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In describing plant organs, we'll draw examples mainly The basic morphology of most vascular plants reflects their evofrom the two major groups of angiosperms: monocots and lutionary history as terrestrial organisms that inhabit and draw eudicots (see Figure 30.13). AP Biology Reading Guide Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
Roots and above ground. They must absorb water and minerals from
below the ground surface and and light from above the A root is a multicellular organ that anchors a vascular plant in ground surface. The ability to acquire these resources arose from Name
____Jyothis
James__________
Period
____1_____
the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbothe eo.-olution of three basic organs-roots, stems, and leaves.
hydrates. Most eudicots and gymnosperms have a taproot sysThese35:
Plant
Structure,
and a shoot system. evelopment
consisting of one main vertical root, the taproot, that Chapter
organs form a root system Growth,
and
D the latter tem, consisting of stems and leaves (Figure 35.2). With few excepdevelops from an embryonic root. The taproot gives rise to
tions, angiosperms and other vaseuIar plants rely rompletel:y on lateral roots, also called Concept
35.1
The
plant
body
has
a
hierarchy
of
organs,
tissues,
and
cells
branch roots (see Figure 35.2). in both systems for survival. Roots are typically nonphotosynthetic many angiosperms, the taproot stores sugars and starches
and stan-e unless photosylldrates. the sugars and other carbohythat the plant will consume during flowering and fruit pro1. This
concept
is
organized
into
three
sectionsplant
organs,
tissues,
and
cells.
Begin
by
drates produced during photosynthesis, are imported from the duction. For this reason, root crops such as carrots, turnips, shootdefining
a
tissue
and
an
organ.
on the wasystem. Conversely, the shoot system depends and beets are harvested before they flower. Taproot systems
ter and minerals that roots absorb from the soil generally penetrate deeply and are therefore well adapted to Vegetative growth-production of nonreproductive leaves. A
tissue
is
a
group
of
cells
with
a
common
function,
structure
or
both.
groundwater consists
of
the surface. deep soils where the An
organ
is not close to several
stems, and roots-is only one stage in a plant's life. articular
types
of
tissues
that
together
carry
out
pManyplants functions.
In seedless vascular plants and in most monocots, such as
also undergo reproductive growth. In angiosperms, reproduc grasses, the embryonic root dies and does not give rise to a tive shoots bear flowers, which are composed oflea\'eS that are main root. Instead, many small 2. The
three
plant
organs
are
___roots____,
___stems___,
and
__leaves__
.
roots grow from the stem. Such highly modified for sexual reproduction. Later in this chapter, rootsare said to beadvelltitiOUS (from the Latin advelltiCUS, ex-
3.
On
Figure
35.2,
label
the
shoot
system,
root
system,
apical
bud,
axillary
bud,
and
root
system.
traneous), a term describing a plant organ that grows in an unusual location, such as roots arising from stems or lea\'eS. Each small root forms its own lateral roots. The result is a fibrous root system-a mat of generally thin roots spreading oul below the soil surface, with no root functioning as the main one (see Figure 30.13). Fibrous root systems usually do not penetrate deeply and are therefore best adapted to shallow soils or regions where rainfall is light and does not moisten the soil much below the surface layer. Most grasses have shallow roots, con centrated in the upper few centimeters of the soil. Because these shallow roots hold the topsoil in place, grass makes excellent ground cover for preventing erosion. Although the entire root system helps anchor a plant, in most plants the absorption of water and minerals occurs primarily near the tips of roots, where vast numbers of tiny root hairs increase the surface area of the rool enormously (Figure 35.3).
<II Figure 35.3 Root hairs of a radish seedling. Root halTS grt;MI by the thousands Just behind the tip of each root. By Increasing the surface area, they greatly enharn:e the absorption of water and mlneraJs from the SOlI.
Apical---'t
b,'
shoot
----'llt.
Shoot system
Leaf Axillary
b,'
",m--::::;;;;o;;;;;OOiiiiiiiiii
Root
system
4. Figure 35.2 root
and
then
flowering plant. The plant Define
An overview of a explain
the
difference
between
a
taproot
and
lateral
roots.
body IS dMded Into a root S)'5tem and a shoot system, connected by
vascular IlSSUe (purple strands In thIS diagram) that IS contmuous Root
-
A
root
is
a
mThe plant shown isorgan
that
anchors
a
vascular
plant
in
the
soil,
absorbs
minerals
and
throughout the plant ulticellular
an idealized eudicot. water,
and
often
stores
carbohydrates.
Taproot
and
Lateral
root
-
Most
eudicots
and
gymnosperms
have
a
taproot
sys-
tem,
consisting
of
one
main
vertical
root,
the
taproot,
that
develops
from
an
embryonic
root.
The
taproot
gives
rise
to
lateral
roots,
also
called
branch
roots.
5. This
photograph
shows
the
root
hairs
of
a
radish.
What
is
the
function
of
root
hairs?
(HAH(1 THllnflV(
739
Although the entire root system helps anchor a plant, in most plants the absorption of water and minerals occurs primarily near the tips of roots, where vast numbers of tiny root hairs in- crease the surface area of the root enormously
6.
By concentrating resources on elongation, the evolutionary adaptation of apical dominance increases the plant's exposure to light. 7. 8. The main function of a leaf is __to perform photosynthesis__. What are five additional functions that modified leaves can perform? a. Tendrils - The tendrils provide support by clinging on to other objects b. Spines provide protection for the plant c. Storage leaves specialize in storing water d. Reproductive leaves produce plantlets which fall off and reproduce e. Bracts- their bright colors attract pollinators Plants have three types of tissues. Place the name of each tissue type and its function in the table below. a. dermal tissue system - is the plant's outer protective covering. In addition to protecting the plant from water loss and disease, the epidermis has specialized characteristics in each organ. They can also provide defense against in- sects by forming a barrier or by secreting sticky fluids and toxic compounds vascular tissue system - carries out long-distance trans- port of materials between the root and shoot systems. The h...o types of vascular tissues are xylem and phloem. ground tissue system - Ground tissue that is internal to the vas- cular tissue is known as pith, and ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue is called cortex. The ground tissue system is not just filler. It includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis, and support.
9.
b.
c.
10. What is the function of the cuticle? a waxy coating on the epidermal surface, helps prevent water loss. 11. Xylem conducts __water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots__. 12. Xylem transport tends to be in one direction, but phloem transport is more complicated. Explain the pattern of sugar flow in phloem tissue. Phloem transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis, from where they are made (usually the leaves) to where they are needed-usually roots and sites of growth, such as developing leaves and fruits. 13. The two major tissues of the ground tissue system are pith and cortex. Where are they found in the plant? Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are part of the ground tissue system. They are found between the dermal and vascular tissue. 14. a a. Parenchyma cells - perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant, synthesizing and storing various organic products. Most parenchyma cells retain the
ability
to
divide
and
differentiate
into
other
types
of
plant
cells
under
particular
conditions-during
wound
repair,
for
example.
b. Collenchyma
cells
-
Grouped
in
strands
or
cylinders,
collenchyma
cells
help
support
young
parts
of
the
plant
shoot.
At
maturity,
collenchyma
cells
are
living
and
flexible,
elongating
with
the
stems
and
leaves
they
support
c. Sclerynchyma
cells
-
Also
functioning
as
supporting
elements
in
the
plant,
but
with
thick
secondary
walls
that
are
usually
strengthened
by
lignin,
sclerenchyma
cells
are
much
more
rigid
than
collenchyma
cells.
Mature
sclerenchyma
cells
cannot
elongate,
and
they
occur
in
regions
of
the
plant
that
have
stopped
growing
in
length.
Sclerenchyma
cells
are
so
specialized
for
support
that
many
are
dead
at
functional
maturity,
but
they
produce
secondary
walls
before
the
protoplast
(the
living
part
of
the
cell)
dies.
d. Xylem
cells-
Tracheids
are
long.
thin
cells
with
tapered
ends.
Water
moves
from
cell
to
cell
mainly
through
the
pits,
where
it
does
not
to
cross
thick
secondary
walls.
Vessel
elements
are
generally
wider,
shorter,
thinner
walled,
and
less
tapered
than
the
tracheids.
They
are
aligned
end
to
end,
forming
long
micropipes
known
as
Water-Conducting Cells of the Xylem vessels.
The two types of water-conducting cells, tracheids and ,"essel elements, are tubular, elongated cells that are dead at functional maturity. Tracheids are found in the xylem of nearly all vascular plants. In addition to tracheids, most angiosperms, as .....ell as a few gymnospenns and a few seedless vascular plants. have vessel elements. \'<'hen the living cellular contents of a tracheid or vessel. element disintegrate, the ceIJ's thickened walls remain behind. forming a nonliving conduit through "''hich water can flow. The secondary walls of tracheids and vessel dements are often interrupted by pits, thinner regions where only primary walls are present (see Figure 628 to review primary and secondary waIls). Water can migrate laterally between neighboring cells through pits. Tracheids are long. thin cells with tapered ends. Water moves from cell to cell mainly through the pits, where it does not to cross thick
secondary walls. The secondary walls of tracheids are hardened with lignin.....itich prevents collapse under the tensions ofwater transport and Tracheids and vessels
I
100l!m
also provides support. Vessel elements are generally wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered than the tracheids. They are aligned end to end, forming long micropipes known as 'essels. The end walls of the vessel elements have perforation plates that enable water to flow freely through the vessels.
(co'onzed SEM)
""Ie
Periorat
i.
e. Phloem
-
Unlike
the
water-conducting
cells
of
the
xylem,
the
sugar-
conducting
cells
Sugar-Conducting phloem
are
aPhloem unctional
maturity.
In
seedless
vascular
plants
and
of
the
Cells of the live
at
f Unlike the water-conducting cells of the xylem, the sugargymnospenns,
sugars
and
other
Sieve-tube elements: organic
nutrients
are
transported
through
long,
longitudinal view (lM) conducting cells of the phloem are alive at functional maturity. narrow
cells
Gilled
sieve
cells.
In
the
phloem
of
angiosperms,
these
nutrients
are
In seedless vascular plants and gymnospenns, sugars and other transported
through
sieve
tubes,
which
consist
of
chains
of
cells
called
sieve
tube
or
organic nutrients are transported through long, narrow cells sieve
tube
members.
Gilled sieve cells. In the phloem of angiosperms, these nutrients
are tnmsported through sieve tubes, which consist of chains of cells called sieve-tube or sieve-tube members. Though alive, sieve-tube elements lack a nucleus, ribosomes, a Sieve-tube element (left) distinct vacuole, and eytoskeletal elements. This reduction in cell and companion cell: contents enables nutrients to pass more easily through the celL cross section (TEM) The end walls between sieve-tube elements, called sieve plates, haw pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube. Alongside each sieve-tube element is a nonconducting cell called a companion which is connected to the sieve-tube element by numerous channels, plasmodesmata (see Figure6.28). The nucleus and ribosomes of the companion cell setW not only that cell itself but also the adjacent sieve-tube ekment In.some plants, companion cells in leaves also help load sugars into the sieve-tube elements, which then transport the sugars to other Sieve plate Companion cells
\ f---fl---
elements Plasmodesma
WI---Nudeus of
CompaOlOO
"n
8ioFlix Vislt the Study Area at www.masteringbio.com fa the Bdb: 3-D AnIfTlatlOn called Tour of a P\;Int Cel.
Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view
CHAH(1 THIUYflV(
745
tapered than the tracheids. They are aligned end to end, forming long micropipes known as 'essels. The end walls of the vessel elements have perforation plates that enable water to flow freely through the vessels. Vessel elements. with perforated end walls
\ f---fl---
elements Plasmodesma
WI---Nudeus of
CompaOlOO
"n
8ioFlix Vislt the Study Area at www.masteringbio.com fa the Bdb: 3-D AnIfTlatlOn called Tour of a P\;Int Cel.
Sieve-tube elements: longitudinal view
i. 15. Compare and contrast the following Structure, Gro....1h, and Development 745 structures: CHAH(1 THIUYflV( Plant a. Tracheids are long. thin cells with tapered ends. Water moves from cell to cell mainly through the pits, where it does not to cross thick secondary walls. Vessel elements are generally wider, shorter, thinner walled, and less tapered than the tracheids. b. The end walls between sieve-tube elements, called sieve plates, haw pores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube. Alongside each sieve- tube element is a nonconducting cell called a companion which is connected to the sieve-tube element by numerous channels, plasmodesmata 16. summary charts. a. The three plant organs are : roots, stems, and leaves b. The three basic plant tissues are: dermal, vascular, ground c. The three basic plant cells are: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerynchyma, xylem and phloem 17. What is the difference between indeterminate growth and determinate growth?
A major difference between plants and most animals is that plant growth is not limited to an embryonic or juvenile period. Instead, growth occurs throughout the plant's life, a process known as indeterminate growth. At any given time, a typical plant consists of embryonic, developing, and mature organs. Except for dormant periods, most plants grow continuously. In contrast, most animals and some plant organs-such as most leaves, thorns, and flowers-undergo determinate growth; that is, they stop growing after reaching a certain size. 18. Although plants generally show indeterminate growth, what are three examples of plant parts that show determinate growth? Leaves, thorns, and flowers 19. Based on the length of their life cycle, plants are categorized into three groups. Explain what each category means below, and provide an example. a. Annuals complete their life cycle-from germination to flower ing to seed production to death-in a single year or less. Many wildflowers are annuals, as are most staple food crops, including legumes and cereal grains such as wheat and rice. b. Biennials generally require two growing seasons to complete their life cycle, flowering and fruiting only in their second year. Radishes and carrots are biennials, though they are usually harvested after the first year.
al bud scale
ry buds
r;;::::;
One-year-old side branch formed from aXillary bud near shoot tip
scar
Perennials
live
many
years
and
include
trees,
shrubs,
and
some
grasses.
Some
buffalo
grass
of
the
North
American
plains
is
thought
to
have
been
growing
for
10,000
years
from
seeds
that
sprouted
at
the
close
of
the
last
ice
age.
20. Plants
are
capable
of
indeterminate
growth
because
they
have
perpetually
embryonic
tissues
called
meristems.
21.
Explain
the
following
relationships:
lengthens a. Apical
meristems
and
primary
growth:
Apical
meristems,
located
at
the
tips
of
roots
and
shoots
and
in
the
axillary
buds
offshoots,
provide
additional
cells
that
enable
roots and shootso
grow
in
length,
a
process
known
as
primary
growth.
Primary
growth
the
plant
t As you have learned, primary growth is xtend
inhroughout
the
soil
and
shoots
to
increase
their
exposure
to
allows
roots
to
egrowth t length, produced by apical meristems.hCollectively, thenonwoody)
plants,
primary
growth
produces
all,
or
almost
all
light.
In
erbaceous
( results of this growth are calledof
the
plant
plant body. In herbaceous the primary body.
plants, it is usuallyLateral
meristems
and
secondary
growth:
Woody
plants.
however,
also
grow
in
b. the entire plant. In woody plants, it consists only of the youngest parts,n
the
parts
of
stems
Although girth
i which are not yet woody. and
roots
that
no
longer
grow
in
length.
This
growth
in
apical meristems lengthen both roots and shoots, there are thickness,
known
as
secondary
growth,
is
caused
by
the
activity
of
lateral
meristems
differences in the primary growth of these two systems. called
the
vascular
cambium
and
cork
cambium.
c. Primary
growth
and
secondary
growth:
Primary
growth
allows
roots
to
extend
Primary Growth of Roots throughout
the
soil
and
shoots
to
increase
their
exposure
to
light.
In
herbaceous
The tip of a root is covered by a thimble-likeprimary
which (nonwoody)
plants,
root cap, growth
produces
all,
or
almost
all.
of
the
plant
body.
protects the delicate apical lants.
however,
also
grow
in
girth
in
the
parts
of
stems
and
roots
that
no
Woody
p meristem as the root pushes through the abrasive soil during primary growth. The root cap in
thickness,
known
as
secondary
growth.
longer
grow
in
length.
This
growth
also secretes a polysaccharide slime that lubricates the soil 22. The
figure
below
shows
an
image
that
is
like
a
slide
many
students
study
in
a
mitosis
lab
and
around the tip ohhe root. Growth occurs just behind the tip is
labeled
for
this
lesson
as
the
Primary
growth
of
a
root.
Label
the
nine
structures
shown
in three zones of cells at successive stages of primary growth. in
the
figure:
cortex,
vascular
cylinder,
epidermis,
apical
meristem,
root
cap,
root
hair,
zone
Moving away from the tip, they are the zones of cell division, of
d and differentiation one
o 35.13). elongation, ifferentiation,
z(Figuref
elongation,
and
zone
of
cell
division.
Cortex K.y to labels Dermal Ground Vascular Vascular cylinder
c.
h in a winter twig.
sed by scales that protect n spring, the bud sheds its mary growth, producing a ng each growth segment, ere left when leaves fell. ud or a branch formed by wig are bud scars from the ical bud during the previason, primary growth exrowth thickens the parts
Zone of differentiation
Zone of elongation
nd secondary growth. n divide and replace rface. Why is it inacof cell division to a 100llm
inately, but leaves do plant? er picks some radishes l. Since radishes are e remaining plants in will grow larger during idea? Explain.
... Figure 35.13 Primary growth of a root. The light micrograph and diagram reveal the anatomical features of the tip n
the
zone
of
cell
division,
zone
of
elongation,
and
zone
of
23. Explain
what
events
occur
i of an ooion root. Mitosis is concentrated in the zone of cell dil'ision, where the apical differentiation.
menstem and its immediate growth products are located. The apical menstem also maintains the root cap by generating new cells that replace those that occurs The
three
are sloughedrade
together,
of the root o
zonein theboundaries.
The
zone
of
cell
division
includes
the
root
zones
g off. Most lengthening with
the zone of elongation. Cells become functionally mature inn sharp
of apical
meristem
and
its
derivatives.
New
root
cells
are
produced
in
this
region,
including
the
root
cap.
differentiatioo. The zones grade into one another without sharp boundaries.
x A.
Typically,
about
a
millimeter
behind
the
tip
of
the
root
is
the
zone
of
elongation,
where
root
cells
CIlAPTE TIlIRlYfIVE
747
elongate, sometimes to more than ten times their original length. Cell elongation in this zone pushes the tip farther into the soil. Meanwhile, the root apical mXylem eristem keeps adding cells to the younger f-; end of the zone of elongation. Even before the root cells finish lengthening, many begin specializing 100llm Phloem in structure and function. In the zone of differentiation, or zone of maturation, cells complete their differentiation and become phloem in cell center (a) Root with xylem and distinct the types.
f-;
100llm
(typical of eudicots). In the roots of typical gymnosperms and (b) issue located in the 24. In most roots, teudicots. as well as hloem is a solid cylinder of vascular tRoot with parenchyma in the center (typical of he xylem and psome monocots, the stele is a vascular cylinder monocots). The stele of many monocot roots center of the root and called the stele. The figure below shows the sis a vasculardicot root. Label parenchyma tele of a cylinder with a core of consisting of a lobed core of KYIem with the xylem, phloem, endodermis, and pericycle. Also define the two new terms as indicated. a ring of phloem phloem between the lobes. surrounded by a ring of KYIem and
:L'lt7Tt---1Phloem
... Figure 35.14 Organization of primary tissues in young roots. Parts (a) and (b) show cross sections of the roots of Ranuncu/us (buttercup) and lea (maize), respectively. These Endodermis: The innermost layer of the cortex is called the endodermis, a cylinder one cell thick that represent two basic patterns of root organization. of which there are many variations, depending forms the boundary with the vIlm 50 ascular cylinder. on the plant species (alllMs).
Pericycle: Lateral roots arise from the pcricyclc, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder, 748 UNIT SIX Plant Form and nside t which is adjacent to and just iFunctionhe endodermis. 25. Why must new roots formed by the pericycle originate in the center of the root? A lateral root cannot originate near the root's surface because its vascular system must be continuous with the vascular cylinder at the center of the established root. 26. From Figure 35.16, label shoot apical meristem, leaf primordia, young leaf, developing vascular strand, and axillary bud meristems.
lateral root. A lateral root originates in the pericyde, of a root, and grows out through the and s, the view of the original root is a cross section. while section. Shoot apical meristem leaf primordia
ng mostly ofparenchyma een the vascular cylinder nd tissue store carbohybsorb water and minerals f the cortex is called the that forms the boundary see in Chapter 36, the enegulates passage of subcylinder. yclc, the outermost cell adjacent to and just inside teral root pushes through rges from the established annot originate near the tem must be continuous of the established root.
Young leaf
bud meristems
shaped mass of dividing Leaves develop from leaf 0.25 mm
finger-like projections .. Figure 35.16 The shoot tip. Leal primordia arise from the m. Axillary buds develop 27.flanks of the dome of ithethis
figure
is
responsible
for
primary
growth?
What
structure
n
apical meristem. This is a longitudinal section of the shoot tip of Coleus (LM). t by the apical meristem Apical
meristem
illary buds can form latTissue Organization of Stems gure 35.12). 28.Theis
possible
to
tell
a
young
eudicot
from
a
monocot
by
the
structure
of
the
stem.
In
the
It
epidermis covers stems as part of the continuous dermal paced close together befollowing
figure,
label
the
eudicot,
monocot,
epidermis,
and
vascular
bundles.
tissue system. Vascular tissue runs the length of a stem in vasMost shoot elongation is cular bundles. Unlike lateral roots, which arise from vascular lls below the shoot tip. In tissue deep within a root and disrupt the vascular cambium, eafcells are produced by Phloem Xylem cortex, and epidermis as they emerge (see Figure 35.15), latd from the apical merieral shoots develop from axillary bud meristems on the stem's meristems, remain at the surface and disrupt no other tissues (see Figure 35.16). The des. This morphological 9 because the elevated part vascular bundles ofthe stem converge with the root's vascular 9 out stopping growth. cylinder in a zone of transition located near the soil surface. Q) I> '0 <l>
CIlAPTE TIlIRlYfIVE
\1>", 749
..
., " ..
'"
co
<l>
e.
Vascular
bundles
'"
'"
f------<
Epidermis
Vascular bundle
1 mm
(3) Cross section of stem with vascular bundles forming a ring (typical of eudicots). Ground tissue toward the
Dermal
Ground
Vascular
29. How is the arrangement of vascular bundles different in monocot and dicot stems? In mcular bundles arranged in a ring t(figureascular tissue consists of vascular bof many eudicots have twoin a ring. The xylem ost eudicot species, he v 35.17a). The xylem photosynthesis. The leaves undles arranged disin each vascular bundle is adjacent to the pith, and the phloem in each bundle is adjacent to the cortex. In most monocot stems, the vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue, rather than forming a ring (Figure 35.17b). In the stems of both monocots and eudicots, the ground tissue consists mostly of parenchyma cells. However, collenchyma cells just beneath the epidermis strengthen many stems. Scle renchyma cells, especially fiber cells, also provide support in tinct areas: palisade mesophyll and spongy mesophyll. The In most eudicot species, the vascular tissue consists of vasophyll consists mainly of parenchyma cells specialized for
II
.... Figure 35.17 Organization of primary tissues in young stems. Why aren't the terms pith and cortex used to describe the ground tissue of monocot stems?
palisade mesophyll consists of one or more layers of elongated parenchyma cells on the upper part of the leaf. The
in
each
vascular
bundle
is
adjacent
to
the
pith,
and
the
phloem
in
each
bundle
is
adjacent
to
the
cortex.
In
most
monocot
stems,
the
vascular
bundles
are
scattered
throughout
the
ground
tissue,
rather
than
forming
a
ring.
30. To
understand
the
process
of
photosynthesis,
students
are
expected
to
know
leaf
structure
in
greater
detail.
Using
Figure
35.18,
label
each
structure
just
as
shown
in
the
text.
Figure 35.18 Leafanatomy.
Guard cells
K.y
to labels
Bundlesheath cell
t
CHECK
Spoogy mesophyll
Lower epidermis
the previous layer (see Figure 35.19). In this way, the vascular leaves. In contrast. secondary growth, the growth in thickness cambium thickens roots and stems. The
stem
thickens
as
the
vascular
cambium
forms
secondary
to
woodynside
and
secondary
pconsists ofo
produced by lateral meristems, occurs in stems and roots of In a typical the
i stem, the vascular cambium hloem
t the
outside.
but rarely in leaves. The secondary plant body woody plants, a continuous cylinder ofundifferentiated parenchyma cells, loconsists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cated outside the pith and primary xylem and to the inside cork cambium.hat
cells
are
formed
to
the
inside
and
the
outside
of
the
vascular
cIn a typical woody root, the of the cortex and primary phJoem. ambium?
b.
W The vascular cambium adds secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem, increasing vascular flow and supvascular cambium forms to the exterior of the primary xylem
port for the shoot system. The cork cambium produces a tough, and interior to the primary phloem and pericyde.
CIlAPTE TIlIRTYfIVE
thick covering consisting mainly of wax-impregnated ceUs that 35.3 protect through
s ..','ater loss and 31. What
g roots and shoots differ in branching. I. Describe howas
critical
to
photosynthesis
enters
the
leaf
the stem fromtoma?
CO2
from invasion by insects, bacteria, and fungi. All ater
32. What
is
lost
through
t and toma
2. Contrast primary growth in rootshe
sshoots. that
leads
to
transpiration?
Wgymnosperm species and many eudicot species have secondary growth, but it is rare in monocots. 33.
I grazing animals are removed leaf?
C4
3. Whens
this
a
C3,
C4,
or
CAM
from grasslands, Primary growth and secondary growth occur eudicots often replace grasses. Suggest a reason why. 34. Primary
growth
arises
from
apical
meristems
and
results
in
___growth___
of
roots,
simultane- nd
stems,
a ously. As primary growth adds leaves and lengthens stems and 4, _i,ij:f.jlijM If econdary
growth
arises
from
_____________
and
___vascular_____
cambium
and
results
a leaf is vertically oriented, would you leaves.
S expect its mesophyll to__girth___
of
spongy and stems.
roots in the younger regions of a plant, secondary growth in
increased
_ be divided into roots
and
thickens stems and roots in older regions where primary palisade layers? Explain. 35. Explain
what
is
produced
by
these
structures
growth has stopped. The process is similar in shoots and For suggested answers. see Appendix A. a. Vascular
cambium:
The
vascular
cambium
is
a35.19, on theonext page, provides an overview ofen
roots. Figure
cylinder
f
meristematic
cells,
of-
t only
one
cell
thick.
It
increases
in
circumference
and
also
adds
layers
of
secondary
growth in a woody stem. xylem
to
its
interior
and
secondary
phloem
to
its
exterior.
The Vascular Cambium and Secondary b. Cork
Cambium:
During
the
early
stages
of
secondary
growth,
the
epidermis
is
Vascular Tissue pushed
outward,
causing
it
to
split,
dry,
and
fall
off
the
stem
or
root.
It
is
replaced
by
adds girth tto first
cork
cvascular cambium is a cylinder of meristematic cells, ofThe ambium,
a
cylinder
of
dividing
cells
that
two
tissues
produced
by
he
ten n
t one uter
layer
of
the
ericycle
in
and also stems andarises
in
in woody plantstems
and
ionlyhe
ocell thick. It increases inpcircumference roots.
roots the
outer
cortex
of
s adds layers of secondary xylem to its interior and secondary 36. Read
the
text
that
accompanies
Figure
35.19
and
then
answer
these
questions.
As you have seen, primary growth arises from apical meristems phloem to its exterior. Each layer has a larger diameter than a.
What
results
in
primary
growth
of
the
stem?
and involves the production and elongation of roots, stems, and
CONCEPT
751
---+ y--+-
Epidermis
as the vascular cambium forms secondary to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside.
y--+-
--+
mk
As the Vascular cambium's diameter increases. The secondary phloem and other tissues to vascular "y As the vascular cambium's diameter the cambium can't keep pace because their cells no longer divide, As a result, these tissues, increases. the secondary phloem and including the epidermis, will eventually rupture. A second lateral mcambium the cork eristem, other tissues to the cambium, develops from parenchyma cells in the keep paceThe cork cambium produces cork can't cortex. because their cells no longer divide, As a result, these cells, which replace the epidermis. Primary tissues, including the epidermis, will rylem c. What is the difference in the formation of peventuallyxrupture.aA second lateral ersus secondary rimary ylem nd phloem v meristem, the cork cambium, develops Secondary rylem xylem and phloem? from parenchyma cells in the cortex. Vascular cambium Primary xylem is the xylem that is formed during primary growth from cells, The cork cambium produces cork procambium. It Secondary phloem which evelops fter the includes protoxylem and metaxylem. Metaxylem dreplace theaepidermis. protoxylem but before secondary xylem. It is distinguished by wider vessels and tracheids. As it develops, the xylem { Pflmary phloem First cork cambium Cork can become endarch or exarch. 01n year 2 of secondary growth, the vascular secondary growth Secondary xylem is the xylem that is formed during cambium produces morefrom vascular cambium. Although secondary xylem is also fsecondary members of the "gymnosperm" groups ound in xylem and phloem, and the cork cambium produces more cork. Gnetophyta and Ginkgophyta and to a lesser extent in members of the Cycadophyta As the stem's diameter increases. the outermost unction of to the cork 37. What vascular tissue forms the bark, and what is the ftissues exteriorthe bark?
e
o
Some initials of the vascular cambium give rise to vascular rays (see page),
Many people think that bark is only the protective outer covering of a woody stem or root. Actually, In many cases, the cork cambium bark includes all tissues external to the vascular cambium. In an outward direction, its main components are the secondary phloem (produced by re-forms deeper cambium), When ost recent the vascular in the corteK. the m Secondary none of the cortex is left, the cambium Kylem (two periderm, and all the older layers of periderm develops from phloem parenchyma cells.
o o
38. What tissues are included in the bark of a tree? Vascular cambium Secondary Phloem and layers of periderm Each cork cambium and the tissues it Secondary phloem produces form a layer of periderm, OMost recent 39. On this figure, add these labels: cork cambium, cork, periderm, bark, growth ring, secondary Bark consists of all tissues exterior to cork cambium Cork xylem, secondary phloem, and vascular cambium. the vascular cambium.
years of production)
35.19 Primary and secondary of a stem. The progress of secondary n be tracked by the sections equentially older parts of the stem, does the vascular cambium cause some s to rupture?
O.5mm
Vascular ray Growth ring (b) Cross section of a three-yearold Tilia (linden) stem (LM)
40. Look
back
at
the
stem
in
Figure
35.19
and
find
the
horizontal
slits
in
the
bark,
known
as
lenticels.
You
may
have
noticed
lenticels
on
the
young
twigs
of
trees
or
shrubs.
What
is
the
function
of
lenticels?
Plant Form and Function
Dotting the peridem are small, raised areas called lenticels, in which there is more space between cork cells, enabling living cells within a woody stem or root to exchange gases with the outside air. Lenticels often appear as slits.