You are on page 1of 452

. .

81'25(07) 81/2-7
632



... . . M.: . 2002. 424.
,
..
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
.
.

81'25(07)
81.2-7


:
103062 , . 13, ;
./ (095) 917- 21- 60; c-maihsales@ets.ru.

, ,
Polyglossum,

: http://www.ets.ru

.
No part of this edition may be translated, reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means
without the written permission of publishers.

ISBN 5-93386-030-1
.., . 2001 .
.., . 2001 .
. 2002 .

.......................................................................................7
..........................9
1.

1.
.........................23
2. ...........................38
3. ................................53
4.
......... ........68
. .........................................................................................................83
2.
1. ............................................................84
2.
.......... .105
3. 116
4. ..............................................135
5. ..........................................150
6. ..........................................................166
.......................................... ............................................................178
3.

1.
................................................................... 179
2. ....................................... 200
3. ................................. 221

4.
...236
5. ..254
6.
279
7. .,
. ...296
.............................................................................................314
4.

1.
..317
2. .................329
3.
..347
4. .........................................................360
5. ....................373
6. ...............................383
7. ..............................398
8.
....410
.............................................................................................416


.

. 10 80
, ,
, , .
.. ,
.

.

. 50
, 1966
( . .),
, .
,
-. ..
,
, , .
, ..

( , ,
),


.

,
.

, .

,

.
,
.

.
, ,
.
.
.
.
, ,
.
,
.

,
.

. ,
. ,
, -

.

.
,
,

, ,
, ,

. ,

(
, )
,
.
, , ,

.

(
,

),

,
, .
.
,
.
, , ,
, ,

, ,
, .

,
.

.
.

,
.

. -
( , -

).


.

. ,

( ).


( ,
, - .),
(
, , .).
, -
,
.
- -
.
,

).


.
.

.


,
, .

, ,
.

.
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.

,
,

.

. ,

.
, ,
,
, ,

.

.

, ,
, ,
, ,

,
,
. ,
, ,
.

, , ()
.
; ,
.

.
,
,
- .

. ,
,

( )

.

.
,
.

, ,
. ,

,
,

, .

.
, .

, ,
.

, .


().
, ,

,
,

.
,
- .
, ,
.

.
,
.
,
,
, .
,

,
, .


- ,

. ,
,
.

.
,
. ,
,
. .
, , ,
.

.

.

.
, ,
, , .
,
. ,

. ,

, .
.
, -
.
- ,
. ,
:
1. , , ( ).
,
.

2.

. ,
,
, .

3.

. , ,
, , ,
, .
,
,
, .

4. , , ,
.
,

, ,
.

5.

, .

6.
, , .
, (
) .
.
,

7.

,
. , ,
.

8.
.

16

, .
,
.

.

.
.

, ,
. ,

.
. ,

.

.
,
.
, ,
,
, ,
,
, .
,
.

17

, -, ,
,

.
,
, .

,

(,

,
.
, ,
, . ,
, ,
,
, .
, ,
.
,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
, -
, ,

, .

- .

18

, , ,
.
,
. ,
,
.

,
. ,

.
.
.
,
,


. ,
,
.
, .

.
,
.
: , , ,
-.
,

, .
,
.

.

,
. ,

, , ,


, ,
, .
,
.
,

, .
,
,
.
, .
,
, , ,
,
.
,
,
.
; , :
, -
( ),
, ..
, ,
,
.
,

20

.

, .
,

.
, .
,
, ,

. ,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
,
.
~ .

,
. ,
.

. ,
,
,
:

,
.
, , , ,
, .
,
.

21


.
,
.
, .

.

1.

.
, , ,
.
, , ,
, , ,
. , , , ,
,
.

, .
,


. -


,
. ,
,

.

20-
. ,
,
,

, : ,

, ,
(), ..
.

.
, ,
.
, , ,
()
, . ,
,
.

.
, (
)

24

, .
,
.
,

, . ,

, -
, ,
, , ,
. : ,
,
.
, ,
20- .
,
, .


,
.

()

, . ,

, .
, ,

, ..
.
,
- ,

25

,
, ,
.
.

.

. -

,
()

-,

-,

, .

- ,
, ,
.

, , ,
, ,
.

,
.
.
,
, (), ,
, ,
,
..
,
, .
: ,

26

.
,
, .
,
,
.
, , ,
,
, .
, .
,
,

.

.

,
.

.
- ,

,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
, .

27

, , ,
.

,
.

,
-. ,
. -
, ,
. -,
,
,
. -,
, (),
,
(), .

, ,
,
, . ,
,

.
,
, ,
.

, ,
.
1. , .
,
.

. -

28

.
,
, .
.
. ,
,
, .
.
, ,
.
, ,
, , .
,
- , .
.
- .
, ,
.
, , .

, ,

.
, ,
, ,
. ,
, .

, , ,
, , ,
, , .

29

,
. ,
.
, ,
, .
. 1720
,
(,

).

,
. , ,
.
, , .
,
, . , -,
.
,
.

,
, ,
, . , -, .
,

. ,
, , .
, , , . ,

. ,
, .

30

2.

, ,


. :
, ,

.
,
. ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.

, .
,

, .
hand arm,
finger toe, dog
horse. ,
.
,
- ,
. ? ,
, , ?
? Aunt Sally? marshes?
brown Betty?
,
,

3.

31

,
, .
, .

.
.
, ,
, ,
, .
, , .
.
.


. ,

, .

o-,

.
,

, ..
,
, .
,
.
,
.
(,

),

.,

- ,
.
,
, , .

. . ,
,

. ,
.
..
. , . ,
- ,

, . ,
,
, , ,
, .
, , ,

,
.
, , ,
.
, , .

, ,
, .

, , ,
,
. ,
,

. , , - - ,
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
. ,


,
,

.

, , ,
.
.
. -,
.

,
. -,

, .
,

. -,
. ,

. ,
.

.
,

,
, , , ,

..

,
,
.

,
, .

, ,
.

()
. ,

student

, ,
. ,
,

35

. ,
. ,

( -),
.
student : good
student would not stay away from his lectures.

( )
( ). ,

()

.
.


. ,
, , ..
,

, ,
..

.
,

,
.

, ,
, ,

.
,
.
(, , )
. ,
, ,

,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
..

,
,

.
,
, ,
. ,

. (, ,
.), .

, ,
.
, ,
.

2.

, ,
.

,
, .
,
, -
. -
.

-,

. ,
.
, .
,
. - , ,
, , , . -
: , ,
.. .
, ,
.
,

,
. , ,
, , :
. .
,
. -, , ,
. -, ,
.

. , , ,
, -. ,
, .
. ,
,
.
,
.

, .
,
.
: (
)

.
( ).
, .
, , ,

- .

.


. ,

.
(, , , , ) .
, ,

39

,
, .
, , ,
, .
, . ,
.

, (

).


,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, , ,
. ,
,
. ,
, , () ,
, () ..
,
, , .
, .
-
.
(, , ) (, , ), (, , ),
(, , ) (, ,
).
(
).

),

( ).
( ).
- ,
. , ,
-
()

().

- .
,

()

. , -
, , . ,
:
.

- , ,
-

- ,
. ,
, . ,
.

,
.

.
- .
, ,
, , , dog, le chien der Hund.

,
:
, - .
,
, ,
.
( ) ( ),
, .
:
()
(). , : ,
( , , .).

,
, . ,
,
, . ,
.
, ,
, .
( ) .

.
,
. ,
.
( ),

).

.
, , ,
. -

, , ()
( ).
. ,
, , .
,
.
,
, . ,
, , (,
, ), , ,
, . , ,
.
, , , .
.

.
, .
, ,
, . o-
(. . Answer the telephone),
. (
off the grass), : .
,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
,
,
( ) , ,

. ,
(langage) (langue) (parole),
. , ,

. ,
, , ,
.

,
, , . , , ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, ,
.

.

.
,
, , ,
. , ,
,


.

(, , ,
, , , ,
..),
-

44

, ,
, .
, ,
. , ,
, ,

, ,
. ,

,
. ,
,
, ,
.
, ,


(),

,
,
.
- ,
, ,
, - .

.
, . ,
, , ,
.

() ,
, ,
,

45

, .
.
,
.
,
, .

. .
, , ,
: ? : ,
. , , ,

?, : -, . ,
, .
? : ?,
, ?.
, , ,
, ? ,
,
, , :
. ,
, ,
.
: ?, ,
, , .
,
. , ,
, ,
.. , - ?,
?. , : How much?

40

( ),
,
. ,
( ,
) ,
, ,
, ..
,
. . -,

.
. -,
.
.

. ?
: ? .
,
.
()
, ,
, .
: . , ,
, .
. -,
.
, : , .
.


. ,

.
,
.
, , ,
, .
.
, ,
.
,
.
,

, . ,
,
,
, . ,
, , ,
.
,
, .
,

,
. , ,
, , .
-
. ,
. , -
, , (, , ).

, ( ),
.
.

, ,

, ,
, , -
, . , ,

.
, - ,
.

.
.
( ), -
-

),

, ,
,
. , ,
.
- (), ,

),

. ()
, (P),
. , :
( ) ( ).

, . ,
(

) , ?

. : .
,
. :
. ,
.
,
.
,
,

. , ,
,

. ,
, ,
,
, .

.
.
, , ,
, .

.
, , ,
, .

. ,

.

,
, ,
, . ,

. , .
. .
.

, .
, ,
, , , .
,

, ,
(, , .),
, . ,
, . , ,
, (
) , -
. ,
:
, , , , ,
, .
,
, .
, :
- ..., ,
. ,
, - . , , .
, ,

, , ,
, ..
, , , ,
, , , ,
, , . ,
, .
,

, .

, , . ,

. ,
, ,
. , ,
. -
, , , .
,
. : ..
, ,
.
,

, . ,

. ,

.
,
,

.
,
.

52

( ):
, ,

. , ,
,
.


, ,
, . ,
,
. ,
.

3.


. ,


.
.

53

,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
.
,

, , Texter
Textproduzent.

: , .
- ,
, :
,

, .
,

:
, ,
..

.
,
.
.

, .
() -

: , , -,

()

..

, (, ,
.), ,
() ,
..
-
.
.
. ()
, , , , ,
. ()
, , , ,
. -
, ,
,
: (' ), ( -
),
( ).
-
. .
(

).

- ,

() . (,
, - .)
, , -
.

,
. ,
-

, ,
, ,
,
, ,
.
, .
,
, ,
. ,

, .
, ,
.
- ,
, ,
( ) ( ,
)
- ( ).
,
.
,

, ,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
, . , ,
- ,
- , ,
. -

, .
,

, .
, ,
,
, - . ,
, ..
, , .
,
(
,

, (, ,

).
,
.
,

(,
)

, .
,


,

. ,
,

, ,
, ,
,

. ,
, ,
.

. ,
. ,
, ,
. , ,
, ,

,
, , .

.
,
, .

, , ,
,
, ..
, ,
, , ..
.

,
, , , ,
.


.
. -
,
, . ,
,
.

,

.
,
.

: , , ,
. , ,
.
,
.
, , ,
,
,
. ,
, ( , ),
, ,


, ,
. , -
, . ,
-

,
.
.

. ,
. ,

,
, . ,
, : , .
,
.
- .
, , ,
.
, , ,
.

, - ,
- .
,

.
, .
,
, ,
.
,
, .

, , .
. ,

( , , ),

, :
, ; ,
, , . , , -,
(, ).

.
: - ,
.
. , ,
, ,
..

.
.

.

, , , ,
, .

. - .
,

( 100

),

8 , , ),

),

),

( ) ..

, :
, ,
, , , ,
,
, .


.
.
: )
( ), )
- ( ), )
(
).
.

(
, ,
).

- ,
.
, ,
,
.

. ,
.
() (
),
(

), ,
(
-
).
, , , ,
: , ,
, , ,
, , ..

, !, !, !, , ? ..


- ,

. ,
- ,

.
,
.
-
. , ,


.
.
, (, .. .
..):
1)
.
: :
, . I'm not saying that out of pride. I
really didn't know where to lay my head. , , ,
, . I'11 go on the streets, Katya. You've heard me say so. That's
what I'm lit tor, or else to be a washerwoman.

2)

.
:
, . I won't give you a single kopeck even
if you stand on your head before . , ,
. But it's true enough that my parent died a
month ago and I'm on my way from Pskov with hardly a kopeck to call my own.

3)

:
. So Father took me upstairs, locked me up, and
thrashed me for a whole hour. , ,
-

64

. I'll find you a post in a Government office one that will not require much of you
except orderliness.

,
-

,
.
, , ,
. ,
(). . , ,
.

, . ,
,
. -,
.

) . -,
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
,


.

.. ,

..

: ( ),
(

65

) ( ).
, .
: ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
.
, , ,
, (, , ..)
,
.

( ),
- . ,

,
. (
, .)
,
() , .
, ,
, .

..
. . ,

,
. .,
,
, ,
. , ,
.
,
.

66

(- ,
..). ,
, , ,

.

, ..). .,
,

.
,
, .

.

,
.
, , ,
(
).
.

, ,
,

. , ( ), , ,
, .
-

, ,
, -,
, ..
, , ,
, ,
, .
,

67

,
,

.
, ,
,
.

4.

,
.

. ,

, ,
.

.
.

, ,
, ,
, , , , , , ,
. , ,

.

. ,

. ,
.

,
( ) .

. ,
, ,
, .

( ),
,
.

,
.
, ,
.
-
. ,

.


. , ,
(eyes in the head, teeth in the head, tongue
in the head). nn 12 ,
. (midday),
(morning).

, (night) (day)
. lunch
dinner, .
afternoon (post meridiem),
, ( before sunset or nightfall).
nightfall , , (, , ),
, , evening, night.
(tea)
(in the late afternoon), supper, ( dinner
) . ,
, .

.
(.
Suddenly we heard noise).
-
, , ,
.
,
.
, It's late I'll go up
.
, three bedroom apartment,
, , ,
,

: This appointment will make or


break me, so keep your lingers crossed, please. ,
, .

70

, . ,
,
, , . ,

.

. ,
.

, ,

, .
, ,
. ,
: -
,

,
, :
.
,
, , .
, ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
, , ,
.
,
.

71

,
. ,
, , ,
. ,
: , -
, . ,
, -
,
.
.

, .



, , .
, ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
, .
,

, , .
.
- ()
, ,
, .

,
.
. ,
,

72

,
, . ,

.
, ,
.
,
. ,
, .

.
18 ,
,
.

(
)

(, , .) .

.

,

, , .
.
. ,
,
. , ,
,
.

73

-
,
,

,
.

- .

. ,
- .

,
.

, ,
. ,

. , ,

, , ,
.

. -
,
, .
, ,
,

, .


, , ,
.
. , ,
, .
,
.
,
,
, .

, .

, ,
.
, , ,
, -
.
.

: .
,
,
. ,
,

,
. ,
.
,
:
-

.
, ,
. , ,
, .

- ,
. , , ,
,
(markers).
, : do look quiet, don't 'e? D'e know 'oo 'e is, Sir? - ,
? , , ?.
(don't doesn't) (' he, ' you, ' who)
,


?.

,
, .

. ,
. ,

.
, ,
.

. , ,
,

( ).

.

.
,
,
, (
), , (

),

( - ), - ,
.
, ,
.
. ,
, , , , ,

).

, ,
-, .
.

(,


), ,
. ,
-, ,
,
- ,
..

.
,

77

. , ,
( )
( ).
,
.
-
,
.
,


. ,
, ,
.
,
.
-
.

, , , ,


,
. ,

, , ,
,
,
. ,

, .

78


.
- ,
. , ,
. ,
:
, , ,
,
..
, ,

.
,
. ,
, .
. ,
- .

. , ,
. , ,
auntie , , , .

,
.

, .
,
, ,

. ,
, ,
, .

79

:
,
,
. , ,
, ,
.

,
( )
.
.
,
, , .

, ,
.

. . (
,
, .

).

. ,
,
. , ,
,
,
,
.
,

, ,
, .
.


.
,
, ,
. ..
- , ,
,
, : ,
, ,
..., ,
... ..
, ,
,

. , ,
(, ,
, .)

(,

.).
.
cyo

, , ..

breakthrough

, .
:
,

..

alternative

, ,

, : .

. ,
, ,
. , , ,

- . meal,
,
. - ,
, , , .

-
.
,

.

.
, , ,
.

.
,
.
,

, .

.
,
-

. . -,
,


. ,
. ,
- ,
,

( )

, .
, , ,
, ( ): blingee beer. Now you play.
, .
,
,

, ,

, -
.
, ( -): When you see him 'quid then you quick see him
'parm whale. , - .
,

, ,

.

. P. ., 1981.
. . . ., 1975.
. . . ., 1996.
. . ., 1977.
. . , . 1975.

1.

. ,
, ,
- . ,
, ,
,
,
. ,
. ,
,
. , ,
, .

. , 3
, ,
. , ,
,
.

,
,
.

. ,

,
.
, .
, ,
.
.
,
.
, , .
, ,
,
-
. , ,
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
.

, , ,
, ,
. ( )
,

.

,

. ,
,

, ,
,
, .

.
.

19

,
, ,
- .
. ,
. , ,
, . ,
, .
,

. ,
, ,
, ,
.

, , )
,
.

, , , ,
.. , ,
.
.
,
.
,

, .
,
20 .
,
, ,
.
,
,
.

, , .

.
.
, ,
,

. , , ,

, , .
,

, ,
.
.
, ,
,
, , .
, .
-.

,
. -

, , ,
. , ,
, . ,
, ,

. :
. , ,
, ,
, .

, ,
from the occupied Arab territories. ,

( ),
.

-,
, ,

, .


, ,
. , ,
. , ,
, ,
to put more teeth into something, - ,
- . , , , : The
Soviet delegation finds the draft resolution acceptable but we believe that we should put
more teeth into it. :

. ,
,
. : We can certainly put more teeth
into anything, but we are not dentists, we have come here with other purposes etc..
,
: ! ? !
, ,
,
, .

( : )
,
. -
- ,
, ,
.
, , .

. ,

.
, ,
.

, .
. ,
, ,
( ) ,
. ,
, ,
,

. ,
. ,
,
, , , , , .
, -
Internal Combustion Engine.
, , ,
. ,
. - (
), ,
, .
,
-, .

.
,

.
,

. , , ,
,
, Black white, ,

.
. : white,
,
. .
-

, . ?
white , , , ,
. white
, , ,
.

, ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.
, , , . ,
,
,
. ,
, : , , . ,
, .
:

..

, . ,
, , .
, ,
, .
:
,
.

-,

.
, , ,

, ,
,

, .. ,
, ,
. , , ,
, ,
.
, , ..

.
.
,
.
: ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
, .

, . ,
.
,
.
,
.

,
. , , , ,
. , ,
, . :
,
. -
(,

) ,
.

, ,
, ,

, , , ,
, ,
,


, , , -
.

.

. , , ,

Humpty-Dumpty

situation.


,
. .,
- -. ,
-, , , ,
, (
-). :

. , . ,
-.

, , ,
, .

, ,
.

,
, .
,
,
( , , ,
, , .)
,
, .
,
, .

,

. , ,

,

congratulate myself of your plan, Je me felicite de votre


plan, . l
on your happy erection, ,
, (election).
,
.

-,

. ,
antibodies antibo. , ,

antibo .

, , , ,
antibo, .
, - .

. ,
,
, .

, ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
. ,
,
. , ,
,

,
, .
, ,


, .

. :
, ,
, .
.
, , ,
.

.
:

, ,
, ,
.
,
, .
,

.

.
,
. 9-
, . 864

. ( ),

. , .
, 988 ,
,
.
, , , ..
,
, ,
.
, .
,

. ,
, , ,

96

.
,
.
,
, .
(12281480)
.
, .
, , :
, .
, , -,
.

() .
,
.

, .
.
16- ,
. ,

. 1515 III
- .
1516
. ( 1555
1556 ) , , ,
,
. ,
, :
,

97

. ,
, .
, .

.
, .
,
.
,
,
. ,
, , ,
, .
,
,
- ,
.
17-
,

, ,
.
.
: --, --
.
. -,

, ,
. ,
. , ,
.
-, ,
.
, , , .

-,
- .
, , ,
.
: , , .
18-
. I
,
- ,
.
. ,
.
,
,
.

.
.
, ,
, ,
, .

. -,
. ,
, 1735
.
,
. ,
, ,

: ,

. , ,
, : , .
, ,
,
. 1748
() .
.
.

.
,
. ,
: , ,
, , .

. ,
,
, .

. , ,
, .
( ) .

.
,

.
,
.
18- ,
. ,

. ,
.
.
, , ,

, .


.
,
,
.
.
, 19 .
, ,

..
18- 19-
.
, , ,
, , ,
. :
, ,
, , , .
. ,
.
, , , .
,
, , .

: eppo

.
.
, , ,
,
. ,
..
, ,
.
.

.. ...
,


,
, . -

,
.
.
,
. ,

19- 20- .
,

, .
, ., ., .,

.
.
, ,
, .
,
.

. , ., .,
. ,
,


.
1917
. .
, :
,
.
,

,
, , , , , , . ,
, .
30-

,
.
, , ., ., ., ., . .

, .
.

,

,
, .
, 20-

, , , .
() , ,
- . ,

.
.
, .

,
.

.

.

.

. , ,
.

.
,
.

. ,
,

.
, ,
.

, , , , .
, : ,
, ..

- .

.
,
.
, ,
.
o- .

. ,
.
,
, .
,

20-

, ,
. ,
,
.

2.

,
.
,
, , - ,
.
, , ,
,

.
,
,
,

.
, , , .
, ,
,
. ,
,

,
.
,

, ,
,
.

, ,
, . ,


, ,
, ..

, ,
. ,
(1509 1546) ,
: 1)

, ; 2)
, ,
, ; 3)
, ;
4) ; 5) , ,
. 1790 .
.
: 1)
; 2) ,
; 3) , . ,
.

.

, , ,
. ,

, .

.,

, ,
, :

1. .
2. .
3. , .
4. , .
5. .
6. .
7. , , .

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.

.
.
.
.

,
, - ,
. ,
. ,
, , , ,
.

,
- . , ,
.

. , ,
, ,
, . ,
,

. , , ,
, .
, .
, ? ,
, ,

, ,
, .
,

, .
.
, ,
.
,
. ,
,
.
.

, . ,
,
. , ,
,

. ,

,
.
, ,
, .
,
, ,
, , , ,
, .

,
,
,
, -

. , ,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
, , .
,
, ,
,
.
,
,
. (
)
( ),

.
, .
(, , , ),
,
().
, (

, .
, : ,
, .

, , ,
, .

110


.
, .
,
( ) ,
,

, ,
, .
()
,


.
-
, .
,
.
: ( )
.
,
,
.

.
, ,

.
, .

111

. ,
.

. ,

, .

, ,
, ,
.
,
,
.
,
.

,
, .

: ,
,
,
,
..

. ,

,
.

, . , ,
,

.
,
, ,
. ,
:

.

,
. , ,
.

, .
,
.
,
.

() . ,
,
, (
) . , , ,
,
, . ,

(,
), (,
- ).


,
,

,
.
,
, . ,
. -,

. -,
,
, . -,
-
, . ,
, -
, - ,
,
.
.
, .
.

,
. ,
.
:

()

()

.
.
-

.
,
.

,
- , -
. , , , .
,
.
,
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
, .

.
,
, .
. , .
,
, , ,
. ,
,

.
.
,
,
,
.

,

,

, .
,
, .

, ,

,
.

3.

, ,
, ,

. ,

. ,
,

,
.
, The student is reading
bk .
- . , ,
. ,
- , , , , -
. , ,
, . ,
, ,

.
.
,
,

, ,
.
,
. -,
, .. . -,
, .
, - The boy is rolling himself on the little hehorses. , . The boy is skating
.
,
.

,
, . -,
. ,
.
()

().

-,

, ,
. -,
, ,
, , ,
.
,
.
.

, ,
. .., ,
, ,
.
, -, ,
, .

.
,

.
,

, ,

.. ,
, ,

.. ,
,
, ,
.
, , , , .

-
,
.
, . ,
(, ) ,
.

, .

,
. , , ,
, , ,
. :


.

. , ,
,
,
.

,
. ?
, ,

. ,
. ,
, .
.
.
. .
, ,
. : Maybe there is some
chemistry between us doesn't mix. : ,
. ,
.
: That's a pretty thing to say, :

. , ,
,
.. :
Those evening bells, those evening bells, how many a tale their music tells of
youth and home and that sweet time when first I heard their soothing chime
, , .
, , .
?
,

, .
. ,
.
, ?

.
,
.
: , , (,
), , ,
. , ,
.
.
,
, .
() ,
. ,
, .
,
.
,

, ,

,
.

.
.

. ,
,
( ) .

.

,
. rolling stone gathers no moss
, , :
( ).
,
, . -
( ),
, . , .
- , ( ,
). ,
, .
rolling stone -.
-

, , ,
. ,
( )
( ).
, , . ,
, . ,
.. :
,
, : ,
, .
, ,
. :

. ,
, .
. . :
The telephone rang and he answered it. : ,
. , ,
. , ,
.
. ,
,
, ,
.
.
, .
, , .
,
. ,
,
,

122



. ,
.
.
- . .
,
: You are not fit to be in a boat. : ,
. ,
. You see one
bear you have seen them all.
: .
is the last man to betray a friend, , ,
,
. : -
.

. ,
.

.. , , -
(. Push Pull).
Fragile, , .
- , , , - Wet paint.
, ,
, ,

.
-

123

, ,
. , -, ,
, .

!,

?.
,
,
. - , ,
.
.
,
, !. ,

.
(, , .)
: , !.
, ,
,
, - ,
. , ,

. , , .
, -
, ,
. , -
,
,
(

.
, ,
.

. ,
, .
, , ( ) had his left hand
around the neck of his companion. ,
,
, ,
. : ,
, ,
, , ,
, ...

, :
,

. .
, .
, ,
, : Scrubbing makes me bad-tempered.
: . ,
,
. , Scrubbing ,
.
-,
, (, ).

. ,
,

,
.

. ,
, .
() ()
. , -
, .
- knocked and came in
knocked at the door and came into the room.
.
,

, , , ,
. The
workers demand the improvement of their conditions,
. , -
,
( ). , - ,
,
. : The workers went on strike
in support of their pay claims. Pay claims , , ,
, .
,
, .
. ,
, , with liquid rockets,
,
, liquid-fueled rockets,
.

. . ,
, ,
, :

. ,
(a gig). : Manson climbed into
the gig behind a tall black angular horse. ,
, - ,
. -
, , .
, , . ,

. ll , , , , -, -
. ,
, .
angular, angle
. - ,
, , .
, ,
( ).
, ,
. . :
found him in his slippered ease by the fire, I lo-, .
slipper
to slipper

ease.

, . :
.

.
:
.

How I was sold in New Ark , ,


.

, . .
. , ,
They had their backs to the sunshine now.
-
: .
,
.

. -
- . ,
,
- .
,
.
,
.
,

,
. , , . ,
:
The house was sold for eighty thousand dollars
.
.

. ,
.

, , 121 111
,
,
.

. ,

. ,
, ,

: The port can be entered by big ships only during the tide
.
,
. ,
,

(-

),

, , .
.
The boy entered the room,
, , :
.
boy entered the rm
.

. ,
, , .
, ,

: The installation must function at low


temperatures. The engineers should take it into account
, .

, , ,

: I saw him
at the theatre .
,
.

: , .

, , -
. , ,
: ,

, .
, to tinker -
tinkerer.
.
, ,
.
- .

. ,
, ,
, : swim, sail, float, drift.
, meal
: , , .

.
- . Face , , She
slammed the door in his face
. (up to his waist),
.
.

, , -,
. ,
- .
, voyage trial

.
, .
,

businessman.

American businessmen got rich


on the war in Vietnam. ,
delegation of American businessmen,
,

,
.

, , , ,
. , ,
- , .
sleep,
slumber .
.
,
. ,
, - ,
,
. . .
. ,
-,

these
slippers them slippers.
, .
,
, .
, .
.
.
, ,
. ,
. Serve him right, said Sir Pitt, him and his family has been cheating me on
that farm these hundred and fifty years.
, : Sir Pitt could have said 'He and his family' but rich baronets
needn't be so careful about their grammar as we, poor governesses.
, .
:
. ,

. :
,
, , .

.

. - , ,
, bath
. rk - ,


. ,
.

The cat that walked by himself.


, - .
, ,
, ,
, .
,

. ,
. The board expelled him
, board
. ,
engine,

,
.
, ,
. .
. ,
, , :
says he'll teach you to take the boards and make a raft of them; but seeing that you know
how to do this pretty well already, the offer... seems a superfluous one on his part.
, teach
. ,
. ,
: , ,
, ,
, .
, .
. .
,
: said he had come for me, and informed me that he was a
page. Go 'long)), I said,

you ain't more than a paragraphs


, - .

, , .
.: ,
. , ! .
, ,
.

.
, .
. .
, .
: No sweethearts, I believe?, ,
. , sweetheart,
, Sweetmeats did you say, Mr. Barkis?
,
. ,
,
.
:. (1) ? ,
? (2) ? , ?
,
, .
, .
, ,
,

,
.
.

4.

,
( ) ( ),
( ).

(,

), - , ,

(: ) ,
, .
-, . ,
, ,
. -,
. -
.

, ,
.
. -,

. -
, .
, ,
,
- . ,
, , .
,
.
-
,
. ,
. , ,


.
,

.
.

.

(, -
). ,

).

, ,
. , , ,

( , - ,
.), . , ,
.
,
,

.
,

-,

,
, ,
. -

, ,
,
.
, .
, ,
, .
,
.
,

. ,
- , . ,

. ,

.
,
.

,
,
.
, .
.

.
, ,
, ,
.
, .
. ,
.

Massachusetts, Oklahoma, Virginia,


Manitoba, Alberta Middlesex, Surrey ., ,
, , , , ,
: ,
, ..
, , ..
,

Newsweek

reports

new

reshuffle

the

government. Newsweek ,
.
: ,
.

, .
. ,
: ...for desert you got Brown Betty, which nobody ate.... ,
, - ,
. : ... '
', , .
'1 .
, The prime-minister addressed the people from the
window of No. 10. ,
- - .
: -
.

. , ,
: lt was Friday and soon they will go and get drunk. And now they pretended
that it was Monday and even Thursday and that they had no money.
, (
), , ,
, .
: , , .
, .


.
.: hr
were pills and medicine all over the place, and everything smelled like Vicks' Nose Drops
- , , .
Vicks ,

, ,
, .

, : Parkeci by a solicitor's office
opposite the cafe was a green Aston Martin tourer
.
. ,
,
.


. ,
,
. , :
, , . ,
, . ,
, , .
, .... , - , ,
, .

,

. ,
- ,
.

.
.
, , -
( ).
.
white birch ,
. mistletoe
,

,
.

.
,
ey O shit,
. ,
, ! ( ),
, , !,
, !.
-
.
. , ,
, . (
, ).
.


, .

.

, .. ,
, , , , ,

.

, , ,
..

.

,
- ,
. ,
,
,
.

: Buick has stolen a march on the rest of the industry with


a cast iron V-6 engine, ,
,
, ...
,

. ,

, .
, ,
, , ,
y
little fish y birdie. ,
: ? Will you be the third?
.
.

, ,
.
.
.

1.
, . ,
, , ,
, : . ,
, , : , .

2.

, ,
. . ,

, .

. , ,
, , . .- ,
,
.
,
, .
. ,

, .
,
,

.
. ,
, , .
,
, . , :
! . . ,
!. ,
.
, .
3.
, ,
. Live with
Lightning , Mr.Smith
goes to Washington ,
, , Days like this


.
: , .
.

. ,
.
.
- , -
, .
,
. ,

.
,
,

, , .
,
.
. ,
,

, . , ,
,
.
. , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .

,

. -
,

.
.
, ,

,
.

. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
, ,
,
..
( ),
.
,
. , ,
, , .

, , ,
,
. -
, ,
, ..
,
.

.
.

.
, .
, , ,
.
. , ,

1455

.

. -
,
that lousy teacher of music.
lousy , .
4 louse .
,
.

.
,
.
-: ,
, .
: The general prefers Flemish painting
. :

, ,
,
. -
: ,
,
.
.
, ,
. ,

:

, ,
..
, , ,

.

.
, ,
- . :
, , , ,
.
, .

.
,


.

, - ,
, ,
,
.

.

, ,
( ) . ,
, ,
.
,

. ,

),

.
, -
.
, .
,
() ,
, ()

,
,
. , ,
,
, ,
. ,

.


. , ,
,
.
,
, , ,
.
.
. , ,
. , ,
, -
.

.

is a not infrequent visitor to her house ,


,

, did it out of concern for his friend


-
. , , out of
.

- ,
. ,
.
, ,
, .
in the 1930' s
1930 .
, ,
,
,
.
belonged to a new race of scientists
, ,
r .
:
, , ..
, ,
, ,
.


, .

, -

, , .. ,
.
,
. ,
,
.

5.

, ,
( ),

).

,
.
,
, ,
, , . , ,
,
.
,
,
.
.
-
, .
:
, .
, .

,
, ,

, .

. ,
,
, .
, -,
, -, .
, , -
,
. .
, , ,
brilliant,
impressive vivid.
, he let things slide. ,
,
: , , ,
.

visited me last month ,


. ,
.
,
, .
, , -
.
, ,
.
, . ,

,
. , : .
, , . .

15151

. , ,
, ..

.
: - ,
- , -

. -,
, . , : , , . -,
,
.
,
. , , , .
, ,
,
.

, : ,
. , ,
,
.


(),
.
,
.
, , ,
, , , .
, .
, (
), (

)
. .
,
, , , ,
, .

. ,

( )

. ,
(),
,

. ,
.

,
. , .
, , ,
. ,
:
.
- , , ,
? -,
.
,

, ,
. , , Bbsitter

, -.
,

. ,
( keep off the grass),

!.

. Stop,
I have a gun, ! : !
. ,

. ,
, .
,
,
, .
, .
. , :
r aunt must be made to tell them about it.
, aunt made
. aunt
, , , a must , ,
( ).
, , ,
,
.

.
.
. Cromwell and Bradshaw (not the guide man, but the King
Charles's head man) likewise sojourned here.
, , . ,
,
. ,
: , ?
-.

,
,
. ,
. ,

. , ,
,
.
,
, , ,
. , ,
.
,
, .
,

() ,

(),

. ,
, ,

, . ,
, -,
- .
,
,
, .
.

.
. , ,
-


. , She is a poor letterwriter .
.
: She is a poor letter-writer
She writes letters poorly.
.
:
.
,


.
,
.

,
, .
, , ( )
, , ,
. ,
.
, .
, ,
,

.
.
I have
: : 1.
( ). 2. ( ). 3.
4. : ( ). 5.
(-

).
. ,
,
- .
. ,
.
: ,
: 1. . 2.
.

3.

4.

5.

6.

. ,
, , ,
.
,
, :
Last year saw a rapid growth of industrial productions
( X = X =
X , ). ,
. ,

.
, ,
.

.
,
. , ,
,
, ,
, ,

, ,
,
-

- .
,
. ,
, ,
:
, .
.

( ),
, .
,
, ,
, ,
. , , ,
,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
( ),
,
.

.

,

() .

-.

/ .
,
, , .

, , , ..

, , .

. , , '.
, . ,
, --.
,
.
, th,
,
(Warner Brothers = , Smith = .).
. ,
w , h -
. ( : Helmut Kohl
, Herzog ,
.)
,
.
. ,
r
: Daily Worker = , Bill Clinton =
.

ei: Leipzig = , Heine .


,
. , : Hawk =
, a Faulcon = . Tomahawk , , Hercules ,
.

. , .
, (
), , , .
Charles, , ,
.. ,
, I. Charles II,
(James) .
, ,

Henry, .
(Henri),

.

. ,
:
superpower = , International Monetary bund =
. : United
Nations Organisation = , first-strike weapon -
. ,
, : petrodollars ,
miniskirt = -.

,
. ,
.

,
.
,
:
, ,
, , .
,

. -,

. meal
(,
, .). ,
, , ,
swim, sail, float, drift. -,
, ,
. .
. , ,
, .
,
. : y mother had left her chair in agitation
and gone behind it in the rner. to leave
to go
.
.

.
,
, ,
.
.
. , -

161

mother-in-law

brother-in-law.

, ,
, I saw a
man 6 feet 2 inches tall :
.

,
.
- .

. . ,
, .
: Manson... climbed into the gig behind a tall... horse.
, - :
( ).
, : ... ... , ... .
, .
. ,

, : would cheer up somehow, begin to laugh again, and


draw skeletons all over his slate, before his eyes were dry ,
,
. , ...
.
.
,
, .

, :
was in London two years ago .
,

-,

:
,
. -,
, ,
.
, ,
, - .

. , ,
, :
Both engine crews leaped to safety from a collision between a parcels train and a freight
train near Morris Cowley, Oxfordshire. :
, , ,
.
, ,
:
.
, .
: Mist covered a calm sea in the Straits of Dover yesterday.
--,
?
: -- .
.

.

: The marchers did not


intend to go to Parliament. Nor to petition their MP's
, .
, ,
. -
-

,
, .
-
, : This
condition, however, changes at certain critical energies of the electrons. At these critical
energies the gas atoms do absorb energy
, .

, , ,
. .

,
,
( money , outskirts
..).

: They left the room with their heads held high
.

. -
(It is our hope that an agreement will be reached by
Friday

(Australian prosperity was followed by a slump


).
,
: The stoppage which is in support of higher pay and shorter working hours, began
on Monday
. , ,
, , ,

, , : The crash killed


20 people 20 (
).
,
, .
-

, ,

: Nothing changed in my home town
. -
, ,
, : She is not unworthy of your attention
.
,
.

, ,
.
:

The

rail-road

unions

excluded

negroes

from

their

membership.


: ,
, . ,
, .
, , . ,
.
- ,
,
: conservationist , whistle-stop speech
.
.
,

. , a shuttle service -
, : owners
ran a shuttle service for parents visiting the children injured in the accident
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, , ,
- ,
, . ,
, ,
: You could tell he was very ashamed
of his parents and all, because they said 'he don't' and 'she don't' and stuff like that
, , '
'' .
, .

6.

, , ,
, .

. , ,

. :
,
, . ,

. ,
.

. , But he 'will go there
,

,
.
- : has read the
book (
, ).
, ,

.
,
. , , ,
.
. , House of Commons , oxygen , hydrogen - , a Senator . ,

, , barrel , , .
()
().
. -,
, . -,

, .

, . , trade-union
-, importance , , flying
, , , , .
.
.

. .
, to strike , , ,
, , , , .
the striking

trade-unions .
.
, - got up from his chair,
, ,
.

, , ,
, , .. , trade union
-, . , abolitionist
( ), ,
.
,
.

,
. ,
.

. , New
Haven -.
: I graduated from
New Haven in 1915. ,
, .
- -,
,
: .
- ,

1915 .
. to deal
: , ,
, . . : History has
dealt with Hitler; history will deal with all would-be Hitlers. ,
,

, , .
: ;
.

. : The
mountain tops were hidden in a grey waste of sky, :
. , to hide ,

(waste ! sky). ,

, ,
.
.
.

1.-,

: tribalism , know-how -, chip .

2.-,

: backbencher , brain drain


, work-to-rule () .

3.-,

,
. drugstore
, , drugstore
, , , . Afternoon
,
morning session afternoon session, .

4.

, . ,

exposure,

, , died of exposure

: , ,
..

5.

,
: landslide ,
brinkmanship

coroner

,
.
,
, ,
.

. ,
,
, , ,

,
,
. , . ,
,
.
,

. ,
,

. ,
,
, .
to be in a brown study,
, , to come out of the
brown study .
, ..
, the
mother of Kuzma. , ,
.

-, .
: 1)
; 2)
, , ; 3)
; 4)

5)

.
.

. -
, ,
.
Don't wash dirty linen in public,
, . ,

.
- . ,

hay

while

the

sun

shines

, ,
.
,
,
. , ,
.

, , - -
. (
to kill two birds with one stone), (to find a
mare's nest) . (to play with fire) ,
(a fly in the ointment) .

-,

, . , to pass the Rubicon ( )


to show one's true colours ( ), the fish
begins to stink from the head ( ) good riddance from bad rubbish
( , ). - , , .
,

, ,

to get up on the wrong side of the bed


,
.
( ) .
cyo : ,
. will not set the
Thames on fire ( ).
.

. ,
.

.

.
,
, : Strike the iron while it is hot , .

, .
,

.
.

-,

, -
, , : the heel of Achilles
, the sword of Damocles ..
. , ,
Le jeu ne vaut pas la
chandelle The game is not worth the candle; . -,

,
, . ,
to lead by the nose ,
, ,
.

to

throw

dust

in

the

eyes

, , .

. , to save one's skin

pycc

.
, . Betty saved
Tim's skin by typing his report for him ( )
, .

, ,
, : to turn hack the clock
, bird in the hand is worth two in the bush
, ..
.
. -, ,
.
Jack of all trades ,
.

, - master of

none, , , . ,
,
, Can the
leopard change his spots? -, ,

. , , , ,
, , , ,
, .

: People who live in glass houses should not throw
stones , , .
-
. -,
, . , , ,
. ,
It is raining cats and dogs
, It was raining cats and dogs and a little puppy got on my
page, ,
(, ,
..), : , , ,
, .

.

Fine words butter no parsnip,
Nightingales are not fed on fairy-tales.
-, ,
()
.
, ,
( is not fit to carry water for her),
(to put the cart before the horse)
,

, .

. ,
,
.
, , ,
,
. , ,
, . , You cannot see a zga
, ,
. , , to beat
baklushas

to mind ones P's and Q's, ,


. , ,
. , -
, (pints)
(quarts), .
, , , , . ,
.
-
to carry coals to Newcastle
. ,
( , , ,
),
.

, .
. ,
Rome was not built in a day

- .
,
.

to dine with Duke Humphrey


, ,
. ,

. ,
. , .
to cut off with a shilling ,
, ,
.
, , ,
, .
.

. .

, ,

.
,
,
.
.
.
, .

. ,
, , , ,
. , , ,
..
(,
).

,
.
, ,
. ,

,
. , , ,

, .
was guest of honour at a reception given for delegates to the world
youth forum which opened here last Wednesday.
, .
,
. given
, which opened
.
, .
,
.

. .
1. ,

.
,
, , : () Give me the book that you bought
yesterday , , () that time he had
already left the country K .

, ,
Past Perfect -
.

2 . 6 ,

. ,
.

(,

-,

, .),

Business disposed of, Mr.Swiveller


was inwardly reminded of its being high dinner time
, , .
3. ,
,
.
with
( ): The old capitalist and bureaucratic managements
remained the directors and managers of the new nationalized industries, with a few rightwing trade-union officials thrown in for luck

. ,
.
,

.
.

. . . ., 1975
. . . ., 1980.
. . . ., 1975.

. . . ., 1975.
. . . ., 1973.

1.

1.
,
,
.
,
,
. 16 17 ,
,
.
,
. ,
-
, , ,

.

.
.

,
.

. (1631 1700). . ,
, ,
1680 . , .
. -,
, . ,
. -, ,
, , , -, ()

, ,

. ,

.,

,
. :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. .
7. .
8. , .
9. , .
10. .
.
,

, -
.
,
. 1791
. . ,

.
,

.,

: 1)

; 2)
, ; 3) ,
.

.
. , ,
, ,

, , ,
, , ,
, ,
..
,
, .
,

. ,
.
.
. ,
- ,
.

2. 20

20 .

. (, 1952).
.
,
,
.
. .
,
.
, 4 .

. , ,
, .
:

1.
2.

-.
,

, , .
,
, , .
(. , , , ,
, , ..)

3.

, ,

,
(1- )
, .

4.

(2-

). - ,
. ,
.
, , . ,
3 : 1)
? 2) ?

3) ? , .,
,
.
,

, . , -
.
,
:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

.
.
.
.
.
.
, .
, .
.
.
.
.
, . -

. ,
,
, , , , ,
, , .

.
, .
,
. ,
.
, , .

. 4 : 1)
; 2) ; 3) ,

4)

,
.
.

,
, , ,
. ,
.

.
60-

20

,
. ,
, ,

..

, ,

,
. - ,
,

, .
..

, ,
.

,

, . ,
. , . :
,

.

....
,

...

,
.
.

.
...,
.
, . .

,
, ,
.
,

... .
.
,
, .
, ...:
,
.

()

.
, ... ,
, -
, . ,

. , ...
,

.
... ,
,

, , ,

-,

, ...
()
,
, -
. , , ,
..., , ,
, . , , ,

( ) ,
.
...
.
,
,
,

. ...
() ,
.
, .
.

.
.
: 1)

2)


, . , ,
.
... ,
.
, ...,
. ,
, ,
. , , ,
.
,
, .

.

...,
. -
, ,
. ,
.

...,

.
...


..

3. .

.
.

.
.,
.
. ,
:

. ,
, , , , .

,
, . ,
. .,
.

().
,
( ), ,
( ).

, ,
.
. ,
,
. , ,
, ,
.

(): , , , , *
(rank-shift). ,
(Since we couldn't meet earlier, we met after the concert),
(The man we met alter the concert is my brother).
.

.
.
. ,

.
( ),
. .


,
. ,
. ,
, , , ,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,
- : , , .

),

, .


( , ..), ,
. ,
.
,
, . , ,
, .
: ,
( ,
..)
.
.

, . .
. ,
, , ,

,
I have arrived .
5 : 1.
I he, we

. 2.

arrive

leave, depart . 3. ,
, have arrived arrive. 4. ,
, have arrived arrived. 5.
, , have arrived had arrived.
6 ,
: 1. , . 2.
. 3.
. 4.
. 5. ,

, . 6.
.
,
, .
. ,
, .

,

,
(, ,
) .
.

. ,

, ,
,
.. ,

.

4. .
,
,
. ... .
,
, . -
,
.
, ,
.

.

,
.
., ,

, ,
, .

. .
,
.
. ,
- . ,
, , ,
,
, .
,
(

)
(,

), . :
.

, .

, .
,
, ,
, . .
. ,
,
.
, ,
, , -

, . . ,

(,

Beware of the dog = , ),


.
, -,
., . . .
,

, ,
.
, ,
,
, , , .
,
, , ., ,

.
, , ,
.
.
. ,
, , ,
.
,
.
.
, .
, , , .

, ., .
. ,
.

:
, ,
, .
,
.
.,
. ,

.

5. .-

.
,
.

.-

, 1988 .
.
, .-
, . -,
,
. , ,
, .

. -, , -
, , .-, .
, . -,
,
, . ,
, ()
, .
,

,
,
.
, .-

(. 1 . 196).
.

.

.
() ,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
: .
, , ,
, ,

.
(b) .

, ,
, , .
,

, . .- ,
, , ,
, .
() :
, ,
.

(d) .
. ,
,
, .
, ,

),

.

.

() ,
, ,
, ,
.
, , (f) ,
.
, .
, : 1)
; 2) , ; 3)
; 4) . ,
.- ,
.
1. , .-
,
, . 80- ,
, ,
, .

.-

.

: .
,
. ,
,
.
, , ,
, .

, .
2. ,
. .- ,
, ,
, .
,
, , - .
.
, ,
, .
:
, ,
, . , .-,

.

, .-
, . ,

.

(), (),
(), - ().
.
3.
. .- ,
. -,
. -, . -,

, .

, ,
:

( ),

.

. .- ,
.

, , .... .-
:

, ,
;

;

- , -

, ,
;

, ,
;

),

,
.

-.
4. .-
. ,
:
) ,

;
) ,
;
) .
.-, ,
,

2.


,
,
. ,
:
,

.

,
.
.-. .,
.. -

., ., .,
. .

.

.

1. .-. .
, -

. , 1958 .
. ,
.

, .-. . ,

. , ,
.
,

. ,

.-.

, , ,
,
. ,
, .

.
,
. ,

, ,
, .

.

, .

, :

,
(
): (, . aller chercher -,
to go and look for smth to fetch).

.,

()

() , () ,

.
, .
,
, ()
. ,

()

( ); ()
(

to

happen

to

take

place);

( )

( : this, or); () (
: You don't say).
, , ( ),
, (severe winter, flat denial, to
know for a fact ..). ,
,
.
3 :
, ( )

( ) (, , ,
..).

(,

(- , - , , ., ). , ,
,
, .
E
.
.-. .
.
.
,
, ,
- (, ),
, - (, ).

( ),

., , ,
.).

. , . swim
: walk, run, jump to go for a walk, to read, to play
tennis , . nager (. se
baigner).

, : - to baffle analysis
, - (a firing squad ), - (to
wash one's hair ), (entered the high way
), - (three flights of stairs ), (high chair ) ..

,
.
( ).
,
. , ,
, . -,
, .
(. to resign donner sa demission). -,
, ,
, : gazed out of the
open door into the garden (-) Il regarde' dans le jardin par la parte
ouverte. -, ,
- (. brom-Expediteur). , - :
walked seven miles on an empty stomach-Il a fait dix kilometres le ventre vide.

. , , , ,
.

. ,
( strode away like the mountaineer he was),
( did not say
Il n I' pas dit).
,
.
(We passed
few cars on the road. ).
,
, (
), , ,
( ).

, ,
. , , ,
(Winter saw .... We heard steps),
, , . ,
(More will come
tomorrow), ( , ,
).
.

-,

-,

- .. , ,
.
,
(. Open to the public ; Men at work
..).
, .-. . ,
, , -
, .
(: brown: brown eyes, brown
butter, brown pencil, brown shoes, brown bread, brown paper, brown hair).
.-.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,

. ,

, . ,
,
.

2. .

.
(1963 .), (1965 .),
, (1976 .),
, .
.
.

,
,

. .
,
.
: ,
,
, ,
.

, , , , ,
, . .

,
.
.
,
.
. ,
.,
, ,

,
.

.

, .,
, ,
, .
,
.
- ,
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, ,

.

, . ,
,

, ,

. ,
, . ., .

, , .
, ?
,
, ? , ,
?
,
? ,

,
.
.
.
,
, ,
.
,

.
,
. , ., .,
. .,
( ). ,
(jument = cheval + lemelle,
durfen = possibilite + morale),
,
.


, .
, ,
, - .
. ,
,
.
,
,
.
,
. , ,


, . ,
. -,

. . , , ,
,
,
.
,
.
. . -,

, , ,
.
, ,
.
, . , ,
.

. , ,
, .
- , .
,
,
.
, ,
. . ,
, ,
,
,
.

.
,
.
, .
. ,
.
.

3. . .

,
,

,
, (1987),
..
.
,
. , . ,
,

.
.
, .
, , , ,
.
, .
,
, , .
,
.

, . ,
, -
- ?
?
, , , .

,
. ,
, .
. ,
,
,
( )

, ,
, ,
, .

.,

, , .
,
, .
,
, , , .

X,


. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
. . ,

-,

,
()
. :

( , )
, , ,
.


. ,
, .
, .,
,
. ,

, , .
. ,
, .

.
: (, ), ,
,
- ,
.

.
. , ,
, .
. , -

, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
(1980),
.
., ,
, ,
,

.
,
8 , :
1. () .
2. .
3. ,
.
4. .
5.
, .
6. ()
( ).
7. .
8. .

, , (), , ,
.. ,
,
.

, .
, ,
, , . ,
, , ,
. -,

()

. ,
,
. -,
,

, . -,
, ,
,
.
.
,

. ,
, . . ,
.
- .
,
. , () (),
.
, .
, .
, , .

, . ,
, , ,
. . ,
, ,
, I am a one man's dog.

, chien -
.
,
. ,
, , . .
, , .
,
. disposed of the stolen vehicle
, , :
. Strategic negotiations
, .
,
, .
,
.
,

,
, , .
,
.


.
, ,
.
.

, - .
. ,

,
,

.

. ,

-,

)
, , ,
, .
. , ,
, ,
,
(
, ).
, .
.
,

,
,
.
, . ,
, ,
,

. ,

,
, ,
.
.
, -

. -
- ,
, ,
,

.
,
, , ,
, , ,
..

.
.
.
, .
.

4. .


. .
, 1980 .

,

.
.
.-. ., ,

., .
: , .
, , : (1)
. (2) . (3)
( ),
.
:
, ,
. ,
, , . ,
.

. , .,
.
,
,
, .
,
, ,
.

, ,
, .. ,
, .
,
:
.
(. 2 . 219).
.

.
,

. .
, ,
(),
,
.

,
. ,
,
.

,
.
.

, , -
, .

, .
. ,

, .
, ,
. ,
, , , ,
. : .
, ()

()

()

, () .

. : ,
.
, ,
whichever, with, when .. ,
.

, .
,
( ), ,
this.

.
,
, , .

to affect to pprh
appropriate available.
, .,
, ,
. , ,

-

. .

.

3.

1.
20
,

( .
)
,

, .
.,

, -
..
,

.
,
.
,
,

, -,
,

.
, 50-
International Journal of American Linguistics. -

..
(1954 .), 8-
, .

. . , , 4 :
1. ,
. 2.- ,
. 3. ,

4.

,
, .

..

.,
n Translation (1966 .) . .
, ,
, .
, (
) ,
. , , . ,

.
, , , ,
,
.

n Translation
,

. , , .
.

. , .
, .
.

1.

, . ,
.
, .

2.

, .
: ,
.

3.

(),

. ,
.

4.

.
.

5.

,
,
. .,
, , ,
.

2. .

, , ..
, ,
.

(the American Bible Society),

200
. . ,
.

, 1964 .
,
,

,
.
, .
.
. 1959 .
. ,
,
: 1) ; 2)
; 3)
; 4) ,
. ,
.
.
.
.
. ,
-


, . :
, , ,
, .
,

.
, ,
,

. .

.

( 3)
.
.
( 4),
.
: , , ( )
().
, , , ,
.
,

. , his
failure he failed, his arrest (they) arrested him.

: (1) ; (2)
; (3)
. .
: ,
.

.), .
(, ,
; , ,
) .

(markers).

.

, , .,
.
, ,
,
.

( 6).
, .

()

( )
. ,
,
.
, ,
(

),

.
,
,

. , ,
,
.

,
.

,
. (
, ), .
, , ( ),
, ..
.

, .

8.

.,

.
,
, , , (..
). ,
, ..

. , ,
.

. .
(the closest natural equivalent)
. , -
,

-,

( 910) ,



: ,
.
.,
,
, .
.
.

, ,

.
.
.
.
.

, .

. . ., .
,
. ,
.

,
.
,

, .
, ,
.

,
, ,
,

. .
,
,
.
.

.,


.
.
: ?
?

. -
.
, , ,

. ,
,
-
.
. ,
,
. ,
,

, ,
. ,
, .

,
, ,
, ..

.. ,
(1976 .),
, .

, , -
, . ,

.
.
,

.
,
, .
.
,
.
, .

,
,
.
. A ,
.,

, ,
. ..

3.

80- 20

80-

.
,

),

, , ,
), , .

.- .
.- ,
4 .
.

.
,
,

. ,
,
- .
,
.
. ,

.
, ,
:
, , ( ),
, , ,
.

, .

. , .-

, : ( ),
( ) (
). , ., , .,
.
:
1. ()
.
2. .
3. , ,
,
4. ,
.
5. ,
.
,
.
, .-

..

(,

),

,
(,

..
, to greet with a holy kiss
to give one another a hearty handshake all around, .-
, . ,
.
, - ,
,
.

,
.
, ., -

4 ( 1791
, 1946 -
; 40- XX
,
),

.-

,
.

. , :
,
. ,
,
.

.
.
,
, .
, , ,
,
.

XVIII , ,
.
,
,

.-

. (, ,
, , ),

, ,
, , .

.

. .-, -

, :
1. ,
. ,
.
2. , .
,
( ).
,
. , :
, ,
, ,
, , ..
.
.- ,
,
.
, , .

80- .
, 1981
. 18 , cyo ,
.
, , ,

,
,
.. ,
.
( .).

,
, . ,

,
, ,
,
.
, 4 :

1.

- ,

.
, .

2.

. , ,
. ,
.

3.

.
, .

4.

( )

,
. ,
.

. , ,
, ,
.
.
. ,
, :
(assertive), (active) (exhibitive).
,
. ,

, , . , ,
, .

), ( ):
.
.
,
.

-,

. -, . ,
( ) . . ,
.
() (
,
)

.

CA , ,
.

4.

1.

. ,
,
.
,
, ,

. ,

. -

, ,
,

, :
, ,
, , ,
..

.
. A., . ., . .
. .,

, , ,
,
,
. .

.
.
. ,
.
,

(
, ..), . . ,
, ,
, .
,

, .
, -.
-

, , , , ,
, .
. :
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
. ,
.

.

.

, , ; ,

, , .
, ,
.
.
, .

, ,
, .
, ,
.
, . ,

,
, .

18 19 .
-

, XX . ,

,
.

2.
,
,

,
( , ) .

,
, ,
, .,
. ..

.,

.,

.-.,

.,

., . . ., .,
. .
, ,
, ,

.
,

.

,

, ,
, .


.

.

,

, ..
,
,
, .
,
,
.
,
.
,
.

., . ..

3. .

. 1964 .

25


(1968 .)
(1980 .). .
. ,
, ,


, ,
.

.
. ,
,
,

. .
:
, .
:
,
,
, , . . ,
,
, : (1) , (2)

(3)

. ,
, , . ,
,
.

,
, ( , ).
(, ) .

. :
,
.

, , .

. ,
,

,
,
. ,
,
.


, . -
,
,
(Translation),
- ,
(adaptives Uebertragen), ( ) .
,
. ,

, ,
.
.

--

, ,
.,
.
.
.
.
.
.
,


.

. )
,
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
. :

.
,
.

,

. , ,
, .
,

, .
.
,

. ,
,


. .
,
: -

, .
.
,
. .

, , . ,

.
,


, .

, O.Kae

, .
, ,
.
.

.

4. .

.
.
.

.
,
(1968 .) ,

.
( , ) . . ,
.

. ,
,
. ,
.

),

,
.
,
. ,

.

.,

, ,
. . , ,
.
,

, , .
. (
) ,

.
, .

,
. ,
.
,

,

.
,
(, , ..),

, , . .,

.
,
, ,
.
,
, .
:
, .
, , ,
.

( ).
.

: , ,

, .
. ,

.
(1985 .). ,
, ,
. .
,
.
. , ,
, .
.
- (
),
.
, ,
,

,
,

: ,


. ,
- .

.

,
,
. ,
- , ,
,


, ,
, ,
.

,
,
,
.
.

.
.
,

.
, .
,
, ,
, ,
, ,
. : , ,
( ), , , ,
, . ,
,
. . ,
,
,
.
-
, .
,
.

, . ,
,
.

5.

,
.
.

(1975

.)

, ,
.
.
,

.
.

. ,
,
. ,

.
. ,
. , ,
, ,
, .
.
-

,
, -

.
, () ,

(),
. ,
,

,
.
: ,

, , .,
, .
,

, ,
.

.
,
,

-
.
.
.

,
.
,
,
. ,
: ,
.. ,

().

(1982 .) . ,

. :
I. .
:

1.

2.

,
.
II.
. :

1.

,

.

2.

,

.

3.

. -

.
,

, . .
(1986 .).
. ,
,
. (Sprachtext)
,
, (Redetext),
.
,
,
.

( ) .
,

, ,
, .
,
,

. ,
, ,

(durchschnittliche) ,

,
. ,

,
.
.

,
.

, ,
,
, , , ,

, ,
.
.
,
,
, , .
,
. , ,

.
, ,

, .

.,
,
.

5.


. :
., ., ., ., ., ., .,
., . .

, .
.
,
,
, ,
,

, , ,
, , ,
, ,
.

,
.

, ,
.


. -


, , .
, ,
. . ,

, ,

. ,
, , .

, .
, ,
,

.
.
-

, ,
,
.

, .
,

.

, .,
. .. ..

1.

.

.
(1971 .) .

, ,
,
.
., ,
( )

,
. ,
,
, , ,
, , .
,
, . ,

. ,
, .
,
. ,
. , .
( ),
(
), (
). ,
. , (
, ,
. ,
, .

, . ,
( ,
, ,

..), .

,

.
.

), , ,
.
, ,
, ,

. ,
, , .
, ,
, ,
.
.

, .
, ,
,

.
, .

, .)
()
, .

( , ),
, (, ), ,

(, ).
, -

.

, , .

,
.

,
, , , -
, , . .
,
, () .
, .

( , ,
, ..) (
, ,
, , ).
.

,
(1984 .),
..
.
,
.
, ,
, .

, .

, - ( ),
, ,
.

-,

,
, .
,
. ,
,
. -
, :
- , -, , .. ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
, ,
.
,
,
.

.

. ,
.
,


. ,

.
-
. -

, , ,
,
.

,
,

2.


,
.
;
(1977 .) ,
, ,
, ,

.
,
.

( , ,
).
. .
. ,
,
.
. ,
.
,
, , .

. , 4 -

pa: 1) , . 2)
, :
. 3)
, .. 4)
.
, .
,
, 12
,
( ),
. . , -
,
, ,
.

.
,
,
.

, ,
, , .
,
,
.
:

() ; )
; ) ; )

( ).

. ,
,
. -

-.


.
: 1) - . 2) ,
. 3)
( ). 4)
5)
. ,
,
.

.
.
, .
.
, . , ,
.
, .
, .,
. ,
, . , ,

. ,
. 4
: ) ; ) ; )

()

.
, ,

, : ,
, , , .
,
,
, .
,

,
, ,
, . .
.
. (1988 .),

.
. , -

,
.

, ,

. , ,
,
,
,
.
, ., ,
, .
, .
, ,
, , , , , ,
, , .

, , , .. -

, ,

, .
.
. (
)

.
, , ..
, ,
, , ,
. : (
)
( ). .
, , () (Verhalten)
() (Handeln).

: ,

. ,
,
: ,
, . , .,
.
,
. , ,
: ,
( ).
,
.
, .

, , , , -

, . . ,

( ) , ,
. .

(Mitbestimmungsrecht),

(., .-) ,
. .,
, ,
(Textproduzent),
(Textrezipient)
.

, , , ,
(, , ); ,
,
, ,
-,

, ,
( , ,
..). ,

, , ,
. . ,
,
,
, .
, .,
, .

. .
,

, . ,
:
, .
.
, ,
, , , .

, ,
- , , , ,
, , , (
) .. , .,
, . ,
.
:
(), , (
).
.
, .
.

.
, .
.
. . ,
, ,
(
), .
.

: (
), , -

. . ,

. .
.
, .

, ,
( ).
: , , , ..,
.

, , ,
.
. -, , , ,
.
. ,
.
a-, .
,

.
,
. ,
,

).
: , (Inkubation), , .
,
,
.

.
. - ,
. . ,
.
,
,
, , , .

,
.
, ,
., .

.
, .

3. .

,

,
.
(
) .

,

, ,
, .
, , ,
-

, , , .

.

.,

,
? (1986
.).
X. ,
.

(think aloud). ,
( ),
, , .

,
, , ..
,

.
.
. (
,

, ,
( ), ,
, .
, , ,
. X. ,

. ,
, : 1)
, . 2)
-

. 3) , .

. : 1)
. 2)
. 3) - ()
. 4)
. 5)
. 6) 7) (, , ). 8) . ,
- ,
- .
,

.
(,
) . (.
).
,
(
). ,

( ).

, ,

,
.

.
3 :
(Vorlauf), (Hauptlauf)
(Nachlauf) .
.

. ,

. ,
, .
.
,
.
(top down), (bottom up).
, ,
. ,
, ,
,

.
,

(Rezeptionsstrategie)

(Wiedergaberstrategie).
, ,
, .
.
,
,


, . ,
, .
, , ,

, .

, .
( ) ,
.
,

, ,
.
, . o
:
.

.
( )
, (2/3
). 20% ,
25% . 1/3
.
,
.
,
., ,
, .
. . ,
,
.
.
. ,
(3/4 ),
.
: .
, , ,
( ).
: ,

, ,

. ,
, : ,
, ,
.
, .
: ,
.
: ,
10%. :
, ( ) ; ;
.
:
, . ,
. , :
-
.
, ,
, .
, .
, . .
, ( ,

),

, -.


.
,
, -

,
.

.
. ,
.

. ,
, , ,
. , -, ,
. ,
.
. ,
. , ,

, .
,
, .
, , ,
.



.
( )
.
.
.
. -, ,
, , , . ,

()

. , ,
.

.
X.

. , -
,
, ..,
, ,
.
.

4. .-.
- 1991
,
,
.
( )
, . ,

- -

,
. ,
.
.
,
.
,
(), .
,
(), ,
.
, -

:
, ,
, (
).
, .-A. ,
,
.
: .

()

.
, ,
.
.
, ,
. ,
, : )
, .. ,
,
) .
,

(..
).
, :
, , , , (
). ,
. , ,
, ,
, .


.
, , :
. ,

, . ,
.
,

. ,
.
.
,
,
.
.-.
. ,
,
. , , ,
, -
.

. ,

, .
, ,
,
.
,

. ,
.
,
. ,


. ,
- , ,
, ,
, .
.-.

,
.
. ,
, .
, - , ,
,
,
, , ,
, .
, .
:
.

, , ..
,
.
,
. ,
(
, ),
. ,
. ,
. , , ,

,
.

.-.,
, ,
,

,
.

6.
.


,
. ( )
,

.
,
.
, .

. , ,
.
.
,
, .

, .
,
,
.
.
, , ,
.
,

,
(Studia translatologia, TexctonText, LSP and
Theory of Translation .), .

, ,
.
.-, . .-.

1. .-

-,
. .-

,
Studia translatologica TextconText. , ,
X. (-).
, .
.-
. - , .
, -
: ( ),
( ) (, .).
,
, , ,
( , ,
). ,
, (Handlung), (skopos).
. (,
), ( ) (
).

,
,
.

,
. , ,
( ). : ?
, :
?.
() -, ,
, : (
) (
). - .
, ,
, .
, - .
, ,
.
(, )

.
,
-
.

. ,
,
.
, ,
.

.

, :
1. .
, (, , ),
.
2. .
,
, . ,
,
.
3. ,
,
. ,

.
4.
, ,
.

. ,

, . ,
.
, . -

..
.
.- ,
:
1.

, .

,

.
2. .
, ,
,
( - ?),
(

?),

( ?
? ?).
3. ,
, ,
- .

.
.-
- .
, ,
,
( ), ( ),
( (

).

( ),

, ,
, .

- -.
,
,
-

. (
)

, , .
,
,
- .
.

,
. ,
.
,
.
.- , ,

(
), .
, .

.-

.., (
) . ,

, ,
, .
( self )
, ,
.
,
.

, -

,
. ,
() , .
,

, ,
.
,
,
,
. ,
.-

. ,
, ,

( ).
, .
.-, ,
.
, , .
() , ,
, . ()
,
.
.-, .,
, .
, ,
.
,

,
.

2. - - ..
.-,
-, . . .-

.
.-
. ..
.., :
(1986 .).
,
,

..

. .
,
. , ,

,
, , .
.. .
-,

..,

: .

, , ,
.
?
? ,
, ,
,
.
.., , ,
.
,

.
?
,

. ,
, ,
, ,
, . . .,

..,

,
,

(, ).
.. , , ,
-

18 . , . .
. , 16 17
,
,
250 , ,
.
..

, . .. ,
;

, , .
.. ,
? ?
, - ?
,
.., , ,
, .
. . , , ,
, -

, , ,
, , ..,
.
, . ,

( .-)

,
.
,
,

.
.
-

, ,
,
. , . ., ,
,

. .

3.

.-

.-

.
.- .-.
.-, ,
.
.
, , .,
,
. ..
,

, ..

. , ,
,

. ,

.

.-,

. ,
, ,
,

, ,

. : , , ,
.
,
.
, ,
, . ,
, , ,
.
.
,
:

, ,
.
.

. ,
5-6
. -.
,
.
,
,
-. 4-
, ,

.
, ,
,
.

, .
.-
,

,
, , ,
.
, ,
.

, ,
..
.
.
6 -

,
. :
,
.
, ,
, ,
,
12
8 .

, 22 , 2
, .
,
.
, , 13
. ,
.
.

.
-
, ,
, .

.-

. ,
,
,

, . ,
,
.

.-

.
.
-

.
,

, , , ,
, .

.-

,

.

. ,

.-,

, .
, .

,
.
, .

.
, .
, .
.- ,
, ,
,

, .
, , .
.-
.
,
,
.

.

,
.

.
.
,

.
, ,
, .

, .

. ,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
,

:
, , ,
.
.
, ,
,
, .
,
: , ,

, .

. ,
,
15

, , .

,

.

.-

, -:

, ,
,

,
..
, .

.-

,
. ,
, -

.
, , .-
, .

, , ,
. , -, ,
,

, .- ,
,
.
,
. ,
, :

- .

. ,

.- ,

.
, .- ,

. ,
,
(,
) ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
( ), ,
() . , .-
,
.

7.
., . .

,
.
1. 1963 . ()
. .
, , , ,
.
. .
, :

. ,
, .
. ,
, , - ,
.

- ,

. ..
,
, . ,

: , ,

.
,
, , .
,
. .
,
. ,
, .
. .
, , .

. ;
.

. .
,


(, Abend evening). , ,
, ,
.
fish and chips, -

.
, Wurst und Brot, . , .
, :
1. poo , , ,
.
2. ,

.
3. Wurst und Brot, , ,
.
4.

.
5.
.
,
.
, .
. ,
, .

(,

Aguecheek, Touchstone, Parolles .).


.
,
(
).
.
,
. .
,
(. George . Georg). ,
(, , ), . ,
,
.

, .
, . ,
,
. Mr Graham Green
Graham Green .

, ,
.
,
.
, ,

. a

, ,

,
.
, ,

:

, (

,
leise, ,
);

( u
Sie );

du


;
, ,

);
, ,
, (
das Telephon. der Fernsprecher);
h said
;
(
);
;

;
(
),
;
, ;
.
, . ,

, .

2. .

, 1967 .
1975.

,
, .

,
.
.
, , ,
. ,
.
.

: ,
; ,
,
,

; ,

, , ,
, ,
.
,
.

(, .),
, , ,
, , .
, .,
, .
,
,
. ,


, , ,
, .

..,


. ,
,
- , .
.
..
,
-. ,
.

, .

-,

. , ,
:

..

..

, .. .

-,
.

..

.
, . ,
.
, ,
.

.

:
,
,
(64=1000000),
..
,
.
,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,

.
, . ,

, ,

, ,
,
.

. :
. ,

.
.
, , , ,
.. .
, , ,

.
.
:
1. ,
.
2.
.
3.
.
4.
( ) ()
.
5. ,
.
6. , .
.
.
, , .

,
.
,
,
, .

,
.

,
, .
, --

pe .
.
, .
-,

, --
. ,

-.
, .-
, -
.

.,

, -.
,
. ,
, .

, .
,
.
, , ,
, ,
, , .
(
.) ,
.
. , ,
( ), ( ),
. ,

,
.
. .
, :
, .
, ,
,
,
.
.

, ,
.

, ,

.

3 . .

-,
.
,
(1980 .).

. ,
.
,

.
. , ,
, .
,
, . ,
,
,
, .

, .
,
,
.
,
.

, ,
.
. ,

, ,
.
.
- .
, .
, .

), . .
,


: (a)
. ()
, . ()
, , , ,
-, , . ,
, , ,
,


, ;
: .

.
,
. , , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
. , ,
, , a priori
- .

3-

()

(),

..

, ,
() ,
() , () ().

, ,
() .
, ,
, ,
. , ,
,

.
.
, ,

.
.
.
(interlanguage). , -
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
, . , ,
, ,

, , ()
: ,
(/ ).
: ()
(
).

()

( ). () ,
(
, ,
).

. -, ,

. -,

() ( ). ,

: ,
,
.

, . .

,
,
.
,
, ,
- . .

.
. ,
. ,

, ;
().
.

.
. ()
,

.
() (
) ( ).
:
. ,

, .


. .
, , - ,
. e
, - .

( ),

).

, ,
,
.
,
.
(, ).
: () ,

( ).
. .
,
.
; ,
,
.. ,
. ,
, . ,

( , ), .

, .
, .,

. -,
, .

) (,
, , .). -,
, ,

( ).

, . 4
(
): 2 ()
( ) ( ) 2
()
( )
( ).
:

-,

-,

, -. ,

,
.

( ad

hoc).

, ,
/ (
). ad
hoc.
(
, )
(
).
.
.

( )
, .
(
).
.
: 1.

3.

2.


.
,
,
.
: 1.
( )
, . 2.
,
,
.

1930-1945 .
,
. ,

. ,
,
, ,
,
, .
,
, - .

(),

,
,
. ,
. .,
, .
( ),
.
(
).
, .

,

,
.

Bassnett-McGuire S. Translation Studies Methuen, L. and N.-Y., 1980.


Brislin R W (ed). Translation. Application and Research. N.-Y., 1976
Brower R (ed). On Translation. Cambridge (Mass.)., 1959.
Casagnade J.B. The Ends of Translation // IRAL Vol. XX, No.4, Oct 1954
Catford J. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. L., 1965.
Delisle J. L analyse du disconrs comme methode de traduction. Ottawa, 1984
Dryden J. Ovid's Episteles // W.P.Ker (ed.) Essays of John Dryden. Oxford. 1926.
Firth J.R. Linguistic Analysis and Translation // For Roman Jakobson. The Hague.,
1956.
Goethe J.W. Drei Stucke vom Ubersetzen // H.J.Storig (Hrsg.). Das Problem des
Ubersetzens. Stuttgart, 1963.

1.


, , ,

,
, , .
,
- .

,
,
. ,
,

. ,

.
, .
,
.

. ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
: ,
. : ,
,
. ,
. ,
, , ,
, . ,
,
. ,

, ,
. ,
,
, .

, ,
, ,
, ,
, . ,
. ,
.
,

,
.
, .

.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, .. :
.
,
.

.
, ,
. .. ,

,
,
.

,
.

.

, .
-,
.

,
.


.

, ,
, ,
..
, , -

, .
,
. ,
.

.
,
.
.
-,
,

- .
,

. , -

,
. ,
.


- ,

,
, ,
.

,
?
. ,
?
,
,
.
(
)

. ,

. ,

()

,

. ,

. ,
,
.
, ,
()
. -

, , ,
.
,
, ,
,
.

.

, ,
,

, , , .
.
,
.
,
, .

,
.

[ ] ,
( ),
.

( ), ()
.
, .
, ,
.
,

, ,
.
,

,
.
, ,
.

.
.

, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
.
,
, .
1.
, ,

.
2.

, (
) (
), .
3.

( ) .

( )
.
4.

- .
.
5. - ,
,
, ,
- ,
. ,

, ,

.

, .
6.

,
()

, ,
. -
: .

, .
( ) , .
7. , ,
. ,


.

.
8. ,
. ,
,

.
,

.
9.
(, , ),

.

.
,
.
10.
.

( )
.
. -

,
-,

.

.
,

2.


,
,
.

,
, ,
.
,
, ,
,

. o-,
, ,

.

,
, .
: , , ,
-.

.
?

1.

()


. ,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
.
, .

.
, ,
, - ,
.
() .
,
( ),
( ).
.

.
, ,
, .
( ) ( ).

, .

. ,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,

( ), ,
( ),
.
, ( ).

()
(), ( ,
, ..).

(, , , ).

2.
,
,
. , ,

. ,
, ,
(10 ).

( ). ,

, -

, , .
,

, ,
.

, ,
, .
, ,

, , ,

.
.


.

3.

. , ,
,
.

. ,
,
. ( )

,

, ,
. -

,
, , ,
.
, , . ,
? ,
.
(,

),

. ,
.
, ,
.
, (
).

.

()
().
. , , ,
.
().
:
,

.
, .

4.

,
, .
.
,

,
. ,
,

,
.
,
.

,
, .

.

( )

, .

, ,

5.

,
,


.

. ,
, , .
,
-
. ,
.

. - ,
, ,
, ,
..
,

: , ,

, ..

,
.

, ,
. , ,
, ,
,
,

,
,
, .

.

,
,
, . ,

.
,
, ,

.
, ,
,
. ,

.
, , ,
. ,
, ,
.


, .
, ,
, , ?
, , , , ,
, - ,
.


, ,
, ,
,
.

,

.

.

(,
),

(,

).

, .

.

,

,
.
, . ,


,
.

,
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
.
,
, .

.
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
-
.
, ,
.
. ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
.

.
, , ,

, , : !

, -
.
,

.
,
,
.
: ,
,
,
.
,
.

.
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
, , .
,

,
.
-

.
.

, .

.
: ,
, , ..

, ,
. , , ,
,
,
. ,
, .

, ,
.

. :

, ;
;
; () ; ;
..

, .

1. ,
.
,
,
,
, .
2.

-.

,
.

. , , , -
,

,
. ,
,
(brilliant, impressive,
graphic, moving, extraordinary) .

. ,

,
.
(, ; When in Paris, I went to the Opera).
3.


, :
? ?

(,

?
- .
4. ,
, .
,
.

,
.
5.

.
,

6.
,
,
.

.

,

.

.

. ,
.

3.

.
. ,

. ., 65%
, 20% 15%
. ,
. ,

, , , ,

.
, ,
,
, ,
,

,
, ,
, , , .

, ,
,

,
. -
,

.
, ,
..

,
. ,
, .
, ,
,
.
,


,
.

,
.
.
,
. , ,

. , ,
, ,
,

. ,
,
,
( ), -
.
.


, , ,
.

, ,
.

,
. , ,

, ,

, , , . ,
,
,
, , . ,
,
.
, ,
, , ..
- ,
,
, , , ,
, , , .
,
, ,
-

.
, ,

, ,
.
, .
, vo yage

, , ,
,
.

. ,
, , , ,
.
,
. ,
.


() .

, ,
. , ,
, , .

, .
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, -

, .

-,

, ,
, ,
.
. -,
, ,
,
, .
.
, ,
. -,
, , ,
.
, ,
,
, . , , , , ,

. ,
, . -,
,
, ,
, .
, ,
,
, ,
.

.
- , -

, . ,
,
,
. ,
,
,

, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,

.
, ,
,
.

.
, ,

() , ,
, , , ,
.. ,
,
.

, ,
,
. ,

, ,
,
.

,
,

. ,
, .

. ,

-,

()

. -, ,

, , ,
, ,
, , .
,
.

. ,
, , ,
,
,

. ,
-

, ,
.
,

. ,
-
, , ..


, .
, ,

, , ,
, .
,
, (
),
, ..

.

,
,
.
,
. ,
, (
) - ,
.

, -

, ,
,
. , , :
.
, .
, , -
,
. ,
.
,

()

( ).
- ,
(
),
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
.

. ,

, ,
. ()
.
,

. ,
,
. ,
-

, ,
, ,
.
( ,
) , ,
.
.
-, , -
,
. , ,
.
-, . a

, ,
,

.
, -,
, .
-,

.
,

, , ,
. , ,
, .
-,

.
(, , .),
.
-, .
, , ,
,

.
, .
,

, .
,
.

, ,
, .
.

,
.

. , ,

()

).
,
, , ,
: ,
,
,

..

4.

.
.

,
. ,

.
, , :

;
,
,
;


;

;

;

;
;

.

, . ,
,
.

-
.
, -

, ,
, , .
, ,
,
,

.
:

,
..
,
pa .

.

:

,
. ,
-
, ,
.

, .

,
,
.

, ,

, -

. ,

(, , , ),
.
, ,
, ,

, ,
, .
() ,

()

,
.


( ).
,

( ) , .

),

,
, ,
,


. ,

, (cowriting).


.
,


.

,

..

( ).

, .
,
.

.
,
. ( )
:

: , ,

- (, );

, (),

-: ,

, .

.

() ,
. ,
( )
,
.

.

.


,

()

(). ,

.
, , ,

.
, ,
. ,
( ) ,
.
,
() ,
.

, ,
,

, .

, ,
.


.

.
, ,
. ,
, ,
. ,

,
, . ,
.
.

1. ,

.
, -
.

,
,
.

: ,
,

,
.

.
, .
, ,
( ),
, .
,
. ,
,
. ,

. ,
,
, , , ,
.

, ,
, ,
.
:
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
, .

, , ,
.. ,
- , ,
,

().
.
:
, ,
.

, .
. -,
(, , , )
.
,
- .
. , ,
.
( ), (, .)
(, .).
: ,
,
,
.
-
,
. ,
, - ..

, . ,
( ),
,
( ),

,
. ,

,
.

,
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
.
;
,
,
, ()
, - .
, ,
, -, .
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
, , ,
( ) ().

(,

).
,
;
,
;
,
;

.
,

, ,
.

.

2.

, .
, .
,

.
.
, ,
.

. , ,
.
.
1. ,
. ,

,
.
,

, , .
. -

,
. ,
, .
.
2. -. ,

,
.
,

:

,
. , , .
, board , ,
, , .
-
. student
,
, , (I am a student of human
nature), . (
, ) (

..

, ,
, , .
, ,
,
. : In the past the race has never been a contest.
3.

-
. , , ,
,
, ,
, ..
r , , ,
..

. ,
, ,
, - .
,
. (
) ( ,
).
4. , ,
, .

,
.
,
.
5.


, .

,
.
6.
, , ,

,
,

(. ).
7.
. ,


.

.
8. ,
,
.

.
,
.
9.
, ,
,
, .
10.

, -


.
,
.
-

,
.
,
.
,
.

5.

.
.
.
,
.

1.

.
-


.
.
, ,
.

.

, ,

.

,
,
,
, , ,
,
(

, .).
:
, ,
;
,
;
,
.

.
, .
,
, ,

.

, ,

. ,
.

2.
,
.
, ,

1520

.
, , , ,
.
, -
. , , .

. -,

. -,
, . -,

,
, .

,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
. ,


, , ,
.


.

3.
,
,

, ,
. ,
,
. ,
: ,
, ( ),
, .

. ,

, .

. ,

, ,
, ,
(Quizzes). .
10 15 . 20 30
, .
, , ,
.
,
,
. ,
20 30 , . ( , , ,
,

).
,

, , ,

.
,
,
.

.
,


.

.
.

. - , .

.
,
, .
, , ,
, , .

, ,
.
,
, ,
, (decade
, career - , organizational defects , the
American Revolution ).
,

. ,
,
.
, .

,
,
,

,
-

. .


(, , )

( , , -
).
,


, ,
, .
.

,
, ,

,
, .
,
,
, ,
,
, , ,
. ,
, .

,
.

, a
(, , .) .

- .

4.

,
.
,
,

,
. , ,
, .
,
.
, ,
.

,
. .
, .

, .

,
- . ,
,
.

, ,
,

,
.

5.

,
. ,
, .
, ,

.
,
, ,
,
..

,
, , ,
, ,
..
(, , ..).

,
. ,
,

. , ,

, .

.


. ,
,
. ,
, ,
, . ..


.
, ,
, ,
..

, .
,

.

6.

. , ,
, .
.

,
. ,
,
.

, .
. ,
, ,
,
.
,

, , .
, ,

.

.

,
,
. ,
,
.

. ,

. ,
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.


, ,
, .

.
. ,

. .
,

. ,
.
,
.
, .
.
FAO... LET THERE BE BREAD
1. A new excitement has been added to the queer race that Man has run against
himself down through the ages, testing whether he can produce food fast enough to
feed his fast-growing family.
2. In the past the race has never been a contest.
3. Never, in all the yesterdays since he clambered out of the primeval ooze, has
Man the Provider caught up with Man the Procreator: there has been famine
somewhere in the world in nearly every year of recorded history.
4. Even today after twenty centuries of Christian Enlightment, half man's family
goes hungry and vast numbers of them are actually starving death.
5. Nevertheless, the race has suddenly grown closer, close enough to be charged
with suspense.
6. For the Provider has latterly been getting expert coaching from the sidelines and,
despite the fact that the Procreator, running strong and easy, is adding to his family
at the unprecedented rate of nearly fifty million a year, the gap is steadily closing.

7. The coach responsible for this remarkable turn of events is the Food: and
Agriculture Organization, more familiarly known as FAO, a specialized Agency of the
United Nations,
8. And for its achievements in this crucial contest it richly deserves two heers.
9. Not least of all because when it comes to the categorical imperatives of eating,
every quack can be an expert and, in consequence, FAO operates in an area where
lunacy often passes for logic.
10. As its name suggests, FAO worries even more about the eater than about the
farmer.
11. The emphasis is natural enough, for farmers (and fishermen and producers of
food generally) comprise only about three-fifths of the world's gainfully employed;
but we all eat and, to hear FAO tell it, most of us eat wrong.
12. I was, indeed, out of concern for the well-being of eaters the world over that
FAO was born.
13. First there was the calorie, invented in the 1890's by an America agricultural
chemist named Wilbur Atwater.
14. Then came the vitamin, discovered in 1911 by a Polish-born American
biochemist named Casimir Funk.
15. Calorie and vitamin together ushered in the wondrous era of nutrition, which,
wigged and bearded as a science, got us all to thinking of our diet.
16. T the agricultural economists, however, nutrition was more than a science of
diet; it was a signpost pointing the way to an economy of abundance.
17. Thanks to nutrition, they considered, farmers could be spurred to greater
production of selected crops, international trade would flourish, and all the world
would eat better.
18. Throughout the 1930's they urged a marriage of health and agriculture when
the war came, with its urgent demand for bumper crops, they had their ideas
already formulated
,
,
.

: -

,
,
, ,
,

, ,
.
.
.
( )
,
. .
, ,
, . ,
.
, ,

. - ,
.
,
, -
, , ,
. ,

. , , ,
,
, ( 5)
- ,
.

2)

, ,
.

,
,

.
.
, 1
r .
, -
. ( ,
..), ,
-
, .
, ,


. ( )
y: , ,
, , ,
. -
() (),
, ,

.

,
.
11 . , - fishermen
: ( ).

. -, most of us eat
wrong , -
, .



. , 5
a close r to be charged
with suspense. ,
(a narrow victory, to win by a small margin, to be a good second)
to charge (The atmosphere was charged with eiectricity,
etc.) suspense

(.: t suspend breath ).
:

,
.. 12
,
out of (f. To run out of money; out of sight,
out of mind) , (love,
hatred. affection, concern, etc.) , - (e.g. He did it
out of love for his mother).

. , 6 ,
to get ,
expert (... has been getting expert),
(has been getting... coaching
).

, .

,
. , :
( 6) 1890 90- 19-
( 13).

,
.
, ,
. , 11
fishermen
: ?

. ,
,
. :

,

..
: -
,

(
) ..
,
, .

, .
:
,
, .
. ,

- .
.
.
,
, . ,
; !.
, .
(Food and Agricultural Organization) ,
. :
, ,
(). :
: !. : And the Lord said: Let there
be light. And there was light (. ).
: !.
1 ,

, ,
.
,
. .

. to add
: (
). , - .
. -,
, ,
. ,
. .

,
.
. :
.
.

. queer , ,

. -,
. -,
, - .
. ,
fast. ,
, , , , ,
. , : ,
,
, ,
. , .
, .
,
.
2
. . ,
r ( ) contest (- ).
, ,
,
. :

.
3 . ,
in all the yesterdays
, primeval Ooze . Ooze
,

- ,
. , ,

( ,

),
: ... , ...
... (.
).

rovider

procreator,

,
. , pro-pro,
, ,
.
, , , ,
, , ,
,
(.

-).

, , ,
. , , .
, -,

. ,
.
. -, famine ,
, ,
. -, recorded history
, ,
. .
, : ,
, - :
-
.

Christian

(: , ). -

Enlightment


, ,
:
.

.

(

) . , , man's family,
,
( : ). :

, .
5 ,

.
6
, ,
. , for
( )
, .
, ,
(coaching) c (from the sidelines),
(strong and easy),
,
, : ,
, , ,
,
50 ,
.
7
. , ,
responsible (.: Who is responsible for this
beautiful picture?), -

- , .
,
. : ,

,
.
8 , two
cheers .
. T give two (or three) cheers to smb
(Hip, hip, hurray)
- . :
), ,
.
9 .
, Not least of all because
....
...
..., . categorical
imperatives, ,

().

Quack

()

: , , ,
, .
to b
. :
, , ... ..
lunacy-logic. -

. , ,
, . ,
, . . , ,
r.
,
, , . ,
. -

: , ,
, ,
, .
, 10,
eater:
. , ,
: , ,
.
11
. gainfully employed
,
, , ,
( , )
, - , ,
, .

12. ,
,
, , , ..
, was born
, .
, : -
.
13,

the

calorie

was

invented.

invent,

, , ?
, .
, - .
, : , 90-
.
14 ,
. -

: , , . .
, , :
( ) ( ).
, (. ,
..) : , 1911.
.

15. ,
, , .
, (era of nutrition), (?)
(?) () . - ,
. ,
.
- , , ..
, :
() . , , wigged and
bearded. , , , :
.
:
. , ,
, diet , ,
(.: You must change your diet ).

,
, , ,
.
16 .
, -, -
-, .
,

, (nutrition)
(diet).

, economy
, .
, ,
, .
: -
, .
17 .
, selected ().
, , .
,

considered. , , : ,

, .
18 .
(30- ) ,
.
(marriage), . :
30- ;
,
.
, ,

.
:
1. ,
.
2. ,

.
3. , ,
. ,

7.

,

.
.

.
, ,
,
. :
,
,

,
, ,
..
.
,
.
.
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
, , . ,
.
,

. ,

-

.
, . -
, .

,
. ,
. ,
.
,
,

,
-, , ,
, .
,
, .

.
,
,
.

.
-, ,
.
,
.
, . ,
() .
,
( , ). ,
,
.
,

, ,

.
-,

.
,
.
( ), ( ),
, ( ).
:

.
. ,
, .
:
( )

, .
,
.
. ,
, , , .

.
1.

).

()

, .
, :
( , ,
, );

,
;
,
, , .. (
);
: , , ,
,
..;
: ,
, ,
.
, :
,
;
;

.
:
;

;
(
) .
2. .
:
.
, .
, :
,
;
, ,
;
;
,
.
, :

,
;

;
,
.
:

, ,


.
3. .
: ,
.
, ,
.
, :
,
, ;
( 200
100 );
,
;
,
.
, :
,
, ;
,
;
.
:

;

;
.

4. .
: (23
30 ). ,
,
.
.
, :

, ;

;
,
;

..
, :
,
;
;

, , .
:
, ;
;

;

;

.

, -

( 23 ) ,
,
.
, :

, ;
.
,
;
, ;
,
- , ;
.
, :

;

;
,
, ;
,
, ., ,
, ..;
,
20 30 ;
.
:
,
;
, ,
;
()
;

,
, ;
;

;

.
6. .
: , , ,
. , ,
(chuchotage),
.
, :

;
.
, : , . 5.
:
, ,
;
;
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
. .
:
1. .

2. -.
3. .
4. -.
5. - .
6. ( ,
).
:
1. .
2. ( )
.
3. .
4. .
5. .
6. ( ).
:
1. .
2. .
3. ( ).

.
,

,
.
.
.
1. .
:
. : . : ,
.
. .
2. .
:

.
-

, .
:

(,

) .
,

.
3. .
: (
) ( ),

()

( ) ()
.

; . ,

, . :
, ,
. ,
.
, .
4. .
:
,
.

,
. :
,
.
, .
- .
, ,

. ,


, ,

, , ,
.
. -,
,
, ,
,

,
. -, , ,
,
.
5. .
: ,
,
, .

. :
, .

.
6. .
:
:
:
;
;
;
,
,
.

.
, - , .
.
,

8.


, ,
.
, ,
.
,

,
,
, .
, , ,
.
, ,
.

.
, ..,
.

. ,


.

.

, .

.
,
, , -
.

. ,

,
.


- .
,
, ,
.
. ,
, -
.
.
.
,

, .
,
.
.

.
,
.
, ,

( ) ,
.
(,
2000 ) ,
, , .

.
()
( ).

(, ,
- - ).

. .

. , , ,
, .

.
.
.
,

.
.
, , ,
, -

. ,
.
,
, ,
. :
,

,
,

, . ,

, .
, .

, - ,
, , ,
,

.

,
.
, , :
1. , .
, ,
- .
2. , ,
- .
.
3.
.

, :
1. , ,
, .
2.

, .
3.

, ..

, :
1. .
2.
, .
3.
, .
4. , ,
.

:
1.
.
. ,
.

( ,
, , ,
..). :
. : ,
, ,

,
. 2.
.
,

.
,
.
3. .
2 3 , .

.
4. .

.

.
,
.

(- ).

.. -
,
,
.

,

.
.
,
.
.

,
.


, -

.).
.

peeopa. ,
, .
: ,
-
.
, -
, -
-
. ,
,
.
,


.

.., .. . ., 1962
..

., 1990.

.., ..
. ., 1990.
.. . ., 2000.
- .. . ., 196

.
,

,
,


,

,
. ..
- ,

, ,
.
,
() .

, .

, ,
, ()
.
.
.
- ,
, .

.
,

.
.
.
,

.
,
, ,
, ,
, .

, , ,


,
.

()

() ,
.
-
-

.
- ,

.
,

(-,

-,

- .), .. ,
- , -
.
() () ,
.

() , .

) .
.

( ,
) .

() .
, ,
, -
, ,
.


.
- ,
, .
.
-
,
,
.
,
, .

, .

.
,
.

.
()
, .
.
.

()

,
,
,
.
( ) -
,
.
,
.
,


.

, .
,
,
, ,

.
,

.
,
, ,
.

, ,
.

.
( )

.
() ,

.
,
.
() , .
,

) , .

, .
( )

.
,

.

, .

,
.


,
.


.

, .




.
( )

( )
.
,
.

()

.
() ,
, ,

.
,
.

( ) ,


.

,
.
() ,
,

,
.
,
, .
,

.
.
,
,
.

.
,

.

, .
.
,
-
-


.

.
-

, ,
.

.
()
.
()
, , .
,

()

, .. , .

(),

.
,

.
,
-
.
,

.

()

,
.

( )

, ,
, ..

.

.

,
, .

,
103062, , ., 13
066328 23.02.2000
77..8.953. .314.4.00
12.04.2000
19.07.2002 . 60x90 1/16.
. . 26,5 . .
3000 . . - 0207340.



150049, , . , 97.

You might also like