Congress. It gave us a lot of interesting information on the specific event of Sputnik, one that we found very intriguing. Sputnik made a beeping noise as it circulated the globe, and radios all over the world were able to pick up the sound and broadcast it. This site also led us to a very interesting political cartoon of Sputnik flying past the window beeping and America in bed, just waking up. Ronquillo, Ulysses. WordPress.com, "October 4, 1957 the Russians launch Sputnik." Last modified 2009. Accessed February 25, 2012. http://todayinspacehistory.wordpress.com/2007/10/04/october-4-1957-the-russianslaunch-sputnik/. This site is a website on the Russian launch of Sputnik. We learned that both Russia and the United States knew that superiority in space was a condition of their national security. We also learned that the space program kept us out of a hot war because we were so busy competing technologically, with a national will instead of annihilating each other. This site also led us to

three other articles on Sputnik written by the Air & Space Smithsonian and the Aerospace America.

Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. National Air and Space Museum, "Milestones of Flight." Last modified 2010. Accessed February 15, 2012. http://www.nasm.si.edu/exhibitions/GAL100/sputnik.html This source is a website created by the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. It gave us a timeline of all major aerospace achievements and some of the physical traits of both Explorer 1, the United States first satellite, and Sputnik. We learned that Sputnik was much larger and heavier than Explorer 1, but Explorer 1 was more advanced. Another piece of useful information that we gained from this website was the name of the man that headed the design bureau that created Sputnik.

The Learning Network. The New York Times Company, "Oct. 4, 1957 | Soviet Union Launches Sputnik Satellite." Last modified October 4, 2011. Accessed February 14, 2012. http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/october-41957-soviet-union-launches-sputnik-satellite/. This website is an article written by the New York Times. We learned some more of the basic facts on the creation and launch of Sputnik. Another very interesting fact that we learned is that President Obama is saying that America is facing a Sputnik moment. This site also led us to an article that was written the day of Sputnik. This became a great and very reliable primary source.

TV-Novosti.. "Space prophet Konstantin Tsiolkovsky." Autonomous Nonprofit Organization. June 5, 2009. film strip, http://rt.com/news/sci-tech/space-prophet-konstantin-tsiolkovsky/. This source is a video that tells the history of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. It tells us about how his discovery of how to orbit a man-made satellite affected the world. We also learned that his equation is still used today in our method of launching rockets. Without this mans equation that was made without school and by a man with a disability, todays space programs would be completely different, if even possible.

Watson, Tracy. USA TODAY, "Sputnik's anniversary raises questions about future of space exploration." Last modified September 26, 2007. Accessed

February 21, 2012. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2007-09-25-sputnikanniversary_N.htm. This is an article from USA TODAY that gives all kinds of general information on Sputnik and the reaction to it. Some of the information that we gained from this site include the fact that people think that our space program is not what it supposed to be. We also learned that the reason America caught up with the Soviets was due to the German space pioneer Wernher von Braun and his engineering team.

Whalen, David J. NASA History Division, "Communications Satellites: Making the Global Village Possible." Last modified November 30, 2010. Accessed February 15, 2012. http://history.nasa.gov/satcomhistory.html This secondary site is a website on NASA that contains all kind of accurate historical information on communication devices. It gave us the benefits and profits of Sputnik, and also told us that people finally began to think of what the potential of communication devices. An interesting fact we learned from this website is that AT&T, in 1960 and after receiving approval from the Federal Communications Commission, launched an experimental communication satellite. We had never even suspected that AT&T was responsible for the very first communication satellite.