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TS. NNG QUC CHINH

TP I CNG

NH XUT BN I HC S PHM

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Li ni u
Gio trinh "Tp i cng" trnh by nhng khi nim c bn ca Tp, cch xy dng tp, phn loi cc khng gian tp, s ng phi gia cc khng gian tp v xt trng hp ring ca khng gian tp nh khng gian compc, khng gian lin thng, khng gian mtric,. y l nhng kin thc c s cn thit cho nhiu lnh vc ton hc khc nhau nh Gii tch hm, L thuyt o v tch phn, Tp i s, Hnh hc vi phn,. Gio trnh c vit trn c s nhng bi ging cho sinh vin nm th 3 h C nhn ngnh Ton v sinh vin h Sau i hc ngnh Ton ca khoa ton, trng i hc S phm - i hc Thi Nguyn. Gio trnh bao gm 4 chng, trong mi chng c nu nhiu v d minh ho v c phn bi tp c bn sinh vin t gii. Trong ln xut bn u tin ny chc rng khng trnh khi thiu st. Chng ti mong nhn c s gp ca bn c.

TC GI

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Chng 0 NHNG KIN THC C S

1. CC PHP TON V TP HP 1 Giao, hp, hiu i vi cc tp con A, B, C ca tp hp X ta c: A B = B A, A B = B A, A (B C) = (A B) C, A (B C) = (A B) C, A (B C) = (A B) (A C), A (B C) = (A B) (A C), X \ (A B) = (X \ A ) (X \ B), (Cng thc De Morgan) X \ (A B) - (X \ A) (X \ B), (Cng thc De Morgan) A \ B = A (X \ B), (A \ B) \ C = A \ (B C), X \ (A \ B) = B (X \ A). Gi S (Ai)i I v (Bk)k K l hai h nhng tp con ty ca tp hp X. Khi :

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(Cng thc De Morgan m rng) (Cng thc De Morgan m rng) 2. Tch cc Gi s, X v Y l nhng tp hp, XxY l tch cc ca chng. Vi U1, U2 X v V1, V2 Y ta c:

3. nh x Cho nh x f : X Y. i vi bt k A, B X ta c:

Gi s (Ai)i I l h nhng tp con ty ca tp hp X. Khi :

i vi bt k M, N Y ta c:

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Gi s (Mi)i I l h nhng tp con ty ca tp hp Y. Khi :

2. QUAN H TH T

Quan h hai ngi trn tp hp X c gi l mt quan h th t nu cc iu kin sau tha mn: a) Phn x: x x , x X. b) Phn i xng: x, y X, nu x y v y x th x = y. c) Bc cu: x, y, z X, nu x y v y z th x z. Tp hp X trang b mt quan h th t c gi l tp sp th t. Nu x y, ta ni x ng trc y, hay x nh hn hoc bng y. Khi x y v x y, ta s vit x < y. Ta ni hai phn t x v y trong X l so snh c nu x y hoc y x. Cho X l tp sp th t. Phn t a X c gi l phn t cc tiu (tng ng cc i) trong X, nu X X, iu kin x a (tng ng a x) ko theo x = a. Trong mt tp sp th t khng nht thit phi lun c phn t cc tiu (cc i), v cng c th c nhiu phn t cc tiu (cc i) khc nhau. 4

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Gi s A X. Phn t a X c gi l cn di (tng ng cn trn) ca tp A, nu x A, ta lun c a x (tng ng x a). Nu tp con A X c cn di (tng ng cn trn) th ta ni A b chn di (tng ng chn trn). Tp A c gi l b chn (hay gii ni) nu A ng thi b chn di v b chn trn. Ta k hiu DA l tp tt c cc cn di ca A, k hiu TA l tp tt c cc cn trn ca A. Nu DA v a0 DA tha mn a a0 a DA. th a0 c gi l cn di ng ca tp A, k hiu l a0 = infA. Tng t, nu TA v a0 TA tha mn ao a, a TA th a0 c gi l cn trn ng ca tp A, k hiu l a0 = supA. Phn t x0 A c gi l phn t b nht (tng ng ln nht) ca A nu X A lun c x0 x (tng ng x x0). Ta ni tp X c sp th t ton phn (hay tuyn tnh) nu x,y X th x y hoc y x. Khi ta cng ni l quan h th t ton phn trn X. Gi s X l tp sp th t ton phn, vi a,b X ty , a b. Ta k hiu: [a, b] = {x X |a x b}, v gi l khong ng vi u mt tri l a, u mt phi l b. [a, b) = { x X |a x b } , v gi l khong m bn phi, ng bn tri. (a,b] = { x X |a < x b } , v gi l khong ng bn phi, m bn tri. (a,b) = { x X |a< x < b } , v gi l khong m trong X. Tp sp th t ton phn X c gi l tp sp th t tt nu mi tp con khc rng ca X lun c phn t b nht. Gi s X l mt tp hp sp th t. Tp hp tt c cc tp 5

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con sp th t ton phn ca X vi quan h bao hm l mt tp sp th t. Mi phn t cc i ca tp ny c gi l tp con sp th t ton phn cc i ca tp hp X.

3. TIN CHN

Gi s l mt h no cc tp hp. Ta ni rng h c c trng hu hn nu n tha mn cc iu kin sau: (1) A , nu B l mt tp con hu hn ca A th B . (2) Nu A l mt tp hp tha mn: mi tp con hu hn bt k ca A u thuc , th A . nh l. Cc iu kin sau l tng ng: (i) Cho tp hp khc rng bt k X. i vi mt h ty (Ai)1I nhng tp con khc rng ca tp X, tn ti hm f : I X sao cho f(i) (Ai) vi mi i I. (ii) Trn mi tp hp ty lun tn ti mt quan h th t tt. (iii) Mi mt tp con sp th t ton phn ca tp hp sp th t X lun c cha trong mt tp con sp th t ton phn cc i. (iv) Nu h cc tp c c trng hu hn th mi phn t ca n c cha trong mt phn t cc i xc nh. 6

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(v) Nu mi tp con sp th t ton phn ca tp sp th t X u b chn trn, th mi phn t x X lun so snh c vi mt phn t cc i no ca X. iu kin (i) c gi l tin chn. iu kin (ii) c gi l iu kin Zermelo. iu kin (iii) c gi l iu kin Hausdorff. iu kin (iv) c gi l iu kin Tukey. iu kin (v) c gi l iu kin Kuratowsky - Zorn.

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Chng 1 KHNG GIAN MTRIC

1. KHNG GIAN MTRIC, S HI T TRONG KHNG GIAN MTRIC 1 Khng gian mtric nh ngha 1.1 Khng gian mtric l mt cp (X, d), trong X l mt tp hp, d : X x X l mt hm xc nh trn X x X tho mn cc iu kin sau: 1. Vi mi x, y X : d(x, y) 0; d(x, y) = 0 x = y, (tin ng nht). 2. Vi mi x, y X: d(x, y) = d(y, x), (tin i xng) 3. Vi mi x, y, z X : d(x, z) d(x, y) + d(y, z), (tin tam gic). Hm d c gi l mtric trn X. Mi phn t ca X c gi l mt im ca khng gian X, s d(x, y) c gi l khong cch gia hai im x v y. V d 1.1 v tp hp cc s phc l nhng Tp hp cc s thc khng gian mtric, vi mtric d(x, y) = |x - y| , vi mi x, y (hoc ). V d 1.2 Tp hp Rk l khng gian mtric vi mtric d xc nh nh sau:

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Hin nhin d tho mn hai tin ng nht v i xng. Ta kim tra tin tam gic. Trc ht, rng nu a1,... ,ak, b1 ,... ,bk l nhng s thc th: (Bt ng thc thc Csi). Ly ty Khi

T ta c d(x,z) d(x,y) + d (y,z). Ta gi d l mtric Euclid v (Rk, d) c gi l khng gian Euclid. V d 1.3 Gi C[a, b] l tp hp cc hm s thc lin tc trn khong ng hu hn [a, b]. D dng chng minh c rng C[a,b] l mt khng gian mtric vi mtric 9 vi

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mi x,y C [a,b]. nh ngha 1.2.Gi s M l mt tp hp con ca khng gian mtric (X, d). D dng thy rng hm dM = d|M.M l mt mtric trn tp hp M. Khng gian mtric (M,dM) c gi l khng gian con ca khng gian mtric (X, d), ta gi dM l mtric cm sinh bi mtric d trn M. 2. S hi t trong khng gian mtric nh ngha 1.3. Ta ni dy nhng phn t ca khng gian mtric (X, d) hi t n phn t hi t n phn t x0 X nu . Ta ni khi ta vit , hoc

l dy hi t v gi x0 l gii hn

ca dy {xu} Nhn xt. a) Dy hi t trong khng gian mtric c mt gii hn duy nht. Tht vy, gi s lim xn = a v lim xn = b trong X. Khi :
n n

d(a, b) d(a, xn) + d(xn, b) vi mi n. v lim d (a.xu ) = 0 v lim d (b.xu ) = 0 , nn t bt ng thc

n n

trn suy ra d (a,b) = 0 tc l a = b. b) trong khng gian mtric (X, d) nu tm lim xu = a v

n

lim y n = b th lim d ( xn . y n ) = d (a, b) .

n n

Tht vy vi mi n, ta u c: d(a,b) d (a,xu ) + d(xn, yu ) + d(yu,b). T ta c. d(a,b) - d(xu, yn ) d(a, xu ) + d(yu,b).

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Chng minh tng t ta c: T hai bt ng thc trn suy ra: v lim d (a.xu ) = 0 v im lim d (a. y n ) = 0 , nn t bt ng
n n

thc trn suy ra lim d ( xu . yu ) = d (a, b) . Ta c iu cn chng

n

minh. V d 1.4 Trong khng gian v l s hi t m ta bit trong gii tch c in. V d 1.5 Trong khng gian trong gi s Khi : .y

l dy

V vy ngi ta ni rng s hi t trong khng gian Euclid l s hi t theo cc to . V d 1.6 trong khng gian C[a.b], lim xn = x0 dy hm s { xn(t) }n
n

= 1 hi t u n hm s x0(t) trn [a, b]. Tht vy, sao cho

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tha mn n n0 ta c d(xn, xu) < , tc l vi mi n n0 | Xn(t) - X0(t)| < , n > n0 v t [a, b].

2. TP HP M V TP HP NG

1 Tp m nh ngha 1.4 Gi s (X, d) l mt khng gian mtric x0 X v r l mt s dng. Tp hp S(x0, r) = { x X| d(x, x0) < r} c gi l hnh cu m tm x0 bn knh r. Tp hp S[x0, r] = {x X | d(x, x0) < r} c gi l hnh cu ng tm x0 bn knh r. Vi A, B l 2 tp con khc rng trong X, ta gi:

l khong cch gia hai tp con A, B. nh ngha 1.5 Gi s A l mt tp con ca khng gian mtric (X, d). im x0 ca X c gi l im trong ca tp hp A nu tn ti mt hnh cu m S(x0, r) A. Tp tt c cc im trong ca tp A c gi l phn trong ca A v k hiu l a hoc A0). Phn trong ca mt tp bp c th l tp hp rng. nh ngha 1.6. Tp hp G X c gi l tp m nu mi im ca G u l im trong ca n: 12

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Hin nhin tp X v tp u l nhng tp m trong khng gian mtric (X, d). Mi hnh cu m l tp m trong (X, d). nh l 1.1 Trong khng gian mtnc (X, d) ta c: a) Hp ca mt h tu nhng tp m l mt tp m. b) Giao ca mt s hu hn nhng tp m l mt tp m. Chng minh. a) gi s {Ut}t T, l mt h ty nhng tp con m trong khng gian mtric (X, d). Ta chng minh l mt tp m. Tht vy, gi S X U ty . Khi x U1 vi t no . V U, m nn tn ti mt hnh cau S(x, r) U1, do S(x, r) U. Vy U l mt tp m. b) Gi s U1 ,... , Un l nhng tp m. Ta chng minh l tp m. Tht vy nu x V th x U; vi mi i = 1,, n. V mi Ui m nn tn ti mt s dng r; sao cho S(x,ri) Ui, i = 1 ,... , n. t r = min{r1,.... ru}. Khi hin nhin S(x, r) Ui vi i = 1,...., n, do S(x, r) V. Vy T l mt tp m. nh ngha 1.7 vi x (X,d) ty , tp con bt k U X cha im x c gi l ln cn ca im x nu U cha mt tp m cha x. Hin nhin, tp A trong khng gian mtric X l m khi v ch khi vi mi x A lun tn ti mt ln cn U ca x cha trong A. hin nhin ta c: 1) A0 l tp m, v l tp m ln nht cha trong A. 2) Tp A l m khi v ch khi A = A0 13

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3) Nu A B th A0 B0. 2 Tp ng nh ngha 1.8. Tp con A (X, d) c gi l tp ng nu phn b ca A trong X (tp X\A) l mt tp m. Hin nhin cc tp X v l nhng tp ng trong khng gian mtric (X, d). D dng chng minh c mi hnh cu ng l tp ng. nh l 1.2. Trong khng gian mtric (X, d) ta c: a) Giao ca mt h tu nhng tp ng l mt tp ng. b) Hp ca mt h hu hn nhng tp ng l mt tp ng. Chng minh. a) Gi s {Et},tT l mt h ty nhng tp ng trong khng gian mtric X. Khi l tp m, v

l mt tp hp ng. vi mi t T, tp X \ Ft l m. Vy b) Chng minh tng t. nh l 1.3. Tp con F ca khng gian mtric X l ng khi v ch khi vi dy bt k {xn }=1 nhng phn t ca F, nu n
lim xn = x0 X th x0 F
n

Chng minh. (=>) Cho tp F ng, gi s tn ti dy {xn }=1 trong F tha n mn lim xn = x0 v x0 F.
n

V X\F l tp m nn tn ti mt hnh cu S (x0, ) Cha trong X\F. V lim( xn , x0 ) = 0 nn vi n ln d(xu,x0) < , tc

n

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l xn X\F vi n ln. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. (<=) o li, gi s vi dy bt k {xn }=1 nhng phn t ca n

F, nu lim xn = x0 X th x0 F., v gi s X\F khng phi l

n

mt tp m. Khi tn ti t nht mt im x0 X\F khng phi l im trong ca X\F. Khi , vi mi s t nhin n, tn ti mt 1 phn t xn F thuc hnh cu S ( x0 , ) ; Dy {xn }=1 l mt dy n n 1 phn t ca tp F hi t n x0 F (v d(x0,xn )< vi mi n). n iu ny mu thun vi gi thit. nh ngha 1.9. Cho A (X, d), giao ca tt c cc tp ng
trong X cha A c gi l bao ng ca tp A, k hiu l A . V X l mt tp ng cha A nn bao ng ca tp A lun tn ti. Hin nhin ta c : 1) A l mt tp ng v l tp ng nh nht cha A. 2) Tp A l ng khi v ch khi A = A. 3) Nu A B th A B .
nhl 1.4. Gi s A (X, d), v x X. im x A khi v ch khi mi ln cn U ca x u c im chung vi A. Chng minh.

(=>) Gi s x A , v gi s tn ti mt ln cn m U ca x tha mn U A = khi X\U l tp ng cha A => A X\U => A U = v l. (<=) Nu x A th U = X\ A l mt ln cn ca x khng c

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im chung vi A, mu thun vi gi thit.
nh l.15. Gi s A (X, d), v x X. im x A khi v

ch khi tn ti mt dy {xn }=1 nhng phn t ca A sao cho n lim xn = x

n

Chng minh. (=>) Gi s x A . Theo nh l 1.4, vi mi s t nhin n ta 1 c S ( x , ) A . Vi mi n chn n {xn }=1 l mt dy im ca A tho mn lim xn = x . n
n

. Khi

(<=) Nu {x }

n n =1

A tha mn lim xn = x th t nh l 1.3

n

suy ra x A nh ngha 1.10. Tp con A ca khng gian mtric X c gi l tp tr mt trong X nu A = X. Tp con B ca khng gian mtric X c gi l tp khng u tr mt trong X nu ( B )0 = nhn xt. a) Tp A l tr mt trong X khi v ch khi vi mi x X tn ti mt dy {xn }=1 trong A sao cho lim xn = x . n
n

b) Tp B ca khng gian mtric X l tp khng u tr mt khi v ch khi mi hnh cu ty trong X lun cha mt hnh cu khng c im chung vi B. nh ngha 1.11. Khng gian mtric X c gi l khng gian kh li nu tn ti mt tp con M m c tr mt trong X. 16

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V d 1.7 l mt khng gian kh li v l m c v tr mt trong . nh ngha 1.12. Cho (X1, d1) v (X2, d2) l hai khng gian mtric. Vi bt k (x1, x2), (y1, y2) X1 x X2 t:

Hm d xc nh nh trn l mt mtric trn Xl x X2, tp Xl x X2 cng vi mtric d c gi l tch ca cc khng gian mtric Xl v X2

3. NH X LIN TC GIA CC KHNG GIAN MTRIC

nh ngha 1.3. Cho (X, dx) v (Y, dy) l hai khng gian mtric, nh x f : X Y gi l lin tc ti im x0 X nu vi mi s dng u tn ti mt s dng sao cho vi mi x X, nu dx(x, x0) < th dy(f(x), f(x0)) < . Ta ni nh x f l lin tc trn X nu n lin tc ti mi im x X. nh l 1.6. Cho nh x f : X Y t khng gian mtric (X, dx) vo khng gian mtric (Y, dy), Khi ta c cc mnh sau l tng ng: 1) nh x f l lin tc ti im x X.

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2) Vi mi dy {xn }=1 trong X, nu lim xn = x trong X th n
n

lim f ( xn ) = f ( x) trong Y.
n

Chng minh. Hin nhin. Nhn xt. Nu X, Y, Z l ba khng gian mtric, f : X Y v g : Y Z l nhng nh x lin tc th g.f : X Z l mt nh x lin tc. nh ngha 1.14. Song nh f : X Y t khng gian mtric (X, dx) ln khng gian mtric (Y, dy) c gi l mt php ng phi nu cc nh x f v f-1 : Y X u l nhng nh x lin tc. Hin nhin, song nh f : X Y l mt php ng phi khi v ch khi vi mi dy {xn }=1 nhng phn t ca X v vi x0 X, n ta c lim xn = x lim f ( xn ) = f ( x) 0
n n

Hai khng gian mtric X v Y c gi l ng phi vi nhau nu tn ti mt php ng phi f : X Y. nh ngha 1.15. nh x f : X Y t khng gian mtric (x, dx) Vo khng gian mtric (Y, dy) c gi l lin tc u ni vi mi s dng E, u tn ti mt s dng sao cho vi mi x1, x2 X, nu dx (x1, x2 ) < th dy (f(xl ) ,f(x2)) < . hin nhin mt nh x lin tc u l nh x lin tc. iu ngc li khng ng. nh l 1.7 Cho khng gian mtric (X, d), A X, A . Khi nh x: f : X R, xc nh bi f(x) = d(x,A), l nh x lin tc u. Chng minh. 18

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Ly x1 , x2 X tu , khi z A ta c :

V vai tr ca x1 v x2 l nh nhau nn chng minh tng t ta c: d(x2, A) - d(x, x2) d(x1, A). (**) T (*) v (**) => |d(x1, A) - d(x2, A)| d(x1, x2). Vi >0 tu ta chn = . Khi x1, x2 X tho mn dx(x1, x2) < Ta c:

nh l 1.8. Nu f : X Y; g : Y Z l cc nh x lin tc u gia cc khng gian mtric th tch gf : X Z l cng l nh x lin tc u Chng minh. Gi s dx, dy, dz, ln lt l cc mtric trn cc tp tng ng X, Y, Z Khi > 0, v g l lin tc u nn > 0 sao cho vi mi cp y1,y2 Y tho mn dy(y1,y2) < th dz(g(y1),g(y2)) < . Mt khc do f l nh x lin tc u nn > 0 sao cho vi mi cp x1 , x2 X tho mn dx(x1, x2) < th dy(f(x1), f(x2)) < v do vy ta c dz(gf(x1), gf(x2)) < . suy ra gf l nh x lin tc u. nh ngha 1.16. nh x f : (X, dx) (Y, dy) c gi l mt php ng c nu x, y X ta c dx(x, y) = dy(f(x), f(y)). Hai khng gian mtric X, Y gi l ng c nu tn ti mt php

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ng c t X ln Y. Nhn xt. Php ng c f l mt n nh lin tc u nu n l ton nh na th nh x f-1 cng l mt php ng c, v khi hai khng gian X v Y l ng c, ng thi cng l ng phi vi nhau.

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4. KHNG GIAN MTRIC Y

1 Khng gian mtlic y nh ngha 1.17 Dy {xn }=1 trong khng gian mtric (X, d) n

c gi l dy Csi, (hoc dy c bn), nu vi mi > 0, tn ti s sao cho vi mi s i, j n0 lun c d(xi, xj < Khng gian mtric (X, d) c gi l khng gian y nu mi dy Csi trong X u hi t. nh l 1.9. Mi dy hi t trong khng gian mtric u l dy Csi Chng minh. Gi s dy {xn }=1 l dy hi t, v lim xn = a , khi vi n
n

mi > 0 ty ,

sao cho i n0 ta c d(a, xi) <

. Ta

c: d(xi, xj) d(xi, a) + d(a, xj) < . Vy {xn }=1 l dy Csi. n Ta c th ch ra mt v d chng t mt dy Csi cha chc hi t. V d 1.8 Xt tp cc s hu t vi mtric d(x, y) = |x - y| , V dy {xn }=1 Xc nh nh sau: n mi > 0, tn ti ch s 21 , n = 1, 2, Khi vi sao cho vi mi s i, j n0 lun

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c {xn }=1 l dy Csi. Tuy nhin n dy {xn }=1 khng hi t. V do vy n

. Vy dy chng t trong khng phi l khng

gian mtric y . nh l 1.10. a) Khng gian con y ca mt khng gian mtric l tp ng. b) Tp ng trong khng gian mtric y l mt khng gian con y . Chng minh. a) Gi s A l khng gian con y ca khng gian mtric X, ly x A tu => tn ti dy {xn }=1 trong A: lim xn = x . n
n

Dy {xn }=1 l dy Csi trong A, v A l y nn theo nh n ngha n phi hi t n im no thuc A, v mi dy hi t ch c mt gii hn => x A => A A => A = A . Vy A l tp ng trong X. b) Gi s A l tp ng trong X v dy {xn }=1 l dy Csi n trong A. V n cng l dy Csi trong X, nn n hi t: lim xn = x0 . Do A ng nn x0 A. Vy A l khng gian con
n

y .
nh l 1.11. Gi s {xn }=1 l dy Csi trong khng gian n

mtric (X, d), x0 X tho mn mi ln cn bt k ca x0 u cha v s im ca dy {xn }=1 . Khi dy {xn }=1 hi t n n n 22

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x0, lim xn = x0
n

Chng minh. Gi s l mt s thc dng tu , xt hnh cu m S(x0, trong X. V {xn }=1 l dy Csi nn n ta c Mt khc theo gi thit tn ti cc ch s vi mi . 2 Khi vi p n0, ta c d(xp, x0) d(xp, xik ) +d(xik, x0) < . Ngha l xp S(x0, ). vy lim xn = x
n

.sao cho vi i, j > n0

i1, i2 . in n0 sao cho d(xik, x0) <

nh l 1.12. Tp y Chng minh.

vi mtric Euclid l khng gian mtric

Gi s {xn }=1 l dy Csi trong tp cc s thc n

. Khi

vi = 1, k sao cho i, j k ta c d(xi, xj) = |xi - xj| < 1. t m = max{ |X1 , |X2| , |X3| .. |Xk-1| , |Xk| + 1} Khi vi i > k ta c: |Xi| = d(Xi, 0) d(Xi, Xk) + d(Xk, 0) < |Xk| + 1 m. vy dy {xn }=1 l dy b chn. n Gi A={ y im ca dy {x } | (y, ) ch cha nhiu nht mt s hu hn
n n =1

. Ta c A do dy {xn }=1 l b chn. n

Do A l tp b chn di, ta k hiu x = infA. Vi > 0 tu , theo cch xc nh ca tp A v ca phn t x ta c khong (x -

, x + ) cha v hn im ca dy {xn }=1 , theo nh l trn ta n

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suy ra dy {xn }=1 , hi t n im x. Vy mi dy Csi trong n u hi t, ta c l khng gian mtric y . nh l 1.13. Tch cc ca hai khng gian mtric y l mt khng gian mtric y . Chng minh. Gi s (X, dx), (Y, dy) l hai khng gian mtric y , d l mtric trn tch X x Y (theo nh ngha 1.12). Gi s {xn , yn }=1 n l mt dy Csi trong X x Y. Do vi mi cp i, j ta c dx(xi, xj < d[(xi, yi,), (xj, yj)] v dY(yi, yj) d[(xi, yi), (xj, yj)] nn suy ra cc dy {xn }=1 , { yn }=1 cng l dy Csi, theo gi thit cc dy ny n n hi t. Gi s lim xn = x0 v lim yn = y0 . Vi > 0 tu , tn ti
n n

ch s k suy ra:

vi mi i k. T

Vy
n

dy

{xn , yn }=1 n

hi

ui

im

(x0,y0)

(do

lim( xn , yn ) = ( x0 , y0 )) .

H qu. a) Tch cc ca mt s hu hn cc khng gian mtric y l khng gian mtric y . b) Khng gian mtric Euclid Ru l khng gian mtric y . nh l 1.14. Nu nh x f: (X, dx) (Y, dy) l lin tc u

th i vi mi dy Csi {xn }=1 trong X ta c dy { f ( xn )}=1 n n trong Y cng l dy Csi (nh x lin tc u bin dy Csi 24

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thnh dy Csi). Chng minh. Ta chng minh dy {xn }=1 l dy Csi. V f l nh x lin n tc u nn > 0, > 0 t dx(x, x) < dY(f(x), f(x1)) < . Hn na theo gi thit {xn }=1 l dy Csi nn vi tm c n trn lun tn ti sao cho dx(xi, xj) < , vi mi i, j n0

dY(f(xi), f(xj)) < vi mi i, j n0. Vy dy { f ( xn )}=1 l dy n

Csi trong Y. 2 Nguyn l nh x co, b Cantor. nh ngha.18. Gi s (X, dx), (Y, dY) l cc khng gian mtric, nh x f: (X, dx) (Y, dY) c gi l nh x co nu k [0, 1) sao cho: dY(f(X), f(X)) k.dX(X,X) vi mi X, X X. Nhn xt. Nu f : X Y l nh x co th f l nh x lin tc u. ta c vi bt k X, X X tho k mn dX(X, X) < th ta c dY(f(X), f(X)) k.dX(X, X < k. = . Vy f l lin tc u. nh l 1.15. (Nguyn l nh x co). Nu (X, d) l khng gian mtric y , f : X X l nh x co th trong X tn ti duy nht mt im a tho mn f(a) = a. Chng minh. Gi s k [0, 1] tho mn d(f(X), f(X')) k.d(X, X), X, X X. Ly im X0 tu ca X, t x1 = f(X0), X2 = f(x1),..., 25 Tht vy, > 0, ly =

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Xn = f(Xn-1), Khi n 1 ta c :

(vi mi p nguyn ng). vy {xn }=1 l dy Csi trong khng gian mtric y X. n Do tn ti gii hn lim xn = a , a X.
n

Mt khc biu thc (*) c th vit di dng: d(Xn, f(Xn)) knd(X0,X1), cho n v s dng tnh lin tc ca f ta nhn c: d(a, f(a)) = 0 f(a) = a. Vy a l im bt ng ca nh x f. Gi s a' cng l im bt ng ca f, ngha l f(a') = a'. Khi ta c: d(a, a' ) = d(f(a), f(a )) kd(a, a' ) (1 - k)d(a, a' ) 0 d(a, a) = 0 a = a'. Vy im bt ng a ca nh x f l duy nht. nh l 1.16. (B Cantor). Gi s {Sn[an, rn]}n N l dy cc hnh cu ng bao nhau trong khng gian mtric y X: S1 [a1 , r1] Sn[an, rn] , c bn knh rn 0. Khi tt c cc hnh cu ca dy trn c mt im chung duy nht. Chng minh. Vi mi cp s t nhin n, m tho mn m n ta c:

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{an }=1 l dy Csi trong X. n

Do X l khng gian mtric y nn dy {an }=1 hi t, n
lim an = a X. Khi a Sn[an, rn], n
n

v n
n

ta c

dy {an + k }=1 l mt dy trong Sn[an, rn] v lim an = a . n Gi s b cng l mt im chung ca tt c cc hnh cu Sn[an, rn]. Khi ta c d(a, b) d(a, an) + d(an, b) 2rn,n d(a,b) =0 a=b. nh ngha 1.19. Tp con A trong khng gian mtric X c gi l tp hp thuc phm tr th nht nu n l hp ca mt h m c nhng tp con khng u tr mt trong X (ngha l , trong ( A )0 = vi mi n). Tp con ca X khng thuc phm tr th nht c gi l tp hp thuc phm tr th hai. nh l 1.17 (Barie) Khng gian mtric y l tp hp thuc phm tr th hai. Chng minh. Gi s (X, d) l khng gian mtric y v X thuc phm tr th nht. Khi trong ( A )0 = vi mi

Gi S l mt hnh cu ng bt k. v ( A )0 = vi mi n, nn tn ti hnh cu ng S1 S tha mn S1 A1 = (ta c th chn bn knh ca S1 < 1 ), tng t tn ti hnh cu ng S2 27

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S1 tha mn S2 A2 = (ta c th chn bn knh ca S < 1 ). Bng quy np ta nhn c mt dy hnh cu ng {Sn} 2 1 bao nhau, tha mn Sn An = v Sn c bn knh nh hn n vi mi n. Theo b Cantor, trong X tn ti im a tha mn a Sn vi mi n a An vi mi n. Do V l. 3 Thc trin lin tc nh ngha 1.20. Gi s M l khng gian con ca khng gian mtric X, g: M Y l nh x lin tc t M vo khng gian mtric Y. Nu tn ti nh x lin tc f : X Y, sao cho f |M = g, th ta ni f l mt thc trin lin tc ca g t M ln X. nh l 1.18. (Nguyn l thc trin lin tc). Gi s M l khng gian con tr mt ca khng gian mtric X. g : M Y l nh x lin tc u, trong Y l khng gian mtric y . Khi tn ti duy nht nh x lin tc u f : X Y, sao cho f|M = g. Chng minh.
M tr mt trong X X X, {xn }=1 M sao cho n
lim xn = x (theo nh l l.5). Hin nhin {xn }=1 l dy Csi n
n

trong M. V g lin tc u, nn {g ( xn )}=1 l dy Csi trong Y. n Do Y l khng gian mtric y nn dy {g ( xn )}=1 hi t n n phn t y Y. Phn t y ch ph thuc vao x ch khng ph thuc vo dy {xn }=1 . n 28

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Tht vy, gi s ta C dy {x 'n }=1 M, tho mn n
lim x 'n = x .Khi :
n

Do g lin tc u lim g ( x ' n ) = x . Nh vy, ta c nh x f : X

n

Y cho phn t x X tng ng vi phn t f(x) = y xc nh nh trn. Nu x M, chn Xn X ( n N), khi f(x) = lim g ( xn ) = g x f |M = g. Ta c nh x f lin tc u. Tht vy
n

V g l lin tc u suy ra > 0, > 0 sao cho x1 , x2 M, tho mn dX(Xl, X2) < , th dY(g(X1), g(X2)) < . Ly tu X', X X sao cho dX(X, X) < . Gi s {x 'n }=1 . {x ''n }=1 n n
n n

hai

dy Khi

trong

sao ta

cho c

lim x 'n = x lim x ''n = x .

(vi n ln )

(vi n ln ) f lin tc u. nh x f c xc nh nh trn l duy nht nh vy, gi s h : X Y cng l mt nh x lin tc u sao cho h |M=g. Ly
bt k x X v gi s {xn }=1 l mt dy ca M tho mn n
lim X n = X . Khi , v h l nh x lin tc u, nn ta c
n

T suy ra f = h.

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4 B sung cho mt khng gian mtric Tnh y ca mt khng gian mtric ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong gii tch hm, v vy t mt khng gian mtric khng y , ngi ta tm cch nhng n vo mt khng gian mtric y . nh l 1.19. Gi s (X, d) l khng gian mtric khng y . Khi , tn ti mt khng gian mtric y ( X , d ) sao

cho:

1. X ng c vi mt khng gian con X1 ca A . 2. X1 tr mt trong X . Khng gian ( X , d ) c xc nh mt cch duy nht nu coi cc khng gian ng c l ng nht. Khng gian ( X , d ) c gi l b sung ca khng gian (X, d). Chng minh. gi Z l tp tt c cc dy Csi ca X. Ta xy dng trn Z mt quan h tng ng sau : vi Gi X l tp cc lp tng ng trn tp Z : X = Z/~ Ta k hiu cc phn t ca X bi x , y ,... Ly x , y X ty v

gi s: bt k, ta c : Tng t ta c Do :

Khi vi hai s t nhin n, m suy ra:

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V Csi trong , ta c dy mtric y ). Hn na, l cc dy Csi hi t (do l dy l khng gian

khng ph thuc vo vic chn cc

day Csi i din trong x v y l

Tht vy, gi s c: Tng t trn, ta

vi x , y

X ty , ta t:

.D

dng chng minh c chng minh:

l mt khng gian mtric. Ta s

a. X ng c vi khng gian con X1 ca X . b. X1 tr mt trong X . c. X l khng gian y . Gi s x X { x, x,... } l dy Csi trong X. Gi x l lp tng ng cha dy {x, x,... } x X . Hin nhin nh x
: X X c xc nh bi (x) = x l mt php ng c. Vy X ng c vi khng gian con X1 = (X) ca X . Ly ty x X , v gi s {xn }=1 = X , khi > 0, n0 n ~ sao cho: m, n n0 ta lun c d(Xn, Xm) < . Gi X n 0 l phn 31

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~ t trong X cha dy { Xn0, Xn0 ..}, ta c X n 0 X1. Khi ,

n Gi s {xn }=1

tr mt trong X . l dy Csi bt k trong X . V X1 tr mt

trong X , cho nn vi mi n ta c ~n X1 ( n l phn t ca y X cha dy {yn, yn, } Vi yn l phn t no trong X) tho mn m, n ta c: Ta c dy Khi , vi mi

n do {xn }=1 l dy Csi trong

l dy Csi trong X.

Gi y l phn t ca X cha dy { yn }=1 . Ta chng minh n

. Tht vy, vi mi n ta c:

Theo nh ngha ca dy { y }
n n =1

,Do

l dy Csi trong X nn > 0, n0 sao cho n, m

n0 ta c:

Ngha l n n0:

do vy n n0 ta c: 32

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Chn n0 ln sao cho suy ra:

Khi , t (*) v (**)

By gi ta ch ra rng khng gian c xc nh duy nht nu ta coi cc khng gian ng c l nh nhau, tc l : Nu (Y, dY) cng l mt khng gian mtric y tho mn X ng c vi khng gian con X2 tr mt ca Y, th Y ng c vi X . Tht vy v Xl v X2 cng ng c vi X nn chng ng c vi nhau. Gi : Xl X2 l php ng c t X1 ln X2. Ly x X . Khi tn ti dy {~ } trong X tho mn lim ~ = x . V l x x
n n =1

nhp ng c v {~n }=1 l dy Csi trong X1 , nn { {~n }=1 l x n x n dy Csi trong X2, do l dy trong Y. Do Y y , nn tn .D thy rng phn t y ch ph thuc vo x x n ch khng ph thuc vo vic chn dy {~n }=1 trong X1. ti t ( x ) = y, ta c mt nh x t X vo Y, v chng minh c l ton nh. Tht vy, vi bt k y Y, tn ti dy { yn }=1 X2 Sao cho lim yn = y trong Y, { yn }=1 l dy Csi n n
n

trong X2 v -1 l php ng c, nn { -1 ( yn )}=1 l dy Csi n 33

www.VNMATH.com
trong X1, v l dy Csi trong X . V X y cho nn tn ti . Hin nhin ( x ) = y. kt thc chng minh, ta chng minh l mt php ng c. Tht vy, ly x , y X ,
n v gi s {xn }=1 v { ~n }=1 l hai dy ca X1 sao cho: y n t ( x ) = u, ( y ) = v ta c:

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5. TP COMPC

1 Tp compc Ta bit rng mt khong ng hu hn [a, b] trong khng c nhiu tnh cht c bit. Chng hn, mt hm s lin gian tc trn [a, b] th gii ni trn on , t c cn trn, cn di v lin tc u tn [a, b]. Nhng tnh cht c suy ra t mt trong nhng tnh cht c trng : Mi dy bt k nhng phn t ca [a, b] u c mt dy con hi t. Khi qut tnh cht ny vo khng gian mtric, ta nhn c khi nim tp compc. nh ngha 1.21. Tp con A (X, d) c gi l tp compc

nu mi dy bt k {xn }=1 A u c mt dy con {xn }=1 hi n n t n mt phn t no ca A. Tp con ca mt tp compc c gi l tp compc tng i. Nhn xt. 1) Tp compc l tp compc tng i. 2) Tp compc trong khng gian mtric l tp ng. 3) Tp con ng ca mt tp compc l mt tp compc. 4) Tp A l compc tng i khi v ch khi bao ng A l tp compc. Tht vy nu A l compc th theo nh ngha A l compc tng i. o li, nu A l compc tng i th A l tp hp con ca mt tp hp compc K. v K l mt tp hp ng v A
K nn A K. T 3) suy ra A l mt tp hp compc. 5) Tp con A ca khng gian mtric X l compc tng i

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khi v ch khi mi dy bt k {xn }=1 A, tn ti mt dy con n {xkn }=1 hi t n phn t no ca X. n Tht vy, Nu A l compc tng i suy ra A l tp compc, do dy {xn }=1 nm trong A nn n cng nm trong A . n Do {xn }=1 c mt dy con {xkn }=1 hi t n mt phn t n n ca A X. o li gi s mi dy phn t ca tp con A u c mt dy con hi t trong X. chng minh A l tp compc tng i ta s ch ra rng A l compc. Tht vy, gi s {xn }=1 l mt dy n trong A . Khi , vi mi n tn ti mt phn t yn ca A sao cho . Theo gi thit, dy { yn }=1 nhng phn t A cha n mt dy con { ykn }=1 hi t trong X, n
. Khi

, vi mi n. V . v A ng nn x A . Nh vy mi dy phn t {xn }=1 ca n

A u c mt dy con {xkn }=1 hi t n mt phn t x ca A . n

, nn t bt ng thc trn suy ra

Vy A l compc. 2 Tp gii ni v tp hu ton gii ni nh ngha 1.22 Tp con A ca khng gian mtric (X, d) c gi l gii ni nu n l tp con ca mt hnh cu no . 36

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Nu A l mt tp con gii ni ca khng gian mtric (X, d) th s d ( A) = sup d ( x, y ) c gi l ng knh ca tp hp A.
x , y A

Hin nhin A l mt tp gii ni khi v ch khi d(A) l mt s hu hn. nh ngha 1.23. Tp con A ca khng gian mtric (X, d) c gi l hon ton gii ni nu vi mi > 0 bt k, c th ph A bi mt s hu hn hnh cu m bn knh ngha l tn ti mt s hu hn hnh cu S(x1, ),... , S(xn, ) sao cho

Nhn xt. Mt tp hp hon ton gii ni th gii ni. Tht vy, gi s A l mt tp hp hon ton gii ni. Khi theo nh ngha tp A cha trong hp ca mt s hu hn hnh

cu bn knh l:

. t k = max d ( x1 , yi ) . Khi A
i = 2 ,..., m

S(x1,k +l). Tht vy, nu x A th x thuc mt hnh cu S(xi,1) no . Khi d (x,xi ) < 1 v d (x1, x) d(x1,xi ) + d(xi ,x) < k + 1. Vy x S(x1,k + 1) A S(x1, k +1).Vy tp A l gii ni. Ch : Mt tp h gii ni c th khng hon ton gii ni. Nhn xt. 1 ) Tp con ca mt tp hon ton gii ni l mt tp hon ton gii ni. 2) Bao ng ca mt tp hon ton gii ni l mt tp hon ton gii ni.

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V d 1.9 Khong ng hu hn [a, b l mt tp compc trong khng gian . Cc khong (a, b), [a, b), (a, b]u l nhng tp compc tng i trong . V d 1.10 Mt tp A gii ni trong khng gian l compc tng i. nn tn ti mt s M sao Tht vy, v A l gii ni trong cho A S(0, M), ngha l vi mi X = (, ) A, ta u c || M v || M. Vi mi chn Xn = (n, n) A tha mn

|n| M, |n| M, ta c dy {xkn }=1 A. V |n| l mt dy phn n t ca khong ng [-M, M] nn hi t: hi t: .Tng t, dy . Ta c: c mt dy con c mt dy con

vy A l tp compc tng i. V d 1.11 Tp con gii ni bt k ca khng gian Euclid l compc l tng i. Do , tp con ng v mt gii ni bt k ca mt tp compc. nh l 1.20. (nh l Hausdorf) a) Tp compc tng i trong khng gian mtric l hon ton gii ni. b) Nu X l khng gian mtric y v A l tp con hon ton gii ni trong X th A l tp compc tng i. Chng minh. a) Gi s A l mt tp compc tng i nhng khng hon 38

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ton gii ni. Khi tn ti > 0. Sao cho khng th ph A bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh E. Gi s X1 A. v A S(x1, ) nn tn ti mt im x2 A sao cho d(x1, x2) v A S(x1, ) S(x2, ) nn tn ti mt phn t x3 A sao cho d(x1,x3) v d(x2,x3 ) . Bng quy np, ta nhn c mt dy phn t {xn }=1 ca A n sao cho d(xn, xm ) vi mi n m. Hin nhin {xn }=1 khng cha mt dy con no hi t, iu n ny tri vi gi thit A l tp compc tng i (theo nhn xt 5). b) Gi s A l tp hon ton gii ni trong khng gian mtric y X v {xn }=1 l dy phn t ca A. v A l hon ton gii n ni, nn c th ph A bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh 1. Trong cc hnh cu , tn ti t nht mt hnh cu cha v s phn t ca dy {xn }=1 . v gi hnh cu l S(a1, 1) v k n hiu {x1,n }=1 l dy con ca dy {xn }=1 nm trong hnh cu n n S(a1,1). V c th ph A bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh nn tn ti t nht mt hnh cu cha v s phn t ca dy
{x1,n }=1 . Gi hnh cu l n

v k hiu {x2,n }=1 l dy n . Bng quy np ta c, vi mi k v {xk ,n }=1 l dy con n

con ca dy
N, tn ti mt dy

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ca dy {xk 1,n }=1 n Xt dy {xn ,n }=1 l dy con ca dy {xn }=1 v l dy n n Csi. Tht vy vi hai s t nhin m, k bt k, m k, ta u c , v Xnm l mt phn t ca dy {xk ,n }=1 Hin n Nhin Do V x l y nn dy {xn ,n }=1 hi t. Vy A l tp compc n tng i. nh ngha 1.24. Cho tp hp X tu khc rng, A l tp con no ca X. Mt h (Bi)iI cc tp con ca X c gi l mt ph ca tp con A nu . Khi ta cng ni h (Bi)iI Ph tp A. Nu (Bi)iI l mt ph ca tp A, h con (Bj)jK (K I) ca h (Bi)iI c gi l mt ph con ca ph trn nu bn thn h (Bj)jK cng l mt ph ca A. Nu A l tp con ca khng gian mtric X, (Bi)iI l mt ph ca A tha mn Bi l tp m (ng) vi mi iI th ta ni (Bi)iI l ph m (ng) ca tp A. Nu I l tp hp hu hn th ta ni (Bi)iI l ph hu hn ca A. nh l 1.21. (nh l Hain - Boren) Tp con A ca khng gian mtric X l tp compc khi v ch khi mi ph m bt k (Bi)iI ca A u c ph con hu hn (ngha l tn ti i1,... , in 40

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I sao cho Chng minh. () Gi s A l mt tp comp( trong khng gian mtric X v gi s tn ti mt ph m (Bi)iI ca A khng c mt ph con hu hn no. Theo nh l 1.20, A l tp hon ton gii ni. Do c th ph A bi mt s hu hn hnh cu c bn knh bng 1. Trong cc hnh cu tn ti t nht mt hnh cu S[a1,1] sao cho khng th ph tp A1 = A S[a1,1] bi mt s hu hn tp m B1.Do A1 l tp con ng ca tp compc A nn n l tp compc. v vy A1 l tp hon ton gii ni. Suy ra c th ph A1 bi mt s hu hn hnh cu ng bn knh . Trong cc hnh cu tn ti t nht mt hnh cu sao Cho

khng th ph tp bi mt s hu hn tp m B;. Tip tc qu trnh ny ta nhn c mt dy cc tp compc { An }=1 c cc tnh cht sau: n 1) A A1 A2 . vi mi n= 1,2,... 3) Khng th ph mi tp An b mt c hu hn tp m Bi. vi mi n, chn xn An. D dng thy rng {xn }=1 l mt n day Csi trong tp A. V A l tp compc nn {xn }=1 c mt n day con ht t n mt phn t x0 A ( lim xn = x0 ). V X0 A
n

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nn X0 thuc mt tp m Bi0 no ca ph (Bi)iI, do Bi0 l tp m nn tn ti mt s r dng sao cho S(x0,r) Bi0.Ta s ch ra rng vi n ln, Au Bi0. Tht Vy, vi bt k X An , do
lim d ( xn , x0 ) = 0 nn
n

vi n ln, ta cng

T suy ra d(x0,x) < r. Vy An S(x0,r) Bi0 vi n ln. iu ny mu thun vi khng nh 3) nu trn. Vy mi ph m ca A u c mt ph con hu hn. () Gi s mi ph m ca A u c mt ph con hu hn v A khng l tp compc. Khi , tn ti mt dy phn t {an }=1 ca A khng c mt dy con no hi t n mt phn t n ca A. Khi vi mi phn t x A tn ti mt ln cn m Bx ch cha mt s hu hn phn t ca dy {an }=1 . H {Bx}xA n xa l mt ph m ca A. Theo gi thit, tn ti x1,..., xm A sao cho . T bao hm thc trn suy ra rng tp hp A ch cha mt s hu hn phn t ca dy {an }=1 A. V l v dy {an }=1 nm n n trong A. Vy A l mt tp hp compc. H qu. (B Hain - Boren) Nu A l mt tp con ng v gii ni ca khng gian C v (Bi)iI l mt h tp m sao cho 42

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th tn ti i1 ,... , in I sao cho nh l 1.21 cho ta mt tnh cht c trng ca mt tp compc. Trong chng 4 ta s thy trong tng i cng ngi ta ly tnh cht ny lm nh ngha ca khng gian compc. 3 Khng gian compc nh ngha 1.25 Khng gian mtric (X, d) c gi l khng gian compc nu X l mt tp compc. nh l 1.22. Khng gian mtric compc l khng gian y v kh li Chng minh. Gi s X l mt khng gian compc v {xn }=1 l mt dy n Csi trong X. Khi tn ti mt dy con ca dy {xn }=1 hi t n n x0 X. D dng thy rng lim xn = x0 . Vy X l mt khng
n

gian y . Do X l tp compc nn X l hon ton gii ni vi mi s t nhin n, c th ph X bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh

l tp m c. t Mn = {an,1 .. ,au,kn}, ta c M l tr mt trong X. Tht vy, ly bt k x X, v gi s > 0 1 < vi n0 ln, ta c x thuc vo mt hnh tu . Khi n0

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no . Do . Vy X l cu khng gian kh li. 4 Hm s lin tc trn mt tp hp compc nh l 1.23. Nu hm s f lin tc trn tp compc A th f lin tc u trn A. Chng minh. Gi s f l hm s lin tc trn tp compc A nhng khng lin tc u trn A. Khi , tn ti mt s dng sao cho vi mi n, u tn ti hai phn t Xu v Xu ca A tho mn cc iu kin sau:

' v {xn }=1 l mt dy phn t ca tp cotnpc A nn tn ti n ' ' mt dy con {xkn }=1 ca {xn }=1 sao cho n n

. Vi

mi n, ta u c:

Do

, t bt ng thc trn suy ra

, tc l . V f lin tc ti im x0 nn t xkn x0 v xkn x0, suy ra , mu thun vi (1). Vy f lin tc u trn A. nh l 1.24. Nu hm s f lin tc trn mt tp compc A th f gii ni trn A. 44

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Chng minh. Gi s hm s f khng gii ni trn A. Khi vi mi s t nhin n, tn ti mt phn t xn A sao cho |f(xn)| > n (l), {xn }=1 n l dy phn t ca tp compc A, nn n c mt dy con {xkn }=1 hi t n mt phn t x0 ca A. V f lin tc, do |f| n (2). lin tc trn A, nn Mu thu gia (1) v (2) chng t f gii ni trn A. 5 Tp hp compc trong khng gian C(S) Gi s S l mt tp compc trong khng gian mtric X. Gi C(S) l tp hp tt c cc hm s lin tc trn S. Vi f, g C(S), t (l ) Theo nh l 1.24 f v g u l nhng hm s gii ni trn S, nn v phi ca (l) l mt s hu hn. D dng chng minh c rng: C(S) l mt khng gian mtric y vi mtric xc nh bi (l). Gi s Z l mt tp con ca khng gian C(S). nh ngha 1.26. Tp Z c gi l gii ni u trn s nu tn ti mt s M sao cho |f(x)| M , vi mi x S v vi mi f Z. Tp Z c gi l ng lin tc ti im x0 ca S nu vi mi > 0 bt k, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x S, nu d(x,x0 ) < th vi mi f Z, ta u c |f(x)- f(xo)| < . Tp Z c gi l ong lin tc ti im S nh Z l ng lin tc ti mi im ca S. Tp Z c gi l ng lin tc u trn S nu vi mi > 0 bt k, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x1 , x2 S, nu d (x1 ,x2 ) < 45

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th vi mi f Z, ta u c |f(xl) - f(x2)| <. nh l 1.25 (nh l Arzela - Ascoli) Gi s S l mt tp compc trong khng gian mtric (X, d). Tp Z l compc tng i trong khng gian C(S) khi v ch khi tp Z l gii ni u v ng lin tc u trn S. Chng minh. () Gi s Z l mt tp compc tng i trong C(S). Khi Z l mt tp gii ni trong C(S) tp Z gii ni u trn S. Ta chng minh tp Z l ng lin tc u trn Z. Tht vy, do tp Z l hon ton gii ni, nn vi > 0 tu , ta c th ph Z bi mt s hu hn hnh cu bn knh

(ngha l

, Vi f1 .. fm thuc Z). V S l compc nn theo nh l 1.23 cc hm s f1 .. fm lin tc u trn S. Do , tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x, x S, nu th , vi i = 1 ,... , m. Nu f

l mt hm s bt k ca Z th f thuc mt hnh cu S(f1, ) no 3 (l i m) vi mi X', X S, nu d(x',x") < th;

( dC(s) l mtric trong khng gian C(S)). () Gi s tp Z l gii ni u v ng lin tc u trn S. V tp compc S l kh li, nn tn ti mt tp m c A-{a | n N} tr mt trong S. Gi s { f n }=1 l mt dy phn t bt k ca Z. Ta s ch ra n 46

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rng { f n }=1 c mt dy con hi t trong C(S). n V vy Z l gii ni u trn S, nn { fn(a1)} l mt dy s gii ni suy ra tn ti mt dy con { f1, n }=1 ca dy { f n }=1 sao n n cho dy s cho dy s
{f }
k , n n =1

hi t. hi t. ca dy hi t, vi k = 1, 2,... l mt dy con ca dy l mt dy s hi t vi mi k. tho mn

Tng t tn ti mt dy con { f 2, n }=1 ca dy { f1, n }=1 sao n n Bng quy np, ta nhn c mt dy con sao cho dy s

Hin nhin iu kin:

Ta chng minh dy l mt dy Csi trong C(S). Tht vy, theo gi thit, vi bt k > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho: lu vi mi x', x S m d (x',x") < . Hin nhin ti mt s k0 sao cho hi t vi k = 1,... , K0. nn tn ti mt V dy s s t nhin n0 sao cho vi mi m, n nu m n0 , n n0), ta u c . Theo nh l Hain - Boren, tn

T , vi mi m, n, nu m n0 , n n0 th 47

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vy { f n,n }=1 l mt dy Csi trong C(S). ). V C(S) l mt n khng gian y , nn { f n ,n }=1 hi t trong C(S) Z l tp n compc tng i trong khng gian mtric C(S).

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Bi Tp
1. Gi s X l tp hp bt k v d : X x X l hm s xc nh bi: 0 khi x = y d(x,y) = 1 khi x = y Chng minh rng d l mt mtric trn x, v trong khng gian mtric (X, d) mi tp con u va m va ng. (Khng gian (X d) nh vy c gi l khng gian mtric ri rc). Gi M(X) l tp hp cc hm s f : X K (K = hoc K = ) gii ni trn tp hp X. Vi f, g M(X) ty t . Chng minh rng M(X) l mt khng gian mtric vi mtric d. Chng minh rng nu A, B l 2 tp con ca khng gian mtric X th: a) A B = A B b) A B A B , C th thay du bi du = c khng. Chng minh rng nu U, V l 2 tp con m khng giao nhau trong khng gian mtric X th U V = U V = Cho A l tp con ca khng gian mtric X. Tp b(A) = A X \ A c gi l bin ca tp A. Chng minh rng: a) Vi mi x X, x b(A) khi v ch khi vi mi ln cn U ca x ta u c: U A v U\A (im x b(A) c gi l im bin ca tp A). b) A0 = A\b(A); A = A b(A). 49

2.

3.

4. 5.

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6. Cho A (X, d). im x X c gi l im gii hn ca tp A nu mi ln cn U ca x u cha t nht mt im ca A khc x (ngha l U (A\{x} ). Tp hp tt c cc im gii hn ca A c gi l tp dn xut ca A v k hiu l Ad. chng minh rng: a) Vi mi x X, x Ad x A \ {x} . b) x Ad tn ti trong A mt dy im { xn } i mt khc nhau hi t n x. c) A l tp ng trong X Ad A. d) Ad l tp ng. Cho f : (X,dx) (Y,dY) Chng minh rng cc iu kin sau l tng ng: a) nh x f l lin tc. b) To nh ca mi tp m trong Y l mt tp m trong X. c) To nh ca mt tp ng trong Y l mt tp ng trong X. Trong khng gian xt hai tp con sau:

7.

8.

9.

Trong A v B l cc s thc cho trc. Chng minh rng E l tp m, F l tp ng trong C[a, b]. Cho hm s x0(t) lin tc trn on [a, b]. Chng minh rng: a) trong b) trong l tp m l tp ng . 50

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10.

Trong khng gian hm s sau y: a) b) c) [a,b]

, hy xt tnh lin tc u ca cc

trong t0 l mt im c nh ca

11.

12.

d) Cho (x, d) l khng gian mtric, A X, chng minh rng: a) Hm d(x,A) l lin tc. b) Nu A l tp ng trong X th x A d(x,A) = 0. Gi l1 l tp tt c cc day s thc x = (x1, x2 . ) sao cho vi x = (x1, x2 . ), y = (y1, y2 . ) l1 ta t: .Chng minh rng: a) d l mt nltric trn l1. b) Khng gian mtric (l1,d) l mt khng gian y . c) l1 l khng gian kh li. Cho l l tp tt c cc dy s thc x = (x1, x2 . ) gii ni (ngha l sp {|xn|} < . Vi hai phn t ty x = (x1, x2 . ), y = (y1, y2 . ) l ta t: a) d l mt mtric trn l Chng minh rng :

13.

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b) (l ,d) l mt khng gian mtric y . c) l khng phi l mt khng gian kh li. Gi s X l mt tp hp, Y l khng gian mtric. Gi (X, Y) l tp cc nh x gii ni f : X Y. (Tc l f(x) < ). Vi 2 phn t ty f, g (X, Y) t . a) Chng minh rng: d l mt mtric trn (X, Y). b) Chng minh rng: Nu Y l khng gian mtric y th (X, Y) l khng gian mtric y . Chng mnh rng vi mtric t nhin l mt khng gian kh li. Chng minh rng nu trong khng gian mtric X mi dy hnh cu ng bao nhau u c giao khc rng th X l mt khng gian y . Cho (X, d) l khng gian mtric y , Gn l hp ca mt s hu hn hnh cu c bn knh rn, n = 1, 2,... , . Chng minh rng 18. l mt tp

14.

15. 16.

17.

19.

compc. Cho A l tp ng, B l tp compc trong khng gian mtric (X, d). Chng minh rng nu d(A, B) = 0 th A B . Nu B ch l tp ng th kt qu trn cn ng hay khng? Chng minh rng : Nu hm s f lin tc trn tp compc A (X, d) th n t c gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn A. 52

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20. Cho hm s f lin tc trn khng gian mtric X v A l tp con compc trong X. Chng minh rng: a) Tn ti mt tp m U cha A sao cho f gii ni trn U. b) Nu f(x) > 0 vi mi x A th tn ti s r > 0 v mt tp V m cha A sao cho f(x) r vi mi x V Cho (X, dX) l khng gian mtric compc v (Y, dY) l khng gian mtric y . Gi C(X, Y) l tp tt c cc nh x lin tc t X n Y vi bt k f, g C(X, Y) t . Chng minh rng d l mt mtric, v C(X, Y) vi mtric d l khng gian y . Gi s trn tp hp X c hai mtric d1 v d2. Ta ni rng cc mtric d1 v d2 l tng ng nu nh x ng nht idX: (X,d1) (X,d2) l mt php ng phi. Chng minh rng d1 v d2 l tng ng khi v ch khi vi mi dy bt k {xn} trong X ta c 23. khi

21.

22.

24.

25.

. v ch khi Cho khng gian mtric (X, d) v cho ton nh : [0, ) [0, ) tho mn : (0) = 0; (t) > 0 vi mi t > 0; (t) < (u) vi t < u; (t+u) (t) + (u). Chng minh rng .d l mt mtric trn X v cc mtric d, .d l tng ng. Cho d1 v d2 l hai mtric trn tp X. Chng minh rng hm (d1+d2) xc nh bi (d1+d2)(x) = d1(x)+d2(x), xX, Cng l mt mtric trn X v nu d1, d2 l cc mtric tng ng th d1, (d1+d2) cng l cc mtric tng ng. Cho khng gian mtric (X, d) v f: X l nh x lin tc (i vi cc tp ph hp vi cc mtric cho trn X

53

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v ). Chng minh rng nh x:

26.

27.

28. 29.

30.

l mtric trn X v d, l cc mtric tng ng. Gi s (X, d) l khng gian mtric bt k, k l mt s thc dng c nh cho trc. Vi mi x, y X t: (x, y) = min{d(x, y), k}. Chng minh rng l mt mtric trn X tha mn d v l hai mtric lng ng. a) Cho v l mt s v t. Chng minh rng tp: A = {m + nv | m, n } l tr mt trong . b) Cho , chng minh rng tp B ={m + nr | m, n } khng tr mt trong bt k khong no trn ng thng . Chng minh rng trn ng thng , tp hp khng m c A c t nht mt im gii hn. Gi s X l khng gian mtric kh li v A X. im a X c gi l im ng ca A nu mi ln cn bt k ca a u cha mt tp con khng m c ca A. a) Chng minh rng nu tp A khng c im ng th hoc A l hu hn, hoc A l m c. b) Gi B l tp tt c cc im ng ca A. Chng minh rng nu B khc rng th mi im ca B u l im ng ca B v tp A\B l khng qu m c Chng minh rng trong khng gian mtric kh li ta c: a) Mi tp ng l giao ca mt s m c nhng tp 54

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m. b) Mi tp m l hp ca mt s u c nhng tp ng. Trong khng gian mtric (X, d) cho hai tp hp A v B tha mn A B = v A B = . Chng minh rng tn ti hai tp m U v V trong X sao cho A U, B V v U V = . a) Chng minh rng trong khng gian mtric (X, d), vi mi tp con A X, mi s r > 0, tp hp : V(A, r) = { x X | d(x, A) < r } lun l tp m. b) Hy ch ra v d chng t rng tp: W(A, r) = { x X | d(x, A) r, r > 0 } khng nht thit l tp ng.

31.

32.

55

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Chng 2 KHNG GIAN TP

1. CU TRC TP

nh ngha 2.1. Cho tp hp X, gi s T l mt h no cc tp con ca X. H T c gi l mt cu trc Tp trn tp X (hay T l mt Tp trn X) nu cc iu kin sau y tho mn: 1) Tp v tp X l cc phn t ca h T. 2) Hp ca mt h con tu cc phn t ca h T l phn t ca h T 3) Giao ca hai phn t tu ca h T l phn t ca h T Cp (X, T), trong T l tp cho trn X, c gi l mt khng gian tp. Cc phn t ca T c gi l cc tp m trong X i vi tp T, hay gi l tp T - m. Trong trng hp tp T xc nh, cc phn t ca T s c gi mt cch n gin l cc tp m. Cc iu kin 1), 2), 3) trong nh ngha trn c gi l h tin ca tp. V d 2.1

Trn X xt h TT ch gm hai tp con ca X l tp v tp X. R rng TT l mt tp trn X. Ta gi n l tp th trn X. Khi cp (X, TT) c gi l khng gian tp th. 56

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Trn X xt h TD = P(X) (tp tt c cc tp con ca X). R rng TD l mt tp trn X v n c gi l tp ri rc trn X. Khi cp (X,TD) c gi l khng gian tp ri rc. trong khng gian tp ri rc mi tp con ca X u l tp m. Xt tp hp cc s thc vi T l h tt c cc tp con A tho mn iu kin sau: i vi mi im x A, > 0 sao cho (x - , x + ) A, khi T l mt tp trn . Tp xc nh nh trn c gi l tp t nhin (hay tp thng thng trn ). K hiu T l h tt c cc tp m trong khng gian mtric(X, d) (nh ngha 1.6). Ta c T l mt tp trn X v gi n l tp mtric ph hp vi mtric d. nh ngha 2.2. Cho khng gian tp (X, T), A X. Tp con U ca khng gian tp X c gi l mt ln cn ca tp A nu trong U c mt tp m cha A. Ta hiu mt ln cn ca phn t x X l ln cn ca tp con {x}. Nhn xt. Ln cn ca mt im khng nht thit l mt tp m, nhng mi tp m bt k l ln cn ca mi im thuc n. Nu ln cn ca mt im l tp m th ta ni l ln cn m ca im . nh ngha 2.3. Tp con A ca khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l tp ng nu phn b ca A trong X l tp m (tp X \ A l T - m). V d 2.2 i vi khng gian tp th (X, TD) cc tp v X 57

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ng thi va l tp m. va l tp ng. Trong khng gian tp ri rc mi tp con ca X ng thi va l tp m va l tp ng. Trong khng gian tp (R,T) vi tng t nhin T mi khong m (a, b) = {x : a < x < b} l mt tp m, mi khong ng [a, b] - { x:a x b} l mt tp ng. nh l 2.1. Tp con A ca khng gian tp (X, T) l m khi v ch khi A l ln cn ca mi im thuc n. Chng minh. Hin nhin nu A l tp m th n l ln cn ca mi im thuc n. Ngc li gi s tp con A ca X l ln cn qua mi im thuc n, khi vi mi x A tn ti mt tp m Ux tho mn: x Ux A. Ta c . v Ux T vi mi x A nn A l tp m. nh ngha 2.4. H tt c cc ln cn ca mt im c gi l h ln cn ca im . nh l 2.2. Gi s U l h ln cn ca im x X, khi giao ca mt h hu hn cc phn t thuc U cng l phn t ca U v mi tp con ca X cha mt phn t no ca U cng thuc U Chng minh. Gi s (Ui)i I l mt h hu hn no cc phn t ca U, , vi mi iI, v Ui l ln cn ca im x nn lun tn ti mt ln cn m Vi ca x sao cho x Vi Ui. Khi ta c trong V l ln cn m ca x. vy U U Gi s U l tp con bt k ca khng gian tp X cha phn 58

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t W no ca U, khi tn li ln cn m V ca x tho mn x V W U, vy U U. nh l 2.3. a) Cho khng gian tp (X,T). Gi F l h tt c cc tp con ng trong X. Khi h F tho mn cc iu kin sau: (i) Tp v tp X thuc F (ii) Giao ca mt h con khc rng tu cc phn t ca F l phn t ca F (iii) Hp ca hai phn t bt k ca F l phn t ca F b) Cho tp hp X. gi s F l mt h no cc tp con ca X tho mn cc iu kin (l), (2), (3) trn. Khi h:

l mt tp trn X, v i vi tp T ny F chnh l h tt c cc tp con ng trong X. Chng minh. a) Hin nhin X, T nn ta c iu kin (i). Gi s (Ai)iI l mt h tu cc phn t ca F t Khi ta c v Ai l tp ng nn X \Ai l tp m vi mi i I. Vy X \ A l tp m. Suy ra A F , ta c iu kin (II). Gi s Al v A2 l hai phn t tu ca F Xt tp X \ (A1 A2) = (X \ Al) (X \ A2). Do Al, A2 l cc tp ng nn (X \ Al) v (X \ A2) l nhng tp m. Vy X \ (Al A2) l tp m, do A1 A2 F b) Gi s F l mt h no cc tp con ca X tho mn cc iu kin (i), (ii), (iii) trn, xt h T = { U X | U = X \ A, A 59

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F}. Do X = X \ , = X \ X trong theo iu kin (i), X, F nn X, F. Gi s (Ui)iI l mt h tu cc phn t ca T, t vi mi i I tn ti Ai F ra sao cho Ui = X \ Ai, t theo iu kin (ii) ta c A F Mt khc v A F nn ta c U T Gi s U1 v U2 l hai phn t tu ca T. t U = U1 U2 Theo gi thit tn ti cc tp A1 v A2 trong F sao cho U1 = (X \ A1) v U2 = (X \ A Khi :

Theo iu kin (iii) ta c A1 U A2 l phn t ca F nn U T. Theo nh ngha 2.1 ta c T l mt tp trn X. Ta chng minh i vi tp T ny F chnh l h tt c cc tp con ng trong X. Tht vy mi phn t thuc F r rng l tp ng i vi tp T. Ngc li, gi s A l tp ng bt k i vi tp T khi X \ A T, theo cch xc nh T trong (iii) tn ti tp con A' F sao cho X \ A = X \ A' A = A', suy ra A F.

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2. IM GII HN, PHN TRONG, PHN NGOI, BIN V BAO NG CA MT TP

nh ngha 2.5 Cho khng gian tp (X, T) A X. im x X c gi l im gii hn ca tp A nn mi ln cn ca x u cha t nht mt im ca A khc x. Tp tt c cc im gii hn ca tp A c k hiu l Ad, v gi l tp dn xut ca A. nh l2.4. Tp con A ca khng gian tp (X,T) l tp ng khi v ch khi A cha mi im gii hn ca n. Chng minh. Trc ht ta c nhn xt sau : A l tp ng khi v ch khi X \ A l m, khi v ch khi mi im x tu thuc X \ A c ln cn nm trong X \ A (hay ni cch khc vi bt k x X \ A lun tm c ln cn ca x khng giao vi A). V vy tp A l ng trong X khi v ch khi i vi mi x X tho mn iu kin mi ln cn tu ca n u c giao khc rng vi A th suy ra x A. Gi s A l tp ng v x l mt im gii hn tu ca A. V mi ln cn ca x u c giao vi A khc rng nn theo nhn xt trn ta c x A. Ngc li gi s Ad A. Ly im y tu thuc X \ A, v y khng l im gii hn ca A nn c mt ln cn ca y khng giao vi A, ln cn nm trong X \ A, suy ra X \ A l tp m. Vy A l tp ng.

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V d 2.3

Trong khng gian tp th vi tp con A tu nhiu hn mt phn t mi im thuc R u l im gii hn ca A. Trong khng gian tp ri rc u khng c im gii hn no. mt tp con ca R

Trong khng gian tp , vi T l tp t nhin, xt tp A = (a,b). Khi mi im x [a,b] u l im gii hn ca A. Cc tp khng c im gii hn no. Mi s thc u l im gii hn ca tp . nh l 2.5 Nu thm vo mt tp tt c cc im gii hn ca n th ta nhn c mt tp ng. Chng minh. Gi s A l tp con tu trong khng gian tp (X, T), xt tp X \ (A Ad) ta thy : x X \ (A Ad) lun tn ti ln cn m U ca x sao cho U A = . Ta c U Ad = . V nu y U Ad U l ln cn ca y U A (v l). T suy ra U ( A Ad) = U X \ (A Ad) X \ (A Ad l ln cn ca nim x. Theo nh l (2.1 ) ta c X \ (A Ad) l tp m. Vy (A Ad) l tp ng. H qu. Trong khng gian tp mi tp khng c im gii hn u l tp ng. nh ngha 2.6. Cho khng gian tp (X, T ), A l tp con bt k ca X. i vi mi phn t x thuc X ta ni : (i) x l im trong ca A nu tn ti t nht mt ln cn ca x nm trong A. (ii) x l im ngoi ca A nu tn ti t nht mt ln cn ca 62

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x nm trong X \ A. (iii) x l im bin ca A nu x ng thi khng l im trong, khng l im ngoi ca A. Hay ni cch khc x l im bin ca A nu mi ln cn ca x u giao khc rng vi A v X \ A. nh ngha 1.7 Gi s A l tp con bt k ca khng gian rng (X, T ). Tp con ca X cha tt c cc im trong (tng ng m ngoi, im bin) ca tp A c gi l phn trong (tng ng phn ngoi, bin) ca tp A v s k hiu l A0 (tng ng extA, b(A)). V d 2.4 Trong khng gian tp , vi bt k A l tp con 0 thc s ca ta c A = , extA = , b(A) = R. Trong khng gian tp , vi bt k A = (a,b) ta c A = (a, b), extA = \ (a, b), b(A) = . Trong khng gian tp vi T l tp t nhin, cho A = (a, b). Khi mi im thuc (a,b) u l im trong ca A : A0 = (a, b), cc im a, b l im bin ca A: b(A) = {a, b}, mi im thuc tp \ [a.b] u l im ngoi ca A: extA = R \ [a,b]. nh l 2.6. Cho khng gian tp (X, T ) a) i vi bt k A X ta c: X = A0 b(A) extA; extA = (X \ A)0 Cc tp A0, extA l m, tp b(A) l tp ng. b) Tp A0 l tp m ln nht trong A. c) Tp A l m khi v ch khi A = A0. d) Nu B A X th B0 A0. extA ext B. e) Vi mi A, B X ta c (A B)0 - A0 B0.
0

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f) Vi mi A X ta c b(A) = b(X \ A). Chng minh. a) Hin nhin X = Ao b(A) extA. Ta c x extA tn ti mt ln cn U ca x sao cho U X \ A x l im trong ca X \ A, hay x (X \ A)0. Vy extA = (X \ A)0. Ly tu x A0, khi tn ti mt ln cn m U ca x sao cho x U A. Mt khc do mt phn t thuc tp m U u nhn U lm ln cn nn chng u l im trong ca tp A U AD. T ta c A0 l ln cn ca mi im thuc n, vy A0 l tp m. Ta c extA = (X \ A)0 , nn extA l tp m. Do A0 (X \ A)0 = (A0) extA) l tp m nn: b(A) = X \ (A0 extA) l tp ng. b) Gi s V l tp m bt k trong A, khi V l ln cn ca mi im thuc n, ngha l x V ta c x V A, suy ra x V u l im trong ca A. Vy V A0, hay A0 l tp m ln nht trong A. c) S dng a), b) ta c ngay tp A l m A = A0. d) Gi s B A X. V B0 B A v A0 l tp m ln nht trong A nn B0 A0. Mt cch tng t ta c extA extB. e) Gi s A, B X. V A0 B0 l tp m trong A B, theo b) ta c A0 B0 (A B)0. Ngc li vi bt k X (A B)0 , lun tn ti ln cn m U ca x sao cho U A B U A v U B x A0 v x B0. Vy x A0 B0 = (A B)0. f) Ta c :

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nh ngha 2.8. Gi s A l tp con bt k ca khng gian tp (X, T). Giao ca tt c cc tp ng cha A c gi l bao

ng ca tp A v k hiu l A . Theo nh l 2.3 bao ng ca tp A l tp ng, v vy n l tp ng nh nht cha A.

nh l 2.7 Vi A (X, T), ta c A = A A0 = A0 b(A). Chng minh.

a) Do A A nn Ad ( A )d. Theo nh l (2.4), do A l tp ng nn n cha mi im gii hn ca n. V vy Ad A . T suy ra A Ad A . Mt khc theo nh l (2.5), do A Ad l tp ng cha A, nn A A U Ad. vy A = A Ad. b) Trc ht ta c A0 A , mt khc do mi im bin ca A hoc thuc A, hoc l im gii hn ca A nn b(A) A . Vy A0 b(A) A . Ngc li theo nh l (2.6) t X = A0 b(A) extA, ta c X \ (A0 b(A)) = extA l tp m, nn A0 b(A) l tp ng cha A. do A A0 b(A), ta c iu cn chng minh. Ta d ng chng minh nh l sau y. nh l 2.8. Cho khng gian tp (X, T). Khi cc khng nh sau y l ng: a) = b) Vi mi A X lun c A A . c) Vi mi A X lun c d) Vi mi A, B X lun c: 65 .

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e) Tp A l ng khi v ch khi A = A . g) nu A B th A B nh ngha 2.9. Cho khng gian tp (X, T), nh x: : P(X) P(X) cho tng ng mi tp con A ca X vi bao ng A ca n c gi l ton t bao ng trn X tng thch vi tp T nh l 2.9. Cho tp hp X khc rng; k hiu P(X) l tp tt c cc tp con ca X. nh x f : P(X) P(X) tho mn cc iu kin sau : a) f () = . b Vi mi A X lun c A f(A). c) Vi mi A X lun c f(f(A)) = f(A). d) Vi mi A, B X lun c f(A B) = f(A) f(B). Khi trn X tn ti duy nht mt tp T sao cho vi mi tp con A ca X ta c f(A) = A (hay ni cch khc f l ton t bao ng trn X ph hp vi T. Chng minh. Ta k hiu:

Ta s chng minh T l tp trn X tho mn kt lun ca nh l. Trc ht ta chng minh h B tho mn ba iu kin ca nh l (2.3). Tht vy ta c : (i) , X B v f() = theo iu kin a), v theo iu kin b) ta c X f(X). V vy F(X) = X. 66

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(ii) Trc ht ta chng minh vi A, B tu trong P(X) tho mn A B th suy ra f(A) f(B). Tht vy, do B = A B nn theo iu kin (d) ta c: f(B) = f(A B) = f(A) f(B). iu ny chng t f(A) f(B). By gi gi s cho mt h (Ai)iI tu cc phn t ca B t ; theo iu kin (b) ta c A f(A). Mt khc v A A; vi mi i I, nn f(A) f(Ai) vi mi i I, suy ra:

vy A = F(A) A B. Vy giao ca mt h (Ai)iI tu cc phn t ca B l mt phn t thuc B. (iii) Hp ca hai phn t bt k A, B B l mt phn t thuc B v t iu kin f(A) = A, f(B) = B v iu kin (d) ta c:

Theo nh l (2.3), h T = { B X | B = X \ A, A B} c xc nh nh trn l mt tp trn X , v i vi n h B = { A X | f(A) = A} chnh l h tt c cc tp con ng trong X. By gi ta s chng minh f l ton t bao ng trn X ph hp vi T. Tht vy gi s M l mt tp con tu ca X, v M

M nn theo chng minh trn ta c f(M) f( M ) , v M B

nn f( M ) = M suy ra f(M) M . Mt khc theo iu kin (c) la c f(f(M)) = f(M), ngha l f(M) B vy f(M) l tp ng trong X cha M nn M f(M). Ngha l f(M) = M vi mi tp con M ca X. Ta d dng chng minh c tnh duy nht ca tp T. nh l c chng minh. 67

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3. C S CA KHNG GIAN TP

nh ngha 2.10. Cho khng gian tp (X,T), x l phn t ca X. H Vx no nhng ln cn ca im x c gi l c s a phng ca tp T ti x (hay cn gi l c s ln cn ti x) nu vi mi ln cn bt k U ca x lun tn ti V Vx sao cho x V U. H con V cc phn t ca tp T c gi l c s ca T trn X nu mi phn t thuc T u l hp no ca cc phn t thuc V. H con M T c gi l tin c s ca tp T nu h tt c cc giao hu hn c th ca cc phn t thuc M tp thnh mt c s ca tp T. V d 2.5 Trong khng gian tp ri rc (X, TD). h tt c cc tp con c 1 phn t l mt c s ca TD. H tt c cc tp con ca X c hai phn t l mt tin c s ca TD. Vi im x bt k thuc X, bn thn tp {x} l mt c s a phng ti x. nh l 2.10. Cho khng gian tp (X,T), h con V T. Ta c cc mnh sau l tng ng: a) H V l c s ca tp. b) Ti mi im x X cng vi mt ln cn U tu ca n lun tn ti V V sao cho x V U. c) i vi mi phn t x X, h Vx bao gm tt c cc phn t thuc V cha x to thnh c s a phng ca tp T ti x. Chng minh.

a) b) Gi s T l c s ca tp T. Ly x X bt k v gi s U l mt ln cn tu ca im x. Khi tn ti mt tp 68

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m W tho mn x W U. V W T nn W l hp no cc phn t ca V Do tn ti phn t V V sao cho x V W U. b) c) Gi s V l mt h con no ca T tho mn iu kin b. i vi x X tu , gi s Vx l h bao gm tt c cc phn t thuc V cha x, v gi s U l ln cn bt k ca x. Theo iu kin b tn ti V V sao cho x V U. V V cha x nn la c V Vx tho mn x V U. Vy h Vx bao gm tt c cc phn t thuc V cha x to thnh c s a phng ca tp T ti x. c) a) Gi s vi mi phn t x X, h Vx gm tt c cc phn t thuc V cha x to thnh c s a phng ca tp T ti x. Ly W tu thuc T, khi vi mi phn t y W lun tn ti Vy Vy V sao Cho y Vy W. R rng , hay W l hp no cc phn t ca V. Theo nh ngha ta c V l c s ca tp T T nh ngha 2.10 ta thy mt tp c th c xc nh t c s ca n nh php ton hp cc tp hp, hn na mt tp c th c xc nh t mt tin c s no ca n nh php ton giao hu hn v php ton hp cc tp hp. Vn t ra l vi iu kin nh th no ta c th xy dng mt tp trn X t mt h no cc tp con ca X. gii quyt cu hi trc ht ta xy dng khi nim ph nh sau. nh ngha 2.11 Cho tp hp X tu khc rng, A l tp con no ca X. Mt h (Bi)iI cc tp con ca X c gi l mt ph ca tp con A nu Khi ta cng ni h (Bi)iI Ph tp A. 69

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Nu (Bi)iI l mt ph ca tp A, h con (Bj)jk (K I) ca h (Bi)iI c gi l mt ph con ca ph trn nu bn thn h (Bj)jk cng l mt ph ca A. Nu (X, T)l mt khng gian tp, Bi l tp m (tng ng ng) vi mi i I, th ta ni ph (Bi)iI ca tp A l mt ph m (tng ng ng). nh l 2.11. a) H V nhng tp con ca tp hp X l c s ca tp no trn X khi v ch khi cc iu kin sau y tho mn: (i) V l mt ph ca tp X, ngha l X = U { B: B V }. (ii) i vi hai phn t tu U, V V v vi mi im x U V tn ti phn t W V sao cho x W U V. b) h M no nhng tp con ca tp X l tin c s ca mt tp trn X th iu kin cn v l: h M l mt ph ca tp hp X. Chng minh. a) Gi s V l c s ca mt tp trn X. Khi hin nhin V l mt ph ca X. Hn na vi hai phn t tu U, V V v vi mi im x U V, do U, V l cc tp m nn U V l tp m cha x. V th tn ti W V sao cho x W U V. Ngc li gi S V l mt h nhng tp con ca X tho mn cc iu kin (i) v (ii). Gi T l h gm tp v tt c cc tp con ca X sao cho n l hp ca nhng phn t no trong V D dng chng minh c T l mt tp trn X v nhn V l c s. b) Gi s h M no nhng tp con ca tp X tho mn M l mt ph ca X. Gi V l h tt c cc giao hu hn c th ca 70

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cc phn t thuc M, r rng M l mt h con ca V nn V cng l mt ph ca X, hn na i vi hai phn t tu U, V V ta c U V cng l giao hu hn cc phn t thuc M nn U V V. V vy vi mi im x U V tn ti W= U V V Cho x W U V Theo a) V l c s ca tp no trn X. Vy h M l tin c s ca mt tp trn X. nh ngha 2.12. Ta ni rng khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m c th nht nu ti mi im tu trong X u c c s a phng khng qu m c. Ta ni rng khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m c th hai nu tp T trn X c c s khng qu m c. R rng mi khng gian tp tho mn tin m c th hai th cng tho mn tin m c th nht, nhng tn ti nhng khng gian tp tho mn tin m c th nht nhng khng tho mn tin m c th hai. V d 2.6 Xt tp cc s thc vi tp ri rc, vi x X bt k, ta thy h ch gm mt tp {x} tp thnh mt c s a phng ti x. V th y l khng gian tho mn tin m c th nht, nhng n khng tho mn tin m c th hai v khng c c s m c nh l 2.12. Nu khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m c th nht, th ti mi im x X lun tn ti mt c s a phng tho mn Ui + 1 Ui vi mi . Chng minh. Gi s h l mt c s a phng m c ti im x. t: U1 = W1 , U2 = U1 W2, ., Ui = Ui - 1 Wi.... 71

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tho mn : Ui + 1 Ui (vi mi v l R rng h mt c s a phng ti im x. nh l 2.13. Gi s A l tp con khng m c ca khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m c th hai. Khi A Ad Chng minh. Gi s A Ad = , ngha l mi im thuc A u khng phi l im gii hn ca A, v gi s V l mt c s m c ca tp T. Khi vi mi x A tn ti mt ln cn m Ux tho mn Ux (A \ {X}) = . DO V l c s nn tn ti ln cn VX V ca nim x tho mn x Vx Ux. Ta c VX A = {X}. Do c mt n nh t tp A n h V. Suy ra tp A c lc lng m c, iu ny mu thun vi gi thit ban u. Vy trong A c im gii hn ca A. nh l 2.14. (nh l Linlp) Mi mt ph m bt k ca khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m c th hai lun c ph con m c. Chng minh. Gi s h (Wi)iI l mt ph m ca X i vi tp T, v V l mt c s m c ca T vi mi i I ta thy Wi l hp no cc phn t ca V. Nh vy trong V ta s chn c mt h con K c tnh cht sau: (i) Mi phn t V K l tp con ca mt tp Wi no . (ii) H K l mt ph ca X. i vi mi phn t ca V K ta chn c nh phn t Wf(v) l phn t ca h h (Wi)iI cha V. Nh vy ta chn c h con (Wf(V))VK ca h (Wi)iI tho mn : h (Wf(V))VK c lc 72

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lng m c v l ph ca X (v K l ph ca X). nh ngha 2.13. Khng gian tp (X, T)c gi l khng gian Linlp nu mi ph m bt k ca n c ph con m c. nh ngha 2.14. Ta ni tp con A ca khng gian tp (X,T) l tr mt trong X nu A = X. Khng gian tp (X,T) c gi l khng gian kh li nu trong X c mt tp con m c tr mt. V d 2.7 Xt tp vi tng t nhin T, khi tp cc s hu t l tr mt trong v mi s thc thuc u l im gii hn ca , hn na v l m c nn ( , T) l khng gian kh li. nh l 2.15 Khng gian tp (X, T) tho mn tin m c th hai l khng gian kh li. Chng minh. Gi s do l mt c s m c ca khng gian tp (X,T). Vi mi U V ta chn 1 phn t x U. Gi A l tp hp tt c cc im x c chn nh trn, khi A l tp con m c ca X. Mt khc ta c X \ A l tp m, gi s X \ A khi tn ti phn t y X \ A . Ta c X \ A l ln cn ca y. theo nh ngha c s tn ti V V sao cho V (X \ A ), ngha l V A = . iu ny mu thun vi cch xy dng A trn. do X \ A = , ngha l X = A . vy A l tp m c tr mt trong X. theo nh ngha X l khng gian kh li. nh ngha 2.15 khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l khng gian Hausdorff (hay cn gi l H - khng gian, T2 - khng gian) nu i vi hai im khc nhau tu x, y X lun tn ti cc 73

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ln cn U ca x v V ca y sao cho U V = . nh l 2.16. Trong khng gian tp Hausdorff (X, T) mi tp con hu hn u l tp ng. Chng minh. Vi x X tu , ta c tp X \ {x} l tp m. tht vy, vi y x \{X} bt k ta lun tm c mt ln cn ca y khng cha x, v do ln cn ny nm hon ton trong X \ {x}. Do vy y l im trong ca X \ {x} , ngha l (X \ {x})0 = X \ {x}. T suy ra tp mt im bt k trong X l ng. Ta c l tp ng. V d 2.8 1) Xt tp X vi tng ri rc TD = P(X). Tin c s, ng thi l c s ca (X, TD) l h tt c cc tp con ca X c mt phn t. H tt c cc tp con ca X c hai phn t cng l mt tin c s ca (X, TD) Khng gian tp (X, TD) tho mn tin m c th nht, nhng cha chc tho mn tin m c th hai. Khi X c lc lng khng m c th khng gian tp (X, TD) khng tho mn tin m c th hai, cng khng phi l kh li. Khng gian tp (X, TD) l khng gian Hausdorff. 2) Xt khng gian tp vi T l tp t nhin. Khi : l khng gian tp tho mn tin m c th hai vi c s l h m c tt c cc khong m c dng. 74

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l khng gian Hausdorff, v l khng gian kh li.. 3) Trong tp hp xt h Tk = {A : R \ A l tp hu hn }. Ta c Tk l mt tp trn v gi n l tp to bi phn b ca cc tp hu hn. Khi cc khng nh sau l ng. l khng gian tp khng tho mn tin m c th nht. khng l khng gian Hausdorff. l khng gian kh li. 4) trong khng gian mtric (X, d) vi T l tp mtric, ta c. H tt c cc hnh cu m S(x, r) | x X, r } l c s ca tp T. H tt c cc hnh cu m {S(x0, r) | r ) l c s a phng ti im x0. V vy (X, d) l khng gian tho mn tin m c th nht. (X, d) l khng gian Hausdorf.

BI TP

1. a) Hy tn tt c cc tp c th xy dng trn tp c hai phn t. b) C bao nhiu tp khc nhau c th xy dng trn tp c ba phn t. 75

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2. Hy xc nh xem h T cc tp con ca tp X c cho di y c l tp trn X hay khng: a) X = {a, b, c} ; T= { , {a}, {a, b}, {b, c}, X}. b) X = ; T = { , (-a, a) | a , a > 0}. c) X = ;T = {, (a, b] | a, b , a < b}. d_ X = x , trong l tp s thc vi tp t nhin ; T = { UX V | U, V l cc tp th trong }. 3. Chng minh rng giao ca hai tp xc nh trn tp X l mt tp trn X. Hp ca hai tp xc nh trn tp X c l mt tp trn X khng ? v sao? 4. Hy ch ra v d minh ho : C nhng khng gian tp trong giao ca mt h v hn nhng tp con m cha chc l tp m; hp ca mt h v hn nhng tp con ng cha chc l mt tp ng. 5. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) nu U v V l hai tp m khng giao nhau th : U V = U V = . 6. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) vi mi tp con A ta lun c b(A) = A ( x \ A) ; A b(A) = A0 b(A). 7. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) nu U l tp con m v A l tp con ng trong X th: U \ A l tp m v A \ U l tp ng trong X. 8. Trong tp cc s thc cho cc tp con sau : (0, 1); [0, 1); (0, 1 ] ; [0, l]; {0, 1, 2}. Hy xt tnh m, ng ca cc tp con trn trong i vi cc tp sau: a) Tp ri rc. b) Tp t nhin. 76

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c) Tp to bi cc phn b ca cc tp hu bn. 9. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) tp con A l va m, va ng khi v ch khi b(A) = . 10. Chng minh rng nu A l tp con hu hn phn t ca khng gian tp vi tng t nhin th b(A) = A. 11. Tm tt c cc im gii hn ca tp con A = [0, 1 ] trong tp vi tp : a) Tp th. B) Tp ri rc. c) Tp t nhin. d) Tp to bi cc phn b ca cc tp hu hn. 12. Chng minh rng trong khng gian tp (X, T) im x l im gii hn ca tp A khi v ch khi x A \ {x} . 13. Gi s (X, T) l khng gian tp. Hy chng minh cc khng nh sau y: a) Nu A B th Ad Bd. b) (A B)d = Ad Bd. c) Tp A l tp ng khi v ch khi Ad A. Hy ch ra v d chng t A l tp ng nhng Ad A. 14. Cho khng gian tp (X, T) vi A l tp con ca X, nhng khng nh sau y l ng hay sai? V sao: a) Ad A . B) Ad b(A). c) b(A) Ad. d) A Ad. 15. Trong khng gian tp (X, T) vi A l tp con ca X, cc im ca tp A \ Ad c gi l cc im c tp ca tp A. Tp A c gi l tha trong X nu A0 = . Tp A c gi l khng u tr mt trong X nu ( A )0 = . Tp A c gi l t tr mt nu A Ad. Hy chng minh cc khng nh 77

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sau y: a) im x X l im c tp ca X nu v ch nu {x} l tp m. b) tp A l tr mt trong X nu v ch nu mi tp m khc rng trong X u c im chung vi A. c) Tp A l tha trong X nu v ch nu mi tp m khc rng trong X u c im chung vi X \ A. d) Tp A l khng u tr mt trong X nu v ch nu mi tp m khc rng trong X u cha mt tp m khc rng khng c im chung vi A. 16. Chng minh rng h , v h l cc c s ca cc tp no trn . Hy xc nh cc tnh cht ca cc tp . 17. Chng minh rng h to nn c s ca tp trn , k hiu tp l Ts. Hy chng minh khng gian tp ( , Ts) l khng gian tha mn tin m c th nht, l khng gian kh li, khng gian Hausdorff nhng khng l khng gian tha mn tin m c th hai. 18. Trn khng gian tp ( , TK) hy ch ra mt h v hn cc tp con m nhng giao ca chng khng l tp m. 19. Chng minh rng khng gian mtric (X, d) vi T l tp mtric l khng gian tho mn tin m c th II khi v ch khi X l khng gian kh li.

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Chng 3

NH X LIN TC, KHNG GIAN CON KHNG GIAN TCH, KHNG GIAN THNG

Vic nghin cu lp nh x gia nhng khng gian tp rt quan trng, c bit l cc nh x lin tc. Trong chng trnh gii tch c in chng ta bit v cc hm lin tc. y khi nim nh x lin tc s l khi qut hn, s hiu bit v cc nh x lin tc t khng gian tp ny n khng gian tp kia s cho ta bit c nhng tnh cht ca khng gian tp ngun (hoc ch), c bit cc php ng phi gia nhng khng gian tp s chuyn cu trc khng gian tp ny n khng gian tp kia vi ngha l cc tng ng tp. Cc bt bin qua cc php ng phi c gi l cc bt bin tp. Di y ta s nghin cu c th v nh x lin tc.

1. NH X LIN TC - PHP NG PHI

nh ngha 3.1.

Ta ni nh x f : X Y, t khng gian tp X n khng gian tp Y, l lin tc ti im x0 X nu vi mi ln cn U ca im f(x0) Y lun tn ti ln cn V ca im x0 tho mn f(V) U. 79

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nh x f c gi l nh x lin tc trn khng gian tp X nu n lin tc ti mi im x X. Nhn xt. Gi s f: X Y l nh x t khng gian tp X n khng gian tp Y. nh x f l lin tc ti im x0 X nu v ch nu, vi mi ln cn U ca f (x0) trong Y, to nh f-1(U) l ln cn ca x0 trong X. Tht vy, nu nh x f l lin tc ti x0 hin nhin tn li ln cn V ca x0 f(V) U V f-1(f(V)) f-1(U) f-1(U) l ln cn ca x0 trong X. Ngc li gi s vi mi ln cn U ca f(x0) lun c f-1(U) l ln cn ca im x0 trong X. Khi chn V = f-1(U), ta c f(V) = f(f-1(U)) U Vy f l lin tc ti x0. nh l 3.1. Cho f : X Y l nh x t khng gian tp X n khng gian tp Y. Khi cc iu kin sau y l tng ng: a) nh x f l lin tc. b) i vi mi tp con A bt k ca X lun c . c) To nh ca mi tp con ng ty trong Y l tp con ng trong X. d) To nh ca mi tp con m ty trong Y l tp m trong X. e) To nh ca mi phn t thuc tin c s no ca tp trong Y l tp m trong khng gian tp X. g) i vi mi tp con B bt k trong Y lun c . Chng minh. 80

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a) b). Gi s A X, v f l nh x lin tc. Nu f( A )

. ly tu y f( A ), khi x A tho mn f(x) = y. Gi s U l ln cn tu ca y = f(x). V f l lin tc, nn tn ti ln cn V ca x sao cho f(v) U, do V f-1(U).
V x A V A f-1(U) A , ngha l tn ti x f-1(U) A. i vi phn t x ta c f(x') U f(A), ngha l U f(A) (ln cn ty ca im y lun c giao khc rng vi tp f(A)) . b) c). Gi s B l tp ng ty trong Y, t A = f1 (B) X. Theo gi thit ta c: f( A ) f(A) = f[f - 1(B)] = B f ( X ) B l tp ng trong X. c) d). Gi s B l tp m tu trong Y. Khi Y \ B l tp ng trong Y tf-1(y \ B) l tp ng, nhng ly f-1(Y \ B) = X \f-1(B) l ng nn f-1(B) l tp m trong X. d) e). Hin nhin, v mi phn t thuc tin c s ca tp trong Y l tp m trong Y nn to nh ca n l m trong X. e) a). Gi s nh x f tho mn iu kin (e), vi x0 l im bt k trong X, v U l ln cn tu ca im f(x0) trong Y. Gi s V l mt c s ca tp trn Y, v M l mt tin c s ca tp . Theo nh l (2.10), tn ti W V sao cho f(x0) W U, t nh ngha tin c s ta thy W l giao hu hn no ca cc 81

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phn t trong M, ngha l W = V1 ... Vk (Vi M) v f-1(W) = f-1(V1) . f-1(Vk) theo (e) cc tp f-1(V1) ,..., f-1(Vk) u l tp m trong X, nn f-1(W) l tp m trong X. t f-1(W) = V ta c x0 f-1(W) = V. Ta c:

Theo nh ngha f l lin tc ti im x0. Do x0 l im bt k trong X nn nh x f l lin tc trn X. b) g). Gi s B Y tu , t A = f-1(B). Theo b) ta c:

g) b). Gi s A X tu . t B = trai c Y. Ta c nh l 3.2. Gi s X, Y, Z l ba khng gian tp, f : X Y v g : Y Z l cc nh x lin tc. Khi nh x h = g.f : X Z cng l nh x lin tc. Chng minh. Gi s W l mt tp m tu trong Z, do g l lin tc nn -1 g (W) l mt tp m trong Y. V f l lin tc nn:

l tp m trong X. Vy h l nh x lin tc. nh ngha 3.2. nh xa f : X Y t khng gian tp X n khng gian tp Y c gi l nh x m (tng ng ng), nu nh ca mi tp m (tng ng ng) bt k trong X qua nh x f l tp m (tng ng ng) trong Y. 82

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nh ngha 3.3. nh x f : X Y t khng gian tp X n khng gian tp Y c gi l php ng phi nu f l song nh v f, f-1 u l cc nh x lin tc. Hai khng gian tp X v Y c gi l ng phi nu tn ti mt php ng phi t X n Y. V d 3.1 1) Xt tp hp s thc vi tp t nhin, cc hm lin tc t l cc nh x lin tc. 2) i vi khng gian tp (X, T ) tu , nh x ng nht t X X l mt php ng phi. 3) nh x f : X Y t khng gian tp (X, Tx) n khng gian tp (Y, Ty) cho mi phn t x X ng vi mt phn t c nh no trong Y l lin tc (gi l nh x hng). 4) nh x t mt khng gian tp ri rc n khng gian tp tu l lin tc. 5) nh x t khng gian tp tu ti khng gian tp ri rc l nh x m, nhng cha chc lin tc. 6) Tn ti nhng nh x l song nh, lin tc nhng cha chc l php ng phi. Tht vy gi s (X, T) l khng gian tp ri rc, (X, U) l khng gian tp th. Khi nh x ng nht idx : (X, T) (X, U) l song nh, lin tc nhng khng l php ng phi. 7) nh x f : (vi tng t nhin) l lin tc khi v ch khi > 0, tn ti > 0, sao cho tho mn |x - x0| < th: |f(x) - f(x0)| < . Tht vy, gi s nh x f l lin tc ti im x0, > 0 tu . Khi ta c khong I = (f(x0) - , f(x0) + ) l mt ln cn ca

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im f(x0). V f lin tc nn tn ti mt ln cn V ca x0 sao cho f(V) I. V c s ca tp t nhin l nhng khong m, nn tn ti mt khong m J V cha x0. Khi tn ti > 0 tha mn (x0 - , x0 + ) J. Nh vy tn ti xc nh sao cho tha mn x (x0 - , x0 + ) th f(x) I, ngha l |X - x0 < |f(x) - f(x0)| < . Ngc li, gi s nh x f tho mn iu kin a ra trn. Vi U l ln cn tu ca im f(x0) khi c mt khong m I U sao cho f(x0) I. Ta c th gi thit rng: I = (f(x0) - , f(x0) + ), Vi > 0 xc nh. Theo gi thit ta tm c s > 0 xc nh t iu kin |x - x0| < s ko theo |f(x) - f(x0)| < . t J = (x0 - , x0 + ). Ta c J l ln cn ca X0 tho man f(J) I U. Do U ly tu nn ta c f l lin tc. 8) Sau y l mt vi v d v nh x khng lin tc. a) c xc nh bi: 0 khi x 0 f(x)= 1 khi x > 0 l hm lin tc ti mi im x 0, nhng khng lin tc ti im X0 = 0. b) Hm irichl f: xc nh bi:

l hm khng lin tc ti . Thc vy gi s tu ta c f(x0) = 1. Chn mt ln cn ca 1 = f(x0) l U = (l/2,3/2). Khi vi mt ln cn V bt 84

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k ca x0 ta c , V lun C x V: . Chng

f(x) = 0. Nh vy f khng lin tc ti mi im ca

minh tng t ta c ti mi , f cng khng lin tc. Ta c th d dng chng minh kt qu sau: nh l 3.3. a) nh x f : X Y l nh x m th iu kin cn v l nh f(U) ca phn t U tu trong c s V no ca tp trn X l m trong Y. b) Hp thnh ca hai nh x m l nh x m. c) Song nh f : X Y l mt php ng phi khi v ch khi f l nh x hen tc v m.

2. SO SNH HAI TP

nh ngha 3.4. Cho hai tp T1, T2 trn cng mt tp hp X, ta ni rng T1 l mn hn T2 (hoc T2 th hn T1, T1 mnh hn T2 hay T2 yu hn T1) nu T2 T1. Ta ni rng hai tp T1, T2 trn X l so snh c nu T2 T1, hoc T1 T2. Trong trng hp khng c quan h trn ta ni rng T1 v T2 l khng so snh c. V d 3.2 1) Trn tp s thc ta k hiu : TT= Tp th, TD = Tp ri rc,

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TK = Tp to bi phn b ca cc tp hu hn, TS = Tp c c s l h v = {[a, b] | a, b } (bi tp ch2. 16), T = l Tp t nhin. Khi ta c dy bao hm sau : Trn tp X tu vi A v B l 2 tp con thc s, khc nhau ca X, cc tp l khng so snh c nh l3.4. Gi s T1 v T2 l 2 tp trn X. Khi cc iu kin sau l tng ng: a) T1 l mnh hn T2. b) nh x ng nht idx : (X, T1 ) (X, T2 ) l lin tc. c) Mi phn t thuc tin c s ca T2 cng l phn t ca T1 Chng minh.

a)

b).

Hin

nhin

nu

T2

ta

, vy nh x idx l lin tc. b) c). p dng nh l (2.l), to nh ca mi phn t thuc tin c s ca T2 l phn t ca T1. Vy mi phn t thuc tin c s ca T2 cng l phn t ca T1. c) a) p dng nh l (2.l), nh x idx l lin tc. Suy ra vi bt k U T2 ta c , vy T2 T1. Ta d dng chng minh cc khng nh sau: nh l 3. 5 a) Cho nh x f : X Y , trong X l khng gian tp, Y l tp hp trn xc nh hai tp B1 v B2 tha mn: B1 B2 Khi nu nh x f lin tc i vi tp B2 th cng lin tc 86

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i vi B1. b) Cho nh x f : X Y , trong Y l khng gian tp, X l tp hp tu . Gi s T1, T2 l hai tp xc nh trn X tho mn T1 T2. Khi nu i vi T1 nh x f lin tc th i vi T2 nh x f cng lin tc.

3. TP XC NH BI MT H NH X

nh l 3.6. Gi s X l mt tp hp, l mt h nhng khng gian tp. Gi thit rng vi mi i I cho mt nh x fi : X Yi. Khi trong s cc tp xc nh trn X sao cho tt c cc nh x fi u lin tc s tn ti mt tp T yu nht , v T c mt tin c s l h M tt c cc tp con ca tp hp X c dng f-1(Ui ) (trong i I v Ui l tp m no trong khng gian Yi). T c gi l tp u xc nh bi h nh x {fi}I I. Chng minh. D dng thy rng h l mt ph ca X nn theo nh l (1.11) tn ti mt tp ? trn X nhn M l tin c s vi mi i I, v mt tp m tu U Yi ta c fi-1 (U) l phn t ca M T. Do fi-1(U) l tp T - m trong X. Nh vy n vi T ta c nh x fi l lin tc i vi mi i I. Ta c T l tp yu nht trong cc tp trn X sao cho mi fi u lin tc. Tht vy, gi s V X l mt tp trn X sao cho tt c fi u lin tc vi mi i I. Gi s V X tho mn V 87

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T, khi V l hp ca mt h no cc giao hu hn c th ca cc phn t thuc M. Do tnh lin tc ca fi i vi tp T (i I) ta suy ra rng mi phn t ca M l tp m i vi tp T. Do vy mi giao hu hn c th ca cc phn t thuc M l tp m i vi T. Suy ra V T. Vy T T .Ta c iu phi chng minh. nh l 3.7 Gi s {fi}iI l mt h nh x fi : X Y; t tp hp X vo cc khng gian tp (Yi, Bi), T l tp u trn X xc nh bi h nh x {fi}iI, g : Z X l nh x t khng gian tp (Z, D) vo khng gian (X, T). Khi g l nh x lin tc nu v ch nu, vi mi I I, nh x fig : Z Yi l lin tc. Chng minh. Hin nhin nu g lin tc th mi fig l lin tc v n l tch ca hai nh x lin tc. Gi s vi mi i I, nh x fig : Z Yi; l lin tc v V = fi-1(Ui) (trong i I v Ui l tp hp m no trong khng gian Yi ) l mt phn t tu thuc tin c

s M ca tp. Ta c . V fig lin -1 -1 tc nn (fig) (Ui) l tp m trong Z. Do g (V) D. Vy g l nh x lin tc. Nhn xt. Gi s {(Xs, Ts}sS l mt h khng gian tp, (Y l mt khng gian tp, {fs}sS l mt h nh x fs : Xs Y lin tc. Hin nhin nu thay B bng mt tp B trn Y yu hn B th mi nh x fs ca h ni trn vn lin tc. Nhng ni ta thay B bng mt tp B mnh hn th tnh lin tc ca nh x fs c th khng c bo ton. By gi gi s {fs}sS l mt h nh x fs : Xs Y t khng gian tp Xs vo tp hp Y. nh l di y ch ra rng trong tt c cc tp xc nh trn Y, sao cho mi 88

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nh x ca h {fs}sS u lin tc, tn ti mt tp mnh nht. nh l 3.8. Gi s {(Xs, Ts}sS l mt h khng gian tp, Y l mt tp hp , {fs}sS l mt h nh x fs : Xs Y. Khi trong tt c cc tp xc nh trn Y, sao cho tt c cc nh x fs u lin tc, tn ti mt tp B mnh nht, tho mn mi tp con V ca Y l phn t ca B khi v ch khi, vi mi s S, lun c fi-1(V) Ts, B gi l tp cui xc nh bi h nh x 1 {fs}sS. Chng minh. D thy rng B xc nh nh trn l mt tp trn Y. Ta s chng minh B l tp mnh nht trong tt c cc tp xc nh trn Y sao cho tt c cc nh x fs u lin tc. Tht vy, gi s B l mt tp trn Y sao cho mi fs u lin tc vi mi s S, v U B. Khi vi mi s S. Do U B B B. nh l 3.9. Gi s {fs : Xs Y}sS l mt h nh x t cc khng gian tp (Xs, Ts) vo tp hp Y, B l tp cui trong Y xc nh bi h nh x {fs}sS, h : Y Z l nh x t khng gian tp (Y, B) vo khng gian tp (Z, D). Khi h lin tc nu v ch nu, vi mi s S, nh x h : X Z l lin tc. Chng minh. Hin nhin nu g lin tc th h lin tc vi mi s S. Gi s nh x hp hfs lin tc vi mi s S v W D tu . Khi : Vi mi s S. Do h-1(W) l mt tp hp m trong Y i vi tp B Vy h l nh x lin tc.

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4. CC TIN TCH

nh ngha 3.5 Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T0khng gian nu vi hai im khc nhau bt k x, y X tn ti t nht mt im c ln cn khng cha im kia. nh l 3.10. Khng gian tp (X, T) l T0 - khng gian nu v ch nu i vi hai im khc nhau tu x, y X ta c hoc

x {y} hoc y {x} Chng minh. Gi s X l T0-khng gian. Khi vi x y ty trong X, nu tn ti ln cn m Ux tho mn y Ux , th v y X \ Ux l tp ng nn {y} X \ Ux Do x {y}. Nu tn ti ln cn m Uy tho mn x Uy, th tng t ta c y {x}. Ngc li, gi s x {y} hoc y {x} Khi X \ {y} l ln cn ca x khng cha y hoc X \ {x} l ln cn ca y khng cha x. v vy X l T0-khng gian. nh ngha 3.6. Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T1khng gian nu vi hai im khc nhau bt k x, y X lun tn ti cc ln cn Ux ca x v Vy ca y sao cho y Ux v x Uy nh l 3.11. Khng gian tp (X, T) l T1-khng gian nu v ch nu vi mi x X tp {x} l tp ng. Chng minh. Gi s X l T1 - khng gian. vi x X ta c tp X\ {x} l tp m. Tht vy, ly bt k y X \ {x} theo nh ngha tn ti ln cn v ca y tho mn x Vy. suy ra y Vy X \ {x} , nn y l 90

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im trong ca X \ {x }. Nh vy mi im thuc X \ {x} u l im trong ca n. Vy X \ {x} l tp m. Do {x} l tp ng. Ngc li, gi s vi mi x X lun c {x} l tp ng trong X. Gi s x,y l hai phn t khc nhau tu thuc X, tp V = X \ {x} l m v n l ln cn ca y khng cha x. Tng t tp U = X \ {y} tp l tp m v n l ln cn ca x khng cha y. Vy X l T1-khng gian. nh ngha 3.7 Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T2khng gian nu vi hai im khc nhau bt k x,y X lun tn ti cc ln cn Ux ca x v Vy ca y sao cho Ux Vy = nhngha 3.8. Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T3khng gian (hoc khng gian chnh quy) nu X l T1-khng gian v vi mi x X, vi mi tp ng F X tho mn x F, lun tn ti cc lan cn m Ux ca x v V ca F sao cho Ux V = . nh l 3.12. T1-khng gian (X, T) l T1-khng gian nu v ch nu vi mi x X v vi mi ln cn m V ca x lun tn ti ln cn U ca x sao cho x U U V. Chng minh. Gi s X l T1-khng gian, x X v V l mt ln cn m no ca x. Khi tp E = X \ V l tp ng trong X tho mn x F, theo nh ngha, tn ti cc ln cn m U ca x v W ca F sao cho U W = ngha l U X \ W. V X \ W l tp ng nn U X \W X\ F = V. Gi s (X, T) l T1-khng gian tho mn iu kin vi mi x X v vi mi ln cn m V ca x lun tn ti ln cn U 91

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ca x sao cho x U U V. Ly ty x X v gi s F X l mt tp ng sao cho x F. Theo gi thit, v X \ F l ln cn m ca x, nn tn ti ln cn U ca x sao cho x U U X \ F. R rng V = X \ U l ln cn m ca F tho mn U V = nh ngha 3.9. Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T 1 3 2

khng gian (hoc khng gian hon ton chnh quy) nu X l T1khng gian v vi mi x X, vi mi tp ng F X khng cha x, lun tn ti hm lin tc f : X [0, 1] tho mn f(x) = 0 vi mi f(y) = 1 vi mi y F. nh ngha 3.10 Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l T4khng gian (hoc khng gian chun tc), nu X l T1 -khng gian v vi hai tp ng ri nhau bt k A, B X lun tn ti cc ln cn m U ca A v V ca B sao cho U V = . V d 3.3 a) Khng gian tp (X, TD) vi TD l tp ri rc l T0khng gian, T1 -khng gian, l khng gian Hausdorff, khng gian chnh quy hon ton chnh quy, chun tc. cng gian tp (X, TT) khi X c nhiu hn mt phn t khng phi l T0-khng gian v mi x thuc X ch c duy nht mt ln cn l X. b) Khng gian tp (X, T) vi X = { a, b }, T = {, X, {a}} l T0 khng gian nhng khng l T1-khng gian. c) Khng gian tp (X, Tk) vi X l v hn, l T1-khng gian v mi tp mt im l tp ng, nhng khng l T2-khng gian v hai tp m khc rng tu trong khng gian tp (X, TK) lun c giao khc rng. 92

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d) Trn tp cc s thc vi mi Gi : 1 { k 0, k k 1 1 k hiu Oi(x) = (x - , x + ). i i nu x 0, , k hiu Y = { }.

nu x = 0. Ta nhn thy h tho mn cc iu kin trong nh l (2.11), do trn c mt tp M trn nhn h lm c s. R rng vi hai im tu x y trong c th chn c m v n ln Om(x) On(y) = . v vy ( , M) l T2-khng gian. Mt khc, ta c Y l mt tp ng trong ( , M) khng cha im 0. Vi U l ln cn bt k ca im 0, v V l ln cn bt k ca Y ta lun c U V . iu chng t ( , M) khng phi l T3-khng gian. d) Nu (X, T) l khng gian hon ton chnh quy th (X, T) l T3-khng gian. Tht vy trong X ta xt cc tp U = f-1([0, 1/2)), v V = f-1((1/2,1]), do f l nh x lin tc v cc tp [0, 1/2), (1/2 , 1] l tp m trong khng gian tp [0, 1] nn ta c U v V l m trong X tho mn x U, F V v U V = . Tn ti nhng khng gian tp l T3 - khng gian nhng khng l khng gian tp hon ton chnh quy. Nhng do vic xy dng nhng khng gian kh phc tp nn ta khng a ra y. Nu (X, T) l T4 khng gian th (X, T) l T3-khng gian (hin nhin). T b Urison di y ta s chng minh c rng mi T4-khng gian l mt khng gian hon ton chnh quy. Ta 93

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cng s a ra mt phn v d chng t rng tn ti nhng khng gian tp hon ton chnh quy nhng khng l khng gian chun tc. g) Trong mt phng ta Oxy k hiu l tp hp cc im nm na pha trn trc honh, P1 = {(x, y) | y = 0}; P2 = P \ P1. Vi mi z P1 v r > 0, gi U(z, r) l tp tt c cc im ca P2 nm trong hnh trn bn knh r tip xc vi P1 ti z. t Ui(z) = U(z, 1/i) { z }, (i = 1, 2,...) (H.1). Vi mi z P2) v r > 0, gi U(z, r) l tp tt c cc im ca P nm trong hnh trn tm z bn knh r. t Ui(z) = U(z, 1/i), (i = 1, 2,... ) (H.2).

H {Ui(z)}zP, iN tha mn cc iu kin ca nh l (2.11), nn n l c s ca tp T xc nh trn P. Ta c th chng minh c (P, T) l khng gian tp hon ton chnh quy nhng khng l khng gian chun tc. nh l 3.13. (b Urison). Vi hai tp ng ri nhau bt k A, B trong khng gian chun tc (X, T) lun tn ti hm lin tc f :X I sao cho f(x) = 0, x A v f(y) = 1, y B. Chng minh. 94

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Trc ht ta chng minh bng phng php quy np rng: vi mi s hu t r [0, 1] ta c th chn c tp m Vr tho mn cc iu kin sau: A V0, V1 = X \ B v nu r < r th Vr Vr (*) Tht vy v tp cc s hu t c lc lng m c nn ta c th sp xp cc s hu t trong on [0, 1] thnh mt dy trong r1 = 0, r2 = 1. Do A, B l hai tp ng ri nhau trong (X, T) nn theo gi thit tn ti cc ln cn m U ca A v V ca B sao cho U V = . t V0 = U, V1 = X \ B. Khi do V0 X \ V, v X \ V l tp ng nn V0 X \ V V1. Nh vy ta c Vri Vij nu ri < rj (vi i, j 2). Gi s vi mi i n ta xc nh c mt tp m Vri tho mn iu kin Vri Vrj nu ri < rj (**), Trong tp { r1, r2. rn, rn+1} gi r1 l s ln nht trong cc s r1, r2. rn, nh hn rn+1, v rp l s nh nht trong cc s r1, r2. rn ln hn rn+1. Khi theo gi thit quy np v rt < rp nn ta c Vrt Vrp. Hn na v
Vrt v tp X \ Vrp l hai tp hp ng ri nhau v (X, T) l

khng gian chun tc, nn tn ti cc tp m U v V l ln cn ca cc tp Vrt v X \ Vrp tho mn U V = . t Vrn+1 = U ch; Vrn+1 X \ V. Do X \ V l tp ng nn . Nh vy ta xy dng c cc tp m V, ., Vrn+1 tho mn iu kin (**). Gi f : X I = [0, 1] l hm xc nh bi f(x) = 1 nu x B, 95

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nu x V1 = X \ B. Khi ta c f(x) = 0 vi mi x A v f(y) = 1 vi mi y B. Mt khc do h V cc tp c dng [0, a), (b, 1] , (c. d) (0 < a 1, 0 b < 1 , 0 c < d 1 ) l c s ca tp trn I = [0, 1] , m (c d) = [0, d) d) (c, 1] nn chng minh nh x f l lin tc ta ch cn chng minh to nh ca cc tp c dng [0, a) v (b,1] l tp m trong X. Vi x X ta thy f(x) < rj < a sao cho x Vrj. V vy l mt tp m. Tng t vi y X, ta c f(y) > b rj > b sao cho y Vrj

ri > b sao cho y Vri . V vy

l tp m. Do f l nh x lin tc.

cng

nh l 3.14. Khng gian chnh quy X c mt c s m c l khng gian chun tc. Chng minh. Gi s A, B l hai tp con ng bt k trong X tha mn A B = , v {Un}uN l mt c s m c trong X. V X l chnh quy nn vi mi x A tn ti V{Un}uN sao cho x V

V X \ B (theo nh l 3.12). Cho x chy khp trong A ta

nhn c B (k), v Mt cch tng t ta cng ch ra c mt h con ca h tha mn t: l h con ca h tha mn Vk X \

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Khi P v Q l hai tp m khng c im chung, tha mn A P v B Q. Tht vy, v Pk V Qk u l nhng tp m trong X (k) nn P v Q l nhng tp m trong X. Hn na vi mi k, t N ta u c Pk Qt = . V nu k t th Pk Qt = v nu t < k th

T suy ra P Q = . Do Nn nu x A th x Vn0.

Chng minh tng t ta c B Q. Vy X l khng gian chun tc.

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5, KHNG GIAN CON CA MT KHNG GIAN TP

Ta s nghin cu v xy dng tp bng phng php t nhin trn cc tp con ca cc khng gian tp. nh ngha 3.11 Cho khng gian tp (X, T) A X. Khi trn A c th xc nh mt tp TA nh sau: TA l h tt c cc giao ca cc phn t ca T vi tp A(TA = {A U | U T}).TA c gi l tp cm sinh bi tp T trn A. Cp (A, TA) c gi l khng gian tp con ca khng gian tp (X, T). Cc phn t ca TA c gi l cc tp m trong A. Phn b ca chng trong A c gi l cc tp ng trong A (gi tt l TA- m, TA - ng). R rng tp A ng thi l tp ng v l tp m trong chnh n, mc d n c th khng m, khng ng trong X. nh l 3.15 Cho khng gian tp (X, T) v (A, TA) l khng gian con. Khi tp cm sinh TA l tp tt c cc to nh ca cc phn t ca T qua php nhng chnh tc i : A X, (i(x) = x). Chng minh. Gi s U TA tu , khi theo nh ngha tn ti W T sao cho U = W A. R rng U = i-1(W) (l to nh ca W qua nh x i). Mt cu hi c t ra l: nu (A, TA) l khng gian con ca khng gian tp (X, T), v (B, B) l khng gian con ca khng gian (A, TA) th (B, B) c l khng gian con ca (X, T) hay khng? Cu tr li l c v tnh bc cu ny c minh ho 98

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nh nh l sau y nh l 3.16. Gi s (A, TA) l khng gian con ca khng gian tp (X, T) B A. Khi tp B trn B cm sinh bi tp TA trn A s trng vi tp trn B cm sinh bi tp T trn X. Chng minh. Gi TB l tp trn B cm sinh bi T (ta s chng minh B = TB ). Ly U B tu tn ti U' TA sao cho U = U' B. v U' TA tn ti W T sao cho U' = W A ta c: U = U B = (W A) B = W B U TB vy B TB. Ngc li ly tu U TB W T sao cho U = W B. t U = W A, ta c U = W B = (W A) B = U B Suy ra U B T suy ra TB B hay TB = B. nh ngha 3.12. Khng gian con A ca khng gian tp X c gi l khng gian con m (ng) ca X nu bn thn A l tp m (ng) trong X. Gi s (X, T) l khng gian tp v (A, T) l khng gian tp con ca (X, T) Khi vi tp con M bt k ca A ta k hiu M 0 l phn trong ca tp M trong A, bA(M) l bin ca tp A M trong khng gian tp A, M A l bao ng ca tp M trong khng gian tp con A, v ta vn hiu M0, M , b(M) l phn trong, bao ng v bin ca M trong X. nh l 3.17 Cho (X, T) l khng gian tp v (A , TA) l khng gian con. Khi : a) i vi tp con bt k M A ta c :

b) Nu M A l mt tp m (tng t l tp ng) trong X 99

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th n l m (tng t l ng ) trong A. c) Nu A l khng gian con m (ng) trong X, th mi tp m (ng) trong A u l m (ng ) trong X. Chng minh. a) Ta chng minh . 0 Trc ht ta chng minh: M M0 A0. T M A suy ra M0 A0 (*). Mt khc v M0 M A nn M0 A = M0 V r rng rng M0 l tp m trong A (v n l giao ca tp m trong X vi A). Theo nh ngha phn trong ca mt tp hp ta c M 0 l tp m ln nht (i vi tp TA) A c cha trong M, m M0 M. V vy M0 M 0 M0 A M 0 go A0. (*) A By gi ta chng minh bao hm thc ngc li. Gi s x M A0 tu . Khi x M 0 v x A0. V x M 0 nn tn A A
0 A

ti ln cn m V ca im x trong A tho mn V M. Theo nh ngha khng gian con, tn ti ln cn m W1 ca x trong X sao cho V = W1 A, t iu kin x A0 ln cn W2 ca x trong X sao cho W2 A. t U = W1 W2, r rng U l ln cn ca x trong X, hn na U W1 A = V M. Nh Vy im x l im trong ca tp M (i vi tp T trn X). T suy ra M 0 A0 M0 (**) A T (*) V (**) Suy ra M0 = M 0 A0. A Ly X bA(M) tu gi U l ln cn ca x trong X. Khi U A l ln cn ca x trong A, r rng (U A) M . Do u M . Tng t (U A) (A \ M) U (A \ 100

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M) U ( M \ M) . Vy x B(M), v x bA(M) A x b(M) A, Suy ra bA(M) b(M) A. Ta chng minh: Vi M A tu ta c M A = M A. Ta c M A l mt tp ng trong A i vi tng TA cha M. Vy M A M A. Ngc li, ta c

+ Nu x thuc M th ta c ngay x M bA(M) = M A . + Nu x M th x b(M) v x A \ M. Gi s U l mt ln cn bt k ca x trong A. Khi tn ti ln cn V ca x trong X sao cho U = V A. Suy ra:

Do M A, nn t V M V A M U M . Mt khc v Vy x l im bin ca M trong A. Suy ra x M A b) Nu M A l tp m trong X, th M A = M l m trong A (nh ngha ). Nu M A l ng trong X th X \ M l m trong X A (X \ M) = A \ (A M) = A \ M l tp m trong A. Vy M l tp ng trong A. 101

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c) Nu A l tp m trong X, M l tp m trong A M = A U vi U l tp m no trong X. Vy M l tp m trong X. Nu A l tp ng trong X, M l tp ng trong A, th . Ta c . Vy M l tp ng trong X. V d 3.4 Trong khng gian tp (R,T), xt tp con I = [0,1] vi tng cm sinh bi tp. Do tin c s ca T l h tt c cc tp c dng ( -, a), (b, ) nn tin c s ca tp TI trn I l h cc tp c dng [0,a), (b, 1] vi 0 < a 1 , 0 b < 1. Hin nhin [0,l] l khng gian con ng trong (R,T). nh l 3.18. 1 a) Vi i < 3 , khng gian con bt k ca mt Ti-khng gian 2 l Ti-khng gian. b) Khng gian con ng ca khng gian chun tc l chun tc. c) Khng gian con ca khng gian tp tho mn tin m c th nht (tng ng th hai) l khng gian tp tho mn tin m c th nht (tng ng th hai). Chng minh. a) Ta chng minh cho trng hp i = 2 v i = 3, cc trng hp cn li chng minh tng t. Gi s khng gian tp (X, T) l T2-khng gian v (A, TA) l khng gian tp con ca n. Vi hai im khc nhau tu x,y A, do (X, T) l T2-khng gian nn tn ti cc ln cn m U ca x v V ca y trong X tho mn U V = . Khi U' = U 102

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A, v V = V A l cc tp m trong A tho mn x U, y V v U V = . Vy (A, TA) l T2-khng gian. Gi s (A, TA) l khng gian con bt k ca khng gian chnh quy (X, T). Ly x A tu , v gi s F l tp ng trong
A khng cha x. Khi (theo nh l trn). V x F nn ta c x F . Khi tn ti U, V m trong X sao cho: x U, F V v U V = . t U1 = U A, V1 = V A. R rng U1, v V1 l nhng tp m trong A tho mn x U1 , F V1 v U=1 V1 = . D thy A l T1-khng gian. V vy A l khng gian chnh quy. b) Gi s A l khng gian con ng bt k ca khng gian chun tc (X, T). Vi hai tp ng khng giao nhau ty M v N trong A suy ra M v N l ng trong X tn ti cc tp m khng giao nhau U v V tha mn M U, N V. t U' = U A, V = V A, khi U' v V l cc ln cn khng giao nhau ca M v N trong A. Vy A l khng gian chun tc. c) Hin nhin. Nh vy trong cu trc ca khng gian tp, cc tnh cht T1 1 khng gian, vi i < 3 , tha mn tin m c th nht, 2 th hai vn c duy tr cho cc khng gian con.

103

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6 TCH CC CA CC KHNG GIAN TP
1 Tch cc ca hai khng gian tp nh ngha 3.13. Cho X v Y l cc khng gian tp, XxY l tch cc ca X v Y. K hiu B l h tt c cc tp con ca XxY c dng UxV, trong U l tp m trong X, v V l tp m trong Y. R rng B l mt ph ca XxY v giao ca hai phn t ty thuc B li thuc B, do h B l c s ca tp no trn tp XxY, tp ny c gi l tp tch (hay tp Tichonov) trn tp XxY. Nh vy mt tp con M XxY l tp m i vi tp tch nu v ch nu vi mi phn t (x, y) M tm c cc tp m U cha x trong X, v tp m V cha y trong Y sao cho UxV M. Cc khng gian tp X, Y c gi l cc khng gian to . Cc nh x p1: XxY X, p2 : XxY Y c xc nh bi pl(x, y) = x, v p2(x, y) = y c gi l cc php chiu chnh tc ln cc khng gian to . R rng cc nh x pl, p2 l lin tc i vi tp tch v cc tp trn X, trn Y, v nu U m trong X th p1-1 (U) = UxY l m i vi tp tch. Tng t nu V m trong Y th p2-1 (V) = XxV l m. Tnh lin tc ca cc php chiu p1 v p2 l c s m t tp tch. Thc vy, gi s T l mt tp no xc nh trn XxY sao cho cc nh x p1v p2 l lin tc. Khi vi U m trong X, V m trong Y ta c tp UxV l m trong tp T, (UxV

T) v , m cc tp hp v phi l m i vi tng T. Nh vy, tp T l mnh hn tp tch, hay ni

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cch khc tp tch l tp yu nht trong cc tp xc nh trn XxY, m i vi chng, cc php chiu pl, P2 ln cc khng gian to l lin tc. nh l 3.19. Gi s XxY l khng gian tp tch c xc nh nh trn. Khi : a) Cc php chiu chnh tc ln cc khng gian to l nh x m. b) Gi s X, Y l cc khng gian tp. Vi mi x0 X, nh x f : Y {x0} xY cho tng ng y a (x0, y) l mt php ng phi t Y ln khng gian con {x0} xY ca khng gian tp XxY. c) Gi s X, Y, Z l cc khng gian tp, XxY l khng gian tp tch, nh x f : XxY Z l lin tc ti im (x0, y0). Khi nh x g : Y Z xc nh bi g(y) = h(x0, y) l nh x lin tc ti im y0. d) nh x g : XxY YxX, (x, y) a (y, x), l mt php ng phi. Chng minh. a) Gi s M l tp m bt k trong khng gian tp XxY. Khi M l hp no cc phn t thuc c s ca tp tch trn XxY : M = , (Vi l cc tp m trong X, Wi l cc tp m trong Y vi mi i I). Khi l cc tp m trong cc khng gian to X v Y. b) Ta ch cn chng minh nh x f v nh x ngc f-1 lin tc ti mi im l v r rng f l song nh. Ly tu im y Y, gi s U l ln cn bt k ca im (x0, y) {x0} xy khi tn ti mt tp m V XxY sao cho V { x0 } xY U. Do 105

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tn ti cc ln cn V1 ca x0 v V2 ca y sao cho V1 x V2 U (V V l m). Ta c {x0} x V2 = (V1 x V2) { Xo } x Y U {X0} x V2 U tho mn V2 f-1(U), do to nh ca mt ln cn bt k ca (x0, y) l ln cn ca y. Vy nh x f l lin tc ti y. Suy ra f l lin tc. nh x ngc f-1 ca f l thu hp ca p2 ln khng gian {x0} xY XxY, v v vy n l lin tc. Vy f l php ng phi. c) Xt Ta c y Y tha mn g(y) = h(x0, y) = hf(y) ngha l g = hf. Vy g l hp thnh ca hai nh x lin tc ti im y0 v (x0, y0), nn n l nh x lin tc ti y0. d) Hin nhin. Nh nh ngha trn ta thy tp Tikhonov trn XxY chnh l tp u xc nh bi cc nh x pl, P2, sau y ta s m rng khi nim trn nh ngha tp tch ca mt h tu cc khng gian tp. 2 Tch cc ca mt h khng gian tp nh ngha 3.14. Gi s {Xs}s S l mt h cc tp hp. Tp hp tt c cc nh x x : sao cho vi mi s S, x(s) Xs, c gi l tch cc ca h tp hp {Xs}s S v k hiu l . Ta k hiu phn t l x = {xs}s S trong xs = x(s) Xs vi mi s S. Phn t xs ca Xs gi l to th s ca phn t x. nh x ps : xc nh bi ps(x) = xs gi l php chiu chnh tc ln thnh phn Xs. Nu S l mt tp hp hu hn, (S = {1, 2, 3,..., n}) , th tch cc ca cc khng 106

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gian tp {Xi}, (i = 1,, n), c k hiu l X1xX2x ... xXn hoc .Nu tt c cc khng gian ca h {xs}s S u bng nhau, tc l Xs = X vi mi s S th tch cc c S k hiu l X . nh ngha 3.15 Gi s {xs, Ts}s S l h no cc khng gian tp. Tp hp vi tp u T xc nh bi h nh x {ps,}s S c gi l tch cc ca h khng gian tp {xs, Ts}s S tp T c gi l tp tch (hay cn c gi l tp Tikhnp ). T nay v sau, nu {xs, Ts}s S l mt h khng gian tp th k hiu lun dng ch khng gian tp tch vi tng T xc nh nh trn. c dng ~S S nh l 3.20. H tt c cc tp con ca trong Ws l tp m trong khng gian Xs v Ws Xs ch vi mt s hu hn phn t ca S, to thnh mt c s ca tch cc Chng minh. Theo nh l (2.6) h tt c cc tp hp dng (trong s1, s2 .sn S, Wsi l tp trong Xsi , v i = 1 ,.. n) l mt c s ca khng gian tch . Ta c trong Wsi = Xsi vi mi si s0. Mt khc ta c th vit

trong Ws = Xs vi mi s {s1 ,... , sn}. Ta c iu phi chng minh. nh l 3.21. Nu As Xs vi mi s S th trong tch cc ta c : 107

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Chng minh. Gi s , , t l mt phn t bt k ca S, v gi s Wt l mt ln cn tu ca im xt trong khng gian Xt. Khi tp trong Wt l ln cn ca xt trong Xt chn trn, cn Ws = Xs vi mi s t, l mt ln cn ca im x trong khng gian . Do l mt tp hp khc rng. T At Wt . Vy vi mi s S nn v

T suy ra

o l, gi S V V l ln cn ca nim X trong khng gian . Khi theo nh l (3.20), tn ti mt phn t thuc c s ca tp tch l trong Ws = Xs vi mi s {s1, . , sn} , cc tp Ws1, Ws2 . Wsn l m trong cc khng gian tng ng Xs1, Xs2 . Xsn sao cho . Vi mi s S, ta c s S, As WS . T ta c nn vi mi

Do vy Ta c iu phi chng minh. H qu 1. Nu vi mi s S, tp As l ng trong Xs, th tp l ng trong khng gian tch . Chng minh. Theo nh l va chng minh:

108

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H qu 2. Nu vi mi s S, tp As l tr mt trong khng gian Xs th tp con l tr mt trong khng gian . Chng minh.

V vi mi s S ta c As = Xs nn:

nh l 3.22. nh x f : Ys t khng gian tp Y vo tch cc ca h khng gian tp {xs}sS l lin tc khi v ch khi vi mi s S nh x ps.f : Y Xs l lin tc. Chng minh. Hin nhin theo nh l (2.7). nh l 3. 23. 1 1) Vi i 3 , tch cc ca mt h cc Ti-khng gian l 2 Ti-khng gian. 2) Vi i 4, nu tch cc ca h khng gian tp {xs}sX l Ti-khng gian, th Xs l mt Ti -khng gian (vi mi s S). Chng minh. 1 1) Ta chng minh cho trng hp i = 3 , cc trng hp 2 khc c chng minh tng t. Trc ht ta chng minh nu cng l vi mi s S khng gian Xs l T1-khng gian th T1-khng gian. Tht vy, gi s x = (xs)sS l mt im bt k ca khng gian ta c

Nh vy mi tp con c mt phn t trong 109

u l tp

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ng nn X s l T1-khng gian.
sS

By gi gi s vi mi s S khng gian Xs l hon ton chnh quy. Xt phn t ty v gi s V l mt phn t thuc c s ca tp tch trong khng gian X s
sS

trong cc Cha im x0. Khi V c dng tp Ws1, Ws2 Wsn l cc ln cn m ca cc im x0sl, x0s2 .. xosn trong cc khng gian tng ng Xs1,Xs2 Xsn. Ta s chng minh tn ti mt nh x lin tc f : Sao Cho f(x0) = 0 v f(x) = 1 vi mi x X s \ V. Tht vy v Xsi
sS

(i = 1, 2 . n) l khng gian hon ton chnh quy nn tn ti mt hm s gi; Xsi I l lin tc sao cho gi (xosi) = 0 v gi (xsi) = 1 vi mi xsi Xsi \ Wsi (vi i = 1 .. n). Ta c nh x fi = gi. psi : X s I l lin tc tha mn fi(x0) = 0 v fi(x) = 1 vi
sS

mi vi i = 1 ,... , n. t f = max {fi,... , fn }. Khi f l nh x lin tc trn X s

sS

, ly gi tr trong I, tho mn f(x0) = 0. Hn na, nu x X s

sS

th X ps (Wsi ) vi mt i no tha mn 1 i n, do ta c fi(x) = 1 ngha l f(x) = 1. Vy X s l khng gian hon ton

sS

-1

chnh quy. 2) Gi s X s l mt Ti-khng gian v t l mt phn t bt

sS

k ca S. Ta chng minh X, l Ti-khng gian. Ly ty thuc X s . t Xt* = As trong At = Xt v

sS sS

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0 AS = {x s } vi mi s t. D dng thy rng nh x it : Xt = X * t 0 xc nh bi it(u) = x = (xs)sS trong xs : x s (vi mi s t),

v xt = u l mt php ng phi. Nh vy X, c nhng ng phi vo khng gian tch X s . Do theo nh l (3.18) nu

sS
sS

X s l mt Ti-khng gian th Xt cng l mt Ti-khng gian vi

1 i< 3 . 2 Ta cng thy ngay rng nu X s l mt T1-khng gian th

sS

X * l mt tp hp con ng ca X s . Tht Vy, V A t = X t t

sS

0 = Xt = At V A s = X s = X s0 = As Vi mi s t, nn ta c:

Ta bit, nu X s l mt T4-khng gian th mi khng

sS

gian con ng cng l T4-khng gian. V vy khi X s l mt

sS

T4-khng gian th Xt cng l T4-khng gian. V d 3.5 a) Khng gian tp Euclid : Gi s l khng gian tp vi tp t nhin,

Khi tp tch trn tp c gi l tp t nhin hay tp Euclid. cng vi tng c gi l khng gian tp Euclid. Ta c th chn mt c s ca tp ny l h tt c cc hnh ch nht m dng: Ka,b = I1x I2x... xIn, trong a = (a1 ,... , an), b = (b1,..., bn), v Ii = (ai, bi). 111

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Tp cm sinh trn mt tp con ca khng gian Euclid cng c gi l tp Euclid. D dng chng minh c rng vi k n, khng gian Euclid ng phi vi khng gian con: Php ng phi cho tng ng (x1 , x2 .. xk) vi: (x1 , x2 .. xk, 0,... , 0) gi l php nhng chnh tc vo . T s gi tp vi tp cm sinh l na khng gian trong Khng gian con

gi

l bin ca . D dng thy rng trong ta c . b) Hm lin tc trn khng gian tp Gi s l tp s thc vi tp t nhin, X l khng gian tp bt k, khi cc nh x t X ti c gi l cc hm trn X. Ta c cc khng nh sau: Nu g, f l cc ham lin tc trn X th (f + g), f.g xc nh bi (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x), (f.g)(x) = f(x).g(x), cng l cc hm lin tc trn X. Tht vy gi h = (f + g), ly ty x0 X v gi s V l ln cn tu ca h(x0), khi > 0 sao cho (h(xo) - , h(xo) +) C V. Ta c (f(xo) - /2, f(xo) + /2) l ln cn ca f(xo) v (g(xo) /2, g(xo) + /2) l ln cn ca im g(xo). V f lin tc ti xo nn tn ti ln cn m U1 ca xo sao cho tm f(U1) f(x0) - /2, f(xo) +/2) ngha l vi mi x U1 ta c:

Tng t, v g lin tc ti x0 nn tn ti ln cn m U2 ca xo 112

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sao cho giun g(U1) (g(x0)- /2, g(x0) + /2) ngha l vi mi x U2 ta c: g(x) (g(x0) - /2, g(xo) + /2) |g(x) - g(x0)| < /2. (**) T (*) v (**) vi mi x U = U1 U2 ta c:

Suy ra |h(x) - h(xo)| = h(x) (h(xo) - , h(xo) + e) V tc l h(U) V. Vy ta c h = (f + g) l hm lin tc trn X. t q = f.g, gi s xo l im tu ca X, ta s chng minh vi mi > 0 lun tn ti ln cn U ca xo sao cho vi mi x U ta c: |q(x) - q(xo)| < . t ta c > 0. Tng t nh trn do cc nh x f v g l lin tc ti xo nn tn ti cc ln cn m U1 ca xo v ln cn m U2 ca xo sao cho |f(x) - f(x0)| < (vi mi x Ul) v |g(x) - g(xo)| < (vi mi x U2). i U = U1 U2 khi vi mi x U ta c:

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Chng t q l nh x lin tc ti xo. V xo ly tu nn ta c q lin tc trn X. 1 xc Mt cch tng t ta chng minh c hm r(x) = f ( x) nh v lin tc trn khng gian con X \ {x | f(x) = 0}. c) p dng kt qu trn ta chng minh c tnh lin tc ca cc php ton cng v nhn trn tp hp s thc vi tp t nhin. Tht vy, ta bit cc php chiu chnh tc p1, P2 t tch cc ln l cc nh x lin tc, nn cc hm sau ay l lin tc:

M rng kt qu trn ta c th chng minh c tnh lin tc ca php cng hai vc t trong khng gian Euclid , v php nhn mt s thc vi mt vc t trong i vi tp t nhin. d) Tp t nhin trn khng gian vc t hu hn chiu: Gi s E l khng gian vc t n chiu trn c c s l {e1, e2 . en}, khi mi vc t x E c th biu din duy nht di dng: x = a1.e1 +... + an.ae (ai ). Ta bit nh x f: E , xc nh bi f(x) = (a1, a2 .an), l mt ng cu tuyn tnh. Nu xt vi tp Euclid T, khi h B tt c cc to nh ca cc phn t ca T s l mt tp trn E v r rng i vi cc tp B, T nh x f l mt php ng phi. Ta thy rng tp B xc nh nh trn hon ton khng ph thuc vo c s {e1, e2 en} g chn ban u trn E. Ta cng s gi 114

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tp ny l tp t nhin trn khng gian vc t E. e) Tp t nhin trn tp hp s phc . Xt nh x f : xc nh bi f(a + bi) = (a, b). Ta c f l mt song nh, h M tt c cc to nh ca cc tp m trong to nn mt tp trn , ta gi M l tng t nhin trn , vi tng ny f l mt php ng phi, v do vy ta cng chng minh c php cng v php nhn cc s phc i vi tp t nhin M l lin tc.

7. TNG TRC TIP CA MT H KHNG GIAN TP Gi s {(Xs, Ts)sS l mt h khng gian tp i mt khng c im chung, tc l Xs Xt = vi mi s t. Vi mi s S gi is : Xs U X s l nh x xc nh bi is(x)
sS

= x, vi x Xs. nh ngha 3.16. Tp hp U X s cng tp cui T xc nh

sS

bi h nh x {is}sS c gi l tp trc tip ca h khng gian tp {(Xs, Ts)}sS v k hiu l X s . D dng thy rng
sS

vi mi tp con bt k A ca khng gian X s ,A l m trong

sS sS

X s khi v ch khi A XS TS vi mi s S.
nh l 3.24. Tp con F X s l ng khi v ch khi F
sS

XS l ng trong Xs vi mi s S. 115

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Chng minh. Tp con F l ng trong X s khi v ch khi X s \ F l tp
sS sS

m trong X s , tc l khi v ch khi ( X s \ F) Xs l m

sS sS

trong Xs vi mi s S. Kt lun ca nh l c suy ra t ng thc ( X s \ F) XS = Xs \ (F Xs).

sS

H qu. Mi tp hp Xs l va m va ng trong X s .
sS

D dng thy rng vi mi s S, do Ts l tp cm sinh bi T trn Xs suy ra mi Xs l mt khng gian con va ng va m ca X s vi mi s S nh x is : Xs X s xc nh bi

sS sS

is(x) = x, gi l php nhng ng phi Xs vo X s .

sS

nh l 3.25 Nu khng gian tp X l hp ca h {Xs}sS nhng khng gian con m i mt khng c im chung th X = Xs .
sS

Chng minh. Hin nhin hai tp hp X v X s l bng nhau. Ta s chng

sS

minh cc tp trn X v X s l trung nhau. Tht vy, nu U l

sS

mt tp hp m trong X th vi mi s S, tp hp U XS l m trong X s . Do U l m trong X s . o li nu U l

sS sS

mt tp m trong X s th vi mi s S tp hp U XS l m
sS

trong Xs, (v Xs l tp m trong X). Do U = U ( U X s ) l tp

sS

m trong X. 116

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nh l 3.26. nh x f : X s Y lin tc khi v ch khi
sS

vi mi s S nh x f.is : Xs Y l lin tc. Chng minh. Hin nhin theo nh l (3.9).

8. TP THNG Gi s X l mt khng gian tp, R l mt quan h tng ng trn X. Gi X/R l tp cc lp tng ng v i : X X/R l nh x thng, tc l nh x xc nh bi i(x) = [x], trong [x] l lp tng ng cha x. nh ngha 3.17 Tp cui trn tp X/R xc nh bi nh x c gi l tp thng trn. l tp mnh nht trong cc tp xc nh trn X/R sao cho nh x i lin tc. Tp X/R vi tp thng c gi l khng gian thng. nh l 3.27 Tp V X/R l m i vi tng thng khi v ch khi i-1 (V) = U[ X ] l tp m trong X.
sS

Chng minh: Suy ra t nh l (3.8). nh l 3.28. Tp F l ng trong khng gian thng X/R khi v ch khi i-1(F) ng trong khng gian X. Chng minh. Ta c tp F ng trong khng gian thng X/R khi v ch khi (X/R\F l tp m. iu ngc li tng ng vi i-1(F)((/R)\F = X \ i-1(F) m trong X, tc l i-1(F) ng trong X. H qu. Khng gian thng X/R l T1-khng gian khi v ch khi tt c cc lp tng ng trong X theo quan h tng 117

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ng R u l nhng tp ng trong X. Nhn xt. Nu f : X/R Y l mt nh x t khng gian thng X/R vo khng gian tp Y th f lin tc khi v ch khi nh x f.i : X Y l lin tc.

9. TP MTRIC, KHNG GIAN MTRIC HA

nh l 3.29. Gi s (A, dA) l khng gian con ca khng gian mtric (X, d). Gi T l tp mtric trn X ph hp vi mtric d, v TA l tp trn A cm sinh bi T. Khi tp mtric dA trn A ph hp vi mtric dA trng vi TA. Chng minh. Vi mi x A v r > 0, k hiu SA(x, r) = { y A | d(x, y) < r) l hnh cu m trong A. Ta c h {SA(x, r)}xA.r>0 l c s ca tp B trn A, hn na ta c SA(x, r) = A S(x, r) nn SA(x, r) TA ngha l B TA(1) Ngc li ly tu U TA, khi V T sao cho U = V A, do h S(x, r) l mt c s ca T nn vi bt k x U, lun > 0 sao cho S(x, ) V A S(x, ) = SA(x, ) U. vy ta c TA B (2). T (l) v (2) suy ra T = B. nh l 3.30. Cho (X1, d1) v (X2, d2) l hai khng gian mtric. Gi s T1(tng ng T2) l tp mtric trn X1 ph hp

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vi d2 (tng ng d2 trn X2 ph hp vi d2). Gi T l tp tch trn X = Xl x X2. Gi s Td l tp mtric trn Xl x X2 ph hp vi mtric d trn Xl x X2 xc nh bi nh ngha 1.12. Khi T = Td. Chng minh. Ta s chng minh mi phn t thuc c s ca T l thuc Td v ngc li. Tht vy vi bt k (x1 , x2) X1 x X2 v vi mi s thc dng r ta d dng chng minh c: iu chng t Sd((x1, x2), r)) T vi mi (x1, x2) X1 x vi mi x1 X1, x2 X2, r , v X2 r1, r2 . Do vy ta c T = Td. nh ngha 3.18. Khng gian tp (X, T) c gi l khng gian mtric ha nu tn ti mt mtric d: X x X sao cho tp sinh bi d trng vi tng T nhn xt. Do khng gian mtric l khng gian tha mn tin m c th nht nn mi khng gian mtric ha l khng gian tha mn tin m c th nht. Sau y ta s ch ra mt iu kin mt khng gian tp l mtric ha. nh l 3.31 (Urisn) Khng gian tp chnh quy (X, T) tha mn tin m c th hai l khng gian mtric ha. Chng minh. Gi s l mt c s m c ca khng gian tp (X, T). Vi mi x Um, v X l chnh quy nn tn ti Un sao cho x Un U n Um (nh l 3.12). Nh vy, tn ti 119

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nhng cp tp hp (Un, Um) thuc B sao cho U n Um. Hin nhin h nhng cp nh Vy l m c. Ta nh s nhng cp ny nh sau: Do X l khng gian chnh quy c c s m c nn n l khng gian chun tc theo nh l (3.14). Vi mi k N, do U nk v X\Umk l cc tp ng ri nhau, nn theo b Urisn (nh l 3.13) tn ti cc hm lin tc fk : X I tha mn f(x) = 0 (x U nk ), v fk(y) = 1 (y X \ Umk). Gi d l hm xc nh trn X x X bi:

Do nn ta c chui hm v phi ca (*) trn l hi t x, y X. D dng chng minh c d l mt mtric trn X. Thc vy, tin ng nht c kim tra nh sau: Nu x, y X tha mn x y, th tn ti mt tp Um B sao cho x Um v y Um. Khi tn ti sao cho . Cp (Un, Um) trng vi 1 > 0. vy d(x, y) = 0 x = 2k mt cp (Unk,Umk) no . v x U nk v y X\ Umk, nn fk(x) = 0, v fk(y) = 1. Do d(x, y) y. K hiu TM l tp trn X sinh bi mtric d. Ta chng minh TM = T. Ly ty V TM, gi s xo V. Khi tn ti > 0 Sao cho hnh cu m S(xo, ) V. 120

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Chui hm hi t u trn X, mi hng t ca n l mt hm lin tc trn X, cho nn tng d(x, xo) ca chui hm l mt hm lin tc trn X. nh x x a d(x, xo) (cho tng ng mi x X vi s d(x, x0) l lin tc ti im xo X, nn tn ti Uu B sao cho xo Uu v vi mi x Uu ta c: d(x, xo) = | d(x, xo) - d(xo, xo) | < . tc l Un S(X0, ) V. Nh vy tp V l T-m suy ra TM T Ngc li, nu V T, v gi s xo V. Khi tn ti mt tp Um B sao cho xo Um V. Gi Un l phn t thuc B sao cho (Unk, Umk ) no . . Cp (Un, Um) trng vi mt cp 1 1 ) ta c d(x, x0) < k k 2 2

Vi bt k im x S(x0, Mt khc ta li c:

Ta c hai tp T v TM l trng nhau. Vy X l khng gian mtric ha.

nh l 3.32. Tch cc ca mt h m c {xn }=1 cc n

khng gian mtric ha l mt khng gian mtric ha. Chng minh. Trc ht, theo bi tp 26. chng I ta c khng nh sau: 121

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Vi mi khng gian mtric (X, d) tn ti trn X mt mtric tng ng vi d, tha mn (x, y) 1 (x, y X). Trong c xc nh nh sau: (x, y) = min{d(x, y), 1}. Vi mi , k hiu dn l mtric b chn bi n v v sinh ra tp Tu trn Xn. Vi mi t: Ta nhn thy chui s v phi ca (*) l hi t, v dn(xn, yn) 1 vi mi xn, yn Xn v vi mi n. D thy d l mt mtric trn

X n K hiu T l tp tch trn

n =1

X
n =1

v TM l tp

sinh bi mtric d trn

X
n =1

Ta chng minh T v TM l trng

nhau. 1 dn(xu,yn) 2n dn(xn,yn) 2nd(x, y). iu chng t vi mi n, php chiu pu: Vi mi s t nhin n ta lun c d(x,y)

X
n =1

Xn l lin tc. T TM.

0 Ngc li, ly ty V TM gi s xo = ( xn ) =1 ) V. Khi n

tn ti > 0 sao cho hnh cu m S(x0, ) V. Gi n0 l mt Vi mi n n0, k hiu hnh s t nhin sao cho c Khi tp l mt phn t

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thuc c s ca tp tch T trn

X
n =1

Cha x0 tha mn U

S(x0, ). Tht Vy, vi x = {xn }=1 U ty ta c: n

vy TM T. Ta c iu phi chng minh.

BI TP

1. Trn tp cc s thc ta k hiu (TT, TK, T, TS, TD ln lt l tp th, tp to bi phn b ca cc tp hu hn, tp t nhin, tp Sorgent, tp ri rc. Cho cc nh x , xc nh nh sau: f(x) = x + 1 , g(x) = x2. Hy xt tnh lin tc ca cc nh x f, g vi tp ca tp ch ln lt l: T, TK, TT, TS, TD 2. Cho sau : l hm irichl c xc nh nh

Chng minh rng hm tho mn vi mi l nh x ch lin tc ti mt im. 3. Cho tp X = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, v U = { . {l}, {1, 2}, {1, 2, 123

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3}, {1 , 2 , 4 } , { 1 , 5 } }. Chng minh rng U l c s ca tp no trn X. Hy xc nh tp . Gi s f, g, h : X X l cc nh x c xc nh nh sau: f(1)= 1 , f(2) = 1 , f(3) = 2, f(4) = 4, f(5) = 5. G(1) = 3, g(2) = 1, g(3) = 2, g(4) = 5, g(5) = 1. H(1) = 3, h(2) = 2, h(3) = 3, h(4) = 4, h(5) = 4. Hy xt tnh lin tc ca cc nh x trn. 4. Chng minh rng nh x f : (X, Tx) (Y, TY) l mt php ng phi khi v ch khi f l song nh v tp con A ca X. 5. Cho f : vi mi

l nh x c xc nh nh sau :

Chng minh rng nh x f l ng nhng khng l nh x m. 6. Xt trong T l tp t nhin, v xt cc tp con ca vi tp cm sinh t T. Chng minh rng cc khng gian tp sau y l ng phi : a) X = (a, b), Y = (c, d). b) X = [a, b], Y = [c, d] D) X = [a, b), Y = [c, d). c) X = (a, b), Y = . trong a, b, c, d l cc s thc tu . 7. C th xc nh cc tp trn cc tp s hu t, v v t c hai khng gian tp ng phi khng? 8. Hy tm hai v d v cc loi nh x trn tc ng nhng khng m, lin tc m nhng khng ng, lin tc nhng ng thi khng ng v khng m. 124

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9. C tn ti hy khng nhng nh x gia cc khng gian tp tho mn ng thi va l nh x ng va l nh x m nhng khng phi l nh x lin tc? 10. Gi s trn tp X cho hai tp T1 v T2 tho mn T1 T2 , bit rng (X, T1) l khng gian Hausdorff, chng minh rng a) Khng gian (X, T2) cng l Hausdorff. b) Nu A l tp con ng ca X i vi T1 th A cng ng i vi T2. 11. cho cc nh x f : A Y, g : X Y, vi A X. nh x g c gi l m rng (thc trin) ca nh x f ln X (hay ta cn ni f l thu hp (hn ch) ca g ln tp con A), nu vi mi x A ta c f(x) = g(x). Khi ta s vit f = g|A. Gi s f : X Y v g : X Z l hai nh x, Y Z, ta ni rng nh x f thu c t nh x g bng cch thu hp (hn ch) min gi tr nu f(x) = g(x) (X X). Trong trng hp ny ta cng ni nh x g thu c t f bng cch m rng min gi tr. Chng minh rng: a) Thu hp ca mt nh x lin tc ln khng gian tp con l mt nh x lin tc. b) Gi s f : X Y l mt nh x lin tc gia cc khng gian tp Y1 l khng gian tp con ca Y tho mn f(X) Y1 Th th nh x g. X Y1 thu c bng cch thu hp min gi tr ca f l mt nh x lin tc c) Gi s f : X Y l nh x lin tc gia cc khng gian tp. Y l khng gian tp con ca Y2. Khi nh x g : X Y2 thu c t f bng cch m rng min gi tr l mt nh x lin tc. 125

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12. Cho f, g : X Y l hai nh x lin tc t khng gian tp X vo khng gian tp Hausdorff Y. Chng minh rng: tp A = { x X | f(x) = g(x) } l ng. 13. Gi s f, g l hai hm lin tc t khng gian tp X vo tp vi tng t nhin. a) Chng minh rng nu a th nh x: a.f : X , xc nh bi (a.f)(x) = a.f(x), vi mi x X, l lin tc. b) Chng minh rng nh x: |f|: X , xc nh bi |f|(x) = |f(x)|, vi mi x X, l lin tc. c) Chng minh rng cc nh x: f + g, f - g, f.g : X xc nh bi:

vi mi x s X l lin tc. Hn na nu g(x) 0 vi mi x X th nh x 1/g cng lin tc. d) Cc nh x: max(f, g), min(f, g) : X cng lin tc, 1 1 trong max(f, g) = (f + g + |f - g|), min(f,g) = (f + g - |f 2 2 g|). 14. Gi s l tp s thc vi tng t nhin, vi hai im tu

Vi bt k , v , t: Tp B(a,r) c gi l hnh cu m tm a bn knh r trong

126

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l c a) Chng minh rng h tt c cc hnh cu m trong s ca tp no trn . b) Chng minh rng tp tm c trn chnh l tp Euclid trn in. c) Chng minh rng khng gian Euclid l khng gian tp tho mn tin m c th hai, v l khng gian tp kh li. 15. Trong khng gian tp Euclid , xt cc tp sau y vi tp cm sinh: ( hnh vung m) (hnh trn m) (ng trn)

a) Chng minh rng: Cc khng gian tp K v B l ng phi. b) Cc khng gian tp S1 v L l ng phi. c) Cc khng gian tp v l ng phi. 1 d) Hy xt xem nh x f : [0, 1) S , xc nh bi: f(t) = (cos2t, sin2t) c l php ng phi hay khng? 16. Cho X v Y l hai khng gian tp, f : XxY Z l nh x t khng gian tp tch vo khng gian tp Z. Ta ni rng f l lin tc i vi bin x X nu vi mi y0 Y nh x X Z (x a f(x, y0)) l lin tc. Tng t ta ni rng f l lin tc i vi bin y Y nu vi mi x0 X nh x Y Z (y a f(x0, y)) l lin tc. Nu f l lin tc theo bin x v bin y th ta ni rng f lin tc theo hai 127

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bin x v y. a) Chng minh rng nu f l nh x lin tc th f lin tc theo hai bin x v y. b) Hy ch ra v d chng t rng tn ti nhng nh x lin tc theo c hai bin x v y, nhng khng phi l nh x lin tc.

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Chng 4 KHNG GIAN COMPC, KHNG GIAN LIN THNG

1. KHNG GIAN COMPC

nh ngha 4.1 Khng gian tp X c gi l khng gian compc nu mi ph m bt k ca X lun c ph con hu hn. Tp con A ca khng gian tp X gi l tp compc nu A l khng gian compc vi tng cm sinh. V d 4.1 1. Mi khng gian tp gm hu hn phn t u l khng gian compc. 2. Khng gian tp (vi tp t nhin) khng phi l

khng gian compc v ph m ca khng c ph con hu hn no. 3. Khng gian tp l khng gian compc. nh ngha 4.2. H F = {Fs}sS nhng tp con ca khng gian tp X c gi l h c tm nu giao ca mi h con hu hn bt k ca F l khc rng. Ngha l vi tp con hu hn bt k {s1 ,... , sk} S ta lun c
nh l 4.1. Khng gian tp X l compc nu v ch nu mi h c tm nhng tp con ng bt k ca X u c giao

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khc rng. Chng minh. () Gi s X l khng gian compc,F = {Fs}sS l mt h c tm nhng tp ng trong X. Ta chng minh Tht vy, gi s ngc li

IF
s sS

IF
s sS

Khi ta c :

trong h { X \ Fs}sS l ph m ca X. Do X l com pc , theo nh ngha ph { X \ Fs}sS ca X c ph con hu hn , ngha l tn ti s1,s2 .sn S sao cho: . T suy ra v do Chng t h F khng phi l h c tm. Mu thun vi gi thit, vy

IF
s sS

() Gi S mi h c tm cc tp ng trong X lun c giao khc rng, v gi s {Us}sS l mt ph m tu ca X. Vi mi s S t Fs = X \ Us, khi Fs l tp ng vi s S. Ta c:

iu ny chng t h {Fs}sS khng phi l h c tm nhng tp ng, do vy s1,s2 .sn S. Sao cho Suy ra

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Nh vy ph {Us}sS c ph con hu hn l {Usi |i = 1, 2 ,, n }. Vy X l khng gian compc. nh l 4.2. Tp con A ca khng gian tp X l compc khi v ch khi mi ph m bt k ca A trong X lun c mt ph con hu hn. Chng minh. ()Gi s A l tp compc ca khng gian tp X, {Ui}iI} l mt ph m ca A, (cc Ui (i I) l cc tp m trong X), khi cc tp Vi = Ui A l m trong A v ta c:

Do A l tp compc , theo nh ngha suy ra h {Vi}i I c ph con hu hn , gi s l khi ta c h { Usi : i = 1, 2 ,...k) l ph con hu hn ca ph {Ui }i I i vi A trong X. () Gi s {Vi}i I l mt ph m bt k ca A, trong V; l m trong A vi mi i I. Theo nh ngha khng gian con , {Ui }i I l h cc tp m trong X tho mn Vi = Ui A ( i I). Hin nhin h {Ui }i I l ph m ca A trong X, theo gi thit ta tn c ph con hu hn { Usi | i = 1, 2,... , n } ca ph {Ui }i I ngha l

Vy A l tp compc. 131

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H qu. Tp con ng ca khng gian compc l tp compc. Chng minh. Gi s A l tp con ng trong X , v h {Us }s S l mt ph m bt k ca A. Khi h {Us }s S cng vi tp X \ A l mt ph m ca X, v X l khng gian compc nn X c ph con hu

hn, gi s l X \ A, Us1 .. Usn. Khi h . l mt ph con hu hn ca A. Vy A l compc. Nhn xt. Tp con compc trong khng gian compc cha chc ng. V d nu X l khng gian tp th (c nhiu hn mt phn t) khi mi tp con ca X u l tp compc, nhng khng phi l tp ng. nh l 4.3. Tp con compc trong khng gian Hausdorff l tp ng. Chng minh. Gi s A l tp compc. Nu A = X th hin nhin A l tp ng. Nu A X th X \ A . Ly bt k x X \ A. Vi mi y A ta c th chn mt ln cn m Vy ca y sao cho x Vy. R rng h {Vy }y A l mt ph m ca A, v A l tp compc nn h trn c ph con hu hn.l . t . Ta c

A V, v x V . V vy X \ V l ln cn ca phn t x tho mn X \ V X \ A. x l im trong ca X \ A. V mi x X \ A u l im trong ca X \ A nn X \ A l tp m. Vy A l tp ng. H qu. Nu A l tp con compc trong khng gian 132

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Hausdorff X v x X \ A th tn ti cc ln cn ca x v tp A khng giao nhau. nh l 4.4. Cho X l khng gian tp Hausdorff, A v B l cc tp con compc khng giao nhau ca X. Khi tn ti cc ln cn khng giao nhau ca A v B. Do mi khng gian Hausdorff compc l khng gian chun tc. Chng minh. Theo chng minh ca nh l (4.3), vi mi x A tn ti cc ln cn m VX ca x, v Ux ca B sao cho Ux Vx = . H {Vx}x A l ph m ca tp A nn c ph con hu hn. Gi s l l { Ux1 ,..,Uxn }. Ta c v l ln cn ca A , v l ln cn ca B. R rng U V = ta c iu phi chng minh.
nh l 4.5. Nu X l khng gian tp chnh quy, A l tp con compc v U l ln cn ca A th tn ti ln cn V ng ca A sao cho V U Chng minh. Do X l chnh quy nn vi mi x A tn ti mt ln cn m

. H (Wx)xA l mt ph m ca A. Wx ca x sao cho Do A l tp compc nn ph (Wx)xA. C ph con hu hn. Gi t s l Wx1,. ,Wxn tho mn r rng V l ln cn ng ca A v V U.
nh l 4.6. nh ca mt tp compc qua nh x lin tc cng l mt tp compc. Chng minh.

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Gi s A l mt tp compc trong khng gian tp X, f : X Y l nh x lin tc. t B = f(A). Gi s (Us)sS l mt ph m bt k ca B. V A f-1 (B) nn h f-1(Us)sS l mt ph m ca A (do f lin tc). V A l khng gian compc nn ph ny c ph con hu hn, ngha l tn ti cc ch s s1 ,., sn S sao cho . Do vy l ph ca B, v chnh l ph con hu hn ca ph (Us)sS i vi B. Vy B l tp compc. H qu. Cho f: X Y l song nh lin tc t khng gian compc X ln khng gian tp Hausdorff Y. Khi f l php ng phi. Chng minh. Khi Y l khng gian Hausdorff v f l song nh ta c f l nh x ng. Tht vy, gi s A l tp ng trong X. Khi A l tp compc (h qu nh l 4.2) suy ra tp f(A) l compc. V Y Hausdorff nn f(A) l ng trong Y (nh l 4.3). Do vy ta c vi A l tp ng trong X th (f-1)-1 (A) = f(A) ng trong Y. Suy ra f-1 l lin tc. Vy f l php ng phi. nh l 4.7 Cho X l khng gian chnh quy compc, A l tp compc v U l ln cn m ca A. Khi tn ti trn X mt hm f lin tc ly gi tr trn khong n v ng [0, 1] tha mn f(x) = 0 nu x A , f(x) = 1 nu x X \ U. Chng minh. Do X l khng gian chnh quy compc nn X l khng gian chun tc (theo nh l 4.4). Theo gi thit A l compc trong X nn A l tp ng trong X. t B = X \ U. V U l tp m cha A nn B l tp ng tha mn A B = . Theo b Urisn ta c iu phi chng minh. 134

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nh l 4.8. Tng trc tip X s ca mt h khng gian
sS

tp {Xs}sS l compc khi v ch khi S l hu hn v Xs l compc vi mi s S. Chng minh. Gi s X s l khng gian compc. Khi hin nhin S
sS

l tp hu hn, v nu S l v hn th h {Xs}sS l mt ph m v hn ca X s h nay khng c ph con hu hn no (do cc

sS

Xs i mt khng giao nhau). Do Xs l tp ng trong khng gian compc X s Xs l tp Compc vi mi s S.

sS

Gi s X1,... , Xn l cc khng gian com pc khng giao nhau tng i mt, S = { 1 , 2 ,... , n }. ta chng minh tng trc tip X s l khng gian compc.
sS

Gi s {Ui}iI l mt ph m bt k ca X s Khi { Xs
sS

Ui}iI l mt ph m ca Xs(1 s n) , do t Xs l compc nn tn ti mt ph con hu hn ca {Ui}iI ph Xs. Do s ch nhn mt s hu hn gi tr, nn c mt ph con hu hn ca {Ui}iI ph X s vy X s l khng gian compc.
sS sS

nh l 4.9. Cho h khng gian tp {Xs}sS. Tch cc

X
sS

l khng gian compc khi v ch khi Xs l khng gian

compc vi mt s S. Chng minh. () Gi s 135

X
sS

l khng gian compc vi tp tch,

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do p1 l nh x lin tc vi mi t S, nn Xt = Pt( X s ) l
sS

khng gian compc vi mi t S. () Gi s (Xs, Ts) l cc khng gian tp compc (vi mi s S) Ta chng minh

X
sS

l khng gian compc. Gi s

R l h bt k nhng tp con ng c tm trong

X
sS

. Ta

chng minh h R c giao khc rng. Tht vy theo b Zooc tn ti mt h c tm cc i R0 cha R trong minh

X
sS

. Ta c

Ta s chng

Do tnh cc i ca R0 ta c : a) Nu A1,..., Am R0 th b) Nu A0

X
sS

tho mn A0 A (A R0 ) th A0

R0.
V R0 l h c tm nn s S ta c tm nhng tp con ng ca l h c

(v Xs l khng gian compc, mi h c tm nhng tp con ng u c giao khc rng). Vi mi s S ly mt phn t ta chng minh khi 136

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Tht vy gi s V l mt ln cn m bt k ca x, khi tn ti cc ln cn m Wl , W2 ..Wm ca cc im xs1, xs2 ..xsm l trong cc khng gian tng ng Xs1, Xs2 ..Xsm sao cho . V nn vi mi A
R0, i {1, 2,...m}, c wi psi ; (A)

vi vi mi . Do vi T suy ra Vy

mi A R0. Do tnh cht b) ca R0 suy ra i {1, 2,...m}. Do tnh cht a) ta c mi A R0 ta c ( A R0). Suy ra

X
sS

khng gian compc. nh l 4.10. Khong ng [a, b] (R, T) l tp compc. Chng minh. Gi s {Us}sS l mt ph m bt k trong R ca on [a,b]. Gi A l tp tt c cc im c [a, b] tha mn [a, c] nm trong hp ca mt s hu hn cc phn t ca ph {Us}sS. Ta chng minh b A. Hin nhin A v a A. V A l tp gii ni trong R nn A c cn trn ng d = sup A b, (v A [a, b]). Ta chng minh d = b. Tn ti tp m Us0 {Us}sS tha mn d Us0, khi tn ti > 0 tha mn (d - , d + ) Us0 . V d = supA, nn tn ti phn t x A sao cho x (d - , d]. Theo cch xc nh ca tp A, ta c [a, x] c ph bi mt s hu hn cc phn t ca ph {Us}sS gi s cc phn t l: {Us1, Us2, ..Usn}. Khi 137

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{Us0, Us1, Us2 ..Usn} l mt ph hu hn ca on [a, d] d A. Gi s d < b, theo trn trong on [a, b] tn ti y (d, d + ) (d - , d+ ) Us0 , ngha l [a, y] c ph bi mt s hu hn cc phn t {Us0, Us1, Us2 .. Usn} ca ph {Us}sS, y A. iu ny mu thun vi d = supA. Vy d = b. nh ngha 4.3. Tp con A ca khng gian Euclid c gi l gii ni nu tn ti khong ng J = [a, b] sao cho A Jn. nh x f: X (t khng gian tp X n tp s thc R) c gi l gii ni nu f(X) l gii ni trong R. H qu. Tp con ca khng gian Euclid n chiu l compc khi v ch khi n ng v gii ni. Chng minh. ()Gi s A l tp compc trong . Do l khng gian mtric nn n l khng gian tp Hausdorff A l tp (theo nh l 4.3). Vi mi s t nhin t ng trong Mi = (-i, i), v t , khi h l mt ph m ca A, do A l compc nn c ph con hu hn, hn na do Ui Ui + 1 ( i N) nn tn ti i0 A Ui0. t J = [-i0, i0], hin nhin A Jn,vy A l tp gii ni trong . () Nu tp con A ca khng gian Euciid l ng v n gii ni, tn ti khong ng J = [a, b] sao cho A J : Theo cc nh l (4.9) v (4.10) ta c Jn l tp compc, v A ng trong Jn nn A l compc.

138

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2. KHNG GIAN COMPC A PHNG

nh ngha 4.4. Khng gian tp X c gi l compc a

phng nu vi mi x X, tn ti ln cn U ca x sao cho U l tp compc. V d 4.2 a) Nu X l khng gian compc th X compc a phng. b) Nu X l khng gian tp ri rc th X compc a phng. c) l khng gian compc a phng. nh l 4.11 Khng gian compc a phng Hausdorff l hon ton chnh quy. Chng minh. Gi s X l khng gian compc a phng Hausdorff. Ly ty F l tp ng trong X v x X \ F. Gi U l ln cn m ca x sao cho U compc. Ta c: F1 = ( U \ U) ( U F) l tp ng trong X F1 ng trong U tha mn x U \ F1. V U l compc Hausdorff nn U l chun tc (nh l 4.4) U hon ton chnh qui. Do , tn ti hm lin tc f1: U I sao cho f1(x) = 0, f1(y) = 1 (y F1). Gi f : X \ U I l hm c xc nh bi: f2(y) = 1 (y X \ U). Hin nhin f2 lin tc.Ta xc nh hm f : X I nh sau:

Do U (X \ U) = U \ U F1 suy ra f1(y) = 1 = f2(y), vi 139

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mi y U (X \ U). Cho nn f l mt nh x. Ta chng minh f lin tc: Gi s A l tp ng bt k trong I f1-1(A) ng trong U . f1-1(A) ng trong X \ U = f1-1(A), f2-1(A)ng trong X (v U v X \ U ng trong X) U = f1-1(A) f2-1(A) l tp ng trong X. Vy f l nh x lin tc. D thy f(x) = 0, f(y) = 1 (y F). Vy X l khng gian hon ton chnh quy. nh l 4.12. Gi s X l khng gian compc a phng Hausaorff, A l tp compc ca X, V l tp m cha A. Khi , tn ti tp m U sao cho U l tp compc v A U U V. Chng minh. Vi mi y A, tn ti ln cn m Vy ca y sao cho V y l tp compc trong X. V X chnh quy nn tn ti ln cn m Wy ca y sao cho . Tp Uy = Vy Wy l mt ln cn ca y. Do U y V y nn U y l compc. Ta c h {Uy}y A l mt ph m ca tp compc A y1,..., yn A sao cho Ta c trong X, bi v = 1 ,... , n. Hn na , trong mi . compc trong X, i

; l tp m cha A tho mn U compc

.iu phi chng minh.

nh l 4.13. a) Khng gian con ng ca mt khng gian compc a phng l compc a phng.

140

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b) Khng gian con m ca mt khng gian compc a phng Hausdorff l compc a phng. Chng minh. a) Gi s X compc a phng, M l khng gian con ng ca X. Khi vi mi x M tn ti mt ln cn U ca x sao cho U l tp compc trong X. Ta c tp M U l ln cn ca x trong M, v ng trong X v , (nh l 3. 1 7), l tp

l tp con ng ca tp compc U nn

theo h qu nh l (4.2) ta c l tp Compc. b) Gi s X l khng gian tp compc a phng Hausdorff, M l khng gian con m ca X. Khi vi mi x M, tn ti tp m U trong X sao cho U compc trong X v tho mn x U U M (p dng nh l 4.12 vi A = {x}). Do M l tp compc a phng nh l 4.14. Tng trc tip X s ca mt h {Xs}sS khng
sS

gian tp l khng gian compc a phng vi mi s S, khng gian tp Xs l compc a phng. Chng minh. Gi s X s l khng gian compc a phng. V Xs l
sS

khng gian con ng ca X s , s S, nn Xs l compc a

sS

phng. Gi s Xs l khng gian compc a phng, s S. Ly tu x X s . Khi tn ti s0 S x Xs0. V Xs0

sS

141

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compc a phng nn tn ti ln cn U ca x trong Xs0 sao cho U compc trong Xs0 ( U l bao ng trong Xs0 ca U). V Xs0 va m, va ng trong X s nn U l ln cn ca x trong
sS sS

X s v U l bao ng trong X s ca U. Vy X s l
sS sS

compc a phng.
nh l 4.15 Tch cc

X
sS

ca mt h khng gian tp

{Xs}sS l khng gian compc a phng nu v ch nu ch c mt s hu hn cc khng gian Xs1 .. Xsn l compc a phng v cc khng gian khc cn li u l compc. chng minh. () Gi s

X
sS

l Compc a phng. Ly ty x =

{xs}sS X s . Khi tn ti ln cn U ca x sao cho U

sS

compc trong

X
sS

tn ti tp

W
sS

trong Ws l ln

cn m ca xs trong Xs, Ws Xs ch vi mt s hu hn s {s1 ,... , sn} S, sao cho nh l 3.21 )

W
sS s

U (nh l 3.20)

W
sS

l tp Compc trong

X
sS

(s S).

l compc trong Xs (nh l 4.9). V Ws = Xs vi mi s S \ {s1,..., sn}, nn Xs l compc vi mi s S \ {s1 ,..., s S. Cc kh ng gian Xs1 .. Xsn l compc a phng bi v vi mi xsi Xsi, (l i n), tn ti ln cn Wsi ca xsi s ao cho compc trong Xsi. 142

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Gi S Xs1 Xsn 1 cc khng gian compc a phng, Xs l khng gian compc vi mi s S \ { s1 ,..., sn} Ly x= {xs}sS X s . Khi vi mi i, 1 i n, tn ti ln
sS

cn Wsi ca xsi sao cho

X
sS

compc trong Xsi. Ta c tp U =

trong Ws = Xs s S \ {s1 ,..., sn}, l ln cn ca x

trong khng gian trong

X
sS sS

, v ta c U =
s

W
sS

l tp compc

X
sS

, do

l Compc a phng.

3. COMPC HO

nh ngha 4.5 Gi s X l khng gian tp khng compc, Y l khng gian tp compc, l php nhng ng phi X vo Y sao cho (x) tr mt trong Y. Khi cp (Y, ) c gi l mt compc ho ca X. Compc ho bi mt im ca khng gian khng compc c nh ngha nh sau: gi s X l khng gian tp khng

compc, N l im khng thuc X ( X), t X = X U {} , trang b cho X tp T c xc nh nh sau: Nu G X v G, th G T G m trong X. Nu G X v G, th G T X \ G l tp ng, compc trong X. 143

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Nhn xt.

a)

( X , T) l khng gian tp v X l khng gian con ca

( X , T), b) Php nhng i: X X (i(x) = x, vi mi x X) l php nhng ng phi t X vo X .

nh l 4.16. Cp ( X ,i) l mt compc ho ca X. Chng minh.

Ta chng minh X l compc v X tr mt trong X . Gi s {Us}ss l mt ph m ca X . Khi tn ti s0 S sao cho Uso. Do v X \ Uso l tp ng compc trong X, nn tn ti s1, sn S sao cho vy h l mt ph con hu hn ca {Us}sS i vi X X compc. Gi s U l mt ln cn m bt k ca phn t trong khng gian tp X . Do U nn X \ U l tp ng compc trong X, do X khng l compc. nn X \ U X, suy ra U X . Vy im l im gii hn ca X. Vy X l tp tr mt trong X. Cp ( X ,i) c gi l compc ho bi mt im hoc compc ho Alchxanrp ca X. Nhn xt. Mi khng gian khng compc bt k u c compc ho bi mt im. nh l 4.17 Compc ha bi mt im X l khng gian Hausdorff khi. v ch khi X l khng gian compc a phng Hausdorff Chng minh. Gi s X l khng gian compc Hausdorff. Khi : X = 144

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X \{} l khng gian con m ca X X compc a phng Hausdorff Ngc li, gi s X l khng gian compc a phng Hausdorff. Ly ty x1,x2 X , xl x2. Nu x1,x2 X th tn ti cc tp m U, V l ln cn m ca x1 v x2 trong X, (x1 U, x2 V), tho mn U V = (do X l Hausdorff. Theo cch xy dng tp trong X , ta c U v V cng l tp m trong X . Nu mt trong hai im x1, x2 l , chng hn x2 = , th tn ti ln cn U trong X ca x1 sao cho U compc trong X (do X compc a phng). Theo cch xy dng tp trong X , X \ U = V l m trong X . Nh vy, U v V l 2 ln cn khng giao nhau trong X ca x1, x2. Vy X l khng gian compc a phng Hausdorff. V d 4.3 Gi s l khng gian cc s phc. l khng gian compc a phng Hausdorff. Tp im ca . Ta gi = U { } vi tp xc nh nh trn, cng vi php nhng i :

l compc ho bi mt l mt phng m. ng phi

l mt phng ng,

l khng gian compc Hausdorff. Hn na, ta c:

vi mt cu Tht vy trong ta ly h trc to cc vung gc , , trong hai trc , trng vi trc Ox, Oy ca . Mt cu S c ng knh bng 1 tip xc vi mt phng xOy ti gc to . Ly bt k M(x, y) . Gi Z = (, , ) l giao im ca mt cu S vi ng thng ni im A(0, 0, 1 ) v im M. 145

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Gi :

S l nh x xc nh bi:
ta c:

Khi l mt song nh v vi bt k M(x, y) (M) = (, , ) trong ,

Ngha l -1(, , ) = M(x, y), nu (, , ) (0, 0, 1) = A, Cc nh x v -1 lin tc, cho trong nn l php ng phi t ln S.

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4. KHNG GIAN LIN THNG

nh ngha 4.6 Khng gian tp X c gi l lin thng nu khng tn ti cc tp m khc rng A v B trong X sao cho A B = , X = A B. Nhn xt.

Khng gian X l lin thng nu v ch nu khng tn ti mt tp con thc s A va ng va m ca X. nh ngha 4.7 Tp con M ca khng gian tp X c gi l tp lin thng nu M cng vi tp cm sinh l khng gian lin thng. Nhn xt. Tp M ca khng gian tp X l lin thng khi v ch khi khng tn ti cc tp m A, B trong X sao cho : A M , B M , A B M = , M A B. (*) Chng minh. () Gi s ngc li, ngha l tn ti cc tp con A, B X tha mn iu kin (*) trn. Khi U = A M, V = B M, l cc tp m khc rng trong M tha mn U V = A B M = , U V = (A M) (B M) = M (A B) = M. Vy M khng l tp lin thng (tri gi thit). () Gi s tp M khng tin thng, khi tn ti hai tp m khc rng U v V trong M tha mn U V = , M = U V tn ti hai tp m khc rng A v B trong X tha mn U = 147

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A M, V = B M A M= , B M = , A B M = , M A B. Mu thun vi gi thit. nh l 4.18. Nu trong khng gian tp X c mt tp lin thng tr mt M, th X l khng gian lin thng. Chng minh. Gi s khng gian tp X khng lin thng. Khi tn ti hai tp m A, B khc rng sao cho A B =, X = A B. V M tr mt trong X, cho nn A M = , B M = . Ta c A B M = , M A U B suy ra M khng phi l lin thng, iu ny tri vi gi thit. Vy X lin thng.
H qu. Gi s A l lin thng ca X, A B A . Khi B l tp lin thng. Chng minh. V A l tp lin thng tr mt ca khng gian B nn B lin thng. nh l 4.19. Hp ca mt h ty nhng tp con lin thng c giao khc rng trong X l mt tp lin thng ca X. Chng minh. Gi s {Ms}sS l mt h cc tp con lin thng ca X tha mn nhng M = khng l tp lin thng. Khi , tn ti hai tp m A, B X sao cho: A M , B M , V x M A B M= , M A B. Ly ty nn x thuc mt trong hai tp A, B. Gi s x A. Ta c B M = s0 S sao cho B MS0 = , x A MS0 A MS0 = , hn na ta c A B MS0 = . V MS0 A B. Vy MS0 khng lin thng. Mu thun vi gi thit. Vy tp M l lin thng.

148

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H qu 1. Gi s vi mi x, y X lun tn ti tp lin thng cha x v y Khi khng gian tp X l lin thng. Chng minh. Ly bt k a X, khi vi mi x X theo gi thit tn ti

tp lin thng Cx cha a v x. V a

xX

IC

nn X =

xX

IC

lin

thng. H qu 2. Gi s A, B X, B l tp lin thng. Nu B c im chung vi A v vi X\A, th B c im chung vi bin ca tp A l b(A). Chng minh. Gi s B b(A) = , ta c B b(X \ A) = . ngha l B 0 A (X \ A0, v B c im chung vi A v X \ A nn : B A0 . V B (X \ A)0 . Do A0 v (X\A)0 l cc tp m khng giao nhau nn theo nhn xt trn tp B l khng lin thng (mu thun vi gi thit). H qu 3. Mi tp con thc s, khc ca khng gian lin thng u c t nht mt im bin. Chng minh. Gi s X l khng gian tp lin thng, A X, A , A X. Khi vi B = X, r rng B c giao khc rng vi A v X\A, v B l tp lin thng theo nhn xt trn ta c b(A) . nh l 4.20. nh ca mt tp lin thng qua nh x lin tc l tp lin thng. Chng minh. Gi s f : X Y l nh x lin tc l khng gian tp X n 149

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khng gian tp Y, A l tp lin thng trong X. Ta chng minh B = f(A) l tp lin thng trong Y. Gi s B l tp khng lin thng. Khi tp ti hai tp m M, N khc sao cho M B , N B , M N B = , B M N. Do f l nh x lin tc nn f lm v f-1(N) l nhng tp m trong X, r rng f1 (M) A . f-1(N) A , f-1(M) f-1(N) A = v A f-1(M) f-1(N) (mu thun vi A lin thng). Vy f(A) = B l tp lin thng. nh l 4.21. X khng l khng gian lin thng khi v ch khi tn ti ton nh lin tc f : X Y, trong Y l khng gian tp ri rc c t nht 2 phn t. Chng minh. () Gi s khng gian tp X khng l khng gian lin thng. Khi A, B l cc tp m khc trong X sao cho A B = , X = A B. Gi Y l khng gian ri rc gm hai phn t a, b. Khi ta c nh x f: X Y c xc nh bi : f(x) = a, (x A), v f(y) = b (y B), l mt ton nh lin tc, theo nh l (4.20) () Gi s ton nh lin tc f : X Y, trong Y l mt khng gian ri rc c t nht hai phn t. Khi X khng l khng gian lin thng, bi v nu X lin thng th theo nh l (4.20), Y lin thng, mu thun vi gi thit Y l khng gian ri rc. nh l 4.22. a) Tch cc

X
sS

ca mt h khng gian lin thng

{Xs}s S l lin thng. 150

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b) Nu tch cc

X
sS

lin thng th khng gian Xs l lin

thng (s S). Chng minh. a) Gi s Xs lin thng (s S), nhng khng gian tch X s khng l khng gian lin thng. Khi ton nh
sS

lin tc f :

X
sS

Y, trong Y l khng gian ri rc c t

nht 2 phn t (nh l 4.21 ). Ly a = (as)s S X s . Vi bt

sS

k S0 S, gi Js0 : Xs0 = x = (xs)sS trong :

X
sS

l nh x xc nh bi js0 (xs0)

Khi nh x tch fs0 = f.js0 : Xs0 Y l lin tc, bi v php nhng js0 v f u lin tc. Do Xs0 lin thng cho nn (theo nh l 4.20) ta c fs0(Xs0) l tp lin thng fs0 l nh x hng. Nh vy f(x) = f(a) vi mi x = (xs)sS m xs = as (s s0). Bng quy np ta c f(x) = f(a) vi mi x = (xs)sS m xs = as vi mi s S tr ra mt s hu hn phn t ca S. Tp A gm cc im x nh vy l tr mt trong X. Tht vy gi s U l tp m khc rng trong X, khi tn ti mt tp

X
sS

U, trong

mi Ws l tp m trong Xs, Ws = Xs, ( s S \ {s1,...,sn}). im x = (xs)sS vi xsi Wsi ( 1 i n) v xs = as, (s {s1 ,,su}) l im chung ca U v A. Vy A tr mt trong X.V Y l khng gian Hausdorff, A tr mt trong X, v f lin tc tho 151

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mn f(x) = f(a), (x A), do f(x) = f(a) (x X). iu ny khng th xy ra, v f ton nh t X ln Y c t nht 2 phn t. b) Php chiu: ps : V vy, nu

X
sS

Xs l ton nh lin tc (s S).

X
sS

l lin thng, th Xs lin thng.

nh l 4.23. Khng gian thng ca mt khng gian lin thng l lin thng. Chng minh. Gi s X lin thng, R l mt quan h tng ng trn X. V nh x thng p : X X/R l ton nh lin tc i vi tp thng nn X/R lin thng. Nhn xt. Vi x X hp ca tt c cc tp lin thng trong X cha phn t x cng lin thng. l tp lin thng ln nht trong X cha x. nh ngha 4.8. Tp lin thng ln nht trong khng gian X cha phn t x X c gi l thnh phn lin thng ca im x. Nu x A X th thnh phn lin thng ca x trong khng gian con A c gi l thnh phn lin thng ca x trong A. Nhn xt.

Nu X l khng gian lin thng th X l thnh phn lin thng ca mi im thuc n. Nu tp A va m va ng trong X, th A cha cc thnh phn lin thng trong X ca mi im thuc A. Tht vy, ly ty x A, gi s C l thnh phn lin thng 152

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ca x trong X tho mn C A, khi A C l tp con thc s, khc va ng, va m trong khng gian con C ca X. iu ny khng th xy ra v C lin thng. Thnh phn lin thng ca mi im x nm trong giao ca tt c cc tp va m va ng chc x. nh l4.24. Trong khng gian tp X ta c: a) Thnh phn lin thng ca mi im l tp ng. b) Quan h hai ngi R trn X xc nh bi : "yRx y thuc thnh phn lin thng Cx" ca im x l mt quan h tng ng trong X. Mi thnh phn lin thng ca mt im trong X l mt lp tng ng ca quan h R Chng minh. a) Gi Cx l thnh phn lin thng ca im x X , khi vy Cx l tp ng. CX lin thng. T nh ngha b) Hin nhin R l phn x v i xng. Ta chng minh quan h R l bc cu. Gi s x, y, z X, yRx v zRy, tc l y Cx v' z Cy. T ta c y Cx Cy Cx Cy l tp lin thng Cx Cy = Cx z Cx zRx R rng thnh phn lin thng ca x l lp tng ng cha x.
nh l 4.25 Trong tch cc

X
sS

ca mt h cc khng

gian tp {xs}sS thnh phn lin thng ca im x = {xs}sS

X
sS

l tch cc

C
sS

ca cc thnh phn lin thng Cs

ca dim xs trong Xs. Chng minh. 153

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Theo nh l (4.22) ta c trong khng gian tp trong

C
sS

l tp lin thng cha x

X
sS

. Mt khc nu A l tp lin thng

X
sS

cha x th ps(A) l tp lin thng trong Xs cha xs

(s S), v php chiu ps :

X
sS

Xs l nh x lin tc. Do

ps(A) Cs, s S, v v vy A n lin thng ln nht trong

C
sS

C
sS s

l tp

X
sS

cha x. Vy

C
sS

l thnh

phn lin thng ca x. nh l 4.26. Tp cc s thc vi tng t nhin l mt khng gian hn thng. Chng minh: khng lin thng. Khi trong tn ti mt tp Gi s con thc s khc , va ng va m A r \A. Hin nhin A (-, r) (r, +). t B = A (-, r), C = A (r, +). Ta c A = B C (v A ). Nu B , ta c tp B b chn trn bi s r cho nn c cn trn ng b = supB r. T suy ra tn ti dy B sao cho . V cng l mt dy ca tp ng A cho nn b A. Do , b < r v nh vy b B. V B l tp m trong cho nn > 0 sao cho (b - , b + ) ) l mt phn t ca. B v x 2 > b. iu ny khng th xy ra v b l cn trn ca B. 154

B, (b + < r). S thc x = (b +

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Trng hp B = ko theo C , ta cng chng minh mt cch tng t. Vy khng gian tp lin thng. Nhn xt. Khng gian Euclid l khng gian lin thng. l lin thng. Mi khong m bt k trong

Mi khong ng hoc na ng trong l lin thng. nh l 4.27 Nu tp A lin thng trong l th A l mt khong. Ta hiu khong y l khong m, hoc ng hoc na ng na m. Chng minh. Ta ch cn chng minh rng nu a, b A, a < b th A [a, b]. Gi s c A sao cho a < c < b. Khi B = (-, c) v C = (c, ) m trong , B C = . B A , C A A B C. Suy ra A khng lin thng (mu thun vi gi thit). Ta chng minh mt m rng ca nh l Bonzano - Csi trong gii tch c in. nh l 4.28. Gi s f : X (R l hm lin tc trn khng gian lin thng X, a, b X, f(a) < f(b). Khi vi mi C [f(a), f(b)], tn ti c X sao cho f(c) = C. Chng minh. X lin thng suy ra f(x) lin thng trong , (nh l 4.20) f(X) l mt khong (nh l 4.27) [f(a), f(b)] f(X) C f(X) c X tha mn f(c) = C. Mt trng hp ring ca khng gian lin thng l khng gian lin thng cung. 155

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inh ngha 4.9. Khng gian tp X c gi l lin thng cung, nu vi mi a, b X, lun tn ti nh x f : [0, 1] X lin tc sao cho f(0) = a, f(1) = b. nh x f c gi l cung ni hai im a v b, a c gi l im u, b c gi l im cui ca cung. Nhn xt. a) Nu khng gian tp X l lin thng cung th X lin thng. Tht vy, do [0, 1] l tp lin thng trong , v nh x f lin tc nn tp f[0,1], l l lin thng trong X. Tp lin thng ny cha mi cp im a, b X. Khi c nh im a, cho b chy khp X, d nh x f c thay i nhng vn lun tn ti mt tp lin thng cha cp im . Vy X l hp ca mt h cc tp lin thng trong X c giao khc rng. Vy X l khng gian lin thng. b) Mt khng gian lin thng cha chc lin thng cung. c) Gi s X l khng gian tp, A X khi , mt cung bt k ni im a A0 vi im b (X\A)0 t phi ct bin bn ca A. Ta ni cung f: [0, 1] X ct bao nu f ([0, 1]) b(A) .

BI TP

1. Chng minh rng: a) Hp ca hai tp compc trong khng gian tp l tp compc. b) Nu U l tp con m v A l tp compc trong khng gian tp X th A \ U l tp compc. c) Giao ca mt h bt k nhng tp con ng compc trong 156

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khng gian tp X l mt tp ng compc. d) Cho khng gian tp X, A B X. Chng minh rng nu B l tp compc th A cng l tp compc. 2. Hy cho v d chng t giao ca hai tp compc trong khng gian tp cha chc l tp compc. 3. Chng minh rng khong m (a, b) trong khng gian tp khng phi l tp compc. 4. Trong khng gian tp Chi, b hy cho v d mt tp ng b chn nhng khng l tp compc. 5. Cho A, B l nhng tp con ng, compc ri nhau trong khng gian mtric (X, d). Chng minh rng tn ti x A v y B sao cho d(x, y) = d(A, B). 6. Cho X l khng gian tp compc. l mt dy n iu gim nhng tp con ng trong X tha mn

IF
k =1

= Chng minh rng tn ti mt s t nhin n sao cho Fn

= . 7. Cho X l khng gian compc, Y l khng gian Hausdorff, f : X Y l nh x ln tc. Chng minh rng f l nh x ng. 8. Trong khng gian cho . Chng minh rng X l tp compc. 9. Xt tnh compc ca tp cc s. hu t trong . vi cc tp tng ng ln lt l TT, TK, T, Ts. TD. 10. Trong tp vi tng t nhin hy xt xem cc tp sau c l compc hay khng: a) 157 .

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b) c) d) 11. Cho Y l mt tp hp v hn phn t, a, b Y, t X = {a,b} Y. Gi T l h tp con ca X.c xc nh nh sau: X T, mi phn b ca cc tp con hu hn trong X u l phn t ca T, mi tp con ca Y u l phn t ca T. a) Chng minh rng T l mt tp trn X. b) Xt tnh compc ca cc tp con sau trong X : Y, A = Y {a} , B = Y U {b} 12. Hy xt xem nhng khng gian tp sau c l compc a phng hay khng : a) Tp vi tng Ts. b) Tp trong i vi tng t nhin. 13. Hy xt tnh lin thng ca cc khng gian tp di y: a) Khng gian tp ( , k). b) Tp cc s hu t trong ( , T). c) Tp cc s v t trong ( , T) d) Tp cc s t nhin trong ( , T). e) Tp cc s phc vi tp t nhin. 14. a) Hy a ra v d chng t rng nh ca mt tp khng lin thng qua nh x lin tc cha chc l tp khng lin thng. b) Chng minh rng to nh ca tp khng lin thng qua mt ton nh lin tc l tp khng lin thng. 158

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15. Chng minh rng nu X l khng gian tp hon ton chnh quy, lin thng c nhiu hn mt phn t th X c lc lng khng m c. 16. Chng minh rng nu X l khng gian tp Hausdorff v M l khng gian con compc a phng tr mt trong X th M l tp m trong X. 17. Gi s X l khng gian tp compc a phng Hausdorff. Chng minh rng mi tp con A ca X l compc a phng khi v ch khi A l giao ca mt tp con m v mt tp con ng trong X.

159

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MC LC Li ni u .................................................................................. 1 Chng 0 NHNG KIN THC C S.................................. 2 1. CC PHP TON V TP HP.................................... 2 2. QUAN H TH T......................................................... 4 3. TIN CHN ............................................................... 6 Chng 1 KHNG GIAN MTRIC .......................................... 8 1. KHNG GIAN MTRIC, S HI T TRONG KHNG GIAN MTRIC....................................................................... 8 2. TP HP M V TP HP NG............................ 12 3. NH X LIN TC GIA CC.................................. 17 KHNG GIAN MTRIC ..................................................... 17 4. KHNG GIAN MTRIC Y ............................... 21 5. TP COMPC ............................................................... 35 Bi Tp...................................................................................... 49 Chng 2 KHNG GIAN TP............................................. 56 1. CU TRC TP ......................................................... 56 2. IM GII HN, PHN TRONG, PHN NGOI, BIN V BAO NG CA MT TP............................. 61 3. C S CA KHNG GIAN TP.............................. 68 BI TP ................................................................................... 75 Chng 3 NH X LIN TC, KHNG GIAN CON KHNG GIAN TCH, KHNG GIAN THNG ................. 79 1. NH X LIN TC - PHP NG PHI .................. 79 2. SO SNH HAI TP .................................................... 85 3. TP XC NH BI MT H NH X................. 87 4. CC TIN TCH .................................................... 90 5, KHNG GIAN CON CA MT KHNG GIAN TP ............................................................................................... 98 6 TCH CC CA CC KHNG GIAN TP ...... 104 7. TNG TRC TIP CA MT H KHNG GIAN TP .................................................................................. 115 8. TP THNG .......................................................... 117

160

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9. TP MTRIC, KHNG GIAN MTRIC HA....... 118 BI TP ............................................................................ 123 Chng 4 KHNG GIAN COMPC, KHNG GIAN LIN THNG................................................................................... 129 1. KHNG GIAN COMPC .......................................... 129 2. KHNG GIAN COMPC A PHNG ................. 139 3. COMPC HO ............................................................ 143 4. KHNG GIAN LIN THNG .................................... 147 BI TP ................................................................................. 156

161

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Chu trch nhim xut bn Gim c INH NGC BO Tng bin tp L A

Hi ng thm nh GS. TSKH NGUYN VN KHU (CT) PGS. TSKH L MU HI (UV) PGS. TS PHM KHC BAN (UV)

Bin tp TNG VN LONG

Trnh by ba PHM VIT QUANG

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