tariel futkaraZe akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis

qarTveluri dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti

tariel futkaraZe

qarTvelTa
dedaena
qarTvelTa
da
dialeqtebi dedaena da dialeqtebi
The National Language and The Dialects
of Kartvels (Georgians)

quTaisi
2008

1
 2000 wels saqarTvelo miuerTda evrosabWos dokumen-
tebs: "evropuli qartia regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis
Sesaxeb" da "CarCo konvencias erovnul umciresobaTa dacvis
Sesaxeb"; Sesabamisad, aqtualuri gaxda saqarTveloSi eTni- Sinaarsi
kuri da enobrivi umciresobebis Tema.
samwuxarod, saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis
is aRwerebi, romlebic 2000-2008 wlebSi gavrcelda saer- winasityvaoba............................................................... 5-10
TaSoriso qselSi, qarTvelTa did nawils umwignobro eTni-
kur jgufebad - araqarTvelebad acxadebs... amgvar kvalifi- erTiani qarTveli eri Tu qarTvelebi, imerlebi,
kaciebs Sedegad SeiZleba mohyves qarTveli erisa da saqarT- gurulebi, megrelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi, lazebi;
velos Semdgomi danawevreba. vin aris enobrivi da eTnikuri umciresoba? ......11-25
winamdebare naSromSi avtori kritikulad aanalizebs
ZiriTadad saerTaSoriso mimoqcevaSi arsebul masalebs
istoriuli eqskursi: dedaena da dialeqtebi
(ibeWdeba akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis qarTveluri
dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis samecniero
Tu qarTveluri enebi? ........................................ 26-51
sabWos gadawyvetilebiT).
enisa da kilos gamijvnis "wminda lingvisturi"
kriteriumebi da qarTvelur ena-kiloTa sakiTxi
redaqtori dRes........................................................................... 52-63
ekaterine dadiani
qarTuli samwignobro enis sabazo enobrivi
modelis sakiTxi; ras emyareba qarTizaciis
Teoria?................................................................... 64-92
recenzentebi:
qarTvelTa samwignobro enisa da kiloebis
prof. amiran lomTaZe mimarTebis ori sqema........................................... 93-100
prof. daviT SavianiZe
prof. revaz Serozia damowmebuli literatura.......................................101-108

© t.futkaraZe
ISBN-978-9941-9050-0-1
gamomcemloba ”quTaisis pedagogiuri instituti "lampari"

2 3

konstantine gamsaxurdia:
"Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgi-
lobrivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT
qarTul (samwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-svanuri
dialeqtebis sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fS-
avelam am mxriv didi samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas..."
samwuxarod, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
leqsikonis axali redaqciis (2007) gamomcemlebmac
qarTuli saliteraturo enis sabazo leqsikonSi ar
Seitanes megrul-lazur-svanuri mdidari leqsika.
arnold Ciqobava:
"xalxis meobas misi ena gvaniSnebs"
evrosabWoSi saqarTvelos parlamentis warmomadgeneli levan
berZeniSvili: "saqarTvelom evrosabWos winaSe aiRo valdebuleba,
umciresobaTa enebis statusi mianiWos svanursa da megruls".
4 5
TinaTin SaraZeniZe:
"imisaTvis, rom enis diferenciacia
ganxorcieldes, aucilebelia am enaze
molaparake sazogadoeba daiSalos"
winasityvaoba
2005 wels gamoqveynda Cemi monografia "qarT-
velebi" (I nawili, qristianobamdeli epoqa). gamokvlevis
ZiriTadi mizania Tanamedrove enobriv erTeulTa iseTi
kvalifikaciis Zieba, romelic adekvaturad asaxavs qarT-
velTa enobriv samyaros; agreTve, gaanalizebulia is
calkeuli problemebi, romelTa Sesaxebac 2000-2004
wlebSi mimdinareobda polemika sxvadasxva samecniero
forumebsa Tu JurnalebSi. wignis SesavalSi vwerT:
"wina Taobebis mkvlevarTa (m. brose, n. mari, iv. javaxiSvi-
li, s. janaSia, arn. Ciqobava, g. axvlediani, a. SaniZe, v. Tofu-
ria, g. meliqiSvili, m. qaldani, g. ramiSvili, g. rogava, o. jafa-
riZe, o. lorTqifaniZe, gr. giorgaZe, b. jorbenaZe, q. lomTaTi-
Ze, T. gamyreliZe, T. uTurgaiZe, i. zicari, h. fenrixi...) didi
pativiscemiT, magram, garkveulwilad, maTgan gansxvavebuli xed-
viT Seqmnili wignis pirveli gamocema miznad isaxavs diskusiis ga-
Slas ganxiluli problematikis irgvliv..." (gv. 32).
gamokvlevas danarTis saxiT erTvis akad. Teimuraz
gvancelaZis statia "qarTveluri enebi Tu
dialeqtebi", sadac ganxilulia qarTvelur enobriv
erTeulTa statusis istoriis sakiTxebi da gamotanilia
daskvna:
"qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros Semadgenlobis, megrulis,
Wanurisa da svanuris lingvisturi statusis gansazRvris saki-
Txebis Seswavlis istoria XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan XX sau-
kunis 90-ian wlebamde gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs am sakiTxTa gada-
wyvetis sami varianti:
1.arsebobs erTi, zogadqarTuli, igive iberiuli ena, xolo
megruli, Wanuri (lazuri) da svanuri misi dialeqtebia;
2.arsebobs sami qarTveluri ena: qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri
(zanuri, kolxuri) da svanuri;
3.arsebobs oTxi qarTveluri ena: qarTuli, megruli, Wanu-
ri (lazuri) da svanuri.
am sami variantidan arc erT Tvalsazriss ar moepoveba wmin-
da lingvisturi xasiaTis utyuari kriteriumebi, rac imiTaa ga-
mowveuli, rom msoflio enaTmecnierebasac ara aqvs amgvari sa-
klasifikacio kriteriumebi...
zemoT dasaxelebuli sami Tvalsazrisidan rogorc lin-
gvisturi, ise eTnopolitikuri da eTnokulturuli aspeqtebiT
yvelaze optimaluri pirveli Tvalsazrisia, romlis modifi-
cirebuli variantis dasabuTeba am ramdenime wlis winaT warmo-
adgina profesorma tariel futkaraZem" (gv. 597).
bevri sxva saintereso (mxardamWeri Tu kritikuli)
gamoxmaurebis fonze ucnaurad negatiuri naazreviT
mogvevlina arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis institutisa
da "Voikswagen-Stiftung"-s proeqtis ("enobrivi situacia
Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi") saxeliT gamoqveynebuli
wignaki "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi" (erTi
"samecniero polemikis" gamo), Tbilisi, 2007, gamomcem-
loba "meridiani". misi winasityvaoba gvamcnobs:
"proeqtis "enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove saqarT-
veloSi" monawileTaTvis udavoa qarTveluri enebis
arseboba. winamdebare gamocema am mecnieruli poziciis
dacvas isaxavs miznad".
am seriozuli ganacxadis miuxedavad, enaTmecniere-
bis institutis direqtoris l. ezugbaias organizebiT g.
gogolaSvilma, m. qurdianma, W. qiriam, a. arabulma da-
beWdes mecnieruli analizisagan daclili da sicruiT,
6 7
avsebuli erTi Sinaarsis werilebi. sam-oTx avtorad
gadanawilebuli es "koleqtiuri naazrevi" maT miutanes
saqarTveloSi arsebuli universitetebis reqtorebs1,
episkoposebs, humanitaruli dargis institutebs da a.S.
dRemde avrceleben azrs, rom Cveni (Cemi kolegebisa da Cemi)
naSromebis nawili wina Taobebis mkvlevarTa uaryofasa
da lanZRvas Seicavs; xazgasmiT minda gavimeoro mra-
valgzis naTqvami:
Cven did pativs vcemT yvela Taobis mecniersa da
moRvawes, Tumca amave dros, aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi,
kritikulad vaanalizebT, an vaviTarebT maT naazrevs,
rac zogadad samecniero azris ganviTarebis umTavresi
pirobaa, da Tavad Cveni winamorbedebis moRvaweobis de-
vizic gaxldaT.
"qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebis" me-12 gverdze
danaSaulad acxadeben Cveni Tvalsazrisis Setanas uni-
versitetebSi da sabWouri suliskveTebiT gmoben im-
periuli sqemebisgan Tavisufal im saxelmZRvanelos
("qarTuli enis istoria", 2006), romelic quTaisis uni-
versitetSi momzadda. aqve g. gogolaSvili i. vostor-
govTan, j. hiuitTan Tavad aTanabrebs qarTvel mecnierebs
(T. gamyreliZes, a. onians...) da am“”mignebas” me momawers:
imowmebs ara Cems samecniero naSroms, aramed erT-erT
wignze ("saTave da perspeqtiva qarTuli samwignobro
enisa", 2006) darTuli saqarTvelos erovnuli samec-
niero fondis mimarT saprotesto werilis fragments2.
1
reqtorebTan mitaniT maT hqondaT mcdeloba, xeli SeeSalaT Cveni
(Cemi da Cemi Tanamoazreebis) sauniversiteto moRvaweobisaTvis; ix.,
agreTve, i. gipertis werili g. xubuasadmi da T. gvancelaZis pasuxi
(gelaTis akademiis Jurnali, 2007 w., # 5, 11).
2
fondma eqspertad moiwvia erTi araprofesionali ucxoeli eq-
sperti, romelmac aralegitimurad dabloka qarTveluri
dialeqtologiis samecniero-kvleviTi institutis samecniero pro-
eqti.
 Cems am saprotesto werilSic ki erTmaneTisagan
mkveTrad arian gamijnulni saqarTvelos daSla-
daqucmacebis momxre avantiuristebi da sakuTari argu-
mentebis mqone mecnierebi.
Cvens mimarT mTavari braldeba (usafuZvlo!) ase
JRers: t.futkaraZis, T.gvancelaZis m.tabiZis (da sxva
TanamoazreTa) mier XX saukunis dasasrulidan iwyeba
enaTmecnierebis politizeba da saqarTvelos safrTxeebis
gazviadeba... vaimbraldebelTa azriT, "saxifaTod
danaxul perspeqtivas araviTari realuri safuZveli ar
gaaCnia"3.
qveynis saxelmwifo politika mecnierul baziss unda
efuZnebodes. erovnuli kulturuli memkvidreobis Ses-
wavla da marTebuli kvalifikacia yvela normaluri sax-
elmwifos mTavari mizania. araiSviaTad, imperiebi Tavisi
interesebis Sesabamisad warmoaCenen dapyrobili qveynis
kulturul-istoriul memkvidreobas. bolo wlebSi mim-
dinare diskusiis dros araspecialistTaTvisac ki naT-
lad gamoCnda:
qarTvelologiis politizeba moxda ruseTis im-
periis mier XIX saukunis bolos. XX saukunis dasas-
rulidan ki daiwyo imperiuli sqemebisgan Tavisufali,
mecnieruli qarTvelologiis aRorZineba.
miuxedavad amisa, sabWoTa mecnierebis gavleniT Seqm-
nili Tanamedrove evropeli eqspertebis amJamindeli
kvalifikaciebi4 (Tu rekomendaciebi) cxadyofs, rom jer
3
qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv. 12
4 5
rogorc qvemoT naxavT, isini araadekvaturad aRweren saqarTvelos
enobriv-eTnikur realobas: araqarTvelebad acxadeben qarTvelTa
naxevarze mets.
8 9
kidev seriozuli safrTxe emuqreba qarTvelTa enobriv-
eTnikur, saeklesio da saxelmwifoebriv erTianobas.
warmodgenil mcire moculobis wignSi ("qarTvelTa
dedaena da dialeqtebi") Cemi ZiriTadi mizania
Tanamedrove evropel eqspertTa farTod gavrcelebuli
kvalifikaciebis kritikuli analizi da maTTvis argu-
mentirebuli debulebebis SeTavazeba; aseve, vimedovneb,
Cem mier gaanalizebuli faqtebi da miRebuli debulebebi
daexmareba samecniero sazogadoebas am problemur sa-
kiTxTa garkvevaSi; aseve, qarTveluri enobriv-eTnikuri
samyaros terminologiuri Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT
samoqalaqo Tu saxelmwifo doneze konsensusis miR-
wevaSi5.
maT ki, vinc Cvens droSic cdilobs qarTvelTa erTi
nawilis araqarTvelebad gamocxadebas, qarTvelTa
kiloebis mixedviT "anbanebis", dedaenebisa da "axali
saliteraturo enebis" Seqmnas, samecniero diskusia ar
sWirdebaT da amitom didi vaJas leqsiT davemSvidobebi:
vin aris kaci?
kaci is aris, cxovreba
vinc gaatara WamaSi
da kacis daniSnuleba
mxoloda hpova amaSi.
kaci is aris, vinaca
quCaSi salams ar gaZlevs,
Tu dahpatiJe sadilad,
did jiutobas ar gaswevs.
mkiTxveli male miiRebs am kuTxiT saintereso krebuls: "qarT-
velTa dedaena; gamowvevebi da perspeqtivebi".
 kaci is aris, vinaca
saqmiT sxvis, sityviT Cvenia,
da Tavis oinbazobas
hmalavs, ar dauCenia.
kaci is aris, vinaca
Sehstrfis, Sehxaris Rvinosa
da hsaxavs idealada
salxino samikitnosa.
kaci is aris, vinaca
ara kiTxulobs gazeTsa,
wignisTvis Saursa zogavs,
mearRnes aZlevs maneTsa.
gadaamterebs erTmaneTs
qarTlsa, imereTs, kaxeTsa,
sakuTars anbans Seudgens
samegrelos da svaneTsa.
kaci is aris, sicocxle
vinac atara tkbilada, -
sikvdilis Semdeg iwoda
didyurianis Svilada.
10
erTiani qarTveli eri
Tu
qarTvelebi, imerlebi, gurulebi,
megrelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi, lazebi...
vin aris enobrivi da eTnikuri
umciresoba?
mravali istoriuli wyaros mixedviT, sul cota 15-20
saukunea eTnonim qarTveliT moixsenieba: egris-margveTis
(afxazeTi, samegrelo, guria, qvemo aWara, maWaxeli, lazeTi,
imereTi), mesxeTis (zemo aWara, borCxa-murRuli, SavSeT-
imerxevi, imier da amier tao, eruSeTi, kola, samcxe-
javaxeTi), istoriuli hereTis (saingilos), fxovis (fSav-
xevsureTi, mTiuleT-gudamayari, xevi), TuSeTis, svaneTis,
Takveris (raWa-leCxumi), kaxeTisa da qarTlis (cen-
traluri qarTli: mcxeTis, goris, xaSuris, borjomis
raionebi; Sida qarTli: axalgoris, znauris, cxinvalisa da
javis raionebi; qvemo qarTli: rusTavis, gardabnis, dmanisis,
marneulis, TeTriwyaros, walkis raionebi) avtoqToni
mosaxleoba6.
qarTvelTa erovnuli meobis didi istoriis miuxeda-
vad, araiSviaTad, samecniero literaturasa Tu Taname-
drove sainformacio qselSi araqarTvelebad arian war-
modgenili: svanebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, mesxebi; mag.:
1. 2000 wels parizSi gamocemul atlasSi "safrangeTi
da samyaro" (La France et le Monde, Atlas) sxvadasxva feriT da
6
samecniero literaturisa da msjelobisaTvis ix., t.futkaraZe,
qarTvelebi, nawili I, quTaisi, 2005
11
eTnikuri saxeliT arian warmodgenili: qarTvelebi, 4. qarTvelTa erTi nawili (megrelebi, lazebi, svanebi)
afxazebi, megrelebi, aWarlebi, svanebi da osebi. araqarTvelebadaa gamocxadebuli msoflios virtualuri
2. "evropis enebis centris" grifiT 2002 wels espaneT- istoriis Tanamedrove gverdze; kerZod, aziis ganyofile-
Si gamoqveynebul wignSi "Europe of the Peoples" sxvadasxva baSi arsebul saqarTvelos vebgverdze gamoqveynebulia
droSiT da eTnikuri dasaxelebiT arian warmodgenili: saqarTveloSi mcxovreb "eTnikur umciresobaTa" gansax-
qarTvelebi, afxazebi, megrelebi, svanebi da osebi. lebis Semdegi ruka:
3. msoflio globaluri qselis ZiriTadi eTnologi-
uri enciklopediis mixedviT (2008 wlis mdgomareobiT),
saqarTveloSi cxovroben Semdegi eTnosebi/xalxebi:
azerbaijanelebi - 308 000,
asirielebi (aisorebi) - 3 000,
afxazebi - 101 000,
bacbebi - 3 420,
berZnebi - 38 000,
lazebi - 2 000,
megrelebi - 500 000,
osebi - 100 000,
rusebi - 372 000,
svanebi (samwerlobo enad iyeneben qarTuls da
rusuls) - 15 000,
somxebi - 448 0007,
urumebi (musulmani berZnebi) - 97 746, rukas darTuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, saqarT-
qarTvelebi (imerlebi, raWa-leCxumlebi, gurulebi, veloSi umciresobebis enebad miiCneva: 1. CeCnuri; 2. wova-
TuSuri; 3. xunZaxuri; 4. uduri; 5. azerbaijanuli; 6.
aWarlebi, imerxevleb-qarTlelebi (Imerxev Kartlian), kax-
somxuri; 7. lazuri anu Wanuri; 8. megruli; 9. afxazuri; 10.
elebi, ingiloebi, TuSebi, moxeveebi, xevsurebi, fSavlebi,
svanuri; 11. osuri. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am kvalifikaciebis
mTiulebi, fereidnelebi, mesxeb-javaxebi) - 3 901 380,
qarTveli ebraelebi - 20 000, Camosayalibeblad avtorma (P.J. Hillery) cxra weli iSroma
(1996-2004)8; aseve wlobiT aqvs saqarTveloSi naRvawi
qurTebi - 40 000 da sxv. (Ethnologue report for Georgia
http://www.ethnologue.com).
8
Sdr.: TiTqmis analogiuria XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis sabWouri
7
Sdr.; 2002 wlis aRweriT, saqarTveloSi sul 248 929 somexia; amaT- midgomac (ix., mag., i. stalini, marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi, Tb.,
gan 171 139 grigorianelia. 1951, gv. 18).

12 13
saqarTvelos vebgverdis avtors, b-n adrian Brisku-s (ix.
http://vlib.iue.it/history/asia/georgia.html).
5. hokaidos universitetis slavistikuri gamokvleve-
bis centris profesoris, iuridiul mecnierebaTa do-
qtoris kimitaka macuzatos Sesavali weriliT 2007 wels
gamoqveynda krebuli: «Историографический диалог вокруг
непризнанных государств: Приднестровье, Нагорный Карабах,
Армения, Южная Осетия и Грузия». hokaidos universitetis
slavuri kvlevebis centri (sapporo, iaponia); masSi vkiTx-
ulobT (gv. 7):
"Если западные страны старались преодолеть
межнациональные различия в плане образования и иных
социальных возможностей с помощью нетерриториальных
мероприятий, нацеленных на индивидов, в СССР присваивали
статус этнотериториальным образованиям. Республики с
союзным статусом (например, Грузия) имели наилучшие условия
для развития, территориальные образования с автономных
статусом (например абхазы) – менее благополучные, а
этнические группы без территориального образования
(например мегрелы) преодолевали огромные трудности с целью
сохранить свой язык и идентичность"9...
6. qarTvelTa nawilis araqarTvelebad warmodgena
bolo periodis saqarTveloSic xdeba; metic, Zveli wyaroe-
bis gayalbebiT (an araswori interpretaciebiT) cdiloben,
daaZvelon amgvari kvalifikaciebi; sanimuSod ganvixilavT
erT faqts:
saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis saministro-
sTan arsebuli rusTavelis (qarTvelologiis) fondis
9
masala kritikuli analiziT warmoadgina prof. vaJa kiknaZem iv.
javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis 2007 wlis 3 de-
kembris samecniero sabWos gafarToebul sxdomaze.
14
samecniero sabWos wevrs, q-n n. doborjginiZes "hgonia", rom
ipolite romaeli qarTvelebs, megrelebs, svanebs calke
xalxebad, Sesabamisad ki qarTuls, megruls da svanurs
calke enebad aRiarebs10.
Sdr., ipolite romaelis xedviT, sxvadasxva xalxebia:
iberebi, kolxebi da sanebi (anu Wanebi - t.f.).
n. doborjginiZe SecdomiT erTmaneTTan aTanabrebs
terminebs: kolxi da megreli, iberieli da qarTleli;
straboni: "dasavleTis iberebis analogiiT, svanebs zogi
aRmosavleTis iberebs uwodebs, ramdenadac oqros saba-
doebi aris orive iberiaSi..."11
saidan moitana n. doborjginiZem, rom sanebi, svanebi,
sanigebi erTi da imave tomis aRmniSvneli saxelebia (ix. iqve,
gv. 262)?12
Sdr.: memnoni, straboni, evstaTi episkoposi: "isini,
vinc winaT makronebi iyvnen, axla sanebi arian";
ariane: trapezuntidan Zvel lazikamde cxovroben:
"sanebi, sanigebi, makronebi, afsilebi, abaskebi..."
prokofi kesarieli: "lazebi TavianT qalaqs quTa-
Tiss uwodeben" (logikuria, rom. dedniseuli termini
"lazebi" "qarTvelebad" iTargmnos).
10
n. doborjginiZe, 2007.
11
berZnul-bizantiuri winaaRmdegobrivi cnobebis analizisaTvis ix.
a.uruSaZe, Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, Tb., 1964; t.
futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005, gv. 124-134, 144-184.
12
ipolite romaelis Σαύνοι aris sani (Σαννοι) da ara svani! Sdr.:
svani - Σοάνες. samecniero literaturaSi erTmaneTTan samar-
Tlianadaa gaigivebuli sanebi da Wanebi (literaturis mimoxilvi-
saTvis ix. t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 123-126). araiSviaTad, qarTvelTa
erTi romelime sazogadoebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli sax-
eli sxvadasxva eTnonimad/Temonimad miiCneva da piriqiT; amgvari aR-
revebi bevr gaugebrobas iwvevs ( t.futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 186-200).
15
 Sdr., agreTve: XV s. italieli mogzauris
katerino Zenos cnobiT, "qarTvelebi isini arian, vinc
uZvelesi droidan iberebad iwodebian da iqidanve
qristianebi arian, iseve rogorc amJamad, gamudumebiT
ebrZvian Turqebs trapizonis sazRvarze"13.
gaugebaria, n.doborjginiZe ratom endoba winaaRmde-
gobriv ucxour cnobebs14 da ar eTanxmeba kavkasiis (Tu
saqarTvelos) ukeT mcodneT - "qarTlis cxovrebis"
Semqmnel mravali Taobis mematianeT - romlebic saukunee-
bis manZilze acxadeben:
megrelebi da svanebi sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelebTan
erTad qmnian qarTvel ers; qarTvelebs erTaderTi
dedaena aqvT - qarTuli ena (vrclad ix. qvemoT).
winaswarve SevniSnavT: Tanamedrove samecniero
kvlevebic adasturebs Zveli qarTuli wyaroebis xedvas:
saqarTvelos yvela istoriuli kuTxis mosaxleoba
(aWarlebi, megrelebi, gurulebi, svanebi, imerlebi, raW-
velebi, leCxumlebi...), maT Soris ucxo saxelmwifos velSi
moxvedrilTa didi nawilic, tradiciulad, Tavs qarTve-
lad aRiqvams; Tumca, bunebrivia, sxva qveynis saganmanaTle-
blo sivrceSi myofi sazogadoebis TviTaRqma garkveul ko-
reqtirebas ganicdis akademiuri ganaTlebis ararsebobis
(deficitis) pirobebSi.
ganaTlebisa da enobriv-eTnikuri TviTaRqmis mimar-
Teba lazebis magaliTze ganvixiloT:
mravalwaxnagovani istoriuli kataklizmebis gamo,
lazebs sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebriv da kulturul velSi
13
Targmani mogvyavs d.berZeniSvilis broSuridan (d.berZeniSvili,
2008, gv. 14).
14
ucnauria is faqtic, rom Tavis wignSi: ”svanuri ena” (Tb., 2007)
prof. zurab WumburiZe WeSmaritebad acxadebs n. doborjginiZis
aSkara Secdomebs.
16
uxdebaT cxovreba. Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia sakuTari
warsulis codnis xarisxic, rac pirdapirproporciulad
aisaxeba erovnul-enobriv TviTaRqmaze; kerZod:
lazTa erTi nawili (ZiriTadad, sarfisa da gonio-
axalsoflis mkvidrni) ar mowyvetila qarTvelur kultu-
rul-saxelmwifoebriv vels; Sesabamisad, am mosaxleobam
icis, rom megrelTa, kaxelTa, mesxTa, fxovelTa... msgavsad,
isinic arian erTiani qarTveluri kulturisa da saerTo-
qarTvelur enobriv struqturaze dafuZnebuli mwigno-
brobis avtorebi; maTTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom saqarT-
velos gamaerTianebeli mefeebis didi nawilis garda,
lazeT-samegrelos Svilni iyvnen qarTveluri kulturis
Semqmnelebi: iovane lazi, ioane minCxi, stefane sananoisZe,
ioane petriwi, iovane maruSisZe, Wyondidlebi... dadianebi,
Ciqovanebi, gamsaxurdiebi da mravali sxva.
lazTa meore nawili aRizarda TurqeTis saxelmwi-
foSi. maT daviwyebuli aqvT TavianTi kilo da, Turquli
ganaTlebis sistemis Sesabamisad, Tavs Turqebad miiCneven.
TurqeTsa da evropaSi moRvawe lazTa mesame nawili-
saTvis ucnobia (bunebrivia, ara yvelasaTvis!) saerToqarT-
veluri kulturis qmnadobis procesSi laz-megrelTa
monawileoba, magram maT ician, rom lazebi enobriv-
eTnikurad arsebiTad gansxvavdebian Turqebisagan. lazTa
es jgufi sakuTari metyvelebis bazaze cdilobs axla Seqm-
nas samwignobro ena da "gadaarCinos" TavisTavadoba.
saqarTvelos amJamindeli sazRvrebis gareT mcxovreb
qarTvelebs xSirad ara aqvT informacia sakuTari isto-
riis/kulturis Sesaxeb. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis pi-
robebSi Zneli araa samecniero codnis gansazogadoe-
brioba; Cvens SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelosa da TurqeTis
keTilmezobluri urTierTobis pirobebSi unda Seiqmnas
17
obieqturi samecniero informaciis gacvlis veli, romelic
yvela lazs saSualebas miscems icodes:
1. kolxuri (kolxur-yobanuri) arqeologiuri kul-
turis sazRvrebi cxadyofs, rom saxelmwifo:
kolxa/kilxa/kolxida ocamde qarTvelur toms/Tems aerTi-
anebda da Tavisi arsiT qarTveluri (zogadqarTuli) xasi-
aTisaa.
2. qarTveluri samwignobro ena efuZneba saerTo qarT-
velur enobriv models da ara qarTlurs, kaxurs an sxva ro-
melime qarTvelur kilos; pirveli qarTuli asomTavruli
warwerebi SemorCenilia iovane lazis monasterSi, qar-
Tuli himnografiis erT-erTi fuZemdebelia lazi/megreli
ioane minCxi da sxv.
3. saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli saxelmwifos
ideologebi da winamZRolebi metwilad iyvnen lazur-
megruli warmoSobis didgvarovnebi (bagrationebi, Wyon-
didlebi da sxva);
4. lazTa folklorSi (msgavsad imerxevelTa, ta-
oelTa, svanTa, herTa, kaxTa...) gamorCeulad pativsacemi
adgili uWiravs erTiani saqarTvelos did mefes - Tamars
(qarTvelTa saerTo istoriis amsaxveli es masala i.yifSiZis
mier erTi saukunis winaa Cawerili)15.
yovel ers Tu eTnikur-enobriv umciresobas da,
bunebrivia, TurqeTsa Tu germaniaSi mcxovreb lazebsac,
aqvT ufleba, icodnen TavianTi warmomavloba. am da sxva
analogiuri faqtebis codna obieqtur vels Seqmnis lazTa
qarTveluri TviTaRqmisaTvis16.
15
msjelobisaTvis ix., agreTve: t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 51-52 .
16
eTno-kulturuli warsuli didwilad gansazRvravs pirovnebisa
Tu sazogadoebis erovnul meobas (identobas). obieqturi TviTaRqma
mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis safuZvelia.
18
eTnikur-enobrivi umciresobebis sakiTxi yovelTvis
aqtualuri iyo evropaSi, sadac, sabWoTa imperiisgan
gansxvavebiT, logikuri kanonmdeblobac Seiqmna; kerZod:
1992 wlis 5 noembers evrosabWos wevrma saxelmwifoebma
strasburgSi miiRes "evropuli qartia regionaluri da
umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb", xolo 1995 wlis 1 Teber-
vals aqve xeli moewera "CarCo konvencias erovnul umci-
resobaTa dacvis Sesaxeb". aRniSnuli dokumentebi evrosab-
Wos wevrebisa da wevrobis msurvelTaTvis warmoadgens sax-
elmZRvanelo debulebebis krebuls erovnul da lingvis-
tur umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis sferoSi; kerZod,
qartia da konvencia iTxovs:
saxelmwifos ZiriTadi mosaxleobisgan gansxvavebuli
avtoqToni eTnikuri Tu enobriv-kulturuli jgufebisTvis
umciresobis statusis miniWebasa da saTanado uflebebiT
aRWurvas (avtoqTonobasa da gansxvavebul enaze xazgasmaa
qartiis ganmartebiTi moxsenebis pirvelive punqtSi).
konvenciisa da qartiis mixedviT, umciresobaTa ufle-
bebi STambeWdavia:
eTnikur-enobrivi umciresobis enaze unda moxdes
saxelmwifo saqmiswarmoeba (Sesabamis regionSi) da swav-
leba baga-baRSi, skolasa da umaRles saswavlebelSi. ix.,
mag., qartiis me-8 muxlis I.e. punqti:
saxelmwifom unda miiRos zomebi, raTa "xelmisaw-
vdomi gaxados sauniversiteto da sxva saxis umaRlesi ga-
naTleba Sesabamis regionalur da umciresobaTa enebze".
konvenciis me-12 ganmartebaSi vkiTxulobT:
"konvencia ar iZleva erovnuli umciresobis cnebis
ganmartebas im praqtikuli mosazrebis gamo, rom mocemul
etapze SeuZlebeli iqneboda imgvari formulirebis Semo-
19
Tavazeba, romelsac evropis sabWos yvela wevri saxelmwifo
dauWerda mxars".
msgavs azrs gadmoscems qartiis XVII ganmartebac:
"qartia ar gansazRvravs enas arc socialur-politi-
kuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT, rogorc ama Tu im konkretuli
socialuri Tu eTnikuri jgufis komunikaciis saSualebas;
amgvarad, qartia ar iZleva enobrivi umciresobis cnebis
gansazRvrebas".
enis Sesaxeb evrosabWos xedva gamoTqmulia qartiis
32-e ganmartebaSi:
"qartia ar gansazRvravs, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba
CaiTvalos calke enad gamoxatvis esa Tu is konkretuli
forma"; aqve, mocemulia regionaluri da umciresobis enis
zogadi definicia:
regionaluri ena aris saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi im av-
toqToni erovnuli/eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelic
umravlesobaa mocemul regionSi, xolo umciresobis enaa
iseTi avtoqToni eTnikuri umciresobis ena, romelic
ricxobriv umciresobaSia Tavissave regionSi (ix., qartiis I
muxli da qartiis me-18 ganmarteba)17.
evrosabWos dokumentebis mixedviT, umciresobis enad
ar miiCneva saxelmwifo enis saxesxvaoba da migrantTa ena;
kerZod, qartiis pirveli muxlis a punqtis meore nawilSi
da qartiis 32-e ganmartebaSi xazgasmiTaa naTqvami:
"regionaluri/umciresobaTa enebi ar gulisxmobs (ar
moicavs) saxelmwifos oficialuri enis saxesxvaobebs,
dialeqtebsa da migrantTa enebs".
sxva SemTxvevebisTvis, qartiisa da konvenciis mixedviT,
umciresobisa da damoukidebeli enis cnebebis gansaz-
Rvris ufleba aqvs konkretul saxelmwifos:
17
vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, eTnolingvisturi terminebi da evro-
puli qartia umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb, Tb., 2005
20
"qartia prerogativas aniWebs konkretuli qveynis
xelisuflebas, demokratiuli principebis gaTvaliswine-
biT Tavad gansazRvros is kriteriumebi, romlebze dayrd-
nobiTac am qveynis teritoriaze gavrcelebul ama Tu im
enas mieniWeba damoukidebeli enis statusi" (32-e ganmar-
teba; ix. agreTve, qartiis ganmartebebis me-18 nawili).
e.i. evropuli saxelmwifoebis xelisuflebebi Tvlian
(samarTlianadac - t.f.), rom erovnul Tu enobriv umci-
resobad misaCnevi sazogadoeba unda iyos aborigeni - moce-
muli teritoriis Tavdapirveli, ZvelisZveli binadari da
misi ena unda iyos gansxvavebuli saxelmwifo enisgan; mag.,
dabadebidan germaniis moqalaqe ramdenime milion Turqsac
ki germanelebi ar miiCneven erovnul umciresobad, vinaidan,
miuxedavad am diasporis sakmaod xangrZlivi istoriisa, is-
ini aq mainc migrantebad arian CaTvlili (Sdr.: avtoqToni
- ama Tu im qveynis ZvelisZveli mkvidri mosaxleoba).
migrant da avtoqTon jgufTa enebis gansxvavebis au-
cilebloba mkafiodaa aRniSnuli qartiis sxva monak-
veTebSi:
ganmartebiTi moxsenebis 31-e nawili:
"qartiis debulebebi moicavs mxolod istoriul
enebs, anu im enebs, romlebic didi xania gavrcelebulia
mocemuli saxelmwifos teritoriaze".
amrigad, evrokavSirma miznad daisaxa, daicvas da
gadaarCinos avtoqTon enobriv-eTnikur umciresobaTa
enebi/kulturebi.
evrokavSiris am kargi iniciativis ganxorcielebaSi
aqtiurad CaerTo iunesko da sxva mZlavri organizaciebi
(mag., "Volkswagen-Stiftung"-is saerTaSoriso fondi), rom-
lebmac didi Tanxebi gamoyves "politikuri da socialuri
21
mizezebis gamo safrTxis qveS myofi" umciresobebis ene-
bis/kulturebis gadasarCenad.
2008 wlamde qartiasa da konvencias SeuerTda 44 qvey-
ana, ratificireba ki moaxdina ocdacxrametma: belgiis, sa-
berZneTis, islandiisa da luqsemburgis parlamentebs jer-
jerobiT ar daudasturebiaT mTavrobebis xelmowerili
dokumentebi.
evrosabWos am dokumentebs 2000 wels saqarTvelos
saxeliT xeli moawera e. SevardnaZem; "saqarTvelos parla-
mentma" 2005 wlis 13 oqtombers daamowma konvencia; uax-
loes xanSi ki igegmeba "enebis qartiis" dadasturebac;
Sesabamisad, sasurvelia, saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo
doneze moxdes SeTanxmeba (konsensusi) "enebis qartiaSi"
warmodgenili cnebebisa da saqarTvelos "umciresobaTa
enebis" CamonaTvalis Sesaxeb.
rogorc zemoTac vnaxeT, garkveuli jgufebis mier
saqarTvelos umciresobebad warmodgenilia, erTi mxriv,
migrantebi, meore mxriv ki - avtoqToni qarTvelebi18.
damowmebuli rukebisa Tu kvalifikaciebis avtorT
iqneb mxolod keTilSobiluri mizani amoZravebT: surT,
saqarTveloSi "aRricxon" da "daicvan" "erov-
nuli/enobrivi umciresobebis" uflebebi; magram aqvT ki
maT obieqturi informacia?
meti sicxadisaTvis, wina planze wamovwioT ori mTa-
vari kiTxva:
_ ra samecniero argumentiT an evrosabWos romeli
dokumentis mixedviT unda miviCnioT eTnikur/enobriv um-
18
qarTuli sazogadoebis Tu politikuri speqtris erT nawilSic
araadekvaturad iqna gaazrebuli terminebi "regionaluri ena" da
"umciresobis ena".
22
ciresobebad aSkara migrantebi - axalqalaqis, cxinvalisa
da rusTavis mimdebare raionebSi mcxovrebi: somxebi, osebi,
azerbaijanelebi? miT umetes, am xalxebs saqarTvelos me-
zoblad TavianTi saxelmwifoebi aqvT.
_ ra samecniero argumentiT an evrosabWos romeli
dokumentis mixedviT CaiTvleba enobriv umciresobad qarT-
velTa romelime jgufi, an regionalur Tu umciresobis
enad - qarTvelTa kilo?
migrantTa, diasporaTa da avtoqTon eTnikur umci-
resobaTa Sesaxeb msjeloba sxva droisaTvis gadavdoT.
regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb "evro-
puli qartiis" miRebis Semdeg, gasuli saukunis 90-ian
wlebSi evropul struqturebSi aqtualuri gaxda eTnikur
umciresobaTa da umciresobaTa enebis uflebebis dacvis
sakiTxi saqarTveloSic; Sesabamisad, gaCnda interesi, Seqm-
niliyo zemoT warmodgenili rukebi Tu kvalifikaciebi;
Cans, maT safuZvlad aiRes sabWoTa periodis kvalifi-
kaciebi.
samwuxarod, politikuri da samecniero speqtris
erTma nawilmac sabWoTa tradiciis Sesabamisad da saqarT-
velos sinamdvilisTvis araadekvaturad gaiazra "enebis
qartiis" terminebi: eTnikuri umciresoba, regionaluri
ena, enobrivi umciresoba, umciresobis ena; Sesabamisad,
saqarTvelos enebisa da umciresobebis Sesaxeb maT mierac
araadekvaturi kvalifikaciebi qveyndeba. ufro arsebiTi ki
is aris, rom es jgufi aRmoCnda saqarTvelos xelisu-
flebisa Tu sauniversiteto ganaTlebis sadaveebTan (2000-
2008 wlebSi); mag., saqarTvelos mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis
saministroSi, Tbilisis wamyvan saxelmwifo universitete-
bis saTanado instanciebSi "aminds" dResac eseni qmnian da
23
araTu cdiloben, obieqturi informaciebi Seitanon axal svanuri dialeqtebi ki misgan gamomdinare ganStoebebia...
saxelmZRvaneloebsa Tu saerTaSoriso samecniero- (”sapatriarqos uwyebani, # 16 (416), 17-23 maisi, 2007 w.
sacnobaro velSi, aramed, piriqiT, Tavad gvevlinebian Sdr., damaxinjebuli damowmeba:
saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis, rbilad rom "uTuod droulia, vusminoT nebas, gamoxatuls
vTqvaT, dausabuTebeli mosazrebis damcvelebad19. saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis bageTagan - qarTvelTa
arsebuli terminologiuri winaaRmdegobebis enebi erTiani qarTulis ganStoebebia!"20
mosaxsnelad Tu qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros adekva-
turad gasaazreblad, pirvel rigSi, mowodebuli unda iyos vfiqrob, mkiTxvelisTvis gasakviri ar unda iyos,
enaTmecnierebis instituti; Tumca, am institutis mier ax- samecniero literatura Tu uaxlesi saerTaSoriso sain-
laxan gamocemul "qarTuli enis enciklopediaSi" war- formacio qseli ratomaa "gajerebuli" saqarTvelos "um-
modgenili sabWouri kvalifikaciebis siWarbe cxadyofs, ciresobaTa" Sesaxeb araadekvaturi kvalifikaciebiT
rom am institutis amJamindeli direqcia da samecniero (sxva mizezebi ix., agreTve, qvemoT).
sabWo Sorsaa istoriuli Tu Tanamedrove realobis gaaz-
rebisgan. aqve aRvniSnavT:
institutis zogi warmomadgeneli cdilobs, gaayal-
bos saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis poziciac ki; erT
magaliTs moviyvan:
qarTveli eris dedaeklesiis enis istoriis gaTvalis-
winebiT, uwmidesi da unetaresi ilia II naTlad ambobs:
”me mecnierebs SevTavaze, iqneb vTqvaT ase - qarTuli
ena Tavisi ganStoebebiT. msgavsad imisa, rogorc Sto
amouva xes, - asea es dialeqtebic... maTi saerTo Ziri da
fuZe aris qarTuli ena... RmerTi aerTianebs, xolo eSmaki
hyofs. amitom yvelam kargad unda gaviazroT da sxvebsac da-
vumtkicoT, rom qarTuli ena aris erTi, megruli da

19
mag., n. ladaria megrelTa dedaenad miiCnevs megruls; misi azriT,
qarTvelTa eTnikuri jgufebia: megrelebi, svanebi, bacbebi... (n.
ladaria, 2002, gv. 22-23, 111-113; Sdr., aqve, 43-e gverdzea sxva
"gaugebari" kvalifikaciac: "dialeqti aris enis eTnikuri saxesx-
vaoba"; ix., agreTve: k. gabunia, 2004 (sadac terminebis: eTnikuri
20
jgufi, ena araswori gamoyenebiT saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri prof. a. arabulis es modifikacia ix.: "qarTveluri enebi da
situacia araadekvaturadaa warmodgenili). dialeqtebi", 2007, gv. 40.

24 25

istoriuli eqskursi:
dedaena da dialeqtebi
Tu qarTveluri enebi?
samecniero literaturaSi qarTvelTa sametyvelo
erTeulebis klasifikaciis Sesaxeb ori ZiriTadi mosaz-
reba arsebobs:
I. qarTvelebs gvaqvs erTi dedaena - qarTuli (ro-
melic aris qarTvelTa saeklesio, saxelmwifo, samwigno-
bro ena) da ocze meti dialeqti;
II. qarTvelebs gvaqvs 3-4 dedaena Tu 6-7 ena21: qar-
Tuli, megrul-lazuri, svanuri...
naTelia, rom zemoT warmodgenili saqarTvelos e.w.
umciresobaTa enebis rukebisa da aramarTebuli eTnolo-
giuri kvalifikaciebis avtorebs udavo WeSmaritebad miC-
neuli aqvT meore mosazreba.
bunebrivad ismis kiTxva: istoriulad ra safuZveli
aqvs da mecnierulad ramdenadaa dasabuTebuli mosazre-
bebi, rom qarTvelebs gvaqvs erTi, sami/oTxi Tu Svidi ena?
problema vrcladaa gaanalizebuli samecniero lit-
eraturaSi22. sruli safuZveli gvaqvs vTqvaT, rom amJamad
21
mag., g. gogolaSvili Tvlis, rom lazuris, megrulis da svanuris
garda, qarTvelebs gvaqvs kidev 5 qarTuli ena: Zveli qarTuli ena,
axali qarTuli ena, saSuali qarTuli ena, Zveli qarTuli salit-
eraturo ena, axali qarTuli saliteraturo ena (g. gogolaSvili,
2004, gv. 32-37); Sdr., msgavsi mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli i. kori-
akovs, romelic fiqrobs, rom arsebobs eqvsi qarTveluri ena: me-
gruli, lazuri, Zveli qarTuli, saSualo qarTuli, saeklesio qar-
Tuli, svanuri (i. koriakovi, 2006, gv. 39-42; Sdr., i. koriakovi 1 dar-
guuli enis nacvlad 18 enas gamoyofs: darguul kiloebs enebad acxa-
debs). qarTvelTa 6-7 enis arsebobis mtkiceba araseriozulia da mas
aq ar ganvixilavT.
22
istoriisaTvis ix., T. gvancelaZe, 2006.
26
arsebobs ori ZiriTadi mosazreba, romelic, Cemi azriT,
cxadyofs, rom arsebobs ori qarTvelologiuri skola; ker-
Zod:
pirveli: tradiciuli qarTuli skola, romelic sa-
Taves iRebs "qarTlis cxovrebis" Semqnel mematianeTa mier
mowodebuli faqtebis analizidan; misi ZiriTadi samec-
niero debulebebi Camoyalibda XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze,
magram TiTqmis miviwyebul iqna sabWoTa imperiis dros; am
skolis mixedviT, qarTvelebs erTi dedaena gvaqvs da qar-
Tuli kultura yvela qarTveluri Temisgan Seiqmna.
meore: sankt-peterburgSi - ruseTis imperiis
dedaqalaqSi - XIX saukunis dasasruls safuZveldebuli da
politizebuli qarTvelologiuri skola, romelic war-
matebiT fuqcionirebda sabWoTa periodSi. am skolis mTa-
vari debulebebia 3-4 qarTveluri enis arseboba da e.w. qar-
Tizacia-qarTvelizacia. sabWouri kvalifikaciebis iner-
ciiT, problemis sagangebod Seswavlamde (1994-2000 wle-
bamde), mec vimeorebdi amgvar kvalifikaciebs.
sakiTxis istorias aq mokled warmovadgenT23:
"qarTlis cxovrebis" Semqmnel mematianeTa mravali
Taoba araerTxel Seexo kavkasiisa da msoflios enebis Te-
mas; arc erT saukuneSi ar Secvlila Tavdapirveli midgoma:
Zveli qarTuli wyaroebidanve saxeldeba qarTvelTa
mxolod erTi ena:
"iyvnes qarTls esreT aRreul ese yovelni naTesavni,
da izraxeboda qarTlsa Sina equsi ena: somxuri, qarTuli,
xazaruli, asuruli, ebrauli, berZnuli; maTgan farnavazma
"ganavrco ena~ qarTuli da arRara izraxeboda sxua ena qar-
Tlsa Sina Tvinier qarTulisa" (q. c., 1955, gv.16, 26).
23
vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005.
27
 aqve aRvniSnavT, rom ucxouri wyaroebis mixedviT,
saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze dasturdeba sul
mcire aTamde qarTveluri tomi24, romelTac, zogi (arcTu
sando) wyaros mixedviT, Tav-TavianTi "enebi" Tu
dialeqtebi aqvT; "qarTlis cxovrebidanac" Cans, rom
saqarTveloSi bevri qarTveluri Temia, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, qarTveli mematianeni qarTvelTa kuTxur metyvel-
ebebs calke enad ar miiCneven (maT mimarT ar iyeneben qar-
Tulis aRmniSvnel tolfard cnebas) da Tvlian, rom qarT-
velebs erTi ena gvaqvs (bunebrivia, maT mier nagulisxmevia,
rom qarTvelTa kuTxuri metyvelebebi qarTulis zepiri
saxesxvaobebia, kiloebia).
arc qarTul da arc ucxour saistorio wyaroebSi ar
gvaqvs sagangebo msjeloba, Tu qarTveluri modgma ratom
miiCneva erTi Tu mravali enis patronad. logikuria vi-
fiqroT, rom qarTveli mematianeebi ufro obieqtur in-
formaciebs flobdnen, vidre saqarTvelos sinamdvilisgan
Sors myofi ucxoelebi25.
24
Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze
aqtiurad Canan: kolxebi/kolaelebi, mosxebi/mesxebi, taoxebi, tiba-
renebi, saspeirebi, xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, ekriktikes mcxovreb-
ni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi (terminebi: kolxebi
da mesxebi sxvadasxva dros konkretul Temebsac miemarTeboda da
tomTa gaerTianebebsac)...
25
aseT SemTxvevaSi romelime ucxouri cnobis utyuarad miCneva,
rbilad rom vTqvaT, gaumarTlebelia.
yvelas aqvs ufleba, Tavisi azri hqondes, an gaiziaros esa Tu is
mosazreba, Tumca, umjobesia mosazreba/azri raime arguments emyare-
bodes. Sdr., "ucnauria" saqarTvelos TiTqosda axlos mcnobi
zogi ucxoelis xedvac; mag., v. boederis logikiT, qarTuli mwig-
nobrobis istoriaSi konstantine gamsaxurdias wvlili isevea
gansaxilveli, rogorc poloneli konradisa inglisur literatu-
raSi; kerZod: is wers: ”CemTvis gaugebaria, ra kavSiri aqvs qarTulad
mwerali lazebis, megrelebisa da svanebis qarTul literaturaSi
28
adreul saukuneebSi enis statusis gansazRvrisa da
qarTvelTa erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi cnobierebis Tval-
sazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa "iverielTa erTo-
bis traqtati", romelsac 1790 wels xeli moaweres qarTl-
kaxeTis, samegrelos, imereTisa da guriis mefe-mTavrebma;
traqtatSi mkafiodaa naTqvami:
"vinaidan yovelTave iverielTa, msaxlobelTa same-
fosa Sina qarTlisa, kaxeTisa, imerTa, odiSisa da gurii-
saTa aqvsT erT morwmuneoba, arian Svilni erTisa kaTo-
like eklesiisagan Sobilni da erTisa enisa mqonebelni,
aqvsT mavasxelobiTica (urTierTvaldebulebiTi - t.f.)
siyvaruli viTarca sisxliT naTesavTa da moyvarobiT Se-
krulTa urTierTTa Soris.
amisaTvis Cven zemoxsenebulad qveyanaTa iveriisa da
mefeni da mTavarni damamtkicebelni saukunosa amis piro-
bisa saxeliT yovlad Zlierisa RvTisaTa aRvsTqvamT mtk-
icesa amas erTobasa, romelica TviTeulad SemdgomTa Si-
na hazrTa cxad iqmnebis..."
XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi, roca yalibdeba enaTmecniere-
bis dargi da mecnierTa mier qveyndeba sxvadasxva enaTa Ca-
monaTvali, qarTveluri sametyvelo erTeulebis Sesaxebac
winaaRmdegobrivi (da dausabuTebeli) mosazrebebi Cndeba:
zogi Tvlis, rom qarTvelebs erTi ena gvaqvs (iohan anton
giuldenStedti...), zogis azriT ki - sami/oTxi (georg
rozeni...).
XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi ruseTis imperiam
saqarTveloSi iaraRis ZaliT gaauqma mefis xelisufleba da
Tanamonawileobas sakiTxTan, erTgvari qarTulia Tu ara lazuri ena
da a.S. im faqtidan, rom polonelma jozef konradma didi wvlili
Seitana inglisur literaturaSi, ar gamomdinareobs, rom polon-
29
fizikurad gaanadgura saqarTvelos samefo gvari (bagra-
tionTa dinastia); Semdeg mospo qarTuli marTlmadide-
bluri eklesiis avtokefaliac da saqarTvelo Tavis guber-
niad aqcia.
imperiis mesveurni grZnobdnen/grZnoben, rom amier-
kavkasiis sabolood SenarCunebisTvis saWiroa qarTveli
eris waSla-daqucmaceba; Sesabamisad, XIX saukunis meore
naxevridan dRemde ruseTis imperiis moxeleebi, erTi mxriv,
qarTvelTa genocidiT cdiloben saqarTvelos teritori-
aze demografiuli situaciis Secvlas, meore mxriv ki eT-
nolingvisturi "kvlevebiT" intensiurad eswrafvian,
araqarTvelebad warmoadginon qarTvelTa erTi nawili:
aWarlebi, lazebi, megrelebi, svanebi, mesxebi, herebi da sxv.
paralelurad, imperiis mecnierebis mier XIX sauku-
nis dasasrulidan dRemde qarTvelTa mcire nawili
(qarTlelebi) asimilatorad cxaddeba "araqarTvelebad"
miCneul qarTvelTa didi nawilisaTvis; kerZod, XIX sauku-
nis dasasruls peterburgSi Camoyalibda e.w. qarTizaciis
Teoria (q. patkaniani, n. mari...), romlis mixedviTac "qar-
Tebma" daipyres amJamindeli qarTlis provinciis aRmosav-
leTi, dasavleTi, samxreTi, CrdiloeTi mxareebi da Tavi-
anTi ena Tu kultura Tavs moaxvies sxva "xalxebs": kaxelebs,
herebs, megrelebs, lazebs, svanebs, mesxebs, fxovelebs,
TuSebs, afxazebs... qarTlelebma moaxdines ra am "xalxebis"
gaqarTveleba, TiTqosda Seqmnes saqarTvelos imperia26.
msoflios arc erTi wyaro ar adasturebs e. w.
"qarTis" tomis arsebobas, maSin roca Zveli cnobebis
uri inglisuris dialeqtia” (v.boederi, 2005, gv. 231); Sdr., t. fut-
karaZe, 2003, gv. 207-227.
26
dResac am usafuZvlo Teorias bevri mecnieri brmad iziarebs
(kritikisaTvis ix. qvemoT).
30
mixedviT, istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze aqtiurad
Canan: kolxebi/kolaelebi, mosxebi/mesxebi, taoxebi, tibare-
nebi, saspeirebi, xalibebi, xaldebi/qaldebi, ekriktikes
mcxovrebni/ekeqe~rebi, henioxebi, sanebi, sanigebi/sanikebi,
lazebi, svanebi, TuSebi... amaTgan, Semdgomi msjelobisTvis
sainteresoa termini kolxi.
Zvel ucxour wyaroebSi qarTvelur tomTa aRmniSvnel
saxelebs Soris yvelaze popularulia terminebi: kolxi,
kolxa, kilxa, kolxida.
ak. uruSaZis da sxvaTa varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad, ber-
Znebi kolxeTSi mTel qarTvelur samyaros gulisxmobdnen
(ak. uruSaZe, 1964, gv. 6).
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sxvadasxva dros qarTveluri
tomebis am teritoriis saxelad gvidasturdeba:
aRmosavleTis iberia (Sdr.: pirineis naxevarkunZuli -
dasavleTis iberia) da kavkasiis iberia; kerZod, terminebi:
kavkasiis iberia da aRmosavleTis iberia pirvelad Cndeba
Zv. w. IV-II saukuneebis avtorebTan: megasTenesTan, Teofras-
tosTan, dionise periegetTan... (v. vaSakiZe, 1993, gv. 61).
plutarqes cnobiT, kavkasiis mTavari erebi albanele-
bi da iberebi arian; misi azriT, iberebi binadroben dasav-
leTiT mesxeTis (evfrat-Worox-mtkvar-araqsis wyalgamyof)
mTebTan da pontos zRvasTan, albanelebi ki - aRmosavle-
TiT, kaspiis zRvasTan (iv. javaxiSvili, 1950, gv. 18). Sdr.,
agreTve: strabonTan svanebi iberiul tomadaa
moxseniebuli.
vatikanSi daculi "saeklesio analebis" mixedviT,
kolxeTi zemo iberiaa:
"iberiis im nawilma, romelic pontos zRvasTan mdeba-
reobs da kolxidad iwodeba, saxareba jer kidev imperator
traianes (98-117) dros mqadagebeli papi wm. klementis (pa-
31
pobis wlebi - 88-97) SemweobiT miiRo... rac Seexeba qvemo
iberebs, romlebic kavkasiis mTebTan, kaspiis zRvis axlos
cxovroben, Tvlian, rom maT qristianoba imperator kon-
stantines dros miiRes” (i. tabaRua, 1984, gv. 171).
vfiqrob, naTelia, rom ucxouri wyaroebSi
dadasturebuli terminebi: kolxa da aRmosavleTis iberia
Zvel wyaroebSi mainc sinonimebia, romelsac istoriul
qarTul wyaroebSi termini qarTli Seesatyviseba.
aseve: kolxi, araiSviaTad, "yovelTa qarTvelTa"
(qarTvelur TemTa: svanTa, egriselTa, fxovelTa, mesxTa...)
aRmniSvneli saxelia.
am mosazrebas mxars uWers kolxur-yobanuri
arqeologiuri kulturis sazRvrebic (sinopedan soWamde;
Savi zRvidan mcxeTamde):
i. gagoSiZisa da j. afaqiZis gamokvlevebma savsebiT daa-
dastura b. kuftinis mosazreba, rom Sida qarTlis arqeo-
logiuri masala kolxuri kulturis organuli nawilia:
"aTaswleulidan moyolebuli, taxtiZirisa da cxinvalis
regionis arqeologiuri masala mxolod kolxuri kultu-
ris "filtraciiT" ver aixsneba; qarTlis iberia uSualo
monawilea didi kolxuri kulturisa" (i. gagoSiZe, 1964, gv.
86; i. gagoSiZe, 1997; i. gagoSiZe, 2003; j. afaqiZe, 2002).
vfiqrob: aia-kolxeTi qarTveluri Temebis
saxelmwifoa, romelsac qarTuli saistorio tradicia
warmarTul qarTlad ixseniebs27. Cemi azriT, am
saxelmwifos ena iyo saerToqarTveluri ena. misi
27
dResac terminebi: kolxi da qarTveli, kolxuri kultura da
qarTveluri kultura sinonomebad unda gaviazroT (miuxedavad
imisa, rom istoriis zog monakveTSi kolxica da qarTvelic mxolod
erTi kuTxis mosaxleobis aRmniSvnelad viwrovdeboda).
32
politikuri da kulturuli memkvidreoba grZeldeba
azonisa da quj-farnavazis saxelmwifoTi28.
Sdr.: "qarTlis cxovrebis" qarTli dasavleT
saqarTvelosac moicavda: Zveli qarTlis kultura da
saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia dasavlurqarTveluri
mosaxleobis kuTvnilebac iyo; garda amisa, rogorc qvemoT
davinaxavT, asomTavruli anbani Seiqmna
saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze da ara qarTluri kilos
mixedviT29.
vfiqrob, logikuria davuSvaT, rom rogorc dasavleT
saqarTvelos, aseve samxreT Tu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis istoriuli dedaenaa saerToqarTveluris
mixedviT Seqmnili qarTuli samwignobro ena:
qarTvelebs erTi dedaena gvaqvs.
es faqti sakamaTo ar gamxdara XIX saukunis
dasasrulamde.
qarTvelur ena-kiloTa statusis Sesaxeb aqtiuri
diskusia daiwyo saqarTveloSi ruseTis imperiis
damkvidrebis Semdeg; kerZod, XIX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi
ruseTis imperiis moxeleebi acxadeben, rom qarTvelebi ar
arian: megrelebi, svanebi, Sesabamisad, maTi metyvelebebi da-
moukidebeli umwerlobo enebia. rusi moxeleebi "exmare-
bodnen" "uwignur" "velurebs" da calkeuli dialeqtebis
mixedviT qmnidnen "samwignobro enebs" - "axal dedaenebs";
kerZod:
ruseTis xelisuflebis davalebiT rusma samxedro
moxelem - generalma uslarma rusuli alfavitiT Seqmna
afxazuri da svanuri anbanebi. "luSnu anbaniT" balsqve-
mour kiloze Targmnes wminda werili.
28
t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 259-397
29
ix. qvemoT
33
 imperiis davalebiT Seiqmna aseve ori megruli anbani;
erTi Seqmna al. grenma, meore - Tada aSordiam 30.
ruseTis mizani didi xania cnobilia:
qarTvelTa enobriv-kulturuli da eTnikuri
danawevreba, saqarTvelos dapyroba da amierkavkasiis samu-
damod moqceva Tavis geopolitikur velSi. am miznis miR-
wevas istoriis yvela etapze qarTveli eris enobrivi
danawevrebis gziT cdilobs.
XIX saukunis meore naxevarSic qarTveli sazogado
moRvaweni, zogadad qarTveloba (gansakuTrebiT samegre-
30
petre qavTaraZe ixsenebs (www.geocities.com/komblege/petre.htm):
"kavkasiis saswavlo olqis mzrunvelma ianovskim peterburgidan
specialurad moiwvia enaTmecnieri al. greni. grenma "energiulad"
mohkida qarTuli enis saziano saqmes xeli da erTi Tvis
ganmavlobaSi Seadgina "megruli anbani". magram al. grens metoqe
gauCnda zugdidis saqalaqo saswavleblis maswavleblis _ Tada
aSordias saxiT, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, Seadgina "dida nina"
(megruli anbani). grenis anbani rusuli asoebisagan Sedgeboda,
magram cxramet asos xazzeviTa da xazqveviTa niSnebi hqonda.
aSordias anbanic rusuli asoebisagan Sedgeboda, magram ramdenime
qarTuli aso eria, garda amisa, mxolod or asos hqonda xazqveviTa
niSani... ori anbanis erTdroulad dabadebam maTs avtorebs Soris
mtroba Camoagdo. mtroba pirad safuZvelze iyo agebuli; orive
cdilobda Tavisi anbani gavrcelebuliyo da uareyo meore.
ganaTlebis moxeleebi cdilobdnen aSordia da greni SeerigebinaT
da orives saerTo anbani Seeqmna... sabolood saqme iqamde midioda,
rom qarTuli ena idevneboda da mis adgils TandaTanobiT rusuli
ena ikavebda. swored es iyo ganaTlebis moxeleTa winaswar
Cafiqrebuli mizani... qarTuli enis sruli gandevna samegrelos
skolebidan mainc ver xerxdeboda saRvTo sjulis swavlebis gamo...
komisiam (niko dadianis TavmjdomareobiT) locvis qarTul enaze
warmarTva moiTxova. amis Sesaxeb ix. gaz. "iveria", 1889, # 89. saRvTo
sjulis swavlebis enad kvlav qarTuli ena darCa”.
34
los mosaxleoba) win aRudga imperias. cnobil avtorTa Se-
fasebaTagan ramdenimes davimowmebT:
iakob gogebaSvili ("megruli dawyebiTi skolis sa-
kiTxisaTvis", 1903): "megrelTa tomi qarTul enas yovelT-
vis Tvlida Tavis ZiriTad mSobliur enad, xolo Tavis
adgilobriv dialeqts ucqeroda rogorc mSobliur ki-
los..." 31
ambrosi xelaia: (1906, gv. 122-123; 131-132);
"cdilobdnen samegrelos skolebidan da eklesiebidan
gaedevnaT qarTuli ena; am faqtma "erovnulobis SenarCune-
bis Zalumi swrafva gamoaRviZa: megrelebi ganimsWvalen
TavianTi saliteraturo da saeklesio enis dacvis
ideiT..." rusifikatorTa sapasuxod samegrelosa da
afxazeTis sasoflo sazogadoebebisgan gaigzavna ganCinebani
saeklesio-samrevlo skolebSi qarTuli enis swavlebis au-
cileblobis Sesaxeb. eparqiis maswavlebelTa sabWom
ganixila aRniSnuli ganCinebani, CaTvala isini pativiscemis
Rirsad da daadgina: "im samrevlo skolebSi, sadac mosax-
leoba laparakobs qarTuli enis megrul dialeqtze, qar-
Tuli enis swavleba aucilebelia"...
xazgamiT unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTvelur ena-kiloTa
Sesaxeb XIX saukunis meore naxevrisa da XX saukunis sab-
WoTa periodamdel samecniero literaturaSi arsebul
gansxvavebul interpretaciaTagan megrulis, lazuris Tu
svanurisTvis enis statuss irCevdnen ruseTis xelisu-
flebis (da rusuli eklesiis) warmomadgenlebi, xolo
31
dRes paradoqsuli situacia gvaqvs: iakob gogebaSvilis sa-
zogadoebis saxeliT sazogado asparezze Cans piri (prof.
g.gogolaSvili), romelic iakob gogebaSvils uyalbebs am arsebiT
debulebas; metic, iakobs miawers kolxeTis qarTizaciis ideasac
(ix., "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", Tb., 2007, gv. 111-113),
35
qarTveli sazogado moRvaweni maT aRsaniSnavad kilos
iyenebdnen (Sdr., agreTve maSindeli terminebi: samSoblo
ena da saTemo ena; maTTvis saTemo ena iyo megrulic,
imerulic, mesxuric, xevsurulic, svanuric...); amis Sesaxeb
kargad wers T. saxokia:
"yvelas mogexsenebaT, rom megruli enis sakiTxi ruse-
bis Semosvlamde ar arsebobda. es sakiTxi gaCnda mas aqeT,
rac rusebma saqarTveloSi fexi moikides. roca saqarT-
velos sxvadasxva samTavroebi gauqmda da Cveni samSoblos
sxvadasxva nawilebi gaerTianda, rusis mTavrobam igrZno am
gaerTianebis saSiSroeba da gadawyda xelovnurad Seeqmna
daqucmaceba Cvenis qveynisa. 1870-ian wlebSi ieriSi mi-
tanil iqna samegrelos skolebze. aq saministro skolebidan
qarTuli ena gamodevnil iyo, rogorc aradedaena".32
kiTxvaze: rusi moxeleebisgan gansxvavebiT, ratom
miaCndaT qarTvel moRvaweebs, rom megruli, svanuri da
lazuri qarTuli enis kiloebia? pasuxi erTia: ori
dedaena ar arsebobs; yvela qarTvelis istoriuli dedae-
naa qarTuli ena, xolo kuTxuri metyvelebebi - kiloebia;
Sdr.: grigol orbeliani: "ra ena waxdes, eri daeces";
ilia WavWavaZe: "ena istoriaa erisa, pirveli niSani
eris vinaobisa - enaa";
vaJa-fSavela: “eri dedaa enisa"... aq aRar moviyvanT
v. f. humboldtis, l. vaisbergeris, g. ramiSvilis da mra-
val sxvaTa mosazrebebs enisa da eris urTierTgansaz-
Rvris Sesaxeb33.
32
srulad ix., T.gvancelaZe, 2006, gv. 124-130; aq naxavT dokumentur
masalasac, Tu 1992 wels saxelmwifo damnaSaveebi S. afridoniZis
xelSewyobiT rogor cdilobdnen, prorusuli politikisTvis gamo-
eyenebinaT T. saxokias es patriotuli, rusuli imperiuli politi-
kis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli werili.
33
t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, quTaisi, 2005, gv. 25-27.
36
samecniero polemikis istoriiT dainteresebuli
Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisTvis saintereso iqneba iv. javaxiS-
vilis erTi citatac:
ivane javaxiSvili (1992, gv. 53-54): im dros, rodesac
Tavisi Teoriis ZiriTadi debulebani pirvelad gamoaqveyna,
n. marrisTvis megruli, Wanuri da svanuri qarTuli enis
"Zmurad dakavSirebuli cocxali kilokavebi",
dialeqtebi iyo mxolod... mkiTxveli samarTlianad gaoce-
buli iqneba, rodesac missave 1912 w. sajarod warmoTqmulsa
dabeWdil sityvaSi: "kavkasia da sulieri kulturis Ze-
glebi" imave avtoris amgvar msjelobas Sehxvdeba: "qarT-
velTmcodneni, qarTul nacionalur Sexedulebaze damyno-
bilni, ugulebels hyofdnen mTel rigs qarTulis, Tumca
monaTesave, magram damoukidebel enebs, rogorc mag.
svanurs, megruls, Wanurs da maT qarTulis `damaxinjebul"
Tqmad anu dialeqtad sTvlidnen"-o... avtors daviwyebia,
rom amgvarive "nacionalisturi" Sexeduleba masac
hqonda, 1905 da 1908 wlebSi megruli, Wanuri da svanuri
masac qarTulis cocxal kilokavebad miaCnda".
momdevno periodSi am kamaTs axali "energia" misca i.
stalinma; kerZod, misma wignma: "marqsizmi da nacionaluri
sakiTxi"34 samecniero velidan didi xniT gandevna tra-
diciuli erTi qarTveluri enis Teoria: enaTmecnierTaT-
vis (ara mxolod maTTvis) diqtatoris mosazrebebi ofi-
cialur instruqciad iqca; mag., i. stalinis wignSi (gv. 18)
vkiTxulobT:
"kulturul-nacionaluri avtonomia gulisxmobs co-
taT Tu bevrad ganviTarebul erovnebebs ganviTarebuli
kulturiT, literaturiT. uampirobod es avtonomia
yovelgvar mniSvnelobas kargavs, uazrobad iqceva. magram
37
kavkasiaSi arian mTeli rigi xalxebi, romelTac
primitiuli kultura, gansakuTrebuli ena aqvT, magram
mSobliur literaturas moklebulni arian... ra vuyoT
aseT xalxebs: megrelebs, afxazebs, aWarlebs, svanebs,
lekebs da sxv., romlebic sxvadasxva enaze laparakoben, ma-
gram TavianTi literatura ki ara aqvT?" (gv. 138-139)... "na-
cionaluri sakiTxi kavkasiaSi SeiZleba gadaiWras mxolod
im mimarTulebiT, rom dagvianebuli erebi da xalxebi (me-
grelebi, svanebi, aWarlebi... xazgasma Cemia - t.f.) umaR-
lesi kulturis saerTo kalapotSi movaqcioT" (gv. 142).
XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde samecniero wreebSi mainc
gagrZelda kamaTi, magram maleve xangrZlivad Sewyda. 20-iani
wlebis enaTmecnieruli diskusiidan movitanT cnobili
enaTmecnieris - silovan xundaZis35 erT frazas:
"SaniZem unda icodes, rom qarTuli enis formebis
Seswavlis dros maTi Sedareba monaTesave kilo-kavebis
formebTan interess aorkecebs. garda amisa, saWiroa, rom
Cvenma mozardma Taobam icodes, rom megruli da svanuri
enebi Stoebia qarTuli enisa da ara gansxvavebuli enebi,
rogorc amas ambobdnen da dResac amboben mterni da
orgulni Cveni qveynisa" ("saxalxo saqme", 1919, #709, gv.2).
ruseTis enobrivi diversia sabWoTa periodSic
gagrZelda. XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos ck-m
miiRo dadgenileba: "megruli enis privilegiebis aR-
34
i. stalini, marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi, Tb., 1951.
35
s. xundaZis qarTul gramatikas, romelic 7-jer iyo gamocemuli (V
gamocema, 1917, quTaisi; VI gamocema, 1919, quTaisi; VII Sevsebuli
gamocema, "merani", quTaisi, 1920), bolos darTuli aqvs "qarTuli
enis kilokavebis (megrulisa da svanuris) gramatikuli formebi". s.
xundaZe gardaicvala 1928 wels.
38
sadgenad skolaSi, sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebisas da ga-
zeTis gamocemis saqmeSi".
mogvianebiT, amgvarma kvalifikaciam l. berias pro-
testic ki gamoiwvia; kerZod, 1937 wlis 16 ivniss
i.stalinisadmi miweril werilSi is akritikebs sabWoTa
kavSiris mecnierebaTa akademiis Sesabamis institutebs, ro-
melTa oficialur instruqciebSi aWarlebi, megrelebi,
svanebi, lazebi da wova-TuSebi qarTvelebad ar miiCneod-
nen36.
sabWoTa imperiasac aRudga win samegrelos mosax-
leoba, gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen am kuTxeSi aRzrdili
cnobili moRvaweebi; mag., konstantine gamsaxurdiam, qar-
Tuli samwignobro enis qmnadobis ZvelqarTuli tradiciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, dReisTvisac aqtualuri Teoriuli
postulati Camoayaliba:
"Cemis azriT, unda xdebodes enis reparacia adgilob-
rivi dialeqtebis saSualebiT. unda SemouSvaT qarTul (sa-
mwignobro) enaSi rogorc megrul-svanuri dialeqtebis
sityvebi, ise fSav-xevsuruli... vaJa-fSavelam am mxriv didi
samsaxuri gauwia qarTul enas..." (k. gamsaxurdia, 1922; ix.
aTtomeuli, 1983, t.VII, gv. 411); Sdr., agreTve: "XX sauku-
nis mwerlobam unda mogvces ilias qarTluris, akakis
imerulis, vaJas fSauris, megrulisa da guruli enobrivi
elementebis sruli sinTezi. ai, es iqneba idealuri lit-
eraturuli qarTuli (k. gamsaxurdia, 1929; aTtomeuli,
1983, t.VII, gv. 499)...37
36
l. berias werili gamosaqveyneblad moamzada v. gurulma (”axali
droeba”, 1999, # 1, gv. 25-27.
37
am tradiciul midgomasTan srul SesabamisobaSia am cota xnis
winaT saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqis gancxadeba, rom qarTuli
enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi unda SevitanoT narCevi megrul-
lazur-svanuri dialeqturi leqsikac (jerjerobiT qarTuli enis
39
 sabednierod, XX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi qarTvel-
TaTvis kiloebis mixedviT axali "saliteraturo enebis"
Seqmnis procesi SeCerda.
XX saukunis 80-90-iani wlebis mijnaze, roca
realuri gaxda sabWoTa imperiis ngreva, ganaxlda svanurad
da megrulad "bibliis" Targmnac da isev gaaqtiurda me-
gruli da lazuri "dedaenebisa" da "anbanebis" Seqmnis sa-
kiTxic; kerZod, rogorc v. foirStainis sajaro gancxade-
bidan gairkva, prof. o. gigineiSvilis davalebiT man
lazeTSi gaavrcela "lazuri dedaena", romelic osman tam-
trulis fsevdonimiT TbilisSi Seqmnes mixeil qurdianma
da waTe bawaSma. m. qurdianma kerZo saubarSi dagvidastura
es faqti, magram aRSfoTebiT aRniSna, rom man da w. bawaSma
"lazuri dedaenis" anbani Seadgines qarTuli SriftiT,
xolo v. foirStainma maT daukiTxavad laTinuriT
Secvala38 da aseTi variantiT gaavrcela.
aqve aRvniSnavT erT saintereso garemoebasac:
ufro adre oTar gigineiSvili jemal narakiZis
ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulSi Sedis mxolod qarTvelTa
sxva kiloebis monacemebi).
38 axlaxan gamoqveynebul "qarTuli enis enciklopediaSi" (Tbilisi,
2008, gv. 31) m.qurdiani Tavad wers, rom man da w. bawaSma "lazuri
dedaena" ("nananena") Seqmnes "qarTuli da laTinuri damwerlobebis
anbanebis safuZvelze" (v.foirStainsa da o. gigineiSvils aRar axse-
nebs).
Tavisi dialeqtis bazaze qarTvelTa erT jgufs axal dedaenas qar-
Tuli anbaniT ”Seuqmni” Tu laTinuriT, amiT bevri araferi icvleba;
lazebma, romlebic saqarTveloSi (sarfSi, gonioSi) cxovroben, kar-
gad ician, rom maTi winaprebi qarTuli kulturisa da saxelmwifoe-
briobis Seqmnis Tanamonawileni arian; Sesabamisad, maTi erovnuli
identoba iseTivea, rogoric: aWarlebis, gurulebis, imerlebis, me-
grelebis... sxva qveynis saganmanaTleblo velSi aRzrdil lazT ”axa-
li dedaena” ki ara, obieqturi informacia esaWiroebaT sakuTar
warsulze, vinaidan erovnul meobas ayalibebs winaprebis kultu-
risa da saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis obieqturi codna.
40
fsevdonimiTa da cnobili folkloristis _ zurab
Tandilavas redaqtorobiT aqveynebs wigns: "lazuri pa-
ramiTefe" (1982), romlis winasityvaobaSi xazgasmiT wers:
"lazuri zRaprebi dawerilia qarTuli enis lazur-
megrul dialeqtze."39
XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi iqmneba "megruli dedaenac"
("nanaSi nina")", romlis avtoria giorgi siWinava40.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis meore naxevridan sazRvar-
gareTis seriozul samecniero konferenciebze saqarT-
velos enobriv-eTnikuri situaciis TiTqosda kargad
mcodne da, j. hiuitisgan gansxvavebiT, kargi reputaciis
mqone mecnierebisganac ki gaxSirda qarTvelTa erTi nawi-
lis (megrelebis, lazebis, svanebis, mesxebis...) araqarT-
velebad gamocxadeba; pirdapir Tu iribad, subieqturobis
braldebiT grZeldeba mecnieruli qarTvelologiis
kritikac41.
SemTxveviTi arc is unda iyos, rom XX saukunis 90-iani
wlebidan daiwyo cnobili istoriuli moRvaweebis
poziciebis gayalbebac; mag.:
- 1997 wels darejan TvalTvaZem gamoaqveyna petre
Waraias mier 1910 wels Seqmnili megruli saleqsikono ma-
39
dawvrilebiT ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005, nawili I, gv. 74.
40
g. siWinava dadanaSaulebuli iyo g. eliavas "SearaRebuli amboxis"
organizebaSi.
41
bolo periodSi (2000-2008) saqarTveloSi SeiniSneba "saintereso"
tendenciac: ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sferoSi did Tanamdebobze
iniSnebian qarTvelTa enobriv-eTnikurad danawevrebis mxardamWeri
pirebi; araiSviaTad, zogi cdilobs, karg mecnierebad warmoadginos
is ucxoelebi (mag., j. hiuiti da sxv.), romlebic aramecnierul, rig
SemTxvevaSi ki antiqarTulad politizebul kvalifikaciebsa Tu
lingvistur rukebs avrceleben mTel msoflioSi.
41
sala; gamomcemelma didi Sroma gaswia, magram, ratomRac, ar pirvel rigSi warmovadgenT i. gipertis namuSevars
gaiTvaliswina gardacvlili avtoris principebi da didi (http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/kauk/kaukasm.htm; amave
moRvawis naSroms daarqva megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni (p. piris xelmZRvanelobiTaa momzadebuli proeqti: "enobrivi
Waraia Tvlida, rom megruli qarTulis dialeqtia!); situacia Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi"):
- 2007 wels gamoica besarion niJaraZis mier 1888 wels
Seqmnili orenovani qarTul-rusuli leqsikoni, sadac qar-
Tul formebs miwerili aqvs balszemouri kilos
saleqsikono masalac. b. niJaraZe samarTlianad Tvlida, rom
svanebis dedaena qarTulia; kerZod, werilSi "ra enaze
adideben da adidebdnen svanebi RmerTs (1904), b. niJaraZe
werda:
"svanuri namdvilad qarTulia, mxolod aqa-iq Secv-
lila, magram zogierTebi ver Sehrigebian am azrs da gai-
Zaxian, svanebi sul sxva xalxiao!.. netav vicode, visTvis an
risTvisaa saWiro es daJineba da svanebis gasxvistomeba"42.
besarion niJaraZis naSromis gamomcemlebmac ar gaiT-
valiswines gardacvilili avtoris pozicia da leqsikons
uwodes: samenovani qarTul-svanur-rusuli leqsikoni.
samwuxarod, rogorc ukve zemoT vnaxeT, rusuli (sab-
Wouri) istoriul-eTnologiuri usafuZvlo kvalifi-
xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom b-ni i. giperti am rukaze
kaciebi dRemde farTodaa gavrcelebuli evropis, amerikisa muSaobda 10 wlis manZilze (1993-2003 wlebSi), magram
da aziis samecniero (Tu sainformacio) velSi. bolo dros Sedegi mainc metad araobieqturi da aramecnieruli
intensiurad iqmneba da vrceldeba saqarTvelos enobrivi miviReT, radganac avtori eyrdnoba gasuli saukunis 30-
situaciisadmi miZRvnili araadekvaturi rukebi; samagali- iani wlebis Semdgom faqtobrivad dRemde gabatonebul e.w.
Tod gavaanalizebT or lingvistur rukas. 4 qarTveluri enis Teorias; kerZod, am rukis mixedviT:
42
_ samegreloSi, svaneTSi, afxazeTSi, lazeTSi,
vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, n. nakani, "svanebi saliteraturo enisa
da svanuri metyvelebis Sesaxeb (qarTvelTa erovnul-enobrivi TviT-
imerxevsa da cxinvalis mxareSi qarTuli ena ar aris avto-
mikuTvnebulobis sakiTxi)", samecniero-popularuli gazeTi `qar- qToni qarTvelebis dedaena;
Tuli", 2001, #7, gv. 2.; ix., agreTve: r. gujejiani, mama besarioni (ni- _ afxazeTis TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze (galSic ki!)
JaraZe), mestiisa da zemo svaneTis eparqiis gazeTi, 4 ivnisi, 2007; ix., kompaqturad cxovrobs afxazur enaze molaparake eTnosi;
aqve: t. futkaraZe, svanuri - arqauli qarTulis nairsaxeoba.

42 43
 _ centralur da samxreT qarTlSi xelovnuradaa
gazrdili osurenovani mosaxleobis raodenoba da sxv.
ufro Sors midis lingvisturi rukebis erT-erTi
cnobili Tanamedrove avtori i. koriakovi; kerZod, mas hgo-
nia, rom terminebi: samegrelo da istoriuli kolxa (Col-
khis) sinonimuri cnebebia; Sesabamisad, megruli da kolxuri
erTi da igive ena hgonia:
i. koriakovis rukis mixedviT gamodis, rom megrelebi
sxva qarTvelebisgan enobrivad gamijnulni arian sul mcire
3200 welia43.
43
am mimarTulebiT ufro Sors midis m.qurdiani, misi azriT, qar-
Tuli da zanur-svanuri erTmaneTs gaemijnen, sul mcire, 6000 wlis
win (2008, gv. 9); Sdr., Tanamedrove evropuli enebi Camoyalibdnen
bolo 1000-2000 welSi (Zveli berZnuli Tvisobrivad sxva enaa, Tanac
am uZvelesi anbanuri damwerlobis mqone enis asakic ver gadaSordeba
44
naTelia, rom i. koriakovi da i. giperti kargad ar ic-
noben saqarTvelos lingvokulturul istoriasa da awmyos.
cxadia isic, rom i. gipertma zedmeti gulmodginebiT "gaiT-
valiswina" saqarTveloSi arsebuli ori (afxazuri da
osuri) avtonomiis sazRvrebi44.
garda amisa, Cans, TavianTi rukebis agebisas i. kori-
akovma da i. gipertma gamoiyenes mxolod im mecnierTa mo-
sazrebebi, romlebic qarTul enobriv samyarosTan mimar-
TebiT arasworad iyeneben terminebs: eTnosi, umwerlobo
(arasamwerlobo) ena, eTnikuri dialeqti/ena, tomobrivi
metyveleba, eTnikuri ena45, tomi46, tomobrivi ena da sxv..
4000 wels, werilobiTi tradiciis uqonel zanur-svanur Tu sxva
enobriv erTeulze ki laparakic zedmetia).
44
sxva sakiTxia i. gipertis legitimuri finansuri interesi: ev-
ropeli mecnierebisTvis xelmisawvdomia didbiujetiani grantebi,
Tuki isini Seqmnian proeqtebs "safrTxis qveS myofi enebis” Sesaxeb.
45
Sdr.: b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, 1989, gv. 42: "saqarT-
velos eTnikur kuTxeebSi (xevsureTSi, xevSi, qarTlSi, kaxeTSi, imer-
eTSi, guriaSi...) gavrcelebuli metyveleba (xevsuruli, moxeuri,
qarTluri...) teritoriuli dialeqtebia, Tumca arsebiTad aq eTni-
kur dialeqtebTan gvaqvs saqme, kerZod, tomobriv metyvelebasTan".
1995 wels gamoqveynebul b. jorbenaZis "qarTvelur enaTa
dialeqtebSi" ki vkiTxulobT (gv. 17): qarTvelebis lokaluri eT-
nikuri jgufebia: xevsurebi, fSavlebi, moxeevebi, TuSebi, mTiulebi
da gudamayrelebi, qarTlelebi, kaxelebi, mesxebi (samcxelebi),
javaxebi, raWvelebi, imerlebi, leCxumlebi, gurulebi, aWarlebi, in-
giloebi, fereidnelebi, imerxevlebi, SavSelebi, klarjebi; xolo
"zanebi aerTianeben or eTnikur lokalur jgufs: megrelebsa da
Wanebs (lazebs)..." es damxmare saxelmZRvanelo gamoqveynebulia
prof. b. jorbenaZis gardacvalebis Semdeg g. gogolaSvilisa da g.
saliaSvilis redaqtorobiT.
46 qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis rvatomeulis mixedviT,
ratomRac, Tanamedrove qarTvel tomebad miCneulni arian: aWar-
lebi, TuSebi, lazebi da svanebi, xolo gurulebi, xevsurebi, me-
grelebi, mesxebi... gansazRvrulni arian, rogorc saqarTvelos erT-
45
 am terminTa nawili sabWouri gadmonaSTia47, nawili ki
arasworadaa gamoyenebuli; mag.: sabWoTa kavSirSi termine-
bis: "tomi", "tomobrivi ena” aqtiur gamoyenebas saTave
daudo f. engelsisa da i. stalinis "moZRvrebebma".
1913-1951 wlebSi i. stalinis ideologizebuli do-
qtrina "marqsizmi da nacionaluri sakiTxi" 4-jer gamoica;
1951 wels gamoqveynda stalinis sxva "naSromic", sadac aseve
aqtualuri terminia tomobrivi ena48; Sesabamisad, im-
periis velSi moRvawe mecnierebi iZulebulni iyvnen, ufro
maRali idealebis gadasarCenad garkveul kompromisebze
wasuliyvnen. dRes droa, gadaisinjos zogi maSindeli
kvalifikacia; Sdr., mag.:
arn. Ciqobava, "enaTmecnierebis Sesavali”, gv. 99-114:
"tomobrivi enebis nimuSad Cveni sinamdvilidan SeiZleba
davasaxeloT qarTvel tomTa enebi: svanuri, zanuri (me-
grul-Wanuri)”.
agreTve, "enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi" (g.
axvledianis redaqciiT), Tb., 1972: svanuri da zanuri (me-
grul-Wanuri) tomobrivi enebia amerikel indielTa enebis
(algonkinuris, irokezulis, acketuris...), an daRestnis
enebis (waxurulis, andiuris...) msgavsad.
vfiqrob, logikuria r. TofCiSvilis Tvalsazrisi,
rom Tanamedrove qarTvelebTan mimarTebiT miuRebelia
terminebi: tomi da tomobrivi ena:
erTi kuTxis mcxovrebni; damatebiTi msjelobisa da samecniero lit-
eraturis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 33-70
47
"sabWoTa periodSi daumkvidrda megruls da svanurs umwerlobo
enebis statusi" (T., bolqvaZe, 2007, gv. 221)
48
ix., "marqsizmi da enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, ike, t. 3, gv. 5-32; Sdr.:
46
tomi winafeodaluri gaerTianebis - eTnosis aRm-
niSvnelia49.
zemoT warmodgenili masalidan naTlad Cans, rom
bolo periodSi aris mcdeloba, sabWoTa kavSiris dros e.w.
tomobriv enebad CaTvlili qarTveluri kiloebi saxelde-
bul iqnas "eTnikuri umciresobis enebad", qarTvelTa erTi
nawili ki - saqarTveloSi enobriv umciresobad cxaddeba.
am TvalsazrisiT, kritikas ver uZlebs "kiTxvari
qarTvelur enebze molaparakeTaTvis"50. i. gipertisa da
misi Tanamzraxvelebis mier Seqmnili es dokumenti
momzadda proeqtis "enobrivi situacia Tanamedrove
saqarTveloSi" farglebSi. proeqtis prezentacia moxda
saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministroSi (27. 12. 2005 w.).
umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb "evropuli qartiis"
fonze Tu ganvixilavT aRniSnul "kiTxvars", aSkaraa:
proeqtis avtorebi miiCneven, rom saqarTveloSi qar-
Tuli enisgan Seviwroebulia megruli, lazuri da svanuri
(ase ganacxada i. gipertma proeqtis prezentaciis dros).
bunebrivia, qarTul samecniero sivrceSi am proeqtis
avkargianoba Sefasda da mwvave kritikis obieqtadac iqca
49
garda amisa, e.w. tomobrivi ena Tanamedrove samecniero litera-
turaSi gaigeba rogorc ganuviTarebel eTnikur umciresobaTa ena.
50
kiTxvaris Seqmnaze pasuxismgeblobas iReben proeqtis "enobrivi
situacia saqarTveloSi" qarTveluri enebis jgufis xelmZRvaneli, g.
gogolaSvili, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministros erovnuli
saswavlo gegmebisa da Sefasebis centris qarTuli enisa da lit-
eraturis sagnobrivi jgufis koordinatori, fil. mecn. doqtori
k. gabunia da jgufis wevrebi: arn. Ciqobavas enaTmecnierebis insti-
tutis direqtori, fil. mecn. kand. l. ezugbaia, fil. mecn. kand. W.
qiria (ix. kreb. "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", Tb., 2007, gv. 62-
64).
47
(ix., mag., akad. T. gvancelaZis51, prof. n. quTelias52 da
sxvaTa Sefasebebi); aq warmovadgenT mxolod akad. g. kva-
racxelias mosazrebas am proeqtis Sesaxeb:
"roca am proeqts vecnobodiT, mis kuratorad dasax-
elebuli iyo j. hiuiti53, visi miznebi da interesebi arav-
isTvis damaluli ar aris. amave dros, proeqtis warmom-
dgenma54 ilaparaka qarTuli saliteraturo enis gavlenis
Sesaxeb svanurze, romelic "daCagrulad" moixsenia.
gasagebia, yovel seriozul kvlevas dafinanseba esaWiroeba,
magram am fasad? amgvari "dasabuTebebi", romlebic xSirad
gvxvdeba ucxouri grantebis mosapoveblad, arc eTikuria
da arc usafrTxo, Tavi rom davaneboT imas, Tu ramdenad
Seesabameba isini realobas. me es iq (ganaTlebis saminis-
troSi; xazgasma Cemia - t.f.) vTqvi"55.
meti sinaTlisTvis aqve warmovadgenT xsenebuli "kiTx-
varis" ramdenime "tests" savaraudo pasuxebiT:
_ ra enaze gindaT, rom ganaTleba miiRon Tqvenma Svilebma?
(megrul-lazur, qarTul, svanur Tu sxva)? ratom?
_ romel enaze loculobT eklesiaSi (megrul-lazur, qar-
Tul, svanur Tu sxva)?
_ saWirod migaCniaT Tu ara satelevizio gadacemebi me-
grul-lazur/svanur enebze?
51
T. gvancelaZe, aucilebeli ganmartebani, gelaTis mecnierebaTa
akademiis Jurnali, 2007, # 7, gv. 51-62.
52
qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv. 18.
53
j. hiuits saqarTveloSi dRemde hyavs damcvelebi da Tanamoazreni;
ix., n. ladaria, 2002, gv. 58.
54
saqarTvelos ganaTlebis saministroSi proeqti sajarod waradgina
prof. i. gipertma.
55
g. kvaracxelias sruli teqsti ix.: "qarTveluri enebi da
dialeqtebi", 2007, gv. 13.
48
_ saWirod migaCniaT Tu ara radiogadacemebi megrul-
lazur/svanur enaze?
_ saWirod TvliT Tu ara, rom presa gamodiodes megrul-
lazur/svanur enaze? Tu ara ratom?
_ iciT Tu ara, gamodis Jurnal-gazeTebi megrul-
lazur/svanur enebze saqarTveloSi?
_ romelia TqvenTvis meore ena? (qarTuli, megrul-
lazuri, svanuri Tu sxva).
_ romelia TqvenTvis mesame (meoTxe) ena? (qarTuli, me-
grul-lazuri, svanuri Tu sxva)...56
gaugebaria, ganaTlebul qarTvel adamians ratom unda
daebados survili, rom sul mcire 20-saukunovani samwig-
nobro tradiciis mqone qarTvels (megrels, svans) hkiTxos:
_ ra enaze gindaT, rom ganaTleba miiRon Tqvenma Svilebma?
(megrul-lazur, qarTul, svanur Tu sxva)? ratom?
is vinc ambobs, rom qarTulisgan iCagreba svanuri da
megruli57, an acxadebs, rom qarTuli megrelis dedaena ar
aris58, mas surs, qarTvelTa nawili aiZulos, ifiqros
56 am kiTxvarze momuSave jgufs xelmZRvanelobs g. gogolaSvili.
57
g. kvaracxelia: "proeqtis warmomdgenma ilaparaka qarTuli
saliteraturo enis gavlenis Sesaxeb svanurze, romelic "daCagru-
lad" moixsenia".
58
ix., n. ladaria, 2002, gv. 22-23, sadac wers, rom kiTxvaris grafaSi -
”dedaena” megrelma unda Caweros megruli ena da ara - qarTuli ena.
politikur dajgufebaTa Tu arasamTavroboTa erTi nawilic
("Serigebis resursebi", Tavisuflebis instituti,
respublikuri partia, WaWia-giorgaZis”jgufi da saqarTvelos
konfederaciuli Tu federaciuli mowyobis sxva momxreni)
aqtiurad cdilobs, megrul-lazursa da svanurs mieniWos
"regionaluri enebis" statusi, raTa es qarTveluri kiloebi iqces
saqmiswarmoebis, RvTismsaxurebisa da ganaTlebis enad (dokumenturi
masalisaTvis ix. mag., gazeTi "asaval-dasavali", 5-11 noemberi, 2007 w.
49
RvTismsaxurebisa da ganaTlebis enad megrulis, lazuris,
svanuris SemoRebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso
samecniero-sainformacio qselSi umwignobro qarTvelur
enebad saxeldebuli qarTveluri kiloebi ukve aRiarebu-
lia eTnikuri umciresobebis enebad. karsaa momdgari evros-
abWos valdebulebebic59.
aSkaraa: qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros istoriis
araadekvaturi gaazrebis gamo safrTxe emuqreba qarTveli
eris mravalsaukunovan enobriv da eTnokulturul er-
Tianobas.
"umciresobaTa enebis Sesaxeb evrosabWos qartiis" um-
Tavresi moTxovnebis fonze ori ram unda davuSvaT:
an: i. gipertis jgufi, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, xels
uwyobs, rom qarTvelTa calkeul dialeqtebs saqarT-
veloSi mieniWos umciresobaTa enebis uflebebi; Sesa-
bamisad, mravalsaukunovani samwignobro enis mqone qarT-
velebma (megrelebma, svanebma, lazebma...) dRes kiloebis ba-
zaze miiRon ganaTleba da daiwyon RvTismsaxureba.
sxva masala ix. T. gvancelaZe, enisa da kilos sakiTxi
qarTvelologiaSi, Tb., 2006, gv. 130-139; msjelobisTvis ix. agreTve:
http://www.scribd.com/doc/6505547).
59
2007 wlis 18 marts saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis ga-
dacemaSi "dRis komentari daviT afrasiZesTan erTad" evrosabWoSi
saqarTvelos parlamentis warmomadgenelma levan berZeniSvilma ga-
nacxada, rom saqarTvelom evrosabWos winaSe aiRo valdebuleba,
daabrunos e.w. Turqi mesxebi da umciresobaTa enebis statusi
mianiWos svanursa da megruls... cxadia, rom amgvari ulogiko "val-
debulebis" SesrulebiT safrTxe Seeqmneba saqarTvelos erTianoba-
sac da mravalsaukunovani samwignobro tradicia waerTmeva samegre-
los, lazeTisa da svaneTis mosaxleobas.
50
an: am "kiTxvaris" avtorebma ar ician evrosabWos "ene-
bis qartiis" debulebebi da, amave dros, TavianTi kvalifi-
kaciebisas eyrdnobian meTodologiurad gaumarTavi
lingvisturi Tu eTnologiuri kvlevebis Sedegebs.
aqve kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT:
keTilSobiluri miznis mqone evropuli dokumentebi
araviTar safrTxes ar Seicavs, Tumca maT ratifikacias
saqarTvelosTvis savalalo Sedegebi SeiZleba mohyves, Tuki
saqarTvelos enobriv-eTnikuri situacia oficialurad
aRiwereba e.w. sami/oTxi qarTveluri enis mixedviT; ker-
Zod, "regionaluri da umciresobaTa enebis" Sesaxeb evro-
puli qartiis ratificirebis dros saqarTvelos enaTa Ca-
monaTvalSi Tuki 2-3 "umwignobro qarTveluri ena"
dafiqsirdeba, ulogikod da xelovnurad waxalisdeba
qarTvelTa mravalsaukunovani enobriv-eTnikur-kultu-
ruli erTobis danawevreba (ruseTis imperiis didi xnis
ocneba!)60.
Sdr.: am dros safrTxes "ver xedaven" Cveni oponentebi,
romlebic cdiloben miCqmalon arsebuli problema61; me-
tic, ruseTis imperiis mier politizebuli e. w. oTxi qarT-
veluri enis Teoriis mimarT Cveni62 kritika maT sakiTxis
politizebad CaTvales, xolo imperiis centrSi Seqmnili
politizebuli mosazrebebi - mecnierebad.
60
ruseTi ar jerdeba afxazeTisa da cxinvalis mxaris warTmevas; mas
didi geopolitikuri miznebi aqvs.
61
ix., qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv. 12, sadac g. gogo-
laSvili wers, rom t.futkaraZis, T.gvancelaZis, m.tabiZis (da
sxvaTa) mier "saxifaTod danaxul perspeqtivas araviTari realuri
safuZveli ar gaaCnia"! komentari mkiTxvelisTvis migvindvia.
62
Cemi da Cemi kolegebisa (romelTa ricxvi bevrad aRemateba
"sameuls" da momavalSi ufro meti iqneba.).
51
 vin axdens problemis politizebas?
patiosnad dainteresebuli pirovneba am kiTxvaze
ufro iolad ipovis pasuxs, Tuki Tvals gadaavlebs enad Tu
kilod kvalifikaciis kriteriumebs, qarTuli samwignobro
enis sayrdeni enobrivi modelis problemas da e.w. qarTi-
zaciis "Teoriis" istorias.
enisa da kilos gamijvnis
e. w. "wminda lingvisturi" krite-
riumebi da qarTvelur ena-kiloTa sa-
kiTxi dRes
pirvel rigSi, angariSi uTuod unda gaewios erT ga-
remoebas:
evrosabWos zemoT ganxilul dokumentebSic, Taname-
drove eTnologiur Tu lingvistur literaturaSic da
istoriuladac, ena da eTnosi Tu kilo da Temi (eT-
nografiul-teritoriuli jgufi) urTierTganmsazRvreli
cnebebia63: rogorc wesi, xalxebis eTnikuri klasifikacia
da eTnikuri identobis (TviTobis) gansazRvra ZiriTadad
enis mixedviT xdeba; Sesabamisad, arsebiTia swori me-
TodologiiT miRebuli (logikuri) daskvnebi konkretuli
enisa da kilos statusis Sesaxeb.
XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis bolos Cems kolegebsa da
me TvalSi mogvxvda erTi faqti:
ucxoeli kolegebi seriozul samecniero forumebze
bilingvebad (orenovnebad) warmoadgendnen megrelebs,
63
vrclad ix. t. futkaraZe, 2005.
52
svanebs; araiSviaTad, megrel-svanebi miiCneoda araqarTvel
bilingvebadac.
davsviT kiTxva: ra saxis argumentebs emyarebian ev-
ropeli/amerikeli mecnierebi, roca qarTvelTa erT nawils
orenovan araqarTvelebad acxadeben?
pasuxi am SemTxvevaSic martivi aRmoCnda:
isini saqarTvelos "xalxebis", eTnosebis, eTnikuri
jgufebis raodenobasa da xasiaTs gansazRvraven "enebis"
mixedviT, xolo "qarTveluri enebis" Sesaxeb masalas imow-
mebdnen qarTvel mecnierTa naSromebidan.
sakiTxis istoriis Seswavlam CvenTvis bevri ram gaxada
naTeli; dRemde am Temaze gamoqveynda aTeulobiT naSromi.
Cveni mTavari daskvnaa:
enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiT argumentirebuli ar
aris samecniero wreebSi dRemde gabatonebuli e. w. 3-4
qarTveluri enis Teoria64. Sesabamisad, e. w. qarTizacias
Teoriasa da peterburgSi Seqmnil qarTvelologiis
politizebul skolas istoriuli Tu mecnieruli
argumentebi ar eZebneba65.
aqvea aRsaniSnavi, rom 3 qarTveluri enis Teorias
bolo periodSi aqtiurad icavs qarTvel enaTmecnierTa
64
msjelobisa da bibliografiisaTvis ix.: t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi,
I naw., quTaisi, 2005; T. gvancelaZe, enisa da kilos sakiTxi qarTvel-
ologiaSi, 2006; m. tabiZe, enobrivi situacia saqarTveloSi da
qarTuli enis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi, Tb., 2005; m. naWyebia,
saqarTvelos eTnolingvisturi terminebi, Tb., 2006; r. Serozia,
qarTveluri saliteraturo enisa da sulxan-sabas "sityvis konis"
zogi sakiTxisaTvis, qarTveluri memkvidreoba, XI, quTaisi, 2007.
65
msjeloba ix., agreTve, qvemoT, samwignobro enis sayrden enobriv
modelze msjelobisas.
53
mcire jgufi66; mag., 1996 wlidan saenaTmecniero konferen-
ciebze msgavsi TematikiT, magram Cvengan gansxvavebuli
daskvnebiT aqtiurdeba m. qurdiani. kerZod, mas ratomRac
hgonia, rom ena-kiloTa statusi ueWvelad dgindeba "is-
toriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis" mier. misi azriT,
Tuki sametyvelo erTeulebs Soris arsebobs "bgeraTSesa-
tyvisoba", isini monaTesave enebia, Tu arada - dialeqtebi. m.
qurdiani dRemde manipulirebs ra komparativistikisa da
sociolingvistikis terminebiT, cdilobs, araspeciali-
stebi daarwmunos, rom, mag., svanuri svanebis dedaenaa,
xolo qarTuli - erovnuli ena.
Sdr.: guram ramiSvili: erovnuli ena da dedaena si-
nonimebia67.
sxvagan m. qurdiani aseve uargumentod acxadebs, rom
"wminda enaTmecnieruli" gansazRvriT, svanuri da zanuri
"damoukidebeli enebia", xolo sociolingvisturi Tval-
sazrisiT - qarTuli enis dialeqtebi68.
66
axlaxan e. w. qarTizaciis dausabuTebel Teorias mimdevrebi ga-
mouCndnen TurqeTSic (masalisaTvis ix., mag., Ali Arslan, Tarihsel ve So-
syolojik Olarak Kartvel Niçin Hıristiyan Demektir? (www.gamarcoba.com).
67
g. ramiSvili, dedaenis Teoria, 2000, gv. 7; qarTuli enis,
rogorc qarTvelTa erTaderTi dedaenis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis ix.
iqve, gv. 6-9). araiSviaTad, Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi
termini "erovnuli ena" gamoiyeneba saxelmwifo enis sinonimadac; Tu
davuSvebT, rom m. qurdianisTvis erovnuli ena saxelmwifo enis si-
nonimia, aseT SemTxvevaSi, sociolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, mag.,
saqarTvelos moqalaqe afxazTa Tu somexTa dedaenebi da qarTvelTa
balszemouri (svanuri), megruli Tu guruli dialeqtebi qar-
TulTan mimarTebiT erT rigSi warmodgeba, rac, aseve, sruli gauge-
brobaa; sinamdvileSi: saqarTveloSi afxazuri regionaluri
(/eTnikuri umciresobis) enaa, somxuri - migrantTa ena, xolo bal-
szemouri, megruli da guruli - qarTvelTa dialeqtebi.
68
qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv, 6-9; ix. agreTve: m.
qurdiani, 1996; Sdr.: t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 65.
54
Sdr., agreTve: m. qurdianis azriT, "wminda enaTmec-
nieruli" midgomiT rusuli da ukrainuli dialeqtebia da
ara enebi, ramdenadac maT Soris ar aris regularuli da
kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobebi; misive mtkicebiT, so-
ciolingvisturi TvalsazrisiT, imerxevelTa qarTuli
Turquli enis dialeqtia.
sruli pasuxismgeblobiT vambobT:
m. qurdianis amgvari debulebebi Sedegia istoriul-
SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebisa da sociolingvistikis
miznebis aRrevisa69; kerZod:
pirvel rigSi, aRvniSnavT, rom saerTaSoriso stan-
dartebiT da, swored rom sociolingvisturi parametre-
bis mixedviT, qarTuli ena TurqeTSi aris ara Turquli
enis dialeqti, aramed - eTnikuri umciresobis ena:
TurqeTis amJamindel saxelmwifoSi arTvinis guberniaSi
mcxovrebi qarTvelebi avtoqTonebi arian; TurqeTSi ga-
moicema qarTulenovani Jurnalebi, gazeTebi. iqaur qarT-
velebs aqvT ramdenime qarTulenovani sainterneto radioc.
meore: ukrainelebi ar daujereben m. qurdians da,
Sesabamisad, kilod arasodes miiCneven TavianT dedaenas;
mesame: yvela svanisTvis qarTuli aris winaprebis
69
usafuZvlo da xelovnuria e. w. "sakuTriv lingvisturi" da
sociolingvisturi cnebebis "koliziaze" enaTmecnier a. arabulis
msjelobac (qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv, 34-40).
sociolingvistika enaTmecnierebis erT-erTi mimarTulebaa da ara
mecnierebis sxva dargi; mag., morfologia enas swavlobs agebulebis
mixedviT, xolo sociolingvistika - funqciis mixedviT. sakiTxis
istoriisTvis: megrulis sxvadasxva statusis (”lingvistikurad” ena
- ”kulturulad” dialeqti) Sesaxeb n. maris msjelobis
kritikisaTvis ix.: arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv. 366 (arn. Ciqobava n. mars
uwunebda lazurisadmi midgomis "ormag standarts"); ix., agreTve:
T. gvancelaZe, 2006; gv. 19; b. jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 20; Sdr., t.
futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 65.
55
mier Seqmnili dedaenac (/erovnuli enac)70, saeklesio enac,
saliteraturo enac, saxelmwifo enac; xolo, mag., laSxuri
laSxelisTvis mSobliuri kiloa.
erTi wuTiT gavyveT m. qurdianis logikas da davsvaT
kiTxvebi:
_ mis mier "wminda lingvistur" "kiloebad" gamocxa-
debuli rusuli an ukrainuli mTeli msoflios mier ra-
tomaa aRiarebuli damoukidebel enebad? mag., arn. Ciqoba-
vas, g. axvledianis, T. SaraZeniZisa da sxvaTa mier war-
modgenil "enaTa genealogiur klasifikaciebSi" rusuli,
ukrainuli da belorusuli ratomaa warmodgenili damou-
kidebel enebad?71
_ m. qurdianis logikiT, "wminda lingvisturi" "enebi"
- bavariuli da Svaburi mTeli msofliosgan ratomaa miC-
neuli germanuli enis dialeqtebad?
da mTavari, araritorikuli kiTxva:
msoflios enaTa genealogiur klasifikaciebSi war-
modgenili enebis statusi "wminda lingvisturi" midgomi-
Taa gansazRvruli Tu "sociolingvisturiT"?
pasuxi erTia: "wminda lingvisturi" niSniT
(bgeraTSesatyvisobebiTa Tu fonetikur-morfologiur-
sintaqsur-leqsikuri Taviseburebebis xarisxiT) ar (da
ver!) ganisazRvreba enisa da kilos statusi.
70
dedaena enobrivi sociumis - eris Tvisebaa (da ara –
individisa!); ena erovnulobis damcveli da SemnarCunebelia... ena
da eri erTmaneTs gansazRvravs…(g. ramiSvili, 2000, gv. 9, 70, 172).
71
ix., arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv. 344; enaTmecnierebis Sesavlis sakiTxebi,
1972, gv. 295; T. SaraZeniZe, 1958, gv. 6.
56
davuSvaT, rom, mag., ”wminda lingvisturad”
svanuri enaa, sociolingvisturad kilo; genealogiur
sqemebSi Tu saqarTvelos enaTa oficialur siaSi romeli
kvalifikacia unda Sevides?
ufro logikuri xom ar aris, wina Taobebis naSromebis
mixedviT vilaparakoT ara enis lingvistur da socioling-
vistur statusze, aramed termin ”enis” polisemanturo-
baze?
saanalizod warmovadgenT arnold Ciqobavas msjelo-
bis fragments:
"gardauvali wesia: erTi Taoba midis, meore -
modis... xalxi ki ukvdavia. ukvdavia misi enac, Tuki mas
xalxma zurgi ar Seaqcia; ena Taobidan Taobas gadaecema, da
misi wyalobiT es Taobebi erT xalxad iTqmis: xalxis meobas
misi ena gvaniSnebs".
termini "xalxi" aq eris sinonimia: eris meobas ena
gansazRvravs... cnobilia, rom b-ni arnoldi monaTesave, ma-
gram mainc sxvadasxva enad miiCnevda qarTuls, zanursa da
svanurs; Tumca, bunebrivia, misTvis megrel-Wanebica da
svanebic qarTvelebi arian.
faqtia, cnobili enaTmecnierisTvisac ki enas orgvari
mniSvneloba aqvs72: erTi gansazRvravs ers, meore - ara.
romeli mniSvnelobaa ZiriTadi?
msoflios enaTa genealogiur sqemebSic, Tanamedrove
eTnologiur enciklopediebSic da evrosabWos dokumen-
tebSic (mag., ”enebis qartiaSi”) ena eris/eTnosis meobis
ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli (mag.,
ukrainuli ena, azerbaijanuli ena...) da dakavSirebulia
72
"enis" polisemanturobis, agreTve, sabasa da vaxuStis midgomebis
Sesaxeb ix., m. tabiZe, 2005.
57
erovnul-eTnikuri identobis sakiTxTan.
am TvalsazrisiT, sayuradReboa T. SaraZeniZis
msjeloba: monaTesave kiloTagan an erTi enis diferencia-
ciiT axali enebi miiReba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
provinciebi damoukidebel saxelmwifoebad Camoyalibdeba
da am xalxebs Soris erTianoba gawydeba... kiloebis enebad
Camoyalibebis aucilebeli pirobaa erTi sazogadoebis
nawilebis erTmaneTisgan mowyveta: imisaTvis, rom enis
diferenciacia ganxorcieldes, aucilebelia am enaze mo-
laparake sazogadoeba daiSalos da Sewydes urTierToba
gamoyofil nawilebs Soris73.
yvelam icis, rom dasavleT, samxreT Tu aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos qarTvelobas Soris arasodes gawyvetila
enobrivi da eTno-kulturuli erTianoba; iZulebiTi sax-
elmwifoebrivi daSlilobac ki droebiT movlenas war-
moadgenda da maSinac ki TiToeuli samefos/samTavros
mefe/mTavari Tavs saqarTvelos kanonier mmarTvelad miiC-
nevda (mag., levan dadiani acxadebda, rom iyo iv-
eriis/saqarTvelos mefe): didi saqarTvelo patar-patara
saqarTveloebad iSleboda!
kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT:
msoflioSi arsebuli ZiriTadi enebis statusi gan-
sazRvrulia eqstralingvisturi (eTnokulturuli Tu
politikur-religiuri) faqtorebis mixedviT.
mainc rogor ganmartavs enas lingvistika?
enaTmecnierTa ganmartebiT, ena aris istoriulad
Camoyalibebul sametyvelo bgeriT niSanTa sistema, ro-
73
T. SaraZeniZe, 1958, gv. 42-45.
58
melic warmoadgens samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komu-
nikaciisa da codnis Senaxvis saSualebas.
Sdr.: saerTo-saxalxo enis ganStoeba - dialeqti
aseve bgeriT niSanTa mowesrigebuli sistemaa; dialeqtic
aris samyaros xedva-aRqmis, azrovnebis, komunikaciisa Tu
codnis Senaxvis saSualeba.
ase rom, sakuTriv enaTmecnieruli ganmartebis
mixedviT, ena da kilo ver imijneba.
rac Seexeba oponentTagan mSvelelad moxmobil isto-
riul-SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis mizans:
enaTmecnierebis es mimarTuleba cdilobs daadginos,
aris Tu ara monaTesave erTmaneTTan TvalsaCinod daSore-
buli enebi; misi mizani ar aris sametyvelo erTeulis
statusis dadgena; kerZod, aralingvistTaTvis ganvmartav:
istoriul-SedarebiTi enaTmecniereba ori saxisaa:
prospeqtuli (enis istoriis kvleva istoriis siRrmidan
Tanamedroveobisken) da retrospeqtuli. swored retro-
speqtuli enaTmecnierebis mizania, istoriul-SedarebiTi
meTodis gamoyenebiT (rekonstruqciebis gziT!) aRadginos
damwerlobis mqone enaTa preistoria da umwerlobo
enaTa istoria, raTa daadginos amJamad mkveTrad daSore-
buli enebis naTesaoba.
naTesaoba ueWvel faqtad cxaddeba regularuli da
kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobebis dadgenis Semdeg.
komparativistuli meTodika aRadgens sivrcesa da
droSi odesRac arsebuli fuZe-enis sistemas da mis wiaRSi
navaraudevi dialeqtebis daSoriSorebis process. kom-
parativistika ver adgens (da arc adgens!) im kriteri-
umebs, romliTac mocemuli sazogadoeba enis statuss ani-
Webs ama Tu im istoriul Tu Tanamedrove dialeqts.
aqve kidev erTxel SevniSnavT, rom arsebobs bevri
axlomonaTesave ena (mag., rusuli, belorusuli, Cexuri,
59
slovakuri...) romelTa Soris bgeraTSesatyvisoba ar aris
Camoyalibebuli.
regularuli da kanonzomieri bgeraTSesatyvisobis
dadgenis saWiroeba Cndeba maSin, roca rTulia mocemul
enaTa naTesaobis danaxva; Sesabamisad, bgeraTSesatyvisobas
araviTari roli ar akisria axlomonaTesave sametyvelo
erTeulebis statusis (enis, kilos, kilokavis) dadgenis
TvalsazrisiT74.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom msoflios ZiriTadi ene-
bis/kiloebis statusi gairkva istoriul-SedarebiTi enaT-
mecnierebis meTodologiis Camoyalibebamde didi xniT
adre da, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda, aravin cdilobs am
statusTa gadasinjvas.
XX saukunis dasasruls, problemis Seswavlisas
Cveni mizani Tavidanve naTlad ganisazRvra:
istoriulad arsebuli enisa da kilos statusis
ganmsazRvreli kriteriumebis dadgena (ramdenadac enebi
da kiloebi arsebobda enaTmecnierebis, rogorc mecniere-
bis erT-erTi dargis, Camoyalibebamde) da amis mixedviT
dRes sadavo enobriv erTeulTa kvalifikacia.
CvenTvis naTeli gaxda, rom arc istoriulad da arc
Tanamedrove msoflioSi ena-kiloTa statusi ar dgindeba
arc "sakuTriv lingvisturi" kriteriumiT da arc e. w.
74
Sdr., T. SaraZeniZis msjeloba (1958, gv. 137): istoriul-SedarebiT
meTods rigi siZneleebi xvdeba. jer erTi, nakleb nayofieria an metis-
metad Zneldeba istoriul-SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyeneba zogierTi
tipis enaTa mimarT; aseTebia: a) monaTesave enebi, romlebic Zlier
axlos dganan erTmaneTTan, romelTa diferenciacia Sors ar
wasula; b) enebi, romlebic metismetad daSorebulni arian erT-
maneTs, ris gamoc ar xerxdeba maTi odindeli naTesaobis mtkiceba.
60
gagebinebiT, romelsac zogi specialistic ki75 lingvistur
kriteriumad acxadebs (gagebineba ar aris lingvistikis
sfero).
Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi seriozulad
ganixileba enisa da kilos gammijnavi sxva kriteriumebi:
prestiJuloba, ganfenis xarisxi, damwerlobis qona, stan-
dartuloba-xelovnuroba... bevri specialisti Tvlis, rom
dialeqtsa da enas Soris zRvaris gavleba Znelia76.
aqve aRvniSnavT:
wina Taobebis qarTvel enaTmecnierebs sagangebod
ar ukvleviaT ena-kiloTa gammijnavi kriteriumebi77;
Sesabamisad, roca "evropis enebis qartiam 1992 wlidan am
mimarTulebiT axali realoba Seqmna, Tanamedrove avtorebs
marTebT siRrmiseuli analizi78.
rogorc wesi, tradiciuli samwignobro kulturis
mqone sametyvelo erTeuli enad miiCneva. Sesabamisad,
rTulia umwerlobo enisa da dialeqtis gamijvna.
Cveni azriT, aseT dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT, erTi
mxriv, dialeqtis sayovelTaod gaziarebuli gansazRvreba,
meore mxriv ki, mocemuli xalxis samwignobro tradicia;
75 ix., mag., T. gamyreliZe, z. kiknaZe,.. 2003, gv. 615.
76
problemis mimoxilvisaTvis ix. T. gvancelaZe, 2006.
77
ix. mag., arn. Ciqobava, 1936, gv. 205
78
Sdr., r. amirejibi-malenis msjeloba ix. wignSi: kolxuri (megrul-
lazuri) ena, Tb., 2006: "enebisa da dialeqtebis gamijvnis wminda
lingvistur kriteriumebs miekuTvneba urTierTgagebinebis
faqtori. amitomac, megrul-lazuri da svanuri damoukidebeli ene-
bia "wminda lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT" (gv. 6-8). Tanamedrove "po-
lemikis" erTi ucnauroba isicaa, rom wignis ambiciuri redaqtor-
isTvis saWiro xdeba Sexseneba: "urTierTgagebinebis faqtori" da
arc romelime sxva "faqtori" "lingvisturi kriteriumi" ar aris!
61
kerZod:
aRiarebuli gansazRvrebiT, dialeqti aris mocemuli
naciis (eris) saerTo-saxalxo (oficialuri) enis ganStoeba,
romelic qveynis teritoriis erTi nawilis mosaxleobis an
erTi romelime socialuri fenis zepiri (araoficialuri)
urTierTobis saSualebas warmoadgens79.
Sesabamisad, konkretuli sametyvelo erTeuli mona-
Tesave struqturis mqone oficialuri, samwignobro (sta-
ndartuli) enis nairsaxeobad - dialeqtad - CaiTvleba, Tu-
ki am sametyvelo kodis mflobel sazogadoebas istoriu-
lad monawileoba miRebuli aqvs mocemuli samwignobro
enis SeqmnaSi. rogorc wesi, samwignobro ena aris ofi-
cialuri ena - elitaruli metyveleba (mag., samegreloSi
”Jinosquas” ena iyo saliteraturo qarTuli), dialeqti ki
saSinao enaa.
umwerlobo enad unda miviCnioT enobriv-eTnikuri
identobis (meobis, TviTobis) mqone im sazogadoebis mety-
veleba, romelsac sakuTar dedaenaze ara aqvs werilobiTi
kultura da Semoqmedebis Tu saqmiswarmoebis procesSi iye-
nebs sxvaTa mier Seqmnil samwignobro enas. umwerlobo ena
zepiri formiT (dialeqtebis, kilokavebis, Tqmebis, Jargo-
nebis saxiT...) arsebobs.
naTelia, rom megrul-Wanuri da svanuri metyvele-
bebi ver CaiTvleba umwerlobo enebad im martivi mizezis
gamo, rom samwignobro qarTulis am saxesxvaobebis
mflobelT sul mcire 20-saukunovani samwignobro tradi-
79erTi enis dialeqtebs Soris gagebineba SeiZleba Wirdes, an saerTod
ar iyos; ix. mag., v. iarcevas redaqtorobiT 1990 wels rusul enaze
gamoqveynebuli ”lingvisturi enciklopediuri leqsikoni”, gv. 132-
133 (da sxv.).
62
cia aqvT sakuTar dedaenaze80.
aqve, kidev erTi arsebiTi kiTxva:
rogor mtkicdeba, rom qarTuli ena ZvelTaganve
aris yvela qarTveluri Temis (maT Soris: megrelebis,
svanebis, lazebis) dedaena da amosavalia yvela qarTveluri
kilosaTvis?
am kiTxvaze damajerebel pasuxs iZleva msjeloba
qarTuli samwignobro enis sabazo metyvelebis Sesaxeb.
80 zogi aralingvisti marTla gulwrfelad fiqrobs: rogor
SeiZleba erTi da imave donis terminiT movixsenioT iseTi daSore-
buli metyvelebebi, rogoricaa, mag., imeruli da megruli; maTTvis
gvaqvs erTi martivi amocana: gvaqvs ori donis cneba-termini: ena da
kilo; am cnebebiT davajgufoT qvemoT CamoTvlili enobrivi
erTeulebi: qarTuli, imeruli, aWaruli, megruli, afxazuri,
CeCnuri, ukrainuli, rusuli, germanuli, bavariuli... ukamaToa, rom
qarTulTan mimarTebiT kiloebia misi saxesxvaobebi: imeruli, aWa-
ruli, xolo germanulis dialeqtia bavariuli; qarTulis msgavsad,
ukamaToa sxva erebis sametyvelo erTeulebis statusic; damoukide-
beli enebia: qarTulis monaTesave afxazuri, CeCnuri da aramonaTe-
save: rusuli, ukrainuli, germanuli. romel jgufSi unda gan-
vaTavsoT qarTulis saxesxvaoba - megruli (romelic ufro metadaa
Secvlili, vidre aWaruli): aWarul-imerulis Tu germanul-
rusul-afxazuris? maT dasaxasiaTeblad mesame termini ar arsebobs
(da arc aris saWiro): saerToqarTveluris bazaze Seqmnil arqaul
samwignobro enasTan mimarTebiT, dRes arsebuli yvela zepiri qarT-
veluri metyveleba meoreuli movlenaa (es kargad Cans xmovanTkom-
pleqsTa transformaciebiTac). zanur-svanur (e.w. SiSina) kiloebsa
da mesxur-fxour-qarTlurs (e.w. sisina) kiloebs Soris Tvisobrivi,
"sistemuri" sxvaoba ar gvaqvs (msjelobisaTvis ix., t. futkaraZe, gv.
66-67). am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa arn. Ciqobavas msjeloba (1936,
gv. 205-206): "Wanurisa da megrulis fonetikur-morfologiur-
sintaqsur movlenaTa analizisas cxadi da xelSesaxebi xdeba am mov-
lenaTa istoriuli warsuli da geneturi urTierToba, roca amo-
savlad gamoyenebulia qarTuli ena."
63

qarTuli samwignobro enis sabazo
enobrivi modelis sakiTxi;
ras emyareba "qarTizaciis"
Teoria?
qarTvelTa samwignobro enis sabazo metyvelebis
Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi ori ZiriTadi mosazreba
gvaqvs:
a. samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba saerToqarTvelur enas;
b. samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba qarTlurs (qarTl-
kaxurs), an qarTluris safuZvelze Seqmnil qalaqur koines.
swored es ukanaskneli mosazreba daedo safuZvlad
e.w. qarTizacia-qarTvelizaciis Teorias.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani:
a. samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba
saerToqarTvelur enas - yvela Tanamedrove qarTveluri
64
enobrivi erTeulisTvis amosaval metyvelebas.
RvTismsaxurebis terminTa analiziT, iv. javaxiSvili
(1979, gv. 154-156) askvnis:
"qarTuli ena qarTlel-kaxel-imerel-gurulebisa da
megrel-svanebisTvis saerTo enaa..." warmarTobis
droindeli saerTo Semoqmedebaa; Sdr., iv. javaxiSvili
(1908, gv. 20): "qristianobis niadagze aRmocenebuli
mwerlobis ena qarTluria... qarTvelTa Zveli mwerlobis
ena ki SeiZleba ekuTvnodes megrul-lazur, an svanur Stos;
Sdr., iqve, gv. 4: "saerTo ena da mwerloba yvela qarTvelma
tomma Seqmna".
ivane javaxiSvilis mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT,
"saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiis istoriis" avtorma,
mitropolitma anania jafariZem, 1996 wels Camoayaliba
Semdegi mosazreba:
"jer kidev IV-III saukuneebSi qarTlis samefoSi anu
aRmosavleT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi (xazi Cemia - t.f.)
mcxovreb xalxs (yvela qarTul toms - qarTebs, megrelebsa
da svanebs) ukve hqonia eris raobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi
mTavari elementi - enis erToba. es iyo saerTo-saxalxo,
saliteraturo, saxelmwifo da kultmsaxurebis saerTo
qarTuli ena, romelsac hqonda dialeqtebi, rogorc yvela
cocxal enas" (gv. 62-63).
Sdr., agreTve, mitropoliti anania: "mociqulTa
epoqis saqarTveloSi saqristiano moZRvreba iTargmna
qarTvelTaTvis saerTo enaze da ara satomo ena-kavebze;
fuZe qarTveluri enis daSlamde Camoyalibda qarTuli
saeklesio da saliteraturo ena da, saerTod, qarTuli
qristianuli kultura. amis Semdeg saerTo fuZe qarTuli
daiSala svanur, zanur da qarTul dialeqtebad,
romelTac Tanamedrove enobrivi saxe miiRes mogvianebiT -
saqarTvelos daSla-danawevrebis kvaldakval XIII-XIX
65
saukuneebSi".81
saerToqarTveluri enis, arqauli samwignobro enisa da
qarTveluri kiloebis enobrivi faqtebis SepirispirebiT,
aseve welTaRricxvaTa mijnaze qarTulidan sxva enebSi da sxva
enaTagan qarTulSi nasesxebi leqsika mxars uWers mosazrebas,
rom qarTvelTa istoriuli samwignobro ena - sasuliero
mwerlobis ena (e.w. Zveli qarTuli ena) Seqmnilia Zveli
welTaRricxvis dasasruls da efuZneba Zv. w. II-I
aTaswleulebSi arsebul saerToqarTvelur enas82.
Sesabamisad, Cveni azriT, naklebsarwmunoa, rom qarTu-
li saliteraturo ena efuZnebodes Tbilisur koines, qar-
Tlurs, kaxurs an sxva erT romelime qarTvelur kilos83.
samwignobro enis terminologiis analiziT msgavs
daskvnas akeTebs m. Cuxua: "uZveles warsulSi arsebobda
saerToqarTveluri samwerlobo ena, romlis bunebriv
gagrZelebasac warmoadgens Zveli qarTuli samwerlobo ena.
rodesac is Seiqmna, zanuri da svanuri, rogorc damou-
kidebeli enobrivi erTeulebi, ar arsebobda"84. qarT-
velebSi samwerlo tradiciis arseboba saerToqarTveluri
enobrivi erTobis xanisaTvis ivaraudeba, rasac aseve mxars
dauWerda fuZe-enaSi iseTi kulturuli prototipebis pov-
niereba, rogoricaa: *wign- ”wigni”, *qert- ”qaRaldi”, *ZaR-
”saRebavi”...85
b. samwignobro qarTuli efuZneba qarTlurs
(qarTl-kaxurs), an qarTluris safuZvelze Seqmnil
81 "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", 2007, gv, 27.
82
ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 325; t. futkaraZe, 2006, gv. 41-43; ix.,
agreTve, qvemoT
83
t. futkaraZé, 2007.
84
qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv, 21.
85
m. Cuxua, 2006, gv. 158-160.
66
qalaqur koines.
dResac farTod gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
qarTis tomis (/erovnebis) enis bazaze Seiqmna qarTuli
samwignobro ena, romelic kulturisa da mecnierebis enad
aRiares sxva qarTveluri enebis mflobelebmac... pirvel
rigSi sanimuSod warmovadgenT g. meliqiSvilis msjelobas:
arabobis Semdeg aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mkvidri qarTis
erovnebis mier moxda dasavleT saqarTvelos araqarTi
mosaxleobis "enobriv-eTnikuri" daaxloeba-Serwyma86.
samecniero literaturaSi gvaqvs am mosazrebis odnav
saxecvlili variantebic:
a. SaniZe: Zveli qarTuli samwignobro ena emyareba xan-
met da haemet kiloebs, romelTa mflobeli tomebi cxov-
robdnen mcxeTa-bolnisis raionSi (xanmeti) da mis dasav-
leTiT (haemeti; Sdr.: "megrul-Wanuric haemeti kilos Camo-
mavalia"); IX saukunidan mokidebuli qarTuli salitera-
turo enis mTavari wyaroa haemeti kilo, romelic adre xan-
metis paralelurad arsebobda (a. SaniZe, 1923, gv. 360-362;
es azri uzustodaa damowmebuli z. sarjvelaZis mier; ker-
Zod, Sdr., z. sarjvelaZe, 1984, gv. 83: a. SaniZis azriT,
"saliteraturo enas safuZvlad daedo aRmosavleT saqarT-
velos, istoriuli iberiis, metyveleba");
arn. Ciqobava: "saliteraturo ena iqmneba garkveuli
dialeqtis safuZvelze, ase, magaliTad, rusul erovnul
enas, rogorc aRniSnavs i. stalini, safuZvlad daedo kursk-
oriolis metyveleba... Zveli saliteraturo qarTuli ena
Seiqmna istoriuli qarTlis (igulisxmeba provincia
qarTli - t. f.) metyvelebis safuZvelze; axali qarTuli
86
g. meliqiSvili, 1973, gv. 124-128; g. meliqiSvili, 2003.
67
saliteraturo ena qarTluris garda kaxursac emyareba"
(arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv. 114-115).
g. axvlediani, g. nebieriZe: "qarTul saliteraturo
enas safuZvlad udevs qarTl-kaxuri dialeqti, magram
saliteraturo qarTuli ar emTxveva mTlianad qarTl-
kaxur dialeqts, saliteraturo enas safuZvlad edeba is
dialeqti, romlis warmomadgenlebic dawinaurebuli arian
kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri TvalsazrisiT;
ase magaliTad, laTinurs safuZvlad daedo romis
dialeqti, radgan roms gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekava
romis imperiaSi. amave mizezis gamo franguls safuZvlad
daedo parizis dialeqti, Zvel berZnuls - atikuri
dialeqti, qarTuls - qarTl-kaxuri da a.S." (g. axvlediani,
1972, gv. 27).
b. jorbenaZe: is, rom qarTul saliteraturo enasTan
yvelaze axlosaa qarTluri da kaxuri dialeqtebi, sadavo
araa: saliteraturo ena orientacias iRebs eTnikur
(teritoriul) dialeqtebze; Tumca ufro logikuria
vTqvaT, rom qarTuli saliteraturo ena Seiqmna
Tbilisuri koines bazaze (b. jorbenaZe, 1989, gv. 173-175)87.
ZiriTadad sabWoTa periodis istoriografiaSi
popularuli iyo mosazreba, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
87
Sdr., g. gogolaSvilis msjeloba wignSi: "qarTveluri enebi da
dialeqtebi" (2007, gv. 124-125), sadac erTmaneTSia areuli saerTo-
qarTveluri koine (romelic uZvelesi qarTveluri Temebis kiloTa
bazaze unda arsebuliyo Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi) da qarTluri kilos
safuZvelze navaraudevi Tbilisuri koine (romelic SeiZleboda
gaCeniliyo mxolod ax. w. V saukunis Semdeg).
amave paskvilSi g. gogolaSvili aseve amaod daSvra, roca Seecada,
sakiTxis istoriis mimoxilvisas (gv. 13) teqnikuri Secdomis gamo
gameorebuli arn. Ciqobavas citata eqcia msjelobis naklad.
68
mcxovrebi qarTuli tomis - "qarTebis" enaze Seiqmna dam-
werloba, romelic gavrcelda sxva tomebSic: aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma mosaxleobam - qarTebma TavianTi
ena da kultura Tavs moaxvies dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi
mcxovreb megrelebs, lazebs, kavkasionis kalTebze mcxovreb
svanebs, fxovelebs, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi mcxovreb
herebs, samxreT amierkavkasiaSi mcxovreb mesxebs da sxv. ix.,
mag.: o. jafariZe (2006, gv. 353-366): saliteraturo ena em-
yareba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos metyvelebas - "qarTis" enas;
aqve vkiTxulobT: "Zv. w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevris
saqarTvelos eTnikuri ruka ase gamoiyureba: kolxeTis mTi-
aneTSi - svani, kolxeTis barSi - zani, aRmosavleT saqarT-
veloSi - qarTveli"...
r. gordeziani (1993, gv. 58-61): "qarTebi aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi arian; amaT (qarTul) enaze iqmneba damwer-
loba; qarTuli enis funqcia Semdgom gafarTovda...
samecniero literaturaSi gaCnda saocari frazac:
qarTi - tomiylapia: "qarTis tomis mier dapyroba-Serwyma
sxva tomebisa da Semdeg TandaTan misi saxelmwifoebriv
organizaciad gardaqmna (klasobrivi urTierTobis
warmoqmna) mas ganuzomel upiratesobas aniWebda sxva
tomebTan SedarebiT da moxda udidesi naxtomi: qarTis
tomma mcxeTa daipyro da aq Seiqmna axali qarTli. amis
Semdeg am tomTa Serwyma kidev ufro swrafi nabijiT wavida.
qarTi tomiylapia: iberebi, mesxebi, zidritebi, kaxebi,
herebi, fxovi, WarTali, bazali, duali, egre, svani, afxazi,
afSili, sanigi" (n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 237).
e.w. qarTebisgan sxva qarTvelur tomTa asimilaciis
dausabuTebel mosazrebas samecniero literaturaSi
69
"qarTizaciis", "gaqarTebis", "qarTvelizaciis" an
"gaqarTulebis" saxeliT ixsenieben . 88
kidev erTxel SevniSnavT:
msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi wyaro ar adasturebs
e.w. "qarTis" tomis arsebobas. garda amisa, quj-farnavazis
qarTlic da farsmanis qarTlic egris-afxazeTsac moicavda,
VI-VII saukuneebis ucxouri wyaroebis "iberiad" dapata-
ravebuli qarTli ki - egris-afxazeTis arcTu mcire nawils.
am faqtis miuxedavad, sabWoTa periodis isto-
riografiaSi farTod inergeboda "qarTizaciis" Teoria.
sainteresoa isic, rom dausabuTebeli e.w. sami qarT-
veluri enis mixedviT Seqmnili "qarTizacia-
qarTvelizaciis" sadao Teoria ukritikod miiRes ling-
vistebmac da istorikosebmac. gaCnda am ulogiko isto-
riuli sqemis ori versia: "iZulebiTi" da "nebayoflebiTi
qarTizacia"89.
Sdr., mag.: a. onianis azriT, zanuri da svanuri "enebis"
mflobelebma da saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis qarTvelebma
miiRes moZme "qarTebis" saliteraturo ena; kerZod, a.
oniani wers:
"qarTulTan, megrulTan da lazurTan erTad svanuri
aris qarTvelur enaTa ojaxis erT-erTi wevri. qarTvelur
enebze, bevri sxva monaTesave enaTa jgufisagan gansxvavebiT,
ar warmoqmnila sxvadasxva erovnuli kultura (mecniereba,
xelovneba)... qarTuli iyo mTeli qarTveli xalxis
88
ix.; n. berZeniSvili, 1990, gv. 225, 353, 406-409; g. mWedliZe, 1996, gv.
111, 115, 370, 534 da sxv.. e.w. qarTizacia/qarTvelizaciis kritiku-
li analizisaTvis ix.: a. jafariZe, deda eklesia, Tb., 1996; a. jafariZe,
saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesia, t. I, Tb., 1996; t. futkaraZe,
qarTvelebi, I, quTaisi, 2005, gv. 79, 163, 179-180, 220-221, 327 (ix.,
agreTve, qvemoT).
70
bunebrivi (da ara - Tavsmoxveuli) saerTo-saxalxo
erovnuli ena, mecnierebis, kulturis ena da erTaderTi
saliteraturo ena"90.
naTqvamidan Cans, rom svanuri (megrulisa da lazuris
msgavsad) umwerlobo enaa91.
e.w. qarTizaciis Teoriis momxreTa msjelobebSi
erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare ori usafuZvlo daSveba gvaqvs:
- arsebobda qarTis tomi/erovneba;
- arsebobda qarTis ena.
xazgasmiT vambobT: qarTis tomis arsebobis
varaudis safuZvels msoflioSi arsebuli arc erTi
istoriuli wyaro ar iZleva; vinc ar arsebobda, is rogor
SeZlebda sxvis dapyrobas?
faqtia isic, rom saistorio wyaroebis mixedviT,
qarTveluri Temebis Tu samTavroebis gaerTianebis idea
TiTqmis yovelTvis dasavleT an samxreT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobisgan (maTi winamZRolebisgan) modioda; ix., mag.,
qujis, maruSianis, daviT kurapalatis, leonidebis, bagrat
III-is, Wyondidlebis, levan dadianis, solomon II-is,
solomon lioniZis da sxvaTa Zalisxmeva.
aqve, kidev erTxelaa aRsaniSnavi, rom dausabuTebelia
"istoriuli qarTebis", qarTvelebisa da qarTlelebis
gaTanabreba. vfiqrobT, ufro logikuria qarTlis
89
t. futkaraZẽ, 2007, gv. 127-132
90
a. oniani, 1998, gv. 3-4. ix., aqve: "es aris is didi tvirTi, rac
istoriam qarTvelur enaTagan mxolod qarTuls daakisra da ris
gamoc is aris swored sruliad saqarTvelos saerTo-saxalxo
erovnuli ena da qarTveli xalxis erTianobis burji. danarCeni
qarTveluri enebi ki, romlebic lingvisturi TvalsazrisiT
Cveulebrivi enebia, funqcionalurad (sazogadoebrivi funqciis
mixedviT) qarTuli enis dialeqtebs utoldebian.
91
ix., agreTve: r. gordeziani, 1993, gv. 70.
71
provinciis mosaxleobis saxeldeba mesxebad. Tanamedrove
kvlevebis mixedviT, "qarTizaciis" Teoriis usafuZvlobas
cxadyofs mravali sxva faqtic92.
zemoT ganxilul e.w. "qarTizaciis" Teorias sxva
aspeqtiT exmianeba z. sarjvelaZe, kerZod, is wers:
"Zvel qarTul saliteraturo enas safuZvlad mcxeTis
- iberiis dedaqalaqis - metyveleba daedo. saukuneTa man-
Zilze sxvadasxva qarTuli tomebis warmomadgenelTa
urTierTobis Sedegad mcxeTaSi Camoyalibda ze-
dialeqturi cocxali metyveleba ("mcxeTuri koine" -
"iseTi qarTuli metyveleba, romelic ramdenadme mainc
yvela msxvili adgilobrivi dialeqtis ZiriTad Tavisebu-
rebebs moicavda da amitom, bunebrivia, ar emTxveoda arc
erT dialeqts, maT Soris, arc qarTlurs, iberiuls"); bune-
brivia, vivaraudoT am metyvelebis didi siaxlove qarTlur
dialeqtTan" (z. sarjvelaZe, 1997, gv. 11; z. sarjvelaZe, 1984,
gv. 83-87); safiqrebelia, rom qarTuli samwerlobo ena IV-V
92
sayuradReboa: k. kekeliZesTan kamaTSi iv. javaxiSvils sityva
qarTebi brWyalebiT mohyavs (iv. javaxiSvili, 1979, gv. 236); Sdr.: k.
kekeliZis rwmeniT, svanebTan narevi mesxebis kuTvnili qarTli Zv. w.
IV-III saukuneebSi daukavebiaT qarTebs, romelTac axali qarTli
SeuqmniaT; Cans, iv. javaxiSvili ar iziarebda qarTis tomis arsebobis
ideas, Tumca, ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia, amis Sesaxeb mas
sagangebod ar umsjelia. iv. javaxiSvilisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTizaciis
Tema gaaaqtualura n. berZeniSvilma; davimowmebT mis tipur citatas
(n.berZeniSvili, 1990, gv.225): feodaluri urTierTobis
Camoyalibebis xanisaTvis qarTlis eqspansia ZiriTadad
dasrulebuli iyo... qsnisa da aragvis xeobebma "saxeli qarTli ar
miiRes; ar miiRo es saxeli arc imereTma, miuxedavad imisa, rom
qarTis kultura, qarTis ena maTTvis mSobliuri ena gaxda
(SeiZleba iberni iyvnen da imTaviTve maTi enac igive iyo, rac
qarTlisa, oRond dialeqti...)" [xazgasma Cemia - t.f.].
72
werlobo ena IV-V saukuneebze gacilebiT adre
Camoyalibda, magram JamTa siavis gamo adrindelma Zeglebma
Cvenamde ver moaRwia" (z. sarjvelaZe, 1997, gv. 7); Sdr., iqve,
gv. 8: "savaraudebelia, rom qarTuli asomTavruli anbani
Seiqmna Cv. w-is II-III saukuneebSi qristianuli Temebis
wiaRSi da saqarTveloSi qristianobis oficialurad re-
ligiad gamocxadebis Semdeg igi farTod gavrcelda. unda
vifiqroT, rom ufro adrec arsebobda qarTuli damwer-
lobis sxva saxe, romlis nimuSebs, samwuxarod, Cvenamde ar
mouRweviaT".
pirvel rigSi aq sakamaToa e.w. mcxeTuri koinesa
(Tundac Tbilisuri koines) da arqauli samwignobro qar-
Tulis mimarTebis sakiTxi. Tu samwignobro qarTuls sa-
fuZvlad daedo qarTluris bazaze Seqmnili zedialeqturi
metyveleba, arqauli samwignobro ena qarTluri, mesxur-
javaxuri, kaxuri da sxva kiloebis Taviseburebebs unda
aireklavdes; mag., xanmet teqstebSi ar unda iyos ae xmovanT-
kompleqsi, romelic yvela am kiloSi ee-d transfor-
mirdeba; qarTlurSi unda dasturdebodes xanmetoba, xax-
ismieri yru xSuli bgera, arqauli qarTulis msgavsi sax-
eluri da zmnuri paradigmebi da sxv. aSkaraa, rom CvenTvis
cnobili qarTluri, kaxuri, mesxuri kiloebis Tavisebure-
bani ver Seqmnida arqauli samwignobro qarTuli enis myar
sistemas: arqauli samwignobro ena kilouri monacemebis
konglomerati ar aris; mkacrad normirebuli erTi
mTliani monacemia.
vfiqrobT, SeiZleba iTqvas: dRemde arc erTi
specialistis mier ar dasabuTebula, rom qarTuli
samwignobro enis saTave ueWvelad aris qarTluri kilo, IV-
V saukuneebis e.w. qalaquri koine, an e.w. qarTebis ena.
arada, rogorc vxedavT, qarTuli samwignobro enis
73
sayrdeni enobrivi modelis sakiTxis garkveva met sinaTles
Seitans qarTveli eris istoriaSi.
bunebrivia, rom samwignobro enis sayrdeni enobrivi
modelis sakiTxze vimsjeloT, erTi mxriv, uZvelesi xanmeti
teqstebis enis, meore mxriv, ki asomTavruli anbanis Seqmnis
periodSi arsebuli tomebis/Temebis enobrivi erTeulebis
mixedviT.
logikuria isic, rom qarTuli samwignobro enis sawy-
isad qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Seqmnis dro davsaxoT.
samecniero literaturaSi ZiriTadad gaziarebulia
mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli asomTavruli
Seiqmna winareqristianul periodSi (d. baqraZe, m. janaS-
vili, n. mari, iv. javaxiSvili, p. ingoroyva, g. wereTeli, r.
patariZe... qarTul anbans warmarTobis droindelad Tvlis
bevri sxva mkvlevaric: ak. baqraZe, g. narsiZe, m. CxartiSvili,
z. aleqsiZe, l. WilaSvili...)93; mag., iv. javaxiSvili Tvlida,
rom asomTavruli anbani warmarTuli periodis Zeglia da
Seqmnilia ara ugvianes Zv. w. VII saukunisa. amave azrs
emxroba p. ingoroyvac. cnobili wyaroebis axleburi anal-
izisa da bolo wlebSi mikvleuli Zeglebis Seswavlis sa-
fuZvelze r. patariZem qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis TariRad
ivarauda Zv. w. 415 weli (r. patariZe, 1980).
Sdr., T. gamyreliZe, 1989, gv. 197-198: ”ar aris
gamoricxuli, asomTavruli damwerloba qristianobis
xanis axali qarTuli erovnuli damwerloba iyos, romelmac
Secvala an gamoaZeva manamde arsebuli, warmarTuli epoqis
werilobiTi sistema"...
Cemi azriT, qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Seqmnis
93
literatura da sakiTxis istoria ix.: t. futkaraZe, 1998;
J. feiqriSvili, 2006, gv. 74-85
74
drod samarTlianad iTvleba Zv. w. I aTaswleulis meore
naxevari (V-II saukuneebi). sayuradReboa, asomTavrulSi,
finikiuri anbanis msgavsad, me-6 adgilze myofi asoniSani
wyvilbagismieria da `gamoxatavs 6 ricxviT mniSvnelobas"
(t. futkaraZe, 1998, gv. 83-90, t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 304).
aqve, arsebiTia aRiniSnos, rom specialistTa erTi
nawilis mier Zv. w. I aTaswleulSi ivaraudeba saerToqarT-
veluri enis arsebobac (arn. Ciqobava, k. bergslandi, h.
fogti, q. lomTaTiZe...); Sdr.:
arn. Ciqobava (1979, gv. 253): "iberiul-kavkasiuri
enebi monaTesave enebia, maT warmoSoba aerTianebs. es
ZvelisZvel viTarebas gulisxmobs; savaraudod, sami aTasi
wlis winandels da, albaT, Zvel adgil-samyofels,
kavkasiis samxreTiT mdebare miwa-wyals. am enaTa ganviTareba
sxvadasxva gziT warimarTa; ara erTs sxva enas gadahyrian;
saukuneTa manZilze araerTi dialeqti Tu ena warmoqmnila
Tu gamqrala, gaTqvefila sxva enaSi. amitom gasakviri is ki
ar aris, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebs “gasaocari
nairgvaroba axasiaTebs, aramed is, rom fonetika-
morfologia-sintaqsSi (aseve, leqsikaSic) niSandoblivi
saerTo Tvisebebi SerCeniaT".
q. lomTaTiZe (1946, gv. 133-139): megruli zmnebis I da
II pirSi arsebuli -q sufiqsi qo dadasturebiTi nawila-
kisgan warmoiqmna... "qarTulsa da svanurSi TurmeobiTsa da
garkveul zmnebTan awmyos warmoebaSi monawileobs meSveli
zmna, aseve Wanursa da megrulSic saTanado SemTxvevebSi ga-
moyenebuli yofila meSveli zmna, megrulSi dadasture-
biTi qo nawilakiTurT, WanurSi - awmyoSi uwindebulod,
TurmeobiTSi ki - viwur-arqabulSi do- windebuliT (sadac
meSveli zmna mTeli formiT gadarCenila), xolo xofurSi -
uwindebulod".
75
 q. lomTaTiZis marTebuli daskvniT, ganxiluli mov-
lena qarTvelur qvesistemebSi erTgvarovania da erT-
drouladac xdeba; kerZod: "megrul-WanurTan Sesadar-
obis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa, rom axal qarTulSi meS-
veli zmna gauCnda swored saSuali gvaris zmnebs da swored
pirvelsa da meore pirSi. Zvel qarTulma es ar icoda; iq
gvqonda vzi, vdga da sxva, axali qarTulisTvis ki es formebi
sruliad ucxoa (Sdr.: vzi-var, vxti-var...)... Sdr., bal-
szemouri im normebs uWers mxars, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo
Zveli qarTulisaTvis: sgur "vzi"... balsqvemouri axal qar-
Tuls mihyveba: skur-xEi "vzivar"... udavoa, rom yvela qarT-
velur enaSi meoreuli movlenaa xsenebuli meSveli zmnis
darTva"94.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom q. lomTaTiZis azriT, Zveli
qarTulisa da svanuris xanmetoba erTi da igive movlenaa
da samwignobro enaSi xanmetobis gaqrobis dros emTxveva
zanurSi dadasturebiTi nawilakis cveTis dasawyisi,
oRond, masalobrivad x- da -q sxvadasxva monacemia:
"...saerTo araferi SeiZleba hqondes megrul -q-s svanur -x-
sTan (x-ari, x-Íari). sxva argumentaciasac rom ar ga-
movudgeT (mag., x yvela droSia), maT gasaTiSad isic kmara,
rom aq Cven arsebiTad gansxvavebuli xnovanebis movlenebTan
(xazi yvelgan Cemia - t.f.) gvaqvs saqme: erTi (x-) qarTulis
istoriuli periodis dasawyisSi ukve gadaSenebis gzaze
damdgar movlenad Cans, meore (-q) ki swored am periodidan
ikvlevs gzas (aSkaraa, rom q. lomTaTiZe IV-VI saukuneebs
gulisxmobs...) (q. lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 131-137).
94
q. lomTaTiZe, 1946, gv. 136
76
k. bergslandi, h. fogti95: "saerToqarTveluri ena
Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo aTaswleulSi unda
movaTavsoT”.
vfiqrobT, kvlevis Tanamedrove etapze meti argumenti
eZebneba arn. Ciqobavas, k. bergslandis, h. fogtis, g.
maWavarianis, q. lomTaTiZis da sxvaTa mosazrebas, vidre g.
klomovis, T. gamyreliZis, m. qurdianis da sxvaTa varaudebs.
TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, aqac warmovadgenT msjelobas
glotoqronologiuri daTariRebis Sesaxeb96:
saerToqarTveluri enisa da qarTvelur enobriv
erTeulTa daTariReba glotoqronologiuri anu
leqsikur-statistikuri meTodiT pirvelad scades g.
klimovma, T. gamyreliZem da g. maWavarianma. erTi da imave
meTodiT Sesrulebuli ori gamokvlevis Sedegebi 1000-
wliani sxvaobis mqone aRmoCnda, kerZod, g. klimovis
azriT97, saerToqarTvelurisagan svanuris gamoyofa
daiwyo II aTaswleulis, xolo zanurisa - I aTaswleulis
dasawyisSi. T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis azriT98,
saerToqarTvelurisagan svanuris gamoyofa Zv. w. X
saukuneSi moxda, xolo qarTul-zanuris diferencireba -
Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze.
saerToqarTveluri enis divergenciis gansxvavebuli
sqemaa warmodgenili T.gamyreliZisa da v.ivanovis SromaSi:
”indoevropuli ena da indoevropelebi”; kerZod, am
naSromSi saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis drod
miCneulia Zv. w. IV aTaswleuli99.
95
k. bergslandi, h. fogti, 1972, gv. 255
96
vrclad ix., t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 220, 265, 280-297
97
g. klimovi, 1952, gv. 119
98
T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, 1965, gv. 17
99
T. gamyreliZe, v. ivanovi, 1984, gv. gv. 880, 909; Sdr., mxolod saeWvo
leqsikuri ZiebebiT am TariRs ufro aZvelebs m. qurdiani; misi
77
 samecniero literaturaSi miTiTebulia gloto-
qronologiuri meTodis naklze: igi mxedvelobaSi ar iRebs
enis cvlilebis gansxvavebul temps sxvadasxva epoqaSi da
leqsikis cvlis sixSiris xarisxis gansazRvrisas ver
iTvaliswinebs intensiuri gavlenis an sametyvelo kodTa
Serevis rols; es meTodi naklebsandoa imitomac, rom
saanalizo erTeulTa siaSi erTi uzusto formis
moxvedrac ki mkveTrad cvlis qronologiur CarCoebs
(glotoqronologiis "myife meTodebis" Sesaxeb ix. k.
bergslandi, h. fogti, 1972; d. kristali, 1989, gv. 331; b.
jorbenaZe, 1997, gv.140-141; t. futkaraZe, 2000, gv, 327; T.
gvancelaZe, 2004, T. uTurgaiZe, 2007...)100.
101
Cven mier warmoebuli kvleva mxars ufro uWers
Semdeg qronologias:
Zv. w. V-IV aTaswleulebSi saerToindoevropuli enis
Tanadroulad savaraudoa iberiul-kavkasiuri kontinu-
umis arseboba; misgan sakuTriv qarTveluri enobrivi samya-
ros gamomijvna dawyebuli Cans kavkasiasa da anatoliaSi in-
doevropuli nakadis Semosvlis Semdeg Zv. w. III-II aTaswleu-
lebis mijnaze; mkveTri daSoreba ki savaraudoa Zv. w. I aTas-
wleulis manZilze, kerZod, skviT-kimerielTa da sparsuli
azriT, Zv.w. aR. V-IV aTaswleulebis mijna unda miCneul iqnes
saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enidan qarTuli enis gamoyofis TariRad
(m. qurdiani, 2008, gv. 9); Sesabamisad, saerToqarTveluri enas is
varaudobs Zv.w. aR. VI-V aTaswleulebSi.
100
msjelobisa da literaturisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi,
2005, gv. 280-297; T. uTurgaiZis mosazreba ix.: "qarTveluri enebi da
dialeqtebi", gv, 14.
101
tyav-, quTais- svan-, sarapanis- faT-... da sparsulidan
saerToqarTvelurSi nasesxebi zari, kuarTi, tye, Zewkvi, wiTs...
sityvebis istoriis Sesaxeb ix., t.futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, 2005, gv.
293; ix., agreTve, n. barTaia, t. futkaraZe, 2007.
78
modgmis tomTa Semosevebis dros.
savaraudoa, rom qarTveluri modgmis mier kolxur-
yobanuri kulturis Seqmnisas, Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua
periodidan yalibdeba saerToqarTveluri enobrivi
erTeuli - Zveli qarTuli Temebis saerTo-sametyvelo ena.
arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli, virwmunoT:
erTmaneTs emTxveva qarTuli anbanis Seqmnisa da
saerToqarTveluri enis arsebobis dro102.
Sesabamisad, logikuria, vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelTa
samwignobro enis saTave Zv.w.aR. I aTaswleulSic arsebuli
saerToqarTveluri enaa.
am mosazrebis dasabuTeba an uaryofa SesaZlebelia
saerToqarTveluris, arqauli samwignobro enisa da qarT-
veluri kiloebis monacemTa SepirispirebiT; kerZod ismis
kiTxva: romel enobriv modelTan ufro axlos aris
arqauli qarTuli samwignobro ena?
qvemoT warmovadgenT ramdenime lingvisturi faqtis
SepirispirebiT analizs:
102
am Tanadroulobas bevri faqtic amowmebs; erT-erTia
saerToqarTvelursa da arqaul samwignobro qarTulSi e.w.
xanmetobis arseboba: meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi
pirebis niSnad x- prefiqsis gamoyeneba (es am periodis normaa da ara -
metoba); saerToqarTvelurSi x-s rekonstruirebis safuZvels
iZleva arqauli samwignobro qarTulis, svanurisa da fxouris
masala (sakamaTo ar Cans arc xevsuruli x-s sakiTxi, vinaidan
"saTanado fonetikur garemocvaSi swored x-s (da ara h-s) SeuZlia
mogvces mJReri R: ma-x-gvris > ma-R-gvris; nakleblogikuria procesi:
ma-h-gvris > ma-x-gvris > ma-R-gvris; garda amisa, iq, sadac h-
bunebrivia, xevsurulSi mainc -x- prefiqsi gvaqvs: da-x-farven, x-
mkidi, da-x-kazmavs, x-qonda...” (t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I, 2005, gv.
319-321; Sdr., "qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi", 2007, gv. 125,
sadac g. gogolaSvilis kidev erTi dagvianebuli ”siaxlea").
79
 a. saerToqarTveluri fuZeenis fonematur dasturdeba: B, ~ da E bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafemebi,
struqturaSi sami klasi gamoiyofa: Tanxmovnebi romlebic arsebobda arqaul qarTulSic,
(Cqamierebi, sonorebi), sonantebi da xmovnebi. saerToqarTvelurSic da ar aris damaxasiaTebeli
saerToqarTveluris xmovanTa sistema analogiuria qarTluri da samcxur-javaxuri kiloebisTvis104.
samwignobro enisa: gvaqvs; a, e, o xmovnebi. i da u bgerebi xan "arqaul qarTlursa" da mesxurs Tu warmovidgenT am
marcvlovani, xanac umarcvlo alofonebiT warmodgebian bgerebiTurT, bunebrivia, "arqauli qarTluris"/mesxuris
da, Sesabamisad, qmnian sonantTa klass. i/~ da u/E/v da saerToqarTveluris identuri monacemebi "arqaul
sonantebi dResac arsebobs TiTqmis yvela qarTvelur qarTlurs"/mesxurs saerTo-qarTvelurTan gagviTanabrebs;
dialeqtSi103. e.i. am SemTxvevaSi logikuria vTqvaT, rom asomTavrulis
T. gamyreliZis, g. maWavarianis, h. fenrixisa da sxvaTa fonemuri safuZveli ufro saerToqarTveluria, vidre
azriT, saerToqarTvelur sonantTa rigSi aRdgeba m, n, r, qarTluri.
l fonemebic. arn. Ciqobava, g. rogava, q. lomTaTiZe, T. b. qarTveluri qvesistemebisTvis erTi morfemis
gvancelaZe da sxva cnobili mecnierebi samarTlianad SigniT damaxasiaTebeli ar aris xmovanTkompleqsebi;
Tvlian, rom saerToqarTvelurSic da dResac m, n, r, l
bgerebi sonorebia da ara sonantebi. 104
Tumca dResac bunebrivia qarTvelur kiloTa umravlesobisTvis;
specialistTa didi nawili saerToqarTvelurSi Sdr.: B, ~ da E-s aRmniSvneli asoebi XIX saukunemde gamoiyeneboda
ZiriTadad imave Tanxmovnebs aRadgens, romelic gvaqvs samwignobro enaSi. B fonemasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi
ambavic:
arqaul samwignobro qarTulSi: xSulebi: b, f, p; d, T, t; Z,
2004 wlis 23 marts mamia faRavam daicva sadoqtoro disertacia Te-
c, w; j, C, W; g, q, k; B, y. napralovnebi: z, s; J, S; R, x; h. maze: qarTuli enis samxruli kiloebis fonematuri struqtura".
sonorebi: m, n, r, l. oficialurma oponentma g. gogolaSvilma sarwmunod miiCnia m.
mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis (T. gamyreliZe, g. faRavas daskvna imerxeulSi B bgeris ararsebobis Sesaxeb; aqve, un-
dobloba gamoucxada prof. SuSana futkaraZis masalas (gv. 378).
maWavariani, h.fenrixi, z.sarjvelaZe, m.qurdiani) azriT, arada, imerxeulSi B bgeris arsebobis damadasturebeli mravali
saerToqarTvelur enaSi winanunismieri Z, c, w, z, s da faqtia gamoqveynebuli 1993-2003 wlebSi (da ara mxolod S. fut-
ukananunismieri j, C, W, J, S bgerebis gverdiT damatebiT karaZis mier). 2005-2006 wlebSi, sadoqtoros dacvis Semdeg, Tavad m.
faRava, prof. T. uTurgaiZis rCeviT, sagangebod daakvirda imerxeul
savaraudoa Suanunismieri (Suasibilanturi) Z&, c&, w&, z&, s& metyvelebas da patiosnad uaryo Tavisive sadoqtoros daskvna (m.
Tanxmovnebis arseboba. am mosazrebas faqtobrivi masala faRava, faringaluri B imerxeulSi, XXV respublikuri
naklebad uWers mxars. dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis masalebi, 2005, gv., 47; ix.,
qarTuli anbanis sayrdeni modelis Ziebis agreTve, XXVI respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesiis
masalebi, 2006, gv. 49). 2007 wels g. gogolaSvilma gamoaqveyna Tavisi
TvalsazrisiT arsebiTia is, rom asomTavrulSi recenziis Semoklebuli anu, garkveulwilad redaqtirebuli vari-
anti (saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XXV, gv. 373-379), sadac igi ukomen-
103
Sdr.: T. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis mixedviT, Tanamedrove tarod wers, rom m. faRavas mier imerxeulSi B bgeris ararsebobis
qarTvelur qvesistemebSi sonantTa klasi gamoiricxeba mtkiceba damajerebelia, metic, principuli msjelobis nimuSia...

80 81
morfemaTa zRvarze warmoqmnili xmovanTmimdevrobebi
(gansakuTrebiT: ae, ea, oa, ao, oe, eo) yvela qarTvelur
dialeqtSi ganicdis cvlilebebs: warmoiqmneba difTongi,
grZeli xmovani an erTi xmovani. msgavsi ram ar dasturdeba
samwignobro enaSi; Sesabamisad, SeuZlebelia davuSvaT, rom
arqauli samwignobro ena romelime CvenTvis cnobil
qarTvelur kilos eyrdnoba. am SemTxvevaSic, qarTluri
ufro gviandeli gamodis, vidre asomTavrulis sayrdeni
metyveleba. bunebrivia, es faqtic kidev erTi argumentia
saimisod, rom arqauli samwignobro/standartuli enisTvis
amosaval struqturad miviCnioT ara qarTluri an mesxuri,
aramed - saerToqarTveluri ena105.
g. qarTvelur enobriv qvesistemebSi moTxrobiTi
(ergativi) erTaderTi brunvaa, romlis niSnis dReisTvis
ZiriTadi alomorfebi (-ma/-m) saerToqarTvelurSi ar
aRdgeba: arqaul samwignobro enaSi ergativi warmodgeni-
lia saxelis fuZiT (abraam), ubrunveli nacvalsaxelebiT
(me, Sen, Cven, Tqven, man, maT, vin, TviTon) an man nawevriani
yalibiT (kac-man).
Sdr.: svanur kiloebSi Cans -man nawevaris naSTi (t.
futkaraZe, 2007), xolo zanur kiloebSi ergativs awarmo-
105
Tu davuSvebT e. w. "arqauli qarTluris" arsebobas da
warmovidgenT, rom masSi xmovanTkompleqsebi Tavdapirveli saxiT
arsebobda, aseTi "arqauli qarTluri" saerToqarTvelurs an
samwignobro enas daemTxveva. xmovanTkompleqsebis istoriidan
gamomdinare, TiTqos ufro logikuria davuSvaT, rom qarTluri
momdinareobs samwignobro enisgan da ara samwignobro ena -
qarTlurisgan; esec naklebargumentirebadia, vinaidan
qarTvelur sinamdvileSi arc erTi kilo ar iRebs saTaves
saliteraturo enisgan: yvela kiloSia iseTi arqauli
gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri faqtebi, romlebic samwignobro
enis velSi ar dasturdeba, magram savaraudoa
82
ebs -q segmenti106.
Sesabamisad, logikuria davuSvaT, rom iberiul-kavka-
siuri enebis specifikuri brunvis - ergativis -man/-ma da -q
nawilakebiani qarTveluri variantebi Camoyalibda
arqauli samwignobro enis formirebis paralelurad; es
niSnavs: arqauli qarTuli da saerToqarTveluri am
mxrivac emsgavseba erTmaneTs.
d. svanur da fxour kiloebSi piris niSnad dRemdea
SemorCenili arqauli samwignobro enisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli e.w. xanmetobis droindeli x- prefiqsi:
ax. w. V-VII saukuneebis qarTuli xanmeti teqstebis
normis analogiurad, svanurSi x- piris niSani daculia
xmovniT dawyebul zmnebTan subieqtur meore da obieqtur
mesame pirSi (x-iSxi "iwvi", x-asyi "akeTeb", x-atbide "aTbob"...
x-alat "uyvars", x-ahEdi "aZlevs", x-agdi "sZinavs"...). igive x-
prefiqsi unda gamoiyos pirveli piris x+E- segmentSi107,
kerZod, saerToqarTvelurisa da samwignobro qarTulis
msgavsad, svanur kiloebSic pirveli piris niSania E/v, rome-
lic arabagismieri xmovnebis win daculia ucvlelad, bagis-
mieri bgerebis mezoblad ikargeba, xolo TanxmovniT dawye-
bul zmnebSi Semonaxulia infiqsis saxiT (msgavsi distribu-
cia Cveulebrivia sxva qarTvelur kiloebSic). rac Seexeba
x+E- segmentis x-s, logikuri Cans, davuSvaT:
x- pirveli piris zmnur formaSi arsebuli iribi obi-
eqtis niSania; droTa ganmavlobaSi, svanurSi xE- erTian mo-
saerToqarTvelurSi.
106
romelic, Cveni azriT, megrul, raWul, taour, imerxeul da sxva
qarTvelur kiloebSi farTod gavrcelebuli qe/qi/qo/qve/ki/xo/ho na-
wilakis naSTia ( t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 317-318)
107
sakiTxis istoriisa da msjelobisaTvis ix.: g. rogava, 1956; m. suxiS-
vili, 1986; n. maWavariani, 1986.
83
rfemad gadaazrianda da sxva SemTxvevebSic ganzogadda.
h/x/s (< sa-/ra-) prefiqsisaTvis amosavali Cans klas-ka-
tegoriis niSnoba (arn. Ciqobava, 1944), vinaidan sxvagvarad
gaugebari iqneboda ori, gramatikulad gansxvavebuli piris
- mesame obieqtisa da meore subieqtis warmodgena erTi da
imave niSniT; Sdr., Zveli samwignobro enis monacemebi: aRxu-
marTe, SexuabT... hvscode, hkiTxe...
Zvel samwignobro qarTulSic da svanur, TuSur, xev-
surul masalaSic (mi-x-gvrian, x-qonda, da-x-kazmavs, x-mkidi,
da-x-farven...) amosavalia s/h; dialeqtebSi savaraudoa Sem-
degi fonetikuri procesi: s/h > h > 0 da s/h > x > (R): Sdr.,
xevsuruli: maRgvris, Rgvandi, Rgonebav108... gurul-aWarul
kiloebSic gvaqvs piris niSnad fonetikur niadagze miRebu-
li x109, oRond, aq h > x procesi fuZiseuli Tanxmovnis
gavleniTaa warmoqmnili; Sesabamisad, gurul-aWarulSi
gamovlenili x xanmetobis periodisad ver miiCneva.
aSkaraa: meore subieqturi pirisa da mesame obieqturi
piris niSnad x-, anu e.w. xanmetoba saerToqarTveluri mo-
vlena Cans. saerToqarTvelurSive arsebuli h/x monacvleo-
bis Sedegi unda iyos zog kiloSi h > 0 procesis ganviTare-
ba, zogan ki x-s damkvidreba (Sdr.: mkvlevarTa nawili fiq-
robs, rom xanmetoba da haemetoba sakuTriv qarTuli enis
or kilos asaxavs).
vfiqrobT, samwignobro qarTulis V-X saukuneebis
xanmetoba-haemetoba-sannarevoba, svanur-TuSur-xevsuruli
xanmetoba, zanuri *huCaSi > uCaSi da *ho > o procesebi
drois erT monakveTSi iRebs saTaves. ramdenadac, svanur-
fxovurma kiloebma piris niSnad Semoinaxa -x/R, logikuria
108
Sdr., a. SaniZe, 1920 da a. WinWarauli, 1960, gv. 96-98.
109
ix. q. lomTaTiZe, 1938; m. cincaZe, m. faRava, 1998 da sxv.
84
davuSvaT, rom zanur-svanuri dialeqturi wre for-
mirdeba haemetoba/xanmetobis periodSi; es dro ki,
savaraudod, emTxveva axali welTaRricxvis dasawyiss110.
e. qarTveluri kiloebis daTariRebisa da samwignobro
enis sayrdeni enobrivi modelis gansazRvrisaTvis
sainteresoa zmnur Temis niSanTa Cveneba: arqauli
samwignobro enisaTvis bunebrivi iyo TemisniSnianic da
uTemisniSno zmnebic; analogiuri viTarebaa svanur
kiloebSic, rac gvavaraudebinebs, rom arqauli
samwignobro ena da svanuri dialeqtebi saerToqarTvelur
viTarebas asaxavs. droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTul
samwignobro enaSi gaZlierda Temis niSnis darTvis, xolo
sxva qarTvelur qvesistemebSi unifikaciis tendenciac;
kerZod, Tu fxovur kiloebSi, gurulSi, zemoimerulsa da
aWarulSi mkrTalad SemorCa arqauli samwignobro enis
(anu saerToqarTveluris) msgavsi viTareba, qarTlursa da
kaxurSi TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba uTemisniSno zmnebi, xolo
mesxursa da megrul-WanurSi Temis niSanTa sruli
unifikacia moxda111.
daskvna: Temis niSnebis aspeqtiT svanuri da arqauli
saliteraturo ena Tanadroul viTarebas asaxaven;
samwignobro ena eyrdnoba im models, romelic daculi aqvs
svanurs da ara megrul-Wanurs, mesxurs an qarTlurs.
v. awmyosa da TurmeobiTis formaTa warmoebis prin-
cipi qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi ZiriTadad erTnairia:
arqauli qarTulisa da zemosvanuri kiloebis formebi meS-
110
t. futkaraZe, 2005, gv. 303-322; aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom swored
am droidan Cndeba wyaroebSi svanebis Temic da maTi saxelic: soa-
nas/Soanas "svani"; Sdr., I-IV saukuneebis ucxour wyaroebSi jer kidev
ar Cans dialeqturi Soni/muSuan variantebi.
111
masalisaTvis ix. b. jorbenaZe, 1995, gv. 360-374
85
vel zmnas ar dairTavs; gviandel samwignobro enaSi, me-
grul-WanurSi, qvemosvanursa da sxva qarTvelur kiloebSi
ki bunebrivia aris zmnis sxvadasxva fonetikuri varianti.
Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnur komponentad gamo-
yenebuli ”aris” zmnis fonetikuri cvlilebac qarTvelur
qvesistemebSi erTgvari principebiT xdeba; ramdenadac amo-
savali qarTveluri forma (ars/aris) identuria
arqauli samwignobro qarTulis monacemisa, SesaZlebloba
gvaqvs, qarTveluri masStabiT vimsjeloT Sedgenili Semas-
menlis zmnuri nawilis formirebis droisa da qarTvelur
enobriv velSi alomorfTa gamovlenis kanonzomierebis Ses-
axeb; kerZod:
Zvel werilobiT ZeglebSi Sedgenili Semasmenlis
zmnur wevrad, rogorc wesi, gvxvdeba ars meSveli zmna, sax-
eladi nawili ki ZiriTadad fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili:
daxatul ars, daweril ars, mosul ars... iSviaTad dastur-
deba i-xmovniani varianti: aris.
megrul-WanurSi ZiriTadia oren (< *a-r-e-n) forma;
xolo svanur kiloebSi ”aris” damoukidebeli zmnis rolSia
@ri/ari (I p. xE-ar-i, II p. x-ar-i, III p. a-r-i. mr.: I p. xE-@-r-i-
d/l-@r-id, II p. x-@-r-i-d, III p. @-r-i-x; (x)E-, x-, -x xanmetobis-
droindeli piris niSnebia), xolo meSveli zmnis funqciiT
dasturdeba li/liz/lis: I p. xE-i (<xE-ar-i) II p. x-i (<x-ar-
i), III p. l-i (<l-ar-i; l- iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli klas-kategoriis niSania, romelic
svanurSi piris niSnad gadaazrianda).
qarTvelur ena-kiloebSi Sedgenili Semasmenlis kom-
ponentad gamoyenebuli aris meSveli zmna Semdeg alomor-
febs (Tu fonetikur variantebs) warmoaCens:
a) rogorc saliteraturo enaSi, ise dialeqtTa um-
ravlesobaSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia ”daxatuli-a” tipis
86
warmoeba, sadac ”aris” meSveli zmnisgan darCenilia
mxolod Tavkiduri a xmovani; igi enklitikurad mierTvis
winamaval sityvas: daxatuli-a < daxatuli aris, dawerili-
a < dawerili aris... Zvel werilobiT ZeglebSi enklitikis
SemTxvevebi iSviaTia.
b) zog dialeqtSi (xevs., fS., TuS., ing.) enklitikis
SemTxvevaSi fuZeTanxmovnian saxelebTan SesaZloa daikar-
gos meSvelzmniseuli a xmovanic, ris sakompensaciodac
Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxeladi nawilis bolo marcvals
moudis dinamikuri maxvili; mag., xevs.: bevr vaJi& (=vaJia)
mZimed daWrili. Tu kacebi-as saxlCi, saarayes Caayeneben, Tu
obol-obol-qvrivi& (=obol-obolqvrivi-as), Tunda pursa
nu aWmevs (a.WinWarauli, 1960). ing.: daTi koli (=daTvis
kvalia), did kaci (=didi xnis kacia), zéri (=Zviria) (gr.
imnaiSvili, 1966, gv. 116).
g) zepir metyvelebaSi xSiria ”aris” meSvelzmniseuli
bolokiduri Tanxmovnis - III subieqturi piris sufiqsis da-
kargvis faqtebi: aris>ari: daxatuli ari, wasuli ari... III
subieqturi piris niSani -n bolokidur poziciaSi ikargeba
megrulSic: Waril ore/re“”dawerili aris”... n- sufiqsi
aRdgeba xmovnis Semcveli morfemebis (mr. ricxvis -an
sufiqsis, sxvaTa sityvis -ia nawilakis, kiTxviTi o
nawilakis) darTvisas, mag.: ore-n-a(n) ”arian”, ore-n-ia
”ariso”, ore-n-o ”aris?” WanurSi -n sufiqsis dakargvis
faqtebi iSviaTia: ore-n.
d) "aris" zmnis fonetikur variantad xevsurulSi
gvxvdeba -as: gaWirebuli kaci as. es kanon Zveli as. TiTo moS
Tivaic ro miscaT, isic kai as. mkvdris coli as is, ro qals
qmar maukvdebis (a. WinWarauli, 1960, gv.41).
e) ingilourSi (kakurSi) xmovanfuZian saxelebTan
aris/ars meSveli zmna s variantiT aris warmodgenili, igi
87
uSualod ekvris saxels, mag.: zroxa~s (=Zroxa aris), mama~
mepure~s (mama mepure aris), saWiro~s (=saWiro aris) (gr.
imnaiSvili, 1955, gv. 122)
v) megrul-WanurSi oren meSveli zmna II-III pirSi
xSirad Tavkiduri o xmovnis gareSe ixmareba: req<oreq,
ren<oren: xantil req’”daxatuli xar”, xantil re(n)
"daxatuli aris"... (Sdr. I piris formaSi o xmovani yovelT-
vis aris warmodgenili: v-o-req ”var” (megr.), v-ore/b-ore
”var” (Wan.). I pirSi o xmovnis SenarCuneba v- prefiqsis arse-
bobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. I pirSi xmovani gvaqvs v prefiqsis
dakargvis SemTxvevaSic: va(v)-o-req ”ar var” (Sdr.
dialeqtebSi, agreTve svanurSi II piris formaSi x- prefiqsi
abrkolebs fonetikur cvlilebas: xar). I piris formaSi
xevsurulSi Tavkiduri va > o: qali-or < qali var
(a.WinWarauli, 1960).
z) qarTvelur kiloebSi dasturdeba iseTi faqtebic,
roca meSveli zmna erTdroulad kargavs Tavkidur da
bolokidur bgerebs, kerZod, megrul-WanurSi amosavali
oren forma warmodgenilia re-s saxiT: saWiro re
(<oren)’”saWiro aris”, xantil re (<oren) ”daxatuli
aris”... msgavsi viTareba gvaqvs fereidnulSi, sadac aris
zmna (ZiriTadad e,o xmovnebis mezoblad) warmodgenilia ri
variantiT, mag.: saWiro&ri (=saWiro aris), kacobis dRe&ri
(=dRe aris), iqiT vake&ri (=vake aris), emeebis ufrosi
sxo&ri (=sxo aris), eg sauzmo&ri (=sauzmo aris) (arn.
Ciqobava, 1927, gv. 201);
T) megrul-WanurSi TanxmovanfuZian saxelebTan oren
meSveli zmnis variantad gvaqvs e: ore(n)>re>e: xantilie
”daxatulia”, Warilie ”dawerilia”...
i) WanurSi oren zmnis Ziriseuli r Tanxmovani icvleba
~-T: ren>~en: si kiTxeri ~e-r-i? (aq r ganviTarebulia, i _
88
kiTxv. nawilakia)“”Sen naswavli xar?” jigei Jui en "filtvi
ori aris" (s.JRenti, 1953, gv. 72). Sdr. martviluri:
mu~e<mu re ”ra aris”...
k) WanurSi SesaZlebelia xmovnebs Soris moqceuli
meSvelzmniseuli r bgera daikargos: en<ren: aq gui en ”aq
guli aris” (s. JRenti, 1953, gv. 67)112.
yovelive zemoTqmuli cxadyofs, rom svanuri, me-
grul-Wanuri, xevsuruli Tu ingilouri formebi qro-
nologiurad ver gascildeba arqaul qarTuls113; rac imas
niSnavs, rom svanuri (Tu sxva qarTveluri) kiloebis amJa-
mindeli Taviseburebebi yalibdeba samwignobro enis isto-
riis paralelurad.
z. arqaul qarTul/qarTvelur saliteraturo enaSi II
kavSirebiTis formebiT gadmoicema TxrobiTi kilos
momavali dro (amitomac adreul gamokvlevebSi am mwkrivs
myofads uwodebdnen): kacma (Se)Wamos saWmeli = kaci
(Se)Wams saWmels; man daamËuas igi = igi daamxobs mas.
sxva qarTvelur qvesistemaTagan analogiuri viTareba
SenarCunebulia mxolod lazurSi (fragmentulad gvaqvs
112
l) vfiqrobT, am rigSi SeiZleba ganvixiloT svanuris li (< aris)
morfemoidic: Tu damajerebelia *lari/*laris > (l)-ar-i > (l)-i
procesi, maSin gamodis, rom am SemTxvevaSic dakargulia Sua segmenti
-ar-. svanuris Taviseburebad unda CaiTvalos is, rom meSveli zmnis
gamartiveba ufro Sors aris wasuli da, msgavsad III pirisa, gacvda I-
II piris formebic. es faqtic saerToqarTveluri movlenaa: ena
cdilobs damxmare sityvebi (morfemoidebi) afiqsebad aqcios (Sdr.:
a<ars, megr. q<qoren, Wan. r<ren, megr.-Wan. ko<oko)... msgavsi movlenaa
xevsurulSic: a.WinWaraulis mowmobiT, garkveul konteqstSi
SesaZlebelia "aris" meSveli zmnis I-II pirSi Ziriseuli r bgera dai-
kargos: va(<var), xa(<xar) (a. oniani, 1978, gv.204). SeiZleba iTqvas,
svanurSi damTavrebulia meSveli zmnis sufiqsad Camoyalibeba.
113
vrclad ix., e. dadiani, t. futkaraZe, 2006
89
herulsa da mesxurSic), maSin roca megruli da sxva
qarTveluri kiloebi mihyveba Tanamedrove qarTuls. r.
Serozias azriT, lazurisa da megrulis monacemTa
sxvadasxvaoba saTaves iRebs VII-VIII saukuneebidan;
Sdr.: rogorc cnobilia, daaxloebiT arabobis dros
saliteraturi enaSi xdeba cvlilebebi myofadisa da
aspeqtis warmoebis mxriv114.
samwignobro dedaenisgan mowyvetil da bizantiur
kulturul velSi moqceul lazur kilos es cvlilebebi
naklebad Seexo; swored amis gamocaa, rom "zogierT
sakiTxSi lazurs meti aqvs SenarCunebuli Zveli viTarebisa,
vidre megruls da TviT qarTvelur saliteraturo enas"
(r. Serozia, 2002, gv. 88).
T. qarTveluri samwignobro enisa da kiloebis
monacemTa SepirispirebiT samecniero literaturaSi
rekonstruirebuli saerToqarTveluri leqsikis
morfologiuri da semantikuri struqturebi ZiriTadad
emTxveva arqauli samwignobro qarTulis monacemebs; masala
vrcladaa warmodgenili n. maris, a. cagarelis, p. Waraias,
arn. Ciqobavas, g. klimovis, h. fenrixis, z. sarjvelaZis, m.
Cuxuas da sxvaTa leqsikonebSi, amitom mraval nimuSTagan aq
mxolod ramdenime tipur SemTxvevas warmovadgenT:
saerToqarTv. *asuli, samwign. qarT. asuli, mesx.
asuli, zan. osuri, svan. aséS;
saerToqarTv. *Tafli, samwign. qarT. Tafli, mesx.
Tafli, zan. Tofuri, svan. Tu/TEi;
saerToqarTv. *yurZeni, samwign. qarT. yurZeni, mesx.
yurZeni, zan. Ïurzeni, svan. yunZel...
114
z. WumburiZe, 1986
90
aq kidev erTxel aRvniSnav, rom samecniero
literaturaSi saerToqarTvelurisTvis aRdgenilia
samwignobro tradiciis amsaxveli leqsikac; kerZod, m.
Cuxuas azriT (2006), saerToqarTvelurSi samwerlo
tradiciis arsebobas mxars uWers iseTi fuZeebi,
rogoricaa: wign- "wigni", qert- "qaRaldi, tyavis naWeri"...
vfiqrobT, warmodgenili faqtebi cxadyofs, rom
qarTuli asomTavruli anbanis Tavdapirveli varianti ,
Sesabamisad, arqauli samwignobro ena daefuZna enas,
romelic ufro miemsgavseba saerToqarTvelur enas,
vidre romelime qarTvelur kilos (Tundac qarTlurs,
miT umetes - mesxurs).
Sesabamisad:
saerToqarTveluris uSualo memkvidrea arqauli
samwignobro, normirebuli ena. masTan SefardebiT zepiri
qarTveluri metyvelebebi aSkarad meoreuli, fonetikur-
gramatikulad saxecvlili nairsaxeobani arian; Sdr.:
gavigone > gevigone > gevgone > gevgoni: piriqiTi procesi
gamoricxulia!
istoriul qarTvelur samwignobro enas qmnida yvela
kuTxis qarTveloba; amtomaa, rom samwignobro enaSi Cans
rogorc zanur-svanuri, aseve qarTlur-mesxur-heruli (da
sxva qarTveluri) kiloebis leqsika. amave dros, ramdenadac
arqauli samwignobro ena uwinaresia yvela CvenTvis cnobil
qarTvelur kilosTan SedarebiT, sistemebr inaxavs uZveles
fonematur struqturasa da gramatikuli wyobas.
safiqrebelia, rom samwignobro qarTulis fuZe
enobrivi erTeuli Zvel kavkasiaSi ganixileboda erT-erT
iberiul-kavkasiur dialeqtad, ramac xeli Seuwyo am
samwerlobo kulturis gavrcelebas ("gaSinaurebas")
qarTvelebis monaTesave Crdilo kavkasiel xalxebSic.
msjeloba sxva mimarTulebiTac SegviZlia
ganvaviTaroT:
91
 saerToqarTveluri enis bazaze arsebuli samwignobro
enis meoreuli variantebi ar SeiZleba miviCnioT amosavali
struqturis Tanadroul sistemebad.
Sdr.: genealogiur xeze tolfard enobriv
erTeulebad iseTi samwignobro da umwignobro enebi
SeiZleba warmovadginoT, romlebic erTnairad
miemarTebian amosaval enobriv sistemas; mag., Tvisobrivad
Tanabari sistemebia: italiuri, espanuri da sardiniuli.
Cvens sinamdvileSi qarTvelTa arqauli metyveleba
amosavalia megrulis, svanurisa Tu mesxurisaTvis;
Sesabamisad, istoriul sinamdviles ufro asaxavs opozicia:
qarTveluri ena - qarTveluri kiloebi da ara termini:
qarTveluri enebi, romelic saerToqarTveluridan sami
"moZme" enis gamoyofas gulisxmobs.
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT:
samwignobro qarTuli rom Seqmniliyo erT-erT
qarTveluri kilos mixedviT, masTan mimarTebiT
Tanasworad - moZme enobriv erTeulebad - SegveZlo
gangvexila sxva qarTveluri metyvelebani, Tuki maTze
qarTvelTa
metyveli sazogadoebebi eTnokulturadac erTmaneTs samwignobro enisa da kiloebis
arsebiTad daSordeboda. mimarTebis ori sqema
termini "qarTveluri enebi" gverdigverd ayenebs
("moZme enebad" ganixilavs) amosaval da meoreul qarTvelTa enobrivi samyaros daTariRebisa da di-
enobriv struqturebs.
vergenciis Sesaxeb arsebuli ZiriTadi mosazrebis mixed-
viT Tvisobrivad gansxvavebuli ori sqema SeiZleba aigos:
a. saerToqarTveluri ena arsebobda II-I
aTaswleulebSi; farnavazisa da qujis dros saerToqarTve-
luri enis bazaze iqmneba qarTveluri mwignobroba. war-
modgenili Tvalsazrisi sqematurad ase gamoiyureba:

92 93
 iberiul-kavkasiuri Sdr.: ganvlili 15 saukunis manZilze samwignobro
erToba qarTulis gavlena ufro aqtiuri iyo centralur, vidre
ganapira qarTvelur kiloebze, Sesabamisad, politikur da
saer To qar Tvel uri ena kulturul centrTan mudam axlos myofi centraluri
kiloebi (qarTluri, kaxuri, imeruli...) mihyvebodnen
samwignobro enis normebis cvlilebis dinamikas.

ena
qarTuli samwignobro ena naklebad icvleba
arqauli samwignobro ena (inarCunebs saerToqarTveluris ZiriTad niSnebs), Tumca
xalxuri metyvelebis (centraluri kiloebis!) gavlena

samwignobro
eb
i i mainc aisaxeba saero mwerlobis enaze.
o

amgvari intensiuri urTierToba ar aris samwignobro

b
l

oe
ki

kil
enasa da ganapira qarTvelur kiloebs Soris, amitomac
i
anur

i
ur
logikuria, rom ganapira qarTvelur kiloebSi bevri

el
zanur-sv

arTv
fonematur-gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri arqaizmic gvaqvs da

sxva q
inovaciac. amitomaa saWiro mecnierTa da mweralTa
gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva: samwignobro ena
T anamed r o ve s amw i g n o br o en a mizanmimarTuli SromiT unda gamdidrdes ganapira
dialeqtebis monacemebiT (rogorc amas konstantine
sagangebod aRvniSnav, rom samwignobro enisa da gamsaxurdia werda).
dialeqtTa urTierTgamdidreba-Tanacxovreba mudmivi aqve aRsaniSnavia: centralizebul da samwignobro
procesia; kerZod: „araizolirebuli mosaxleobis mety- tradiciis mqone saxelmwifoSi samwignobro enis
veleba (ena, kilo...) warmoqmnilia divergenciuli da kon- intensiuri gavleniT kiloebi ufro da ufro Tmoben
vergenciuli procesebis Sedegad, Sesabamisad, Cem mier war- poziciebs; mag., bolo ramdenime saukuneSi (xalxSi gvarebis
formirebis Semdeg!) saxelmwifo enis gavleniT
modgenili ena-kiloTa divergenciuli sqemebi garkveul-
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dialeqti dauaxlovda
wilad pirobiTia, vinaidan sqemebSi naklebad Cans ganapira samwignobro enas: megruli metyvelebis transformireba
kiloebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ”kulturuli difuziis” moxda qvemo aWarul, gurul da qvemoimerul metyvelebebad,
aspeqtebi115. procesisTvis xeli SeiZleba Seewyo TurqeTis mier
mesxeTis dapyrobis procesSi mimdinare migracias.
115
msjelobisaTvis ix. t. futkaraZe, qarTvelebi, I, 2005, gv. 144, 328.
qarTuli samwignobro enisa da qarTveluri kiloebis Tanaarseboba
monolingvuri diglosiis saxisaa; dedaena aris oficialuri
(mecnierebis, kulturis, ganaTlebis, eklesiis, masmediis,
saqmiswarmoebis...) ena, dedaenis kuTxuri (xalxuri) saxesxvaobani ki miuxedavad (di - ori, glosa - ena) am termins amave mniSvnelobiT
gamoiyeneba araoficialur, araprestiJul garemoSi (aqac, (erTi enis saxesxvaobaTa funqciuri ierarqia) iyenebs misi Semqmneli
araiSviaTad, samwignobro qarTulTan erTad)... semantikis C. fergiusoni; Sdr., T.bolqvaZe, 2007, gv. 227

94 95
 Sdr.: anTropologiuri monacemebic adasturebs, rom
saqarTvelos am kuTxeebSi adgili ar hqonia qarTlelTa Tu
mesxTa masStabur gadmosaxlebas - qarTizacias.
erTi qarTveluri enis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT Seqm-
nili Tanamedrove qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros amsaxveli
sqematuri ruka ase gamoiyureba:
b. Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulebSi ukve arsebobda qarTve-
luri enebi (qarTuli, zanuri, svanuri). amaTgan erT-erTi
tomis - qarTebis enaze Zv. w. VII - ax. w. IV saukuneebSi
Seiqmna damwerloba117, romelic sxva qarTveluri tomebis
samwignobro enadac iqca.

sqematurad es mosazreba ase gamoiyureba:

wina Taobebis mkvlevarTa pativiscemis miuxedavad,

vfiqrob, rom gadasasinjia sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi
Seqmnili qarTvelur kiloTa klasifikaciebic116.

116
mimoxilvisaTvis ix.: "qarTuli enis istoria", quTaisi, 2006, gv.
39-44 (wigni gankuTvnilia universitetis bakalavriatis stu-
dentTaTvis). am sakiTxis "ganxilvis" drosac cruobs g. gogolaS-
vili (Sdr.: qarTveluri enebi da dialeqtebi, 2007, gv. 39-44). sxva
SemTxvevaSic araerTxel ayalbebs specialistTa mosazrebebs
(mag., T. gvancelaZes miawers Jurnalistis mosazrebebs). savarau- umetes, es avtorebi, rogorc wesi, ar uTiTeben: wigns, gamocemis
doa, rom am koleqtiur broSuraSi dabeWdili avtoportretuli wels, gverds).
paskvilebi iseTi mkiTxvelisTvisac daigegma, romelsac saSualeba 117
am Tvalsazrisis mimdevrebi qarTuli anbanis Seqmnis sxvadasxva
an dro ara aqvs, Tavad Seamowmos gayalbebuli "citatebi" (miT dros asaxeleben.

96 97
 iberiul-kavkasiuri dasasrul, "evropis enebis qartiis" fonze saqarT-
erToba velos orgvari perspeqtivis Sesaxeb:

saerToqarTveluri ena enobriv da eTnikur umciresobaTa Sesaxeb evrosab-

Wos sakanondeblo normebis amoqmedebis pirobebSi, qarT-

qarTuli
veluri enobrivi samyaros zemoT ganxiluli ori Tvalsaz-

ri
ri

u
risi orgvar momavals gulisxmobs:

n
nu

sva
za

i
oeb

a
1. adekvaturad SevafasoT mefis ruseTisa da sabWoTa

sxv
il

lsq.
imperiis mier politizebuli "samecniero" debulebebi,

a
qarTlkaxuri

d
u r i

Kk

ex. B balsz. ba
D
zogadad, qarTvelologiis rusuli skola. Tanamedrove
u r i

msoflios Tu momaval Taobebs mivawodoT qarTvelTa

li, fxovuri
l -W an

qarTlur- mesxuri

realuri enobrivi suraTi:

d a s a v l

sul mcire 20 saukunis manZilze qarTvelebs gvaqvs erTi

qarTuli samwignobro ena

laSx. L lent
K ka x u r i

AaRmosavluri: heru

mTavari ena - dedaena da sami aTeuli dialeqti119.

me g r u

paralelurad, saxelmwifo doneze unda Sedges far-

TomasStabiani gegma qarTveluri dialeqtebis Seswavla-
SenarCunebisa da samwignobro enis erTiani (qarTveluri)
M

saleqsikono bazis Sesaqmnelad; garda amisa, unda momzad-

mkiTxvelisTvis Zneli gamosacnobi ar aris, rom zemoT des qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis axali re-
kritikulad gaanalizebuli ucxouri kvalifikaciebi
mxolod am sqemiT ifarglebian118.

119
Cveni oponentebis azriT, maTgan dawunebuli am ”erTi qarTve-
118
aq ar ganvixilavT deetersis moZvelebul sqemas, vinaidan luri enis Teoriis mamamTavari” me var. CemTvis es didi pativi iqne-
dausabuTebelia saerToqarTveluridan jer svanurisa da zanur- boda, magram, samwuxarod, maTi arc es mosazrebaa marTebuli:
qarTulis gamoyofa, 1000 wlis Semdeg ki zanur-qarTulis amgvari xedva quj-farnavazis droidan momdinareobs da, rogorc
dacalkeveba. zanur da svanur kiloebSi e.w. SiSina Tanxmovnebis re- zemoT vnaxeT, sxvadasxva waxnagiT Cemamdec bevri mecnieri Tu sa-
fleqsebis erTgvaroba cxadyofs am kilour jgufTa Tanadroulobas zogado moRvawe asabuTebda mas.

98 99
daqcia, romelSic vrclad aisaxeba megrul-lazur-svanur-
taour-klarjul-heruli leqsikuri erTeulebic120.
II. yovelgvari logikis gareSe zogi evropeli eqsper-
tis mier eTnikuri umciresobis enad, xolo mecnierTa erTi
jgufis mier umwignobro enebad gamocxadebuli qarTve-
luri kiloebi vaRiaroT qarTvelTa erTi nawilis (me-
grelebis, lazebis, svanebis) dedaenebad; jer davumkvidroT
maT aSordia-grenis, siWinavas Tu qurdian-bawaSis Seqmnili
anbanebi, Semdeg ki saqmiswarmoeba, RvTismsaxureba, sas-
kolo-sauniversiteto swavleba daviwyoT sam qarTvelur
kilozec.
am gziT Tu wavalT, Zneli misaxvedri araa, rom xeli
Seewyoba qarTveli erisa da saqarTvelos danawevrebas121.
120
saskolo sagani: ”qarTuli ena” unda Seicvalos sagniT: ”qarT-
velTa dedaena” (g.ramiSvili, 2000, gv. 9-22). saskolo sax-
elmZRvaneloSic vrclad unda Sevides Tanamedrove qarTveluri
dialeqturi (megrul-lazuri, svanuri, mesxuri, fxovuri, her-
uli, raWuli...) saleqsikono masalac da qarTuli/qarTveluri
samwignobro enis istoris sakiTxebic.
121
Cven mier am gzis kritika oponentebma”qarTul nacionalizmad”
CagviTvales. kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT:
qarTvelologiis politizeba, qarTveluri enobrivi samyaros
politizebuli Sefaseba daigegma ruseTis imperiaSi XIX sau-
kuneSi; wamyvan ”samecniero Teoriad” iqca sabWoTa kavSirSi.
politizebuli qarTvelologia ukanasknelad (!) gaaaqtiures XX
saukunis bolo aTwleulSi (roca rusulma imperiulma Zalebma
kavkasiis dakargvis realuri safrTxe dainaxes). Cven SevecadeT,
Tanamedrove mecnieruli meTodologiiT gangvexila problema da
warmogveCina sabWoTa periodSi uaryofili sinamdvile. kargia, Tuki
Cveni oponentebic daaskvnian, rom depolitizebuli mecniereba unda
gaxdes safuZveli erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi ideologiisa.
namdvili erovnuloba ki erTnairad gulisxmobs rogorc sakuTari,
aseve sxvisi enobrivi Tu nacionaluri meobis (identobis) pa-
tiviscemas.
100
romeli koncefcia, divergenciuli sqema Tu lingvis-
turi rukaa saqarTvelos sinamdvilis amsaxveli da mec-
nierulad argumentirebuli, Tqven gansajeT,
pativcemulo mkiTxvelo.
p.s. sazogadoebisTvis didi xania cnobilia prof.
j. hiuitis antiqarTuli moRvaweoba; am etapze is "ax-
ali" iniciativiT gamodis: megruli enis saxelmwifo
enad aRiarebiT Seiqmnas samegrelos buferuli saxelm-
wifo, romelic xels Seuwyobs qarTul-afxazuri kon-
fliqtis mogvarerbas; kerZod, misi azriT:
"afxazebs qarTvelebisgan fizikurad ganadgurebis safrTxe
aRar daemuqrebaT, Tuki saqarTvelosa da afxazeTs Soris
Camoyalibdeba samegrelos buferuli saxelmwifoebrivi
warmonaqmni: es procesi unda daiwyos megrulis, rogorc
megrelTa saliteraturo da kulturis enis, aRiarebiT;
"megrelebmac unda daicvan TavianTi uflebebi"; "megrelebma
ar unda gaiziaron qarTvelebis kulturuli memkvidreoba
da unda ganaviTaron TavianTi TviTmyofadi ena da
kultura"...
"vinc amtkicebs, rom megrelebs Soris ar arsebobs amgvari
uflebebis moTxovna, vityvi, rom maTTvis am kiTxviT aravis
miumarTavs..."
am "istoriuli Secdomis gamosworebam grZelvadian
perspeqtivaSi SeiZleba qarTul-afxazuri urTierTobis
sayovelTaod sasurveli gamosworeba moitanos..." unda
Seiqmnas kavkasiis konfederacia (romlis subieqtebadac
ivaraudeba: afxazeTi, samegrelo, saqarTvelo, azerbaijani,
yarabaxi, somxeTi, samxreTi oseTi...)122.
122
j. hiuitma es mosazreba gamoTqva 1999 wels werilSi:
"TanamSromloba kavkasiis sakeTildReod" (statia saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa akademiis arn. Ciqobavas instituts sarecenziod
gadasca TurqeTSi gamomavali Jurnalis "Cveneburebis" re-
101
 ramdenime wlis Semdeg marTlac dasves amgvari
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teqnikuri jgufi

qeTevan baqraZe, ana beraia,

malxaz dograSvili (jgufis xelmZRvaneli),
lili lomTaZe, mzeqala Canqseliani

110 111