Offshore Wind Turbine Design

2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated
Offshore Wind Turbine Design
Why Wind Energy? Countries turning to renewable energy sources to cut carbon emissions and replace depleting oil supplies.
UK 10% now and 15% by 2020 Denmark - 20% now and 30% by 2020 Germany 18% by 2020 and 60% by 2050 USA produce 20% of all electrical needs through wind power by 2030
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Renewable Energy Goals
Offshore Wind Resource Estimate
Population Density
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USA - Offshore Wind/Population Map
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Wind Energy Activity - USA
Proposed wind farm development
Largest operational wind farms
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Wind Energy Activity - Europe
Countries with the most wind power capacity (onshore & offshore).
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Wind Power Top 10 Countries
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Cost of Wind Energy (NREL 2006)
Monopile 0<30m
Jacket 30m<60m
Floating 60m+
SACS 35+ years experience in designing offshore jacket structures

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Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Concepts
Beatrice (Demonstrator) Wind Farm 2 Jacket Structures Alpha Ventus - 6 Jacket Structures Ormonde Wind Farm 30 Jacket Structures
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Existing Wind Farms With Jacket Structure Foundation
Turbine
Typical offshore wind turbine consists of a turbine and tower which are attached to a partially submerged substructure (jacket). The substructure is fastened to the ocean floor using foundation piles.
Tower
Substructure/Jacket Foundation
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Offshore Wind Turbines
Rotor : Blades, Hub Nacelle : Drive Shaft, Generator, Gearbox Most modern turbines are direct drive and do not contain a gearbox.
Main Turbines Components
Top 10 Wind Turbine Manufactures
H 187m
2011-2015
VESTAS V164 7.0MW : 164 m diameter, 80 meter blade length tip height =187m , hub height = 105m
Wind Turbine Size
Vestas V164 7000 kW 164m
INSTALLATION
FABRICATION
INPLACE CONDITION
SACS - Life Cycle Applications for Analysis and Design of Wind Turbines Platforms
Bent Roll Up - Jacket manufactured in portions which are then rolled over using slings and joined together. Design structure to resist sling forces
Fabrication
Jacket structure is designed to resist inertial resulting from vessel motions Seafastners designed to resist inertial loads. TOW, SEASTATE : modules used to generate inertia loads COMBINE: module used to combine static & dynamic common solution file
Transportation Analysis
Design Jacket to resist lift forces and buoyancy loads as its lowered into the water FEMGV: Detailed FE analysis of lift padeyes
Installation Lift Analysis
Structure Analyzed and designed to resist maximum operational and storm wave, wind and current loading typically from eight directions. SEASTATE : Used to generate environmental loads
Inplace Design with PSI
PSI: API P-Y / T-Z Soil API Adhesion Soil User Defined P-Y / T Z Soil User Defined Adhesion Soil
Mudline
Pile
Inplace Design - Non Linear Soil Behaviour
POST:
Member Code Check Design
JOINT CAN:
Detailed Joint Design
Earthquake Analysis
DYNAMIC RESPONSE: Spectral
API response spectra built in User defined spectra Modal combinations via SRSS or CQC methods Generate Equivalent Static Loads
Time History
Variable Time step Integration Nonlinear fluid damping Linear, quadratic or cubic interpolation between time history input values
Design wind turbine jacket structure to withstand impact from a service vessel. Use the SACS COLLAPSE module to account for both geometric and material non-linearity's resulting from a ship impact event. Automatically mesh impact points to account for local indentation effects. Both quasi-static and dynamic impact analysis possible in SACS
Non-Linear Ship Impact Analysis
For an Impact Design Consider both Low Energy and High Energy Impact Events
Low Energy (Operational Impact) Jacket Bracing Designed to Survive Operational Impact (partial yielding at point of impact). High Energy (Accidental Impact) Jacket Legs Designed to Survive Accidental Impact. Face and leg joints designed to survive accidental loading. Jacket Bracing allowed to fail Structure designed to survive loss of brace member.
Non-Linear Ship Impact Analysis
Member Impact
PRECEDE:
Automatic 3D meshing of tubular members Seamless integration into SACS model User controlled mesh density
Automatic Tubular Member Meshing
MESH JOINT:
3D Mesh of tubular joint in seconds Automatically identify chord and brace members Seamless integration into SACS model User controlled mesh density
Joint Impact
Automatic Joint Meshing
DYNAMIC RESPONSE / COLLAPSE:
Non-Linear Dynamic Ship Impact Analysis
Wind Turbine Fatigue Loading
Wind load on Turbine
Dynamic Response of Structure
Wind load on Structure
Wave Load on Structure

Wind Turbine Fatigue Analysis
Wind Loading on Tower & Jacket

Wind loading can be represented in terms of a wind spectrum or by a wind velocity time history.
Wind Spectrum
Von Karman Harris Kaimal
Wind Velocity Time History


Wave Loading on Jacket Structure Wave loading can be represented either as a wave spectrum or time history of the surface profile.
Wave Spectrum Pierson-Moskowitz JONSWAP Ochi-Hubble User defined
t
Wave Surface Profile Time History

Wind Loading On Turbine
The wind loading on the turbine causes the rotation of the wind turbine, which in turn generates aerodynamic and mechanical forces on the top of the tower, which can be represented by a force time history. F
Wind load on Turbine t Force Time History

Aerodynamic and Mechanical Turbine Forces Aero Elastic Programs
GH Bladed Garrad Hassan, UK
Flex 5 Stig ye at Department of Fluid Mechanics at The Technical University of Denmark.
FAST National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA www.nrel.gov


FAST : Fatigue, Aerodynamic, Structure & Turbulence
A comprehensive simulation software capable of predicting both fatigue loads and extreme loads for two and three bladed horizontal axis wind turbines. Wind Turbines modeled as a combination of rigid and flexible bodies. Rigid bodies: Earth,Nacelle, Hub, Tip Breaks (point masses). Flexible Bodies: Blades, Tower and Drive Shaft.
SACS to FAST Interface (WAVE RESPONSE)

1. Includes multiple modal response required for jacket fatigue analysis 2. Hydrodynamic modeling for wave loading 3. Allows users to conduct a fully coupled dynamic response analysis resulting from wave, wind and turbine forces.
SACS Fatigue Analysis

Time history fatigue analysis for the structure is possible if the following fatigue load sources are available:
1. Turbine Mechanical and Aerodynamic Force Time History 2. Wind Spectrum or Wind Velocity Time History 3. Wave Spectrum* or Wave Surface Profile Time History
*For a given wave spectrum, a random seastate profile can be generated by assuming the random sea to be comprised of an infinite number of waves with a random phase angle, but with heights and periods defined by the spectrum.
For a fatigue analysis resulting from a random wave and a force time history. A stress range counting method such as the rain flow method is used to determine the fatigue lives. There are different variants of the rain flow counting method:
SACS uses method recommended by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) E 1049-85. (Reapproved 2005). Standard practices for cycle counting in fatigue analysis. ASTM International Rain flow count: Largest cycle extracted first. Smaller cycles considered to be superimposed on the lager cycles
FATIGUE: S-N : API, HSE, AWS, NORSOK, ISO, USER DEFINED
SCF: Efthymiou, Kwang and Wordsworth, Smedley and Fischer, Marshal, DNV
Fatigue Analysis
Typical Seastate Data 1 year duration 9 Directions ,12 Wind Speeds
Typical Wave Scatter diagram (per direction per wind speed) 60 min duration
Typical Simulation:
For each wave in scatter diagram, use six ten minute random seastate profiles Analyze structure every 0.05 seconds Total number of load cases to analyze per wave = 6 x 600 /0.05 = 72000
Standards for Offshore Wind Turbines:
IEC 61400-3 : Design Requirements for offshore wind turbines.
DNV-OS-J101 : Design of offshore wind turbines
Germanischer Lloyd IV Part 2 : Guidelines for the Certification of Offshore Wind Turbines
Offshore Wind Turbine Standards
Wind Turbine Analysis
Parvinder Jhita Product Manager SACS 2113 38th Street Kenner LA 70065 Parvinder.Jhita@Bentley.com www.bentley.com/sacs Telephone (504) 443 5481

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2011 Bentley Systems, Incorporated